INTERPRETIVE PLAN

Mormon Pioneer National Historic

U.S Department of the Interior

Rocky Mountain Regional Office Harpers Ferry Center

Approved by Associate Regional Director Planning and Assistance Rocky

Mountain Region by memorandum dated April 27 1992

TECHNICAL INFORJTION CENTER DENVER SERVICE CENTER NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PURPOSE OF THE PLAN

PLANNING HISTORY

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW AND SIGNIFICANCE

INTERPRETIVE THEMES

INTERPRETIVE OBJECTIVES

SPECIAL PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS

THE PLAN

Publications 11

Signs and Outdoor Exhibits 13

Trail Markers 13

Wayside Exhibits 14

Audiovisual Programs 15

Video Program 15

Audio Cassette Recording 15

Indoor Exhibits 15

Media Levels 16

Level 16

Level II 16

Level III 17

Level IV 17

Level 17

Special Media Applications 17 Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan

Criteria For Choice of Level of Interpretive Treatment 17

Significance 17

Integrity 17

Accessibility 17

Traffic 18

Application of Criteria 18

Implementation Costs and Responsibilities 18

Site Inventory and Recommendations 19

Illinois Sites 19

Iowa Sites 20

Council Bluffs Kanesville and Omaha

Winter Quarters Sites 22

Nebraska Sites 23

Wyoming Sites 25

Utah Sites 28

APPENDIX Maps 31

APPENDIX Graphics 37

APPENDIX Cost Estimates 51 GENERAL VICINITY MAP

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Designated Highway Route Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan

PURPOSE OF THE PLAN

This plan recommends strategies and media for providing interpretation of the

Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail trail stretching from Nauvoo

Illinois on the to see map The plan is intended to be used by the National Park Service NPS as overall trail administrator and by the various trail cooperators whether they are other federal agencies state and local agencies trail groups or interested individuals

As employed by the NPS the term interpretation embodies two major components intimately related but not identical The first component is information names dates locations distances etc The other component is interpretation in the sense of supplying context and meaning The proportion of these components is major determinant in the choice of media and of the character of the media chosen

Interpretation is dispensed in two broad categories personal and non- personal The former includes talks guided trips demonstrations and attended information stations Non-personal services are publications outdoor signs and exhibits museum exhibits and audiovisual products This plan deals almost exclusively with non-personal interpretation

PLANNING HISTORY

The National System Act of October 1968 P.L 90-543 established policies and procedures for nationwide system of national scenic and recreational trails and was amended November 10 1978 P.L 95-625 to include category of national historic trails That amendment also established the Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail This action by the Congress was the result of The --A Study Report completed by the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service HCRS in June 1978 That study had the active assistance of number of federal state and local agencies the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints the Mormon Pioneer Trail Foundation historical societies and interested individuals The study was conducted for scenic trail feasibility and found that continuous hiking trail along the original Mormon emigration route would be neither desirable nor practical because subsequent uses have preempted extensive segments of the route Accordingly although the Congress designated the entire original route as national historic trail the Act established only federally-owned lands having significant potential for public use combined with historic interest established Initial interpretation and appreciation to be as Protection Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan

Segments of the trail Six Initial Protection Segments in were automatically certified as official components of the trail

The Act also provided that other sites and segments could later become

official of the trail parts when they were certified as such Certification is process whereby trail sites and segments that meet basic preservation

interpretation and/or recreation criteria are designated by the NPS as official

components and then become eligible for assistance and inclusion in official trail programs

The Act directed that the trail be administered by the Secretary of the and the NPS Interior was designated the lead agency responsible for preparing comprehensive plan for the management and use of the trail

Accordingly the Comprehensive Plan and Finding of No Significant Impact Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail was released in September 1981 In

accordance with the establishing Act the plan places priority on the six Initial Protection Segments

Under the heading Objectives and Practices the comprehensive plan states The primary use is and will continue to be reenactment of the pioneer trek and travel of the route Furthermore the policy is To manage the trail in

manner to protect the quality of cultural natural and historic values and protect certain lands in their natural condition so as to provide for outdoor recreation and public use In line with this emphasis on recreation and the long range character of the plan the comprehensive plan recommends facilities for some sites for their recreational potential which are of lesser

significance to the story and which in some cases are presently difficult of access This of interpretive plan being shorter range character deals with sites that currently lend themselves to interpretive media Criteria for these determinations will be found in the Plan section under Media Levels

Following the approval of the comprehensive plan many markers with the standardized logo were placed along the designated highway route in the 1980s remarkable early percentage of these are still in place primarily in and

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW AND SIGNIFICANCE

The Mormon emigration was an important part of the settlement of the West The had in mind traveling to what was then Mexican tecritory establish seeking place to their religious community History has recorded their vast contribution to the development of the Nation and the West in Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan

large number of historical publications In February 1846 and group of Mormons departed Nauvoo Illinois crossing the Mississippi River by boat to Iowa shore From there they pioneered an overland route with way stations across Iowa and wintered on the River near present-day Omaha Nebraska Others followed and by the end of 1846 over 3700 Mormons were settled at Winter Quarters Nebraska and in Kanesville

present-day Council Bluffs Iowa

In the spring of 1847 President Brigham Young and pioneer company of 149 men women and children continued westward They followed the north side of the through modern-day Nebraska to Fort Laramie in

what is now Wyoming From there they generally followed the path of the and other routes to The pioneers then veered southerly following the route into Utah and the Great Salt Lake Basin

The pioneer Mormon migration one of the dramatic events in the history of

American westward expansion was unique in comparison to other migrations

because of its purpose organization and cultural impact Its purpose was to maintain the cohesiveness of the Mormon community and thus became permanent movement of whole people

Unlike the sometimes loose discipline of other wagon trains the Mormon pioneer company was organized in semi-military fashion into tens fifties and hundreds led by Brigham Young as general and with others serving as company captains hunters and scouts Also unlike many other emigrant companies the first thoughts of Brigham Youngs pioneers were to improve the route for the Mormons who would follow They measured distances and set up mileposts noted good locations for camping wood water and forage

and generally became the guide for the thousands of emigrants who later

followed this trail

In their later secondary efforts the Mormons established semi-permanent communities of and ferry crossings major importance They graded down

steep approaches to fords cleared boulders out of the trail and made the

route easier These efforts identified two-way wagon road as continuous route eastward to pick up supplies and new converts at the or

to meet faltering companies and help them on to Salt Lake City In southern

4owa particularly they established some of the first communities roads and bridges They made Winter Quarters Omaha and Kanesville Council Bluffs

into outfitting points that rivaled the Missouri towns of Independence Westport and St Louis The path they followed became major Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan

transportation route The culmination of this migratory effort was primarily

the centralization of religious community and the settlement and industrial development of Utah

There are tertiary aspects of significance for the route of this trail It crosses

the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail at the Missouri River and the Continental Divide National Scenic Trail at Wyoming In places it parallels or has connections with several other Old West routes such as the

Oregon National Historic Trail These adjacent or coincident trails used by early-day Indians explorers missionaries fur traders mountain men and miners are still keys to potential travel and historic attractions such as ghost towns mining operations museums and reconstructed boomtowns and other areas of historic scenic and natural importance

INTERPRETIVE THEMES

According to the comprehensive plan there are five major interpretive themes to be addressed

The Mormon migration was an important part of the great westering movement

Unlike the Oregon and migrations in which the only common bond was the move West the Mormon trek of 1846-47

was the opening thrust of the permanent movement of whole people into frontier territories

The Mormon Pioneer Company was organized in semi- military fashion in contrast to most other wagon trains

The pioneer group improved conditions for those who would

follow Initially this consisted mainly of providing information but later they established communities and improved roads thus creating permanent impact on the advancing frontier

Climate topography geology wildlife and vegetation figure

prominently in the story as landmarks travel conditions and

observations of change between the Mississippi and the Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan

INTERPRETIVE OBJECTIVES

The overall objective is

To provide visitors with foundation of information with which they can build an understanding and appreciation of the Mormon

movement and its historic cultural and natural significance in

Americas heritage

Some specific objectives are

To enable visitors to locate the significant sites on the trail

To maintain sense of continuity of the trail from site to site

To cooperate with individuals and organizations state local and federal agencies

To inform visitors of the interpretive and recreational

opportunities along the trail as well as the resources

To recognize the existence of and in some cases combine

interpretive facilities for other historic trails

SPECIAL PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS

The Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail poses considerations in interpretive planning that differ from park unit principally due to the multitude of land ownerships and jurisdictions the linear nature of the trail and the fact that both the historic trail route original trail and the

designated highway route must be addressed

Nearly two-thirds of the roughly 1300-mile trail is in private ownership The remainder is on public land about half of which is State-owned highway rights-of-way The balance of public ownership is state and federal with most of the federal land administered by the Bureau of Land Management BLM in Wyoming While the 1978 amendments to the Act established the trail and provided the NPS with the management responsibility the NPS actually administers less than one mile of the trail in Fort Laramie National Historic Site Wyoming and at Scotts Bluff National Monument Nebraska This trail section was not used until the 1850s 10 Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan

Because of this the NPS must function more as coordinator/facilitator than as land manager in the areas of planning development and protection

Interpretive planning for the trail is guided and controlled by the 1981

Comprehensive Plan and the following sections from the National Trails System Act

Section 7c Historic routes and nearby roads and highways may be marked to facilitate retracing the original historic route

The trail is be to marked with uniform marker The process to mark and maintain the trail will follow established standards Erection and maintenance of the markers is to be by the administering federal state and local agencies or private interests pursuant to cooperative agreements

Trail interpretive sites may also be provided at historic sites along the route of any national scenic or national historic trail Information

about the trail will be presented to the public at the sites with emphasis on the portion of the trail passing through that State Wherever possible the sites shall be maintained by State agency under cooperative agreement

Section 7d Lands or interests in lands either may be acquired by written cooperative agreement donation purchase with donated funds or exchange

Section 7g Acquisition shall be limited to those lands meeting historic trail criteria that are identified as high potential route segments or high potential historic sites

Section 7i This section allows the Secretary with the concurrence of

other federal Agencies and after consultation with state local

governments and organizations to issue regulations for use and good conduct along the trail

Section 10c Appropriated funds may not be used for land acquisition outside the exterior boundaries of existing federal areas except to

provide one trail interpretive site in each State crossed by the trail

The must coordinate plan closely with the trail planning and development efforts of the NPS and other groups and agencies The trail roughly parallels Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan 11

the historic route of the Oregon National Historic Trail through Nebraska and most of Wyoming and crosses the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail NPS-administered at the Missouri River and the Continental Divide National Scenic Trail USFS-administered at South Pass in Wyoming The BLM in Wyoming is actively implementing the plans and projects described in their 1986 Oregon-Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trails Management Plan and in 1984 the State of Wyoming prepared Wyoming Historic Traits Management Plan which addresses Oregon and Mormon

Pioneer trail development on non-federal lands in the state Additionally

many state local and private groups have projects planned or underway The proposed California and National Historic Trails also closely follow the route of the Mormon Pioneer Trail through Wyoming and Utah

This plan recommends interpretive activities to complement the work already being done by these various groups and agencies

PUBLICATIONS

The publications medium is the most flexible It requires no fixed facility for

dispersal yet derives advantage from such Publications can range from

sheet with and little detailed treatises single map text to guidebooks and

The first priority for interpretation of the Mormon Pioneer Trail is to produce

new guide folder This will be based on the grid system which the National

Park System has developed for all official publications Utilizing certain

standards of design the system provides unity of appearance with sufficient variation to lend an individual quality to each product Production costs are

lower both initially and in revision

The folder will include the entire trail consequently little information can be provided on specific sites The principal component of the folder will be map that identifies both the historic trail route and the designated highway

route Also included would be some general text on the significance of the

trail interesting anecdotes representative photographs and brief site

descriptions

This general trail folder will function as the overall informational and

interpretive publication for the trail It will be distributed to prospective visitors in response to written or telephone requests and distributed at visitor information centers along the trail It also may serve as the first and sometimes information visitor the only that or potential visitor may obtain 12 Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan

Sandwiched between this general trail folder and site-specific interpretive bulletins would be statewide or multi-site folders produced by variety of

entities These folders would be more specific than the trail-wide folder and may focus on items of particular interest to state or region An example of

this type of folder is The Oregon-California-Mormon Trail Through Natrona County Wyoming prepared by the Natrona County Planning Office for the Natrona County Historic Preservation Commission copy enclosed

Specific sites can be interpreted by folders similar to those described above

or by site bulletins Site folders could describe the significance of the site

interesting anecdotes attributed to the site full-color photographs and local concerns related to safety road hazards or directions to the site They are often quite successful but expensive to prepare and print Site bulletins are similar to folders but are produced in black and white on less expensive Knife Indian paper see example from River Villages NHS These bulletins would provide the same information as folders and could use line drawings or black and white photocopied photographs instead of full-colored photos

Bulletins are usually on 8-1/2 14-inch sheets in either horizontal or vertical

formats Areas where there are cluster of sites warrant more elaborate bulletin or folder Examples of these areas are Nauvoo Illinois the Omaha/Council Bluffs area and Salt Lake City

Opportunities may also exist to incorporate trail interpretation with periodic revisions of state highway maps For example the States of Nebraska and Wyoming include the Mormon Pioneer Trail on their highway maps and brief

descriptions of key historic sites The USFS and BLM are actively involved in the scenic byways program and the State of Utah has its own scenic byway and scenic backway program In some cases these roads follow the historic route of the Mormon Pioneer Trail and joint interpretive folders could be considered and pursued

In the area of more comprehensive publications Stanley Kimballs Historic

Sites and Markers Along the Mormon and Other Great Western Trails

University of Illinois Press 1988 fills the need at present for detailed guide to individual sites The Overland Migrations National Park Service Handbook

No 105 devotes few pages to the Mormon migration It places the

Mormon effort thematically in context of westward movement as Kimballs guide does geographically Stanley Kimballs 1991 Historic Resource Study Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail provides comprehensive look at the historical context trail experience historical events associated with the trail historic sites maps illustrations biographical sketches and detailed annotated bibliography This document has been distributed to many visitor Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan 13

information centers along the trail route and may become sales item in the future

SIGNS AND OUTDOOR EXHIBITS

Trail Markers

The comprehensive plan specified the design and placement of three sizes of markers with the approved trail logo along the designated highway route

3-1/2-inch for trailheads and the historic route 9-inch for trailheads and spur highways connecting the designated highway route and trail-related historic sites and 18-inch markers used to sign the designated highway route and/or whenever the trail crosses major or secondary highway An NPS sign inventory conducted in 1990 revealed that over 75 percent of these markers placed in the early 1980s still exist The comprehensive plan specifies three priorities for placement

Major U.S and State highway crossings all high potential sites

or segments all existing and/or future visitor information centers

County roadways

Certain unimproved roads such as on BLM lands where such roads provide access to or intersect the trail

While some worthy places are unmarked doubtless through attrition others seem to exceed priorities The question of what constitutes adequate road signing other than actual sites and points of decision intersections includes the possibility of informational overkill and conflict with other visual cues The question may become acute as additional trails are designated Already there are places in Iowa where four or five markers for different trails can be found on single post

The NPS has convened Sign and Marking Task Force and is in the process of developing sign and marking manual for national historic long-distance trails This manual should provide sign conformity throughout the national historic trails system

In addition to highway signs all significant historic sites will have at minimum standard marker that includes the sites name see Level example This is to assure the traveler that they have indeed arrived at the 14 Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan

site In some cases the site will be inaccessible due to private ownership or poor road access and consequently the marker will be on the road shoulder

Signing of the roads that connect the designated highway route and the

historic sites will generally use the 9-inch marker erected according to either county or state highway department standards

Wayside Exhibits

The term wayside exhibit is applied to devices ranging from small panel

with few descriptive words to an elaborate production with full-color graphics

Wayside exhibits are most effective when they are placed in reference to

object of interpretation landmark structure river crossing or vista Messages should be succinct as possible supported by graphics maps photos

and artwork Quotations from journals are nearly always appropriate

the Waysides frequently serve function of advising visitors of travel conditions

safety factors and respect for private property These requirements would especially occur at trailheads and ranch roads see Level example

Once funds have been obtained implementation occurs in three phases

planning production and installation The planning phase begins by collecting

reference materials for text and graphics Generally this phase is best

performed by individuals closest to the site such as the site owner or local organization

Once materials are assembled proposal will be developed for each site the outlining location subject and purpose of each site The NPS will provide technical assistance but actual site preparation and installation must be

arranged by the site manager or others It is important to ensure that the site

have good access hard and level surfaces around the exhibit and unobstructed views of the scene

Hardware and graphic panels for wayside exhibits are fabricated by private

contractors according to NPS specifications Cost estimates included here

cover considerable range even within what is considered acceptable to NPS

standards because of variables that can only be evaluated in the context of

given proposal The type of graphics whether photo or artwork or map is an important variable as is the style and material of mounting base according Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan 15

to what is compatible with the immediate environment more accurate estimate can be made in the planning and proposal phases

AUDIOVISUAL PROGRAMS

Audiovisual programs are particularly well-suited to presentation of sequential stories and overviews of broad topics They may constitute substitute

experience of inaccessible areas and are thus particularly useful to those with

impaired mobility Some specific proposals are

Video Program

video program on VHS format would have broad application It should be produced in two versions The short version 5-10 minutes would find

application at points along the trail where there are existing or proposed

facilities visitor centers local museums historical societies It would give an

overview of the significance of the trail and highlight few key sites The longer version about 30 minutes would be distributed to libraries and schools

and would also be sales item The longer version would naturally include

more sites and make greater use of journal accounts

Audio Cassette Recording

The long driving involved in even portion of the trail lends itself well to

cassette application Since we assume that relatively few people drive the

entire trail the initial cassette offering should be of general dramatic

nature without attempting to gear it to specific sites Journal entries and historical narrative would be combined with music and sound effects In

addition there might be application for segmented guide tapes Nauvoo to Council Bluffs Omaha to Scottsbluff Scottsbluff to Salt Lake City or similar breakdown

INDOOR EXHIBITS

Exhibits may range from simple standardized panel to multi-phase treatment with an audiovisual component Museums and tourist information points along the trail would house these exhibits

It is proposed that standard exhibit be produced for the broadest

application This would consist largely of theme statement and simplified

map of the trail This exhibit would have application not only at sites adjacent

to the trail but also to more distant locations where there is sufficient existing 16 Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan

traffic flow to alert potential trail users Examples of the latter application would be recreational facilities on alternate routes travelers might plan their next outing to follow the trail This exhibit would be adaptable to

freestanding portable configuration for setting up at fairs conferences and similar events

MEDIA LEVELS

In the site inventory that follows each site is assigned number that corresponds to recommended level of interpretive media development are five There recommended levels plus separate category for special media applications as described below The range of interpretive treatments was based the developed on 1990 field visits to approximately 80 percent of the trail historic sites that were identified in the comprehensive plan or Stanley Kimballs 1988 trail guide

These treatment levels are only recommended and are based on analysis of

sites along the entire length of the trail Costs associated with interpretive development and the interest of the local community will determine the actual treatment level obtained The NPS will ensure however through the certification process described previously that the information presented is factually correct and that the interpretive design blends with the overall interpretive treatment for the trail

description of each interpretive level follows

Graphic examples of markers are shown in the Appendix along with cost estimates and production procedures

Level

standard road marker with the official logo plus the name of the site

Level II

standardized wayside exhibit probably 12x16 or 14x20 inches There would be about the non-site message trail specific and simplified map of the trail with you are here point

Level III

exhibit with site-specific wayside graphic element most likely original artwork The size would be on the order of 24x36 inches Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan 17

Level IV

Wayside kiosk multi-panel Size and number of panels would vary at least two panels probably no more than four on given kiosk Alternatively series of waysides might be more appropriate

Museum exhibits possibly with audiovisual component

Special Media Applications

In some cases of clustering of sites such as at Nauvoo Council Bluffs/Omaha

or Salt Lake City publication specific to such grouping is valid An audio would cassette accomplish the same purpose by alternate means

Criteria for Choice of Level of Interpretive Treatment

For the purposes of this plan number of criteria were applied to each site

Significance The comprehensive plan states that primary cultural values are those related to the initial trek of 1846-47 Secondary

aspects involve post-1847 Mormon travels including hand-cart operations supply depots way stations mail stations contacts with Native Americans and mountain men and military matters Natural

resources as they relate to the trek are also significant These

categories of significance were employed in formulating the criteria for this plan

Integrity This refers to the degree to which cultural resources retain

their historic appearance and original fabric Besides trail remnants

the general environment of the site is important

Accessibility This includes proximity of the trail to the designated

route road conditions and property lines

Traffic Includes the existing travel patterns in the vicinity of the site

Application of Criteria

The balance of criteria varies widely from site to site when applied on an individual basis Significance and integrity are the most important factors of 18 Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan

course Accessibility tends to affect visitation in proportion to level of interest consequently it may be presumed the traveler who exercises some perseverance to find site has more than casual interest in the story Such visitor may already be informed and may well have guide publication Wayside exhibits with their terse messages are geared mainly to the casual and less informed visitor Conversely sites on heavily traveled corridors may

be assigned higher rating in proportion to its significance and integrity

factors In addition to heavily traveled roads this circumstance would occur

at museums and tourist information facilities and at recreation sites

IMPLEMENTATION COSTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Nearly two-thirds of the trail is in private ownership The remainder is on

public land about half of which is state-owned highway rights-of-way The

balance of public ownership is state and federal particularly Bureau of Land Management public lands in Wyoming Communication and coordination among all parties is essential to implement this plan

The Secretary of the Interior through the National Trails System Act Act designated the NPS as the overall administrator of this trail And although the federal government according to the Act functions as overall

administrator federal fiscal involvement is to be kept at minimum level and cooperative efforts with other agencies groups and individuals are encouraged

The NPS will provide initial copies of the general trail folder as described in the Publications section when it is completed The responsibility for distributing this folder will rest primarily with the various trail cooperators and additional copies would be available from the NPS on cost-sharing basis The NPS will also provide the initial highway route markers and trail markers as described in the Trail Markers section and the responsibility for erecting and maintaining them will be the responsibility of the trail cooperators Additional markers as needed would be provided by the NPS on cost-sharing basis

The NPS will also as funds permit assist trail cooperators with the construction and erection of site markers that meet NPS standards This assistance may take the form of matching funds or by providing technical assistance in the areas of planning design and suggested sources of production Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan 19

There is need for regional repositories of publications relating to the trail

Repositories could be developed at Nauvoo Council Bluffs at the proposed Western Historic Trails Center Fort Laramie Pioneer Trail State Park Salt and Lake City other locations The NPS should initially be responsible for

preparing and maintaining an annotated list of trail publications and distributing this list to numerous points along the trail Eventually the

Trails Association wish this Mormon may to assume responsibility

The role of trail cooperators is multi-faceted It could include procurement

and maintenance of trail signs and site markers preparation and distribution

of site bulletins or regional/statewide folders protection of sites integrity

and trail-specific festivals and events

The BLM in Wyoming has prepared gifts catalog that identifies important

interpretive needs and notes the estimated cost of each item This tool to

request donations should be considered by trail cooperators

SITE INVENTORY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The inventory is based primarily on two sources the 1981 Comprehensive Plan and Stanley Kimballs 1988 trail guide Site numbers from both documents are given where applicable

Illinois Sites

Site Numbers 1-1 through 1-5 Kimball

Nauvoo National Historic District contains 1100 acres of authentically

restored significant homes and shops including Brigham Youngs home

Nauvoo Restoration Incorporated also operates an impressive visitor center with exhibits audiovisual presentations and publications Guided tours and

other personal services are offered The Historic District also includes Nauvoo State Historic Site and the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day

Saints properties that include Joseph Smiths home

The Nauvoo Historic District carries the highest rating by all criteria and is given Level The trail exhibit in the Nauvoo Restoration visitor center

would be improved by some indication of the resources to be found along the

trail This might be acconiplished by trail folder dispenser on the exhibit or by mounted sample of the folder with notification that it may be obtained at the information desk An additional leaflet is in order showing all sites in 20 Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan

the vicinity with map and directions Nauvoo Landing should have wayside exhibit Level III

There is also state transportation department wayside kiosk on the highway near Nauvoo It is in poor condition and should be replaced Level IV

Because most sites are far less complex than Nauvoo the following table format will be used Site numbers are from the Comprehensive Plan and from

Stanley Kimballs guide thus i-i K-i Existing informational and

interpretive facilities are noted Level refers to recommended level of

interpretive media as described above Remarks are any qualifying and attendant circumstances

Iowa Sites

Because of intense agriculture there are few visible remains of trail activity in Iowa For the visitor to imagine the Mormons ordeal is made even more

difficult by the pastoral scene of today One suspects that the frequent stream

crossings in Iowa made for hardships rivaling those of the still wild-appearing high plains Difficulties at the outset forced the organization of the train into

groups in quasi-military manner an important theme for this segment of the trail Pioneer and emigration skills needed to be learned quickly under arduous conditions Additional themes are the opening of southern Iowa to permanent settlement and the formation and departure of the

Number EEiStlflg L.v1 Remarks

Montrose Landing 16a Montrose Iowa Bronze Marker II Riverview Park is best site

Directional signs to site are poor ______

Sugar Creek Camp 1.7 Near Montrose K4 ______

Site number as listed in the Comprehensive Management Plan CMP Site number as listed in Kimballs 1988 trail guide Mormon Pioneer Natiofial Historic Trail Interpretive Plan 21

Ste Number Existing Level Remarks

Des Moines River 1-8 Bonaparte Iowa Sign on north III Site is in County Park

Crossing K-5 side of bridge River near bridge would

accommodate wayside Park

could have an indoor exhibit

and publications Directional

signs are inadequate

Lake Keosagua 1-9 Near Keosagua Sign on rock II Post 1847

State Park K-6 Iowa

Horse Blessed 1-10 Van Buren Private Property County Iowa ______

Charitan River 2-1 Appanoose III Additional wayside at 2-2

Crossing County Iowa and exhibit treatment at Wayne Co list Soc

Museum Develop wayside if

crossing is acquired ______

Come Come Ye 2-2 miles SW of Wayside exhibit III Present wayside good site Saints K-8 Seymour Iowa warrants upgrading

Wayne County K-9 Corydon Iowa Exhibit room Elaborate exhibit provided

Historical Society by LDS Church Maps photos full-size wagon/ox scene Good distribution

point for publications and

tapes

Bob White State 2-3 miles of II Publications distribution

Park Alberton Iowa point at headquarters

Garden Grove 2-4 Near city of Large marker at III Wayside artwork should

K- 1011 Garden Grove wayside park show settlement Short trail

Iowa Sheltered picnic could be developed to

area original ruts on Mr

Gunzenauzers property

Mt Pisgah 2-5 miles NE of State historical III Poor directional signs K-12 Talmage Iowa plaque monument way side exhibit

Green Valley State 2-6 miles of II

Park Creston Iowa

Pote Farm Ruts K-14 Adair County III Pull-off and wayside could Iowa be developed on county road

right-of-way Visible ruts are

rare in Iowa 22 Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan

Site Number Laation Existing Level Remarks

Mormon Trail K-14 Near Bridgewater Sign near lake II Park Iowa

Cold Springs 3-1 mile of Lewis II Publications distribution

County Park Iowa point at headquarters Ruts were not confirmed by team

Nishnabotna River 3-2 mile of Site not visited II No directional signs

Crossing K-19 Macedonia Iowa due to flood

Council Bluffs Kanesville and Omaha Winter Quarters Sites

The proposed Western Historic Trails Center to be located in Council Bluffs

will serve as orientation to the Mormon Pioneer Trail along with other trails

to be interpreted in the center It will be the major distribution point for

interpretive material on sites in the vicinity map folder for sites in the Council Bluffs/Omaha area should be produced In addition cassette tape guide for this important cluster of sites is proposed

Kanesville present Council Bluffs includes number of sites mostly

unmarked There are markers at the Blockhouse site including one dedicated

to Father DeSmet All these would be interpreted via the regional folder and

tape This includes Millers Hollow Union Hotel site Music Hall Site

Cottonwood Jail Site Frontier Guardian and Weekly Bugle Building Sites Daggers Mill Kanesville/Fairview Cemetery and Site

Site Number Locatmu Eusiug Level Remarks

Grand 3-3 of Council Include in Omaha/Council

Encampment Bluffs Iowa Bluffs folder and ______tape

Mormon Battalion 3-3 Near Iowa School Good wayside III Add interpretation of Grand Mustering for the Deaf exhibit Encampment Include in Grounds folder and tape for

Omaha/Council Bluffs area ______

Middle Mormon 3-3 At US Highway Include in Omaha/Council Ferry 1.75 State Bluffs folder and tape Highway 92 river

crossing in Iowa Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan 23

Site Number Licatlon ExLsting Lesrd Remarks

Council Point 3-3 Council Bluffs Include in Omaha/Council Iowa Bluffs folder and tape

Emigrants 3-3 Council Bluffs One wayside for this site and Landing Iowa Council Point Include in Omaha/ Council Bluffs

folder and tape

Ferryville K-42 1-680 Bridge Iowa Marker Present marker is inadequate ______

Nebraska Sites

Although the terrain does not change noticeably for some distance west of the Missouri River Nebraska is the beginning of the Great Plains portion of the

pioneers trek Crossing the river and establishing Winter Quarters on June

29 1846 was in itself dramatic moment of history It meant that the first

phase of the great Exodus had been completed The pioneers felt it necessary to create major way station to reorganize through the winter before resuming the search for Zion and an end to wandering

Through Nebraska the emphasis will be on crossing the Missouri River the establishment of the outpost of Winter Quarters at Florence the preparation and departure of the main pioneer effort in 1847 the selection of the north

side of the Platte River as the migration route and daily life on the trail

As related above sites in Omaha Nebraska Winter Quarters are part of the

Omaha/Council Bluffs cluster for touring purposes

Slt Number Location Level Remarks

Cold Spring Camp of Omaha None Describe in publication Nebraska

Cutlers Park Omaha Nebraska New marker III Present marker adequate

good condition Needs pull-out area

Winter Quarters 4-1 Florence Visitor Center III The recommended new Cemetery K-45 Nebraska AV books video could be used here monuments 24 Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan

Site Number LocatIon Exbting Level Remarks

Florence Mill K-44 Florence State marker III Interpret mill Brigham Nebraska Young house and council house

K-46 North Kimball of Omaha Daughters of III Marker is adequate Include Monument Nebraska on US Utah Pioneers in Omaha/Council Bluffs

Highway 36 Marker folder and tape ______

Elkhorn River 4-2 Near Waterloo Small plaque on Location needs research

Crossing K-47 Nebraska rock Include in Omaha/Council Bluffs folder and tape

Liberty Pole Camp 4-3 Barnard Park Stone III Fremont Nebraska monument with

plaque ______

Fremont Lakes 4-4 miles of State Historical

Recreation Area Fremont Nebraska Society marker ______

Genoa Historic K-53 Genoa City Park State marker II Site Nebraska

Government 5-1 Council Creek

Indian Station Nebraska

Fording of the 5-2 Near Fullerton Loup River 5-4 Nebraska

Upper Loup River 5-3 miles NE of Ford Palmer Nebraska

Mormon Trail K-79 30 miles of State marker II

State Wayside Grand Island Area Nebraska

Stuhr Museum K-57 Grand Island State marker II Distribution point for

Nebraska publications ______

First Sighting of 6-1 miles SW of Elm White Men Creek Nebraska

Dawson Co Lexington Mormon and Oregon Trail Historical Museum Nebraska exhibit planned Distribution

point for publications ______

100th Meridian 6-2 Cozad Nebraska Two markers III Interpret Mormon Pioneer

K-63 Trail and significance of meridian ______

Willow Island 6-3 Near Cozad II Nebraska Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan 25

Site Number Location Lewel

Lake Ogallala 7-4 Near Ogallala II Recreation Area Nebraska

Ash Hollow State 7-5 of Ogallala Visitor Center II Oregon Trail is interpreted

Historical Park Nebraska Trails Mormon Trail is not

Ancient Bluff 8-2 miles SE of State marker II

Ruins K-67 Broadwater Nebraska

Chimney Rock On highway near State markers III Chimney Rock about Oregon Nebraska and Pony Express trails Trailer Museum

Scotts Bluff Gering Nebraska Exhibit and Rehabilitation of museum

National hand cart will include Mormon Trail

Monument reproduction in interpretation museum

Rebecca Winters 8-3 Near Scottsbluff State markers II Site adequately interpreted Grave K-70 Nebraska

Prayer Circle K-72 mile of Henry Bluffs Nebraska

Wyoming Sites

The major emphasis in Wyoming will be the hardships encountered by the

pioneers Also an important part of the story here is the relationship the pioneers had with other emigrants mountain men and traders as well as the separation the Mormons sought from others This Trail and the Oregon National Historic Trail coincide from Fort Laramie to Fort Bridger and much of the interpretation along this stretch will deal simultaneously with both trails

Site Number Location Exstrng Level Remarks

Fort Platte 9-1 mile of Fort Granite marker II Laramie Wyoming and bronze plaque 26 Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan

Number Existing LeeI Remarks

Fort John 9-2 Fort Laramie Wayside exhibits III

K-82 NHS Wyoming not specifically Mormon Trail ______

Fort Laramie NHS 9-3 Little Rehabilitation of museum

K-82 specifically will include Mormon Trail

about Mormon exhibit

Trail ______

K-82 Old Bedlam Ruts of Fort Laramie Marker III Adequate Pending

NHS GMP/EIS and Interpretive

Prospectus will address

Mormon Trail

Mexican Hill K-83 of Guernsey Two markers at III Adequate Wyoming highway ______

Register Cliff 7-4 miles SE of Marker III and Oregon K-84 Guernsey Trail Ruts National Historic

Wyoming Landmark are in

Oregon Trail Ruts 9-5 miles SE of Marker III Exhibit planning should

Guernsey consider combining Mormon

Wyoming Trail story with Oregon Trail

story in new waysides ______

Guernsey 9-6 miles SE of Fine museum An exhibit about Mormon

Reservoir Guernsey built by CCC Trail should be added Wyoming ______

Warm Springs 9-7 miles SW of Site is interpreted at the

Canyon K-86 Guernsey cliff/ruts area Wyoming ______

Porters Rock 9-8 miles SW of Private property K-87 Guernsey Wyoming ______

Hebers Spring 9-9 miles SW of Private property difficult Glendo Wyoming access ______

Ayres Natural 9-10 10 miles of II

Bridge K-89 Douglas Wyoming ______

Upper Platte Ferry 10-1 Fort Caspar Museum with Excellent museum and Ford K-92 Museum Casper Mormon exhibit reproduction handcart

Wyoming Publications Marker at ferry

site too Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan 27

Site Number Location Existing Level Remarks

Emigrant Gap 10-2 12 miles of BLM marker III K-94 Casper Wyoming ______

Avenue of Rocks 10-3 20 miles of II

K-95 Casper Wyoming ______

Willow Springs 10-4 8.5 miles of II K-96 Alcova Wyoming ______

Prospect Ryan 10-5 Adjacent to site Good group of IV Logo could be added to

Hill K-97 10-4 signs by BLM existing signs or posts ______

Independence 10-7 of Casper on Markers by IV Kiosk at highway rest area to

Rock K-98 State Highway 220 BLM interpret Independence Rock and Devils Gate

Devils Gate and 10-89 miles of BLM IV Good series of waysides

Martins Cove K-99 Independence interpretive Mormon story at Martins

101 Rock loop Waysides Cove is interpreted ______

Split Rock 10-1011 of BLM IV Good series of waysides K-102 Needs Independence interpretive loop Mormon Trail story Rock

Ice Slough 11-1 31 miles of State marker III Logo could be added to

K-104 Three Forks existing posts ______

Rocky Ridge These sites are mentioned in Claytons journal but are not

in comprehensive plan or

Kimball BLM office has

locations

Radium Springs see above ______

Willies Handcart 11-2 of Atlantic City III Private property difficult

Disaster K-lOS Wyoming access Road direction signs needed

South Pass 11-4 of Atlantic City BLM wayside III Adequate K-106 Wyoming and earlier 108 markers

Pacific Springs 11-5 miles of BLM wayside III Adequate K-107 South Pass Wyoming ______

Dry Sandy 11-6 Near Farson BLM wayside at III Logo for Dry Sandy BLM

K-108 Wyoming Parting of Ways wayside adequate for Parting

of Ways One is planned for

False Parting site ______28 Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan

Site Number Location Existing Level Remarks

Little 11-7 Sandy Near Farson III BLM plans wayside on Station K-109 Wyoming public land adjacent Site is on ______private property

Simpsons Hollow K-lb of Farson Stone marker Post-1847 Wyoming ______

Lombard 12-1 of IV Ferry Farson BLM plans multiple waysides K-112 Wyoming on for site

Green River

Church Butte 12-2 15 miles NE of Lyman Wyoming ______

12-3 Bridger Trading Fort Bridger Reconstruction III Wayside should be near site Post Visitor Center of K-115 Wyoming the 1847 building 116 has some

information on Mormons

Bear River 12-4 10 miles of Stone marker III

Crossing K-117 Evanston with text Wyoming ______

Oil Springs K-118 12 miles SW of Private property Permission

Evanston needed to visit Wyoming ______

The Needles 12-5 miles SW of II Visible from road

K-119 Evanston Wyoming ______

Utah Sites

The long plains crossing completed the pioneers now began the last leg of the

journey--crossing the rugged Wasatch Mountains The relatively few miles of this part of the trek included some of the most back-breaking effort The route had defeated tragically the Donner-Reed party whose story is part of this stretch Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan 29

Site Number Loeation Exitlng Level Remarks

Cache Cave 13-1 miles of III Exhibit should be on the K-120 Castle Rock Utah road Site is on private

property mile from road ______

Echo 13-2 miles of State marker is III

K-121 Henefer Utah destroyed except

for supports ______

Weber River 13-3 0.5 mile of II Wayside should be on the

Crossing Henefer Utah road ______

Hogsback Summit K- 125 miles of III Visible ruts Henefer Utah ______

East Canyon 13-4 miles SW of III Reservoir Henefer Utah

Little 13-5 Between Emigration Mormon IV Excellent 4.5 mile hiking trail Flats and Canyon Big on the only pristine portion

Mountain Pass of the trail in Utah Three to

Utah four wayside exhibits should be planned ______

Big Mountain Pass 13-6 10 airmiles NE Stone IV The importance of this site K-128 of Salt Lake City monument combined with trailhead

Utah interpretation warrants

multiple waysides ______

Little Mountain 13-7 miles NE of Salt III Select one good location to

Summit Lake City Utah interpret 13-78 and on wayside ______

Emigration 13-8 NE of Salt Lake III Canyon City Utah ______

Last Camp 13-9 NE of Salt Lake Stone III K-129 City Utah monument

Donner Hill 13-10 mile NE of Salt Stone III Sites 13-7 13-8 and 13-9 Lake City Utah monument with might also include 13-10 plaque The difference between the

Mormons success and the

Donner-Reed failure is the

difference between being

organized and not organized ______30 Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan

Site Number Location ExistIng Level Remarks

This is the Place 13-11 Pioneer State Massive The small visitor center is

Park Salt Lake memorial with inadequate for the level of

City Utah plaques and visitation and does not

statues Visitor permit much interpretation

Center and Additional efforts should

outdoor focus on encouraging

museum with visitation to the outdoor

living history museum and linking the

and pioneer beginning and the end of the homes trail through comparison of

the homes built in Utah and

the homes families left

behind in Nauvoo APPENDIX

Maps 32 Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan

Loks 65 4o

Cor4os lid

cj WA Ft Modiso 211 dOuyII C5lt%5S

IOWA Keokuk DESIGNATED ROUTE

MORMON PIONEER NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL 10 tO 30 COMPREHENSIVE PLAN

OrIs.3

CowcuI

Sii.tti

MtP1sgi OSCIQI 34 34 69

IOWA II GrovS/ DESIGNATED ROUTE MORMON PIONEER NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL COMPREWENSIVE PLAN Lisa1 Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan 33

NEBRASKA

DESIGNATED ROUTE IOWA MORMON PIONEER NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL COMPREHENSIVE PLAN 30

Columbu 22 rlor.nc itrio 36 275 qtr LOuP RIY

Csntrol City OmONO 80 10 20 50 40 Gand Isiond ______

NEBRASKA

26 ridspoit DESIGNATED ROUTE MORMON PIONEER NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL Llecs COMPREHENSIVE PLAN 0uttkoa

00I1Iis $wsrIesd 26 Noffk PI.tt 30 80 30

clod cot 616 2040 ainqtos 80 34 Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan

WYOMING 87 DESIGNATED ROUTE MORMON PIONEER NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL 25 COMPREHENSIVE PLAN

PLATTE RIVER

Devgtas Casper

25

220 LCNDO ALCOVA RESERVOIR RESt ROIR 28 PATHFINDER RESERVOIR Muddy Gap SrssSy

Fort Laramle

Ft LoromIs 287 N.H.$ 26

10 20 30 40 Tbrrhigtoa

WYOMING II 28

DESIGNATED ROUTE RIVEN AttaAtl MORMON PIONEER NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL CIWATER28Jry COMPREHENSIVE PLAN

Fcr so

Forsos Font.n.IIe Cut.Off

187

30 372 80

Oronger 80 RoCk SprI.gs

10 20 30 40 Evansfos Ft Srldg Pisdacal XI 41 I-a Isor Vows Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan 35

UTAH DESIGNATED ROUTE

MORMON P1 ONEER NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL COMPREHENSIVE PLAN 111

80 Rlvsr Echo Con

Coho is

RIvSr .5

Emigrati Pocltport LOS fl MOuatoI Doll SALT LAKE CITY Rss.rvol

10 IS APPENDIX

Graphics TT

ii

A1t4 \- -\ --

13 Rock Split Interpretive Site on U.s 287 approximately 12 miles from Devils Cate cleft in solid granite rock was the last of the three granite landmarks the along Sweetwater River and was viewed by emigrants for the better part of two days East of this rock in the early 1860s were Pony Express station telegraph station and garrisoned point

Camped at Split Rock where there is quartered 50 soldiers THE for the of the OREGON-CALIFORNIA-MORMON TRAIL protection emigrants 200 wagons passed today on their way to Salmon River mines Soldiers THROUGH NATRONA COUNTY composed of 6th Ohio Reg Henry Herr July 30 1862

This brochure describes those sites along the Oregon Trail before Natrona which Long County was settled it have interpretative markers or public access If you claimed major role in this Countrys history wish to explore the Trail further please contact the U.S by playing host to the thousands of emigrants Bureau of Land or the Management Natrona County Planning traveling from the East to California Utah and Office to determine land and the status please respect Oregon As 350000 people their wagons and rights of the private landowner and obtain from permission livestock passed through they left their mark the landowner before entering private land on the landscape Today you can relive their adventure by paralleling their route through FOR FURTHER INFORMATION contact the Natrona please County Natrona County Along the route are interpre Planning Department 536 SW Wyoming Boulevard P.O Box 610 tative signs and markers that will assist you in Mills WY 82644 307 235-9435 experiencing the Oregon Trail %flSSSS%SSS%%.S%SSSSSSS

SS%%%S% SSSSS%S%%.SSSSSS%SSSS%SS%SSS% ___ 7j 4i \c

onSee cnn Rowe

CARBON COUNTY

Reshaws Richards Bridge Red Buttes Crossing Greasewood on Horse Creek 10 Devilp Gate Mormon Ferry Emigrant Gap Steamboat Lake 11 MartIns Cove Rock Fort Caspar Prospect Hill Independence Rock 12 Split

road HIB Heading north to Independence Rocli Deeds Gate Modern day up Ryan

PREFIRRED BY THE NATRONA COUNTY PLANNING OFFICE FOR THE NATRONA COUNTY HISTORICPRESERVATION COMMiSSION

oecaledt

tg pod ed000pealowththe ______Ccntrnco dVstOsBea IIii_ thPt Natrona County Planning Office to determine land status and please Fort Caspar respect the nghtS 01 the private landowner and Obtain permission

iron the landowner betnre entering proate land

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION please contact the Natrona County 536 SW Onuleuard Planning Department Wynni.tig P0 60 Mills WY 02644 307 235 9435 Park Information

r7

The five villages along these banks bones scattered trade beads and

of the Knife and Missouri Rivers fragmented pottery are but few of

were home for three to five the sights that await your discovery

thousand people Abandoned at Knife River Indian Villages

village sites sun-bleached bison National Historic Site today

VISITOR CENTER The visitor center is open daily and customs of the Hidatsa Memorial through Labor Day Day Mandan and Ankara people Weekends 800 am to 600 pm Craft-work made by the descendants federal MT open daily excluding of these Village Indians and Holidays the rest of the 800 relevant year books may be purchased am to 430 There is no pm MT here Visitor center programs and entrance fee Exhibits and slide some trail areas are accessible to show the life program day-to-day visitors using wheelchairs

HIKES AND WALKS Visitors may take ranger-guided fortification ditches cache pits and

tours or self-guiding walks to two artifacts are visible Pets are

village sites in the 1293 acre park permitted on trails but must be on Evidence of earthlodges leash at all times

Walks brochures Self-Guiding Self-guiding are available Other park trails varying in length at the visitor center for walks to from 0.6 to miles take hikers

Hidatsa Village and Awatixa through prairie and woodland Village Each walk is about 1/2 ecosystems Trails are open during

mile long and takes 1/2 to hour to visitor center hours After periods

complete Hidatsa Village contains of heavy snowfall in winter trails the of greatest quantity earthlodge are groomed for cross-country in the depressions park Awatixa skiing Village is along the bank of the

Knife River where erosion reveals

vertical profile of village remains

Tours tours Ranger-Guided Ranger-guided to the village request as staff level allows ours sites or natural areas are conducted are conducted daily June through by advance reservation or by August CAMPING AND PICNICKING To preserve archeological features state and federal campgrounds near 17 miles north of camping is not permitted within the Garrison Dam park Primitiv camping is the park Visitors may picnic at the

available at nearby city and state park visitor center nearby in Lake Sakakawea parks within 30-mile radius Stanton and at Moderr campsites are available at

available in the ACCOMMODATIONS Lodging food service and gasoline services are park

are not available in the park while the nearest hospital is in

Indcpe dently owned and operated Hazen motels year-round food scm and gas stations are located in nearby communities First aid

rave1ers sObld be for CLIMAT An imporrant part of you visit is prepared of prcpanng for the weather periods blowing snow Average Thundershowers are common on seasonal temperatures may be sumner afternoons Wnter

De Feb ghs 10 30 Lows below Mar May Highs 40 70 Lows 15 40 Lows 50 60 Jun Aug Highs 80 90 Sep-Nov Hghs 70 40F Lows 40-20F

and an historiI SUIcIMER ACTIVITIES Daily activities and special events encampment include drama are regularly scheduled for occurring in summer may weekend in and August demonshations on gardening hide July respectively Contact the park ifl tanning tool making clothing for sumner events decorating or Native American spring teade schedule dan ilg village Indian

birds the wooded trails are not OTHER THINGS TO DO Many species of migrag They and fall al owed on the archeological sites vsit th pa in spring Knife or the trails to them Check Fishing is permitted along the leading and Missouri Rivers with North with ranger for trail closures All motorized vehicles must reir am on Dakota ense Ranger conducted roads No hunting is canee trips on the Krife River may designated allowed in the All firearms be airanged by reservation Water park must be unloaded and cased or levels are usually adequate May broken down through August Swimming in the risk rivers is permitted at your own

Vistors ho bring bicycles and horses may ride them on some of

GEITING THERE Knife River Indian Villages is

located on the west bank of the

Missouri Riv 70 miles north of

cmarck and 90 miles south 0f

Minot near Stanton North Dakota From the north take U.S 83 and highway 200 to county road 37 From the south take highways 200A and 11 to county road 37

Thc park visitor center is miles

rorth of Stanton and 1/4 mile east

of county road 37 NORTH DAKOTA

of valuable scientific PRESERVING THE PAS Knife Rive lndan Villages was destniction

established as National Historic information by leaving all cultural materials where Site in 1974 to preserve remnants of and natural you

the culture and agricultural lifestyle find them These items are law of the Plains Indians Help us protected by federal preserve the past and prevent r- -h------Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan

__

______-U

Example of Level III wayside exhibit utii ...- ...... -ft .c /4 A4- ///

.-

V4t HISTORC

Church Butte .. 4\

\V%

.. -. -.- .-.- -.- .s. -- .- f4

..\

Ic r.iiii ffSIIF1iIiSIflU

II%%\ Church Butte

...... w.....sw.. .. Mormon Emigmtioii was one of the pnncip.1 foives of seitiement of the West Departmg

from Nauvoo illinois 846 thousands of Monnons ciussed Februaiy into Iowa seeking F1 fmm the next winter the Council 4p refuge religious persecution They spent in Bluffs Iowa lO4L HIS To and Omaha Nebraska area in 1847 led Early Bnham Young an advance party west

the Platte River the Trail to Fort along parallethng Oregon Bndger Wyoming where they

.. turned southwest and eventually came to the Great Salt Lake The 624-mile auto tour

iute in states is marked with the trail and follows generally logo closely the trail

histonc route

______iz ______Church Butte

Moimon was of the foites Emigration one principal west along the Platte River parallelling the Oregon of settlement of the West from Nauvoo hail Departing to Foil Bndger Wyoming wheje they turned 44 illinois in 1846 thousands of Monnons Febniaiy southwest and eventually came to the Great Salt AI4L NISTOS crossed into Iowa from seeking reige religious Lake The 624-mile auto tour nxite in states is

the next the persecution They spent winter in generally marked with the trail logo and closely

Council Bluffs Iowa and Omaha Nebraska area foUows the trail histonc mute

in 847 led an advance Eaily Brigham Young party

r.5

1c- __

Photograph caption Leaving Nauvoo Illinois

.\

\\ APPENDIX

Cost Estimates 52 Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail Interpretive Plan

COST ESTIMATES

The following listing is very rough guide for estimating the cost of producing interpretive media They are intended to be used as an indicator of the range of cost for particular medium Actual cost will vary at each specific site

EXHIBITS $250-$500 per square foot

VIDEO PROGRAMS $25000 to $50000 per program $12000 for equipment

16mm MOTION PICTURE ... $150000 per program $25000 for equipment

SOUND/SLIDE PROGRAM .. $8000 to $20000 $2000 for equipment

WAYSIDE EXHIBITS $3500 to $5000 per unit