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Fort Laramie Park History, 1834 – 1977

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Fort Laramie Park History, 1834 – 1977 Fort Laramie NHS: Park History Fort Laramie Park History, 1834-1977 FORT LARAMIE PARK HISTORY 1834-1977 by Merrill J. Mattes September 1980 Rocky Mountain Regional Office National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior TABLE OF CONTENTS fola/history/index.htm Last Updated: 01-Mar-2003 file:///C|/Web/FOLA/history/index.htm [9/7/2007 12:41:47 PM] Fort Laramie NHS: Park History Fort Laramie Park History, 1834-1977 TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover Author's Preface Part I. FORT LARAMIE, 1834 - 1890 I Introduction II Fur Trappers Discover the Oregon Trail III Fort William, the First Fort Laramie IV Fort John, the Second Fort Laramie V Early Migrations to Oregon and Utah VI Fort Laramie, the U.S. Army, and the Forty-Niners VII The Great California Gold Rush VIII The Indian Problem: Treaty and Massacre IX Overland Transportation and Communications X Uprising of the Sioux and Cheyenne XI Red Cloud's War XII Black Hills Gold and the Sioux Campaigns XIII The Cheyenne-Deadwood Stage Road XIV Decline and Abandonment XV Evolution of the Military Post XVI Fort Laramie as Country Village and Historic Ruin Part II. THE CRUSADE TO SAVE FORT LARAMIE I The Crusade to Save Fort Laramie Footnotes to Part II file:///C|/Web/FOLA/history/contents.htm (1 of 2) [9/7/2007 12:41:48 PM] Fort Laramie NHS: Park History Part III. THE RESTORATION OF FORT LARAMIE 1. Interim State Custodianship 1937-1938 - Greenburg, Rymill and Randels 2. Early Federal Custodianship 1938-1939 - Mattes, Canfield, Humberger and Fraser 3. Jess H. Lombard, Custodian 1939-1944 4. Thor Borreson, Custodian 1944-1946 5. David L. Hieb, Custodian/ Superintendent 1947-1949 6. David L. Hieb, Superintendent/ Restorationist 1950-1958 7. Ray Ringenback, Superintendent 1958-1960 8. Charles C. Sharp, Superintendent 1961-1973 9. Richard L. Maeder, Superintendent 1973-1977 Footnotes to Part III MAP APPENDIX 1. Location Map, 1978, Fort Laramie National Historic Site 2. Fort Laramie Military Reservation, showing trails 3. Remaining Structures at Old Fort Laramie 1915-1937 4. Lands Proposed for Purchase by Wyoming, 1931 5. Lands Purchased by Wyoming, 1937, the Fort Laramie National Monument, 1938 6. Lands Authorized by Congress, 1960, the Fort Laramie National Historic Site Illustrations <<< Previous <<< Contents >>> Next >>> fola/history/contents.htm Last Updated: 01-Mar-2003 file:///C|/Web/FOLA/history/contents.htm (2 of 2) [9/7/2007 12:41:48 PM] Fort Laramie NHS: Park History (Author's Preface) Fort Laramie Park History, 1834-1977 AUTHOR'S PREFACE Editor's note: This printing of FORT LARAMIE 1834-1977 combines two typescripts which were first conceived as separate publications. Part I, FORT LARAMIE 1834-1890, bears its original title. Part II, THE CRUSADE TO SAVE FORT LARAMIE, and Part III, THE RESTORATION OF FORT LARAMIE, are discussed in the following preface as one entity originally titled PARK HISTORY. This officially authorized, sponsored, and documented FORT LARAMIE PARK HISTORY is submitted in fulfillment of my Contract No. CX-1200-6-B028 dated June 24, 1976 with the Rocky Mountain Regional Office, National Park Service, Denver. Although more glamorous titles occurred to me, PARK HISTORY seems to be the only one that adequately describes the purpose, which is to document the origins of the park unit established by Presidential Proclamation as a National Monument in 1938 ("The Crusade") and to provide an integrated narrative account of events since then, dominated by the one major theme - "The Restoration". At the same time this title clearly differentiates this work from the usual kind of "Fort Laramie History" which is concerned with the frontier period, 1834-1890. The alternative title, "Administrative History", was discarded as not being properly descriptive of the two major historical movements, "The Crusade" and subsequent "Restoration." While not as glamorous as the frontier episodes, the happenings of the post-military period, 1890 to the present, are interesting, sometimes colorful, and even exciting to those with special interests, i.e., Wyoming history, Oregon Trail history, local history, historic preservation, etc. I have tried to make the story readable, to avoid a dull encyclopedic approach or the deadly chronology of a straight daily log. I have not refrained from injecting color and humor where situations warrant, and I have even "editorialized" where it would serve to give perspective to the larger meaning of events. However, the primary purpose of this history is not to entertain. Its purpose, its justification, is to do something never attempted before, to objectively detail and document the background of the present Fort Laramie National Historic Site, and how it came to be what it is today - one of the most significant, most authentic, and inspirational historic shrines in Western America. The immediate practical purpose of a PARK HISTORY is to provide an official documented report that should serve as an important reference work for all responsible and conscientious park and Regional Office employees, present and future. Whether one's primary function is administration, interpretation, protection, research, or planning, certainly a vital ingredient of intelligent management of any of these departments is file:///C|/Web/FOLA/history/preface.htm (1 of 5) [9/7/2007 12:41:50 PM] Fort Laramie NHS: Park History (Author's Preface) knowledge of what has gone before. To believe otherwise is to take the arrogant and dangerous viewpoint of "an ego in a vacuum." While, therefore, this history serves primarily as an indispensable management tool, it may also have beneficial side effects. That is, it may be of sufficient interest to some people outside of the National Park Service that a wider distribution or availability, beyond that of a limited edition in-house document, might be warranted. Since there is a consensus that Fort Laramie is Wyoming's Number 1 historic site, some details of the story might be of keen interest to Wyoming citizens generally, young and old. Since the decades-long painstaking restoration of the Fort has resulted in an exemplary model of historic preservation integrity, the story may be of more than passing interest to a wide circle of historic preservationists. The most logical vehicle for publication to reach these specialized audiences is the periodical, Annals of Wyoming. Accordingly, with the approval of the Regional Director, that portion of the manuscript called "The Crusade to Save Fort Laramie" (revised and corrected since my original submission of June 10, 1977) has been submitted to Katherine Halverson, head of the Research and Publications Branch, Wyoming State Archives and Historical Department, and accepted by her for publication in 1978, by way of celebrating the 40th anniversary of the creation of Fort Laramie National Monument/Historic Site. A condensed version of the lengthier history of the Restoration period, 1938-1977, which would be prepared voluntarily by the writer may, with any required official approvals, follow later. While the civilian or "post-post" history of Fort Laramie begins in 1890 with the military abandonment and the auctioning off of the buildings, it has proved to be impractical, if not altogether impossible, to include here a meaningful resume of those local events which preceded "The Crusade" which, from all available evidence, began circa 1915. Aside from the dismal fact that almost all structures not preserved today were obviously torn down for salvage by or with the consent of private owners, the record of this remote period is at best fragmentary and, from the vantage point of national significance which invests the Fort proper, somewhat trivial. Worse yet, the main source of evidence for this dim period, the records of the venerable John Hunton, who was "Mr. Fort Laramie" in the post-abandonment era, are to a considerable degree inaccessible for present serious research. That is, the unpublished Hunton Diaries for the period after 1889 are held by Mrs. L. G. Flannery of Cheyenne, who denied permission for this writer, as she has all others, to examine these diaries and extract pertinent information. The John Hunton Letter Books in the special collections of the Wyoming University Library are for the moat part dim or illegible, threatening the eye- sight of any reader. My genuine efforts at exploration of the John Hunton period, aside from those aspects included in "The Crusade" section herewith, became a futile antiquarian exercise, expensive of time, money, and energy, which yielded returns which were not only meager but mainly irrelevant to the primary theme that concerns us. (Worse yet, this frustrating search contributed to delays in the submission of this final manuscript). If enough can ever be scrounged up from these "dark ages" of Fort Laramie history to make a coherent story, that can be done later as a historical foot-note. The treatment of our grand theme has been in no way impaired by the meagerness of the pre-1915 data. There is one aspect of this history, of a personal nature, which requires editorial comment. Sometimes an actor in a play happens also to be the writer of that play. In this case, the present writer was also a figure in the Fort Laramie scenario, intermittently from 1935 to the present (1978), a period of 43 years. Beginning in 1935, as set forth in this history, I played various roles as Fort Laramie promoter, unofficial and official Historian, planner, and restoration project coordinator, while stationed successively at Scotts Bluff National file:///C|/Web/FOLA/history/preface.htm (2 of 5) [9/7/2007 12:41:50 PM] Fort Laramie NHS: Park History (Author's Preface) Monument, the old Midwest Regional Office in Omaha, the Western Service Center in San Francisco, and the Denver Service Center. Because of these long and intimate associations, my name crops up with awkward frequency in the narrative but there is no help for it if we are to be both accurate and specific about who did what when.
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