La transfor

2ª Era Statistical Nº 1 Information of

The transformation of Andalusia 1990-2010 20 20 years of the Institute of Statistics of Andalusia Summary

La transformación de Andalucía 1990-2010

Statistics

20 years of statistics in Andalusia. Ignacio Pozuelo Meño ...... 7 Editorial Board: The Statistical System of Andalusia: 20 years of work to know Ignacio Pozuelo Meño In depth the Andalusian reality. Antonio Pascual Acosta y José Luis Pino Mejías ...... 11 Elena Manzanera Juan del Ojo Mesa 20 years of statistical dissemination. Pedro Díaz Muñoz ...... 18 José María Alba Bautista Andalusian Statistical information on the Internet. Cristina Fernández Álvaro José Luis Pino Mejías ...... 19 José Luis Pino Mejías Regional statistics: the problem of the regionalization of headquarters. Luis Robles Teigeiro ...... 20

The analysis, opinions and conclusions of the The Institute of Statistics of Andalusia: 20 years at the service articles represent the views of the respective of citizens and the administration. Rafael Martín de Agar y Valverde ...... 21 authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Institute of Statistics of Andalusia. Regional statistics in and institutional collaboration in official statistics. Jaume García Villar, Alex Costa Sáenz de San Pedro ...... 27 Coordination: Service of Dissemination and Publications

Edition Copyright ©: Institute of Statistics of Andalusia. Regional Government Ministry of Economy, Science and Innovation Articles Copyright ©: the authors Illustrations: Bella Moreno Photography: Javier Andrada and Antonio Gaga Graphic Design: Manuel Ortiz Studio Layout: Yokasta Báez Printing and binding: Coria Gráfica

ISSN: 1889-93-31 Legal Deposit: SE-1422-2007 Printed in Spain Statistical Information of Andalusia The economy Territory and the environment

The Andalusian economy 1990-2010. Changes in Territorial changes in Andalusia. its great numbers. Josefina Cruz Villalón ...... 59 Francisco Villalba Cabello y Esperanza Nieto Lobo ...... 31 Housing in Andalusia 1990-2010. The insertion of the Andalusian economy into Julio Rodríguez López ...... 68 national and international markets. Statistics and territory: representational systems Antonio Pulido San Román ...... 40 José Ojeda Zújar ...... 69 Foreign trade. Cristina Campayo Rodríguez ...... 41 Environment and quality of life. Yolanda Jiménez Olivencia ...... 71 Labour market changes. Luis Toharia Cortés ...... 42 Andalusia facing climate change. 20 years that will, hopefu- lly, change history. Companies and entrepreneurs. José Manuel Moreira Madueño ...... 81 Manuel Martín Rodríguez y Francisco J. Saéz Fernández ...... 43 Ecosystems and . Innovation, sustainable development and globalization. Yolanda Jiménez Olivencia ...... 82 Fernando Martínez Salcedo ...... 50 Nature protection areas. Guidelines for a more sustainable economy. Yolanda Jiménez Olivencia ...... 83 Fernando Martínez Salcedo ...... 56 20 years of &D in Andalusia. Society Pilar Aranda Ramírez ...... 57 The Andalusian population, situation and major changes. Andrés Arroyo Pérez ...... 85

Social change in Andalusia: an analysis through public opinion. Manuel Pérez Yruela ...... 92

Andalusian women lead the new jobs. Cecilia Castaño Collado ...... 101

Public services

Education and education services: balance and future challen- ges. Antonio Bolívar Botía ...... 103

Joining forces to multiply results. Adelaida de la Calle Martín ...... 108 Some data on universities. José Luis Pino Mejías ...... 109

Population health and health services in Andalusia. (1990-2010). Felicidad Rodríguez Sánchez ...... 110

Statistical Annex Summary of basic data on the evolution of Andalusia 1990-2010...... 115

Brief overview of the authors ...... 118

Presentation

Statistics play a key role in the development Without a high quality statistical system of democratic societies. If a society does not it is very difficult to succeed in the plan- know where it is and where it comes from, it ning, management and evaluation of public is impossible to take appropriate measures services. This journal shows how statistics in order to continue progressing. Statistical allow the observation of the achievements in information is essential to help policymakers, health, education, environmental, infrastruc- businesses and citizens understand the facts ture and R&D policies, and the areas where and formulate their future strategies. improvement is needed. In an era of rapid changes when societies In times of crisis such as these, it is even must face new challenges, the mission of the more important to combine short-term and official institutions responsible for elabora- structural information, in order to permit ting statistics is to offer a clear view of the maximum flexibility and advance effectively multiple factors that affect citizens´ well- towards a new economic and productive being and quality of life and social, economic model. and environmental sustainability. Having a well-informed society is a neces- The celebration of 20 years of the Institute sary precondition for progress; hence we of Statistics of Andalusia is a timely oppor- should all congratulate ourselves for the tunity to illustrate how the Statistical System hard work of people who have contributed of Andalusia meets the main objective it is to make the IEA and our statistical system entrusted with as a public service: providing as a whole a benchmark of good practice in the appropriate information allowing the their task of meeting the information needs Andalusian society to make decisions based of . on totally reliable data.

José Antonio Griñán Martínez President of the Junta of Andalusia

5 Statistics Law 4/1989, of 12 December, on Statistics of the Autonomous Community of Andalusia. (BOJA. December 19, 1989 No.100). Law 6/1993, of 19 July, Statistical Plan for Andalusia 1993-1996. (BOJA. July 31, 1993 No. 83). Law 4/1998, of 1 October, Statistical Plan for Andalusia 1998-2001. (BOJA. October 15, 1998 No 117). Law 8/2002, of 17 December, Statistical Plan for Andalusia 2003-2006, and modification of Law 4/1989, of 12December, on Statistics of the Autonomous Community of Andalusia. (BOJA. December 31, 2002 No. 154). Law 4/ 2007, of 4 April, amending the Law 4 / 1989, of 12 December, on Statistics of the Autono- mous Community of Andalusia, and passing the Statistical Plan of Andalusia 2007-2010. (BOJA. April 26, 2007 No. 82). Law 11/2010 of 3 December, on fiscal measures for deficit reduction and sustainability (BOJA. December 15, 2010 No. 243). Extension of validity: Plan of Statistics of Andalusia 2007-2012.

Evolution of production of the Statistical System of Andalusia.

El Sistema estadístico andaluz ha pasado de realizar 31 actividades estadísticas a 288 en 2010.

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Population and vital statistics Education statistics Labour market Industrial Production Index of Andalusia Statistics on tourist movement in Pension statistics Transportation infrastructure statistics R&D statistics Health resources statistics Hypermarket sales index statistics House price statistics Waste products treatment statistics Population characteristics Andalusian Regional Accounts Labour cost statistics Wastewater treatment statistics Estadística de presupuestos familiares Migration statistics Household equipment statistics Living conditions statistics Business demography Tourism statistics Innovation statistics Gender statistics ICT equipment in companies Households receiving social benefits Social surveys Cross cutting issues of gender, territory and sustainability Priority action lines (education, innovation, culture, immigration and situation) W W reflections, aneffortwhichwebelieve have made has transformations. each in his/her professional field, oftheaforementioned who, chiefly, attheforefront, havealsobeenkey actors people in each of the fieldsnoteworthy analyzed and changes in 20 years, the last have not been small. and, in parallel, theevolution ofpublic statistics, where evolution ofsociety, theterritory andeconomic activity how we were in 1990 and how we are in 2010. Andalusia andthatenables ustoshow of aquick picture definethat best themomentouschange experienced by to undergo journey asystematic through elements those highly structural. is clearly reflected in thedata), this transformation is (and evidently recent period the most of economic crisis oursocietycumstances hasexperienced andexperiences from multipleperspectives. Beyond thedifferent cir years isunderstandably aprocess thatcanbeanalyzed period. the development oftheAutonomous Community in this ofAndalusia,Statistics withamonograph analyzing that haveelapsed since of thecreation oftheInstitute The authors, from theirindependent andinvaluable To this end, wehaveenjoyed thecollaboration of Our purposehasbeentoportray, in summary, the on data fromBased official it is possible statistics

The transformation ofAndalusiain20 thelast Andalusia”, commemorating the20years the journal Information“Statistical of ith this issuewebegin of anewstage - Housing of the Junta of Andalusia. as Regional Government Minister of Public Works and Villalón, ataskshecarried until out her appointment nation of this issueof the Journal byJosefina Cruz lasting contribution. analysis andwe, honestly, believe thatitwill remain a rienced in Andalusiagoes beyond amere conjunctural been worthwhile. Their narrative ofthechanges expe- is primarily apublic service. Ourmission istoproduce work before? daily lives, makes usthink how could wehavedoneour sable for allactivities, almost ofour part andisalready statistics. neering ofthenetwork theuse for thedissemination of wasinitiated,the firstwebpageof Institute pio- reality itissufficient to notehow, from themid-1990s, nued improvement of techniques for themeasurementof sionals haveworked who andarecurrently working in it. Andalusia. This isdue, among other things, totheprofes - nization and leader in many fields inside and outside ofAndalusiaistodayaconsolidatedStatistics orga- changed dramatically in recentyears. The of Institute 1. StatisticsofAndalusia Director of the Institute of Statistics of Director oftheInstituteStatistics Andalusia Ignacio Pozuelo Meño inAndalusia 20 years ofStatistics We would, especially, like to mention the coordi- In this sense, of Andalusia of Statistics the Institute A toollike theInternet, whichisnowadays indispen- With andtheconti- tochanges in respect statistics Just like Andalusia, havealsogrown statistics and

7 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Statistics 8 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Statistics mation oftheAutonomous Community meansthata for the design of regional policies and decision making. that otherwise, would nothavesufficient objectivebasis development ofagreat ofofficial deal and statistics thatareultimatelydepartments responsible for the mation needsof eachandeveryoneofthegovernment activitiesbedirectly must linkedstatistical totheinfor ply decentralized such as ours. state In this line, regional Autonomous Community, especially importantin- a dee ment ofthecompetencesGovernment ofthe ring different needs. production bedirected,tistical must preferably, atcove- and, in reality, for anyregional institute, statistical - sta or national statistics. ficities, thatdiffer in from theirusefulness international clear that the role of regional have speci must - statistics public, private, collectiveandindividual decisions, itis territorial cohesion and, consequently, itsrole in making through in itsuse theanalysis ofsocial, economic and onlythe institute offers the platform of the Journal. ned here arethesoleresponsibility and oftheauthors Therefore, theopinions, analysis andevaluations outli- reflections information onthestatistical weelaborate. givesInstitute a voice to express to scholars their to be, therefore, an instrument through which the decision making, whichcharacterizes advanced societies. this information into knowledge for thatbecomes useful students, media, etc. Ultimately, thatsociety converts economic andsocial agents, companies, researchers, this information for tobeuseful public administrations, pret theinformation produced. Precisely, theaim isfor assumed. approved bytheEuropean Union whichwehavefully dations contained ofPractice inCode theStatistics nationally applied methodologies and the recommen- objective, verified information using inter thelatest Second, theterritorial infor scope ofthestatistical First, tool for ithastobeauseful themanage- Indeed, for the Autonomous Community ofAndalusia Therefore, information ifthestatistical makes sense The journal Information Andalusia Statistical seeks Evidently, doesnotevaluate orinter theInstitute - - - - one of the users. more accessible society tothewhole andeachevery is, making increase them theeffectivenessofstatistics effective dissemination information, ofstatistical that rigorous information and, especially in developing more ning thetechnical capacity toprovide greater andmore The challenges ofthecoming years focus- onstrengthe public service for government andsociety asawhole. and consolidation in 20 years becoming the last a vital therefore, anintense process ofgrowth, modernization precisely its need for spatial disaggregation. because, aspreviously noted, muchofitsraison d´être is finds in regional a particularly fertile field statistics cal accuracy. This process, verypowerful internationally, tem. Precision mapping requirestoday, largely,- statisti become, nowadays, thatofgeographic information sys- a clear additional value information. to mere statistical perform morecomplex analysis ofinformation andadd space thatnowadays havebecomeindispensable toolsto on information thatlink managementsystems tothe nal and national levels, rely must ever statistics more increasingly moreimportant. The sameasatinternatio- tics and geographic information technologies becomes and conceptualprocess ofconvergence- betweenstatis in Andalusiameansthattechnologicalnal statistics mation with sufficient spatial resolution evident. social complexity anddiversity, make theneedfor infor countries andtheenormous physical, economic and million peopleandanarealarger thanmanyEuropean on fundamentalimportance: apopulation ofover eight than national statistics. prehension ofrealities onascaleofmuchgreater detail and citizens, requiresinformation toacom- todescend government ofbusiness, but social agents, researchers regional statistics. The information needs, not only of is akey featurefor making andspecific sense utility of higher degree ofspatialdisaggregation ofinformation Regional in Andalusia statistics has undergone, For itspart, thetraditional conceptofamap has Therefore, thespecial territorial of regio demands - ofAndalusia,In thecase thisquestion takes last - Andalusia, the addition to draw of brief atten- articles oftheevolution aspects cles thataddress structural of many would require. This has meantthat,- alongside arti possible toaddressall theissuesnortoextent that account, however, that for reasons of space, it was not was sufficiently completeandsystematic, taking into the transformation ofAndalusiain20years thelast the themes and approaches, sothat the overview of from theveryfirstmoment, thedifficulty ofselecting element of advanced democracies. developed countries andregions, abasicandessential in Andalusiaremains,ensure thatstatistics asin more vement oftheskill levels ofusersandproducers will mation, itstransparent dissemination, andtheimpro- discipline of statistics. have specialists in Andalusia specifically trained in the at alllevels ofeducation and, ofcourse, ensurethatwe tobecomeacommonly instrumentallow used statistics to allcitizens. Similarly, wehavetodevelop tools that sively andmake itmoreaccessible andunderstandable informationmake themedia statistical use moreinten- the development of their activity, be able or we must to nies so that official also become a tool for statistics generate newservices tailored totheneedsofcompa- individual administrative records, beable wemust to a muchmorethoroughscreening andsystematic of ofAndalusia, system tistical carrying out, for example, information producers. to improve services provided tocertain user groups and the information. and atthesametime, moreefficient andspecific of use sothateachuserdatabases canmake amoresimple which permit cross andsubstantial reference theuse of nels, especially through theInternet, withnewtools 2. contentsoftheJournal The The ofthis issuehadto face, contentstructure In short, thecompleteopening infor upofstatistical Together withimproving theefficiency- ofthesta it willBut also require a communication strategy This will requirestrengthening communication chan- - the following issues: been sought. tion tospecific issuesthatprovide reflection, further has Therefore, thataddresses a sequence wehavechosen Andalusia of companies. generatedthe effect bythelocation oftheheadquarters insufficient consideration ofcertain economic datadueto habitual difficulties ofregional information suchasthe specifically through of the Internet, the use and one of the the changes experienced bythedissemination ofstatistics, reference totwotranscendental issues: therelevance and collaboration anda ofStatistics oftheNational Institute tence. These are complementedwith a specific articles the newchallenges thatlie aheadafter 20years ofexis- of Andalusiaandthechallenges itfaced atthetime, and ofStatistics ofthedevelopment oftheInstitute history of thebasicfeaturescurrent Statistical the Andalusian society, both its population and their own R&D in Andalusia. sustainable of 20 years of economy and the trajectory trade, changes in thelabourmarket, guidelines for amore economy in the national and international context, foreign that addresssuchissuesastheinsertion ofthe Andalusian globalization. These featuresarecomplementedbyarticles processes in thecontext ofsustainable development and ness andtherole, ever more decisive, played byinnovation Andalusia in 20 years, the last the transformation of busi- overview oftheevolution ofmajoreconomic figures in mate change, and protected natural and ecosystems areas. representation, andtheprospectofAndalusiafacing cli - evolution of the housing market, ofterritorial newsystems supplemented withbrief references suchasthe toaspects oftheenvironment.and thestate These chapters are sis ofthemain processes oftransformation ofAndalusia

The fourth block of the Journal the changes addresses in The third sectionofthe journal isdevoted totheanaly- A first section-statistics- dedicated tothepresentation A first section-statistics- A second set of articles- theeconomy-whichgives ofarticles- set A second an and the steps taken and the steps for its formation, and a brief System of of System

9 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Statistics 10 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Statistics with specific reference to Andalusian universities. public services such as healthand education, completed ging role of women in our society is also included. ofthemselves.assessment centered onthechan- Anarticle are sure will endure. historical period, contributions, asmentioned earlier, we changes thatourcommunity hasexperienced in therecent which haveundoubtedly enriched thescientific view ofthe andcontributionstheir participation withtheirarticles torial, environmental, social and public services aspects. indicatorsa series relating ofstatistical toeconomic, terri- of Andalusiain theperiod 1990-2010isprovided through

Finally, in anannex, asyntheticoverview oftheevolution The sectionshows last theevolution in twoessential It only remains for for ustothankeverybody to develop individually and collectively. is notstrictlyknowledge, powerful themost toolwehave tion andanalysis, whichinformation requirementswithout information speeding between us, opportunitiesfor reflec- nonetheless, ifwewantalong withthevast amount of perhaps unusualin theera welive in, necessary but this journal, thankyou for opening pages, these something teeing our future. continue andwhichmust guaran andourpresent past - activity is indispensable to know, objectively, our about instrument at the service of the Andalusian society whose day, making itpossible, over 20years, thelast tobuild an have worked who and those at the Institute, day after nowledge theprofessionalism work ofallthepeoplewho And thereaders, thetrue recipients of Likewise, we believe that it is fair to ack-

Photo: Antonio Gaga plete, information objective and unbiased to the society. tal, demographic andterritorial reality byproviding com- tify the economic, geographic, social, cultural, environmen- and decision-making. plified ofreality, picture whichfacilitates knowledge ofit amounts ofdatainto ofindicators sets that provide asim- ofquantitative ofaset is theuse toolstosynthesize large prediction ofitsevolution. What characterizes statistics social phenomena, from theanalysis tothe ofitscauses ble to analyze and interpret is happening. what of thefastest, finest versatile andmost instruments availa - fordemand information, and especially, isone asstatistics the Information Society, in whichthere isanincreasing cal programmes, andotherstatisticalactivities declared ofinterest to of interest totheAutonomousRegionin plans andannualstatisti- llowing transparent procedures. InAndalusiaonlystatistical activities 1. Official statisticsare carriedoutbystatisticalagenciesstrictlyfo- S 1. Introduction Official areapublic statistics service, designed to iden- There aremanysciences thatattempttodescribe surprisingly in asociety wehaveagreed tocall century, oflast ment sincequarter thelast not hasexperiencedtatistics animpressive develop- public policy. assuming competencesandtransferring functions and fordemand information generated by the process of governments. the information needsoffamilies, socialand partners high quality information sources appropriate tomeet key for thedevelopment ofasociety istohaveobjective, of economic andsocial activity would notbeviable. A theproper system functioningstatistical ofvarious areas any democratic society. Without theexistence ofastrong reality in depththeAndalusian 20 years ofwork toknow Andalusia: System of Statistical The Communities. to and servicesfromtheState Autonomous of assumingcompetencesandtransferring functions fordemand informationbytheprocess generated istosatisfy The missionofofficialstatistics ofthe Secretary AndalusianCentreforGeneral Prospective Studies Professor attheUniversity ofSeville José LuisPino Mejías Director ofthe Andalusian Centrefor Prospective Studies Professor attheUniversity ofSeville Pascual Acosta Antonio official statistics Councilareof Andalusiaorauthorized bytheGoverning considered the Autonomous Community of Andalusia by the Institute of Statistics Official Statistics Knowledge ofreality betranscendental toset must The mission ofregional official istosatisfy statistics

1 is today an essential element istodayanessential of

11 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Statistics 12 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Statistics However, the evident importance andsignificance ofthe nomous communities in system. thenational statistical text does notspecifically mention therole- ofauto for their own“statistics purposes,” although the theexclusivethe Statereserves jurisdiction in express mandateover constitutional which appearasan of 1978in whichstatistics the development ofthecurrent Constitution communitiesautonomous isderived from the origin activity of the of the statistical oftheprovince”,census andstatistics while vincial delegations functions “to form the of Cadiz of1812thatassigned the pro- activity in Spain datesbackto the Constitution of Statistics. as Autonomous Institutes agencies,and statistical themajority configured laws that nowallofthemhavestatistics almost powers contained inofAutonomy, theirStatute so rial significance. Thus, theregions ofthe use havemade records or sample making process territo with adequate - intervene in thedesign and creation ofadministrative education orjudicial information systems, thepower to appropriate totheterritorial suchashealth, structure tion and maintenance information of sectoral systems, more fluid communication withagents, implementa- to suppliers andusersoftheinformation, easier and ning sufficiently disaggregated information, proximity have specificstatistics positive characteristics: obtai- decentralized ofSpain. structure Official autonomous to meetthegrowing needsofinformation imposed bythe of official in theregions statistics isperformed in order mark the first world day of statistics: “The development AgencyoftheAutonomousStatistical Communities to each territory. Asnotedin theManifesto oftheCentral is insufficient tomeetthespecific needsarising from tical production bytheGeneral StateAdministration disaggregationand afurther ofallinformation,- statis territories. Faced with the growing for demand new data and, atthesametime, ofeasier comparison withother moreanddisaggregatedthat demands information services from the State to the Autonomous Communities, The ofregulation history ofthestatistical the Central Government to the Autonomous Community. process oftransference offunctions andservices from information ofstatistical the demands thatarose in the of EconomyAndalusiawere createdin order tomeet Servicea Statistics attachedtotheGeneral Secretariat Bureau of Statistics, sections, two Statistics and finally, furtherance ofthis responsibility, in themid-eighties a for thepurposesofAutonomous Community. In 1981, establishes asanexclusive competence, statistics ofAutonomyof theStatute for Andalusia, approved in for theirownce statistics purposes”. Thus, 13.34 Article ofthepowersion ofautonomy into eachstatute “produ- function in anygovernmentstatistical ledtotheinclu- 2. LegislativeThe Development The institutionalization of System oftheStatistical Andalusia begins in withtheenactment Statistics forStatistics theAutonomous December 1989, Law4/1989on

Illustration: B. Moreno planning public activities in statistical Andalusia. Inthe Andalusia 1998 to2001marked year thesecond of manager.Andalusia as the system nal actors ‘, of andconsiders Institute the Statistical methods, procedures andresultsofdifferent institutio- astheorderly“understood andharmonious of set ofAndalusia establishment System oftheStatistical Andalusia 1993-1996, whichenvisages theprogressive byLaw6/1993of19July,is made Planof Statistical forused achieving theabove goals.” The firstdefinition nal organizations, while ensuring that themethodology ofotherthose communities andnational andsupranatio- re theexchange andcomparability with ofourstatistics detailsthe necessary in eachcase, andontheother ensu- the onehand, reflects thereality ofourcommunity with so that the information system statistical generated on thatitmust the preambleitstates when “conceive our ofAndalusia, System Statistical andonly refers toitin the General State Administration and in various regions. law and not byagreement of the Governing Council as in by bepassed plansmust that thesuccessive statistical people through theirrepresentatives in Parliament, given public activity a special statistical role is given to the it should benotedthatin Andalusiain thedefinition of communities. andsomeautonomous of Statistics But planning byEurostat, isalsoused theNational Institute within theframework oftherelevant Plan. This form of by theGoverning Council ofthe Junta ofAndalusia programmesand successive annual statistical approved , witha duration offour years, the existence plan, ofastatistical approved of byAct should be carried in out a planned way, contemplating the highest activity. for advisory body statistical units, andcreatestheAndalusianCouncil as ofStatistics onthemcanhavetheirownentities dependent statistical nment ministries agencies andautonomous orpublic the Presidency, andestablishes thattheregional gover attached to the Regionalbody Government Ministry of of Andalusia,Statistics administrative as an autonomous Community ofAndalusia, of whichcreatestheInstitute Law 4/1998, of1October, Planof theStatistical Law 4/1989doesnotdefine ismeantbythe what thatpublic activitiesLaw 4/1989states statistical - to Law 4/1989 and approves the Plan 2007/2010. Andalusia and performs ofamendments set asecond twenty years of operation of System of theStatistical ce. On this point, Law 4/2007 of 4 April ends the first interaction into brings system existen arealstatistical - plans allows thedevelopment ofelements ofaset whose tion” of the Annual Plan and Programmes. bodies responsible” by “organization for theimplementa- Andalusia. Therefore, itreplacestheconceptof “statistical December, oftheAutonomous onStatistics Community of the provisions of Chapter II of Title IIof Law 4/989, of12 programmestistical whichitdevelops in accordancewith the organization toimplement- theplanandannualsta classifications, methods, procedures andresultsaswell as Andalusia is “the orderly andharmonious ofconcepts, set statistics. According of tothisSystem plantheStatistical and organizations Andalusiatoproduce outside official hment oftheregulatoryframework toenable agencies Andalusia andthewaytheyarecarried out, theestablis- ofinterest totheAutonomousstatistics Community of to Law4/1989, including activities aimed atsystematizing Andalusia 2003-2006, andmakes thefirstamendments Law 6 / 1993. are ‘diverse ofit institutional actors forthin“set the Programmes thattheydevelop,” soastoidentify which for implementing this PlanandtheAnnualStatistical bodiesprocedures responsible andresultsofstatistical Andalusia istheorderly andharmonious ofmethods, set that 3 ofthisstates Act System “the Statistical ronmental andterritorial reality ofAndalusia..” Article and analysis oftheeconomic, demographic, social, envi- sufficient and consistent, allowing better understanding the society in general, rigorous andupdatedinformation, to provide public entities, economic and andsocial actors solidation of Andalusia, System of the Statistical so as planning byobjectives, thedevelopment pursues andcon- preamble thattheLaw itstates “through amodel of system. interaction permitstheexistence ofatruestatistical allows thedevelopment ofasetelementswhose plans ofthefirstthreestatistical The implementation The implementation ofthefirstthree statistical Law 8 / 2002 approves Plan for the Statistical 13 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Statistics 14 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Statistics or urgency. during itspreparation, following criteria of opportunity and allowing theinclusion ofactivities notconsidered specifying the activities that are carried each year out agreaterde level ofspecificity tothePlan, with respect 1993. The programmes, annualstatistical in turn, provi- as noted, itwasfinally approved byParliament in June on developing PlanofAndalusia, thefirstStatistical programmes which would develop the Plan. Draft Planandannualstatistical PlanoftheStatistical Andalusia, among others, jurisdiction for developing the of ofStatistics attributedtheInstitute Act the Statistics ofAutonomyferred 13oftheStatute 1981, byArticle For thedevelopment andenforcement ofthepowers con- 3. StatisticalplanninginAndalusia of Andalusia. of Statistics Institute inof thesystem twentyyears since thelaunchof therefore this definition to describe we use the evolution for thepurposesofAutonomous Community.” Itis analysis and dissemination information of statistical for the collection, storage, processing, compilation, and bodies in chargeofconducting activities necessary as understood “the orderly ofentities set andsystematic the regulation of Andalusia System of the Statistical at supra level. autonomous pment of statistics “ Andalusia will and collaborate participate in the develo- system.of astatistical The Autonomous Community of cal planning, creation, managementandorganization over for purposesoftheCommunity, statistics - statisti “the Autonomous Community hasexclusive competence 2/2007 of19March, that 76.3states whichin Article reform oftheAutonomouspromulgated Statute byLaw and processing tocoincide ofthisismade Act withthe of Andalusia. lines ofhorizontal coordination System oftheStatistical responsibleas thebody for determining thedirection and CommissionInterdepartmental for configured Statistics Highlighted among the changes is the creation of the For this reason, during 1992work wascarried out Therefore, Law4/2007 pays special attention to The process ofpublic participation, elaboration Plan. The overall objectives were: objectives tobereachedduring thedevelopment ofthe to arigid established but alist of catalogofstatistics and units ofAndalusia, this but order wasnotlimited agenciesties thatshould beundertakenbyallstatistical trying todefine andgenerate activi themain- statistical of life. cial andlabourmarket, education orwelfare andquality different subareas suchastheenvironment, health, so- social areainformation wassignificantly onexpanded such asindustry, tourism, commerce ortransport. Inthe onother aswellimportant sectors asstatistics sector area, agricultural statistics, offering anoverview ofthe tical activities. This canbehighlighted, in theeconomic lop thePlanincluded- another ofstatis importantset production volume, statistics. devoted toSummary plemented bytheinclusion ofafourth area, oflower mic, social anddemographic statistics. These were com- tem ofAndalusiafocused onthreemain areas: econo- production Sys- oftheStatistical 1993-1996 statistical specific objectives: The planwasdeveloped gradually firststatistical While developing Planfor theStatistical Andalusia These general into two objectivesarearticulated Meanwhile, thevarious annual programmes- to deve nisms to information). quality (training ofspecialized personnel andaccessmecha- ties correctly. activilogical- statistical procedurestoconduct necessary results. statistical confidentiality.statistical ces, limiting theinconvenience toinformants andensuring cost, regularly updated, making ofexisting themost sour Promotion ofinstrumental activities thatensurethe Structuring of Andalusia. System the Statistical Instrumental: aimed atdeveloping standardized methodo- Information: aimed atmeeting theneedsfor dataand Production ofreliable atthelowestpossible statistics - Photo: Antonio Gaga Photo:

The inclusion of three types of goals: information, orga- The first Plan determined the form and content of nization and instrumental. the work of employees of the Statistical System, and had a very positive effect on the organization of statistical The addition of new lines of research such as Andalusia activities. In addition, it provided an initial identification Regional Accounting and business statistics, household of requirements and made clear the need to implement and family statistics or those relating to the social and

new mechanisms for coordination, communication and economic situation of youth and women. La Estadística integration supported by a decentralized statistical The creation of a new area dedicated to the Environment. system. The Statistical Plan of Andalusia 1998-2001 mar- ked the second period of planning public statistical The goals of statistical information are supplemen- activities in Andalusia. This plan, through a model of ted by those of organization. In this area the gradual management by objectives, pursued the development and configuration and creation of network points of Statis- consolidation of the Statistical System of Andalusia as a tical Information was highlighted: small provincial sta- general objective. For its achievement a series of specific information, organizational and instrumental aims were tistical offices open to the public, manned by qualified established through detailed specification of concrete personnel and equipped with the necessary resources to goals to be achieved. offer personalized information on provincial and regio- Información Estadística de Andalucía / The most noteworthy aspects of this Plan were: nal statistics. 15 16 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Statistics period weshould highlight: 1998-2001, production forin conducted this statistics rencing information. ofstatistical andinformationstatistical systems, andterritorial refe- information;ty ofstatistical computerstructuring ofthe research, standardization, homogeneityandcomparabili- lized training andprofessional development, statistical strategic plansfor thedissemination ofstatistics; specia- field ofpublic were implemented statistics bydeveloping content guidance took priority. of thePlan, unlike theprevious design plans in which the list of activities tobe developed within the period vided for therein, byusing aplanning modelon based development andexecution activities pro ofstatistical - , ontheother hand, achange in therealization ofthe inessential thedevelopment oftheprevious Planand ning in Andalusia, acontinuity inconsidered allaspects which represents, asthethird period plan- ofstatistical In developing Plan for the Statistical Andalusia The instrumental goals bykey set issueswithin the The Plan for Statistical Andalusia 2003-2006, projects or environmental education activities. gical balances: anddiseases, pests environmental volunteer vities such asenvironmental indicators, onbiolo- statistics Andalusia.” was undertaken. a resultofwhichtheactivity “A ofdemography Century in data sources onthedemographic situation ofAndalusia, as reality of Andalusia. social situation ofwomenoryouth, reflecting thesocial college education, social exclusion, andtheeconomic and for earlystatistics cancer, detectionofbreast indicators for demographics. industrial development, thebusiness barometer, orbusiness economic accounts, suchastourism satellite accounts, business competitiveness indicators, ofsectoral thestudy from andconjuncturalstandpoint, thestructural developing Inthedemographic area, historical theefforttocollect Inthesocial area, extending through activities suchas Intheeconomic area, theregional accounting study, both Consolidating theenvironmental areabyperforming- acti the Plan. development, implementation evaluation and subsequent of consultation and enriches public in debate of the allphases operationstechnical ofstatistical enables participation, everyday language for information needsandnotthemore only to the extent to society. that it is useful The of use informationrepresenting theresults ofstatistical has value The relevant feature istheneedfor information, astheoffer information.concentrates side onthedemand ofstatistical to individual user profiles. Arguably, thefocus ofthe Plan one ofthecurrent lines ofwork istoadapttheinformation information.and comprehension ofthestatistical To dothis, nology available atalltimes toencourage thedissemination Andalusia 2007-2012. December 31st, 2012, being Plan for called Statistical 24th, 2010) has extended the term of the Plan until bytheParliament(passed ofAndalusiaonNovember sures toreducethebudgetdeficit andsustainability plans.tistical Therefore, Law11/2010onfiscal mea- modified toachieve alignment withtheEuropean- sta third final provision thatthiscould stated effect be 31December, 2010, althoughthelaw4/2007in its agents and citizen groups. group ofexperts, institutional representatives, social the Plantoberesultofcontributions from alarge onparticipation;2007-2010 isbased this hasenabled lution ofAndalusia. The preparation process ofthePlan information needsarising from thesocio-economic evo- has beenproviding, afirm commitment tomeetnew of Andalusia System the services that the Statistical Parliament, represents, aswell astheconsolidation of approved unanimously byallpolitical groups in Projections. the Population Register ofPopulation andtheSystem gthening ofgeneral toolsandmethodologies, suchas of theEconomic- AccountsofAndalusiaandthestren milies andHouseholds, development andconsolidation included ofFa in thisonthestudy Planwere- statistics One oftheprinciples tech- thebest oftheplan istouse Initially theendofvalidity ofthePlanwas T In terms production, of statistical the main changes he Statistical Plan forhe Statistical Andalusia 2007-2010, The Statistical Plan 2007-2012, highlights five and transmission of information, which has caused the vo- areas for action, selected for their special importance lume of accessible data to grow at a pace unimaginable just for social and economic development in Andalusia: a few decades ago, to the point that today, after a short pe- riod in which the present society was called the information Immigration. society we talk increasingly of the “Knowledge Society”. Innovation and enterprise. The level of development of a country can be Quality of education. measured by the quality of the statistics it produces. Economic situation. Culture In this new knowledge society, the fundamental factors that define economic progress have evolved to On the other hand, there are three perspectives the point that today the key factors are: what is known, that are being systematically integrated into all in- how what is known is used and the ability to increase knowledge and transfer it both to the productive system formation emanating from the Statistical System of and society as a whole. Andalusia: These characteristics of society nowadays make official statistical activity a task of strategic importance Territory to the point that the level of development of a country Sustainability can be measured by the quality of the statistics it pro- And gender duces. The assessment of regional statistics, after two Another issue to be highlighted is that Andalusia is decades of operation, is really positive because the main one of the first regions in that assumes unreser- beneficiaries are the users; today they have much more vedly the Code of Practice on statistics adopted by the information, not only in quantity but in quality. And this , so that its enforcement is guaranteed is the result of the Andalusian Administration’s contin- ued cooperation with the universities of Andalusia and by law. research centres, through partnership agreements. This cooperation has led researchers and practitioners and 4. Conclusions statistics producers to join forces to enhance and pro- Many social phenomena are measured by the Statistical gressively harmonize the methods and indicators, so that System of Andalusia. This journal shows how this measu- by being able to collate, cross reference and extrapolate rement helps us to understand many aspects of such fun- the figures from one to another context, it is possible to damental issues as population, households and families, obtain a rigorous and thorough and not impressionistic

migration, housing or the environment and sustainability. or ideological knowledge of almost every aspect of the La Estadística The scientific and technological development has provi- Andalusian reality. ded dramatically improved means of extraction, processing

References

Decree 372/2009 of 17 November, regulating the organization juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadistica/ieagen/sea/planificacion/ and functioning of the Statistical System of Andalusia. (BOJA InstrumentoDesarrolloEconomicoSocial.pdf). December 4, 2009 No. 237). Information on the plans and statistical programmes and their evaluation The Statistical Plan for Andalusia 2007-2010: A tool for (http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadistica/ieagen/sea/ social andeconomic development in Andalusia. (http://www. planificacion/planificacion.htm). Información Estadística de Andalucía /

17 20 YEARS OF STATISTICAL DISSEMINATION n a date in the summer of 1989 statistical information: the more users applications available on the websites that I cannot now remember, that have access to greater amounts of including statistical search functions and OI was appointed INE deputy information the more society benefits from graphic representation. Statistical books director responsible for the dissemination these data, the prestige of the Statistical (called number cemeteries, years ago) have of statistics, and until May 2009 I was Office increases, the responses from the not disappeared completely, but almost. Eurostat responsible for dissemination, reporting units are more comprehensive Eurostat published in 2005 about fifty, the IT and methodology. Twenty years in and the quality of the figures the office publishing programme of 2011 provides which, albeit intermittently, I have produces and supplies to its growing user for four. been in charge of dissemination in two community increases. In parallel, publication times have been different organizations. Needless to say, Some time later, in the new century, greatly reduced since the less automatic in that period distribution has changed there was a further important step in stages, such as printing, have disappeared dramatically. I will explain in these dissemination of anonymized micro-data and the production processes of figures lines that these changes are due to two files to researchers. The goal was the (capture, validation, aggregation, main vectors. One, the purpose and two, same: to try to maximize the available analysis ...) are benefiting from advances technology. It could be argued that these information, although in this case, in computing. Today’s users have two vectors are closely related, but I prefer protection of confidentiality of informants access to more data, much earlier and to study them separately for greater clarity. made it necessary to restrict users and simultaneously. In the nineties many statistical offices were establish limitations on its use. And how will the dissemination develop asking three fundamental questions: What And this access to all users has become in the coming years? Of course it will information is disseminated, to whom and indiscriminate: everything for everyone and continue to benefit from technological under what conditions. And they started all at once. The principles of impartiality advances. For example, access to data from to answer that the information had to be and independence set up in the Code of mobile devices is now possible and will made, as far as possible public, the data Practice of European Statistics have spread rapidly. had to be widely accessible to society as a recently been adopted by all EU statistics But the great qualitative change will occur whole. And a little later, they also gradually offices. when the producers of statistics adopt came to the conclusion that it should be But all this would not have been possible a standard statistical model. A model provided free of charge. The National without the technological evolution. In that includes structure, size and format Statistics Institute- INE- started to 1989, the INE produced per year over features. This will allow Web services provide free access to its databases around three hundred books, a figure that doubled to offer figures to applications installed 1994. And it did so experimentally, through in a census year. Three years later, we on users’ computers without human the first internet portal, with the dual aim opened the Internet site and started to intervention. Currently seven supranational of avoiding the risk of claims in case of allow access to the database. And the organizations (UN, OECD, IMF, ECB,

Statistics malfunction and to promote its use beyond 1991 Population Census was distributed World Bank, International Deposit Bank the public administration. It never reversed on CD-ROM containing information on and Eurostat) have teamed up to promote that decision. Eurostat adopted the same all municipalities and census tracts in that standard. The SDMX (Statistical principle of free access ten years later. large cities. At that time we estimated Data and Metadata Exchange) has been This open idea of dissemination influenced that this information would have occupied, declared by the United Nations Statistical some pioneering countries. I remember if printed, five hundred thousand pages. Commission the standard and is starting a seminal article by Ivan Felleghi, then Gradually the electronic publications began to be applied in certain statistical areas. general director of Statistics Canada, replacing printed publications. In a second Its prevalence will be key in a new age of which introduced the “virtuous circle” of phase, these electronic publications became dissemination.

Pedro Díaz Muñoz

Statistical Information of Andalusia / Director of Sectoral and Regional Statistics of Eurostat

18 Andalusian Statistical information on the internet

he creation of the Institute of Research and the Regional Government des and budgets. Disseminating at munici- Statistics of Andalusia coincides Ministry of Education and Science of pal level, as well as demographic informa- Twith the first full connection to the Andalusia, which was the pioneer in acade- tion, data on consumption, phone Internet from Spain which took place in mid- mic networking, as later would be RedIRIS. lines installed, individuals´ income tax or 1990 as an experimental service of RedIRIS, And also in 1990 the advance that is the amount of investment in industries, at the end of that year, only four centres were the source of the spectacular spread of the while offering the possibility of producing interconnected: Fundesco, Department of Internet: the World Wide Web took place, thematic maps for different levels of terri- Telematics Engineering ( Politechnic allowing users to view pages that contain torial aggregation. University), Scientific Computing Centre not only text but images, videos and other After a constant evolution during the in Andalusia and CIEMAT (the Research multimedia content, and navigate through first decade of the century, the 20 years Centre for Energy, Environment and them using hyperlinks. since the creation of the IEA coincide with Technology). When in 1994 the first servers outside a major change in services offered by its Andalusia’s active presence in Internet academic networks began operating, the Web: the implementation of the Statistical development in Spain was due to the fact Institute of Statistics of Andalusia was one Data Bank of Andalusia that will allow that it was the first autonomous community of the first institutions to have a Web page, users custom consultations from all avai- to establish its own computer network, the and in just four years was able to provide lable sources, and therefore maximize the FADN (Scientific Information Network of extensive information on employment, trade statistical information. Andalusia), created in early 1985 by the and consumption, foreign trade, transport José Luis Pino Mejías Directorate General of Universities and and communications, basic macro-magnitu- Professor of Statistics and Research University of Sevilla. Statistics

Current Website of Institute of Statistics of Andalusia First website of Institute of Statistics of Andalusia Statistical Information of Andalusia /

19 Regional statistics: the problem of the regionalization of headquarters

f you ask an Andalusian whether the But perhaps of all possible cases, of the UN, in the ‘System of National Spanish Company SA transport is even more complicated. Are Accounts” nor in European application in I(CEPSA) is an Andalusian company the ships that cross the strait from the ‘European System of Accounts.” And few would give an affirmative answer. or from ? Fifty fifty? Relating this, even though the later, in its latest Likewise, it is doubtful that the com- to the tax domicile, they may be at the version for 1995, has changed its name pany would deem itself to be Andalusian. address where tax benefits are greatest, to ”European System of National and However, from the viewpoint of the but the most important workshops and Regional Accounts in the community.” regional economy, CEPSA is largely most of the staff tend to stay on the penin- Why is there not a more advanced Andalusian. It is true that the refining sula. Therefore, how to proceed? Taxes can framework for regional accounts? Well, company is based in Madrid, runs the stay where they are paid, wages where possibly because it has only interested a company from there, pays most of its tax sailors say they reside, but what about relatively small group of countries which there and has also centralized much of its the business benefits? What region is that are perhaps made up of different nations purchases there... but it is also true that attributed to? or whatever you prefer to call them. two of its three refineries are in Andalusia It is easy to wonder why these deci- Of course it is the Spanish situation, or and moreover they are much larger than sions are not already covered by a binding Great Britain with Scotland and Wales, or the third, located in . Therefore, methodology. Well, this is partly true, but Canada with Quebec, and so on. CEPSA, we would like to reiterate, is lar- only partly. Within the Spanish context, the regio- gely Andalusian. The truth is that existing methodolo- nal situation is very uneven, but certainly But, once we accept the fact, one gies are relatively new as they settled in or Andalusia, as is widely recognized, is at thing is to assert this and another to put got started during the Second World War the forefront. Several reasons explain a price on it. Starting with the data of as an US demand on England. The aim this fortunate fact. Firstly, it was already the whole business; if we deduct Tenerife’s was to know Britain’s debt limits, hard making estimates –accounts and tables- part and the headquarters the rest will be pressed by war, which accelerated regular from before autonomy. Personal aspi- Andalusian. Sounds easy, but even with the estimates of GDP and all its ancillary rations, the university and the financial collaboration of the company, which in this magnitudes. But as will be appreciated, the support of a bank led to these pioneering case is exemplary, it is not at all. Suppose natural scope of application of these esti- experiences. Later, once the Institute that accounting services are performed mates was and is states, not regions. After of Statistics of Andalusia was created, in Madrid, how should we evaluate and the war, several international organiza- it wanted to receive this heritage while assign them, in this case, to our region? tions, some members of the UN and others, opting to continue the bonds that have There are several possibilities. They could as is the case of the current OECD, began remained exceptionally strong, more than be thought of as exclusively from Madrid to develop different models or accounting any other autonomy as far as I know. and having nothing to do with Andalusian systems: National Accounts, Balance of Secondly, thanks to the support of the refineries. It is also possible to think, that Payments, Input Output Tables, Financial they are Andalusian because this is where Junta of Andalusia, which has understood, they have the most repercussions. It is Accounts ... without an adequate coordi- as has happened in only a few autonomous also possible to think that it is a service nation between them and always thinking communities, the importance of statistical

Statistics that takes place in Madrid and is exported about their application to countries. It was information. from there, being imported by the refining necessary to wait a long time, many years, In addition, the Institute of Statistics sector in Andalusia. until 1968 when a global system appeared of Andalusia has been characterized for No, the decisions to be made are not incorporating almost all the above men- maintaining a immovable interest in coor- simple, nor will one more question esca- tioned accounts. And we have had to wait dinating with both the INE and their peers pe the reader. If the aspiration is that, in until now for practically everything to be from other Autonomies. And, although terms of refining, the regional accounts integrated and comparable, but we conti- informally due to the lack of a legal fra- of the , the Canary nue speaking about data on countries. mework which is necessary, but in a very Islands and Andalusia, with the Regional In all these systems the references to solid and established way, have formed Accounts of Spain undertaken by the INE the regional question is therefore very poor bonds of work and mutual respect that not one day become comparable it is worth and it can be argued that, in reality, there long ago seemed a mere utopia. taking these decisions by mutual agree-

Statistical Information of Andalusia / is still no regional approach wide enough ment between the parties concerned. nor within the framework of the accounts Luis Robles Teigeiro. Professor Applied 20 Economics. University of . of thetwenty years, ofStatistics anInstitute iswhy The firstquestion wemight ask, looking atthe start 2.initiative The T 1. Introduction Andalusia graphic number ofthejournal one among others more qualified, make who up this mono- one. This, from my experience and my vision, which is only could in beused this newstage, asexciting astheprevious its conception, andprovide itsfirststeps someideas that interest toshare, noting thepathofIEA, itsrationale, We tooutline will try somemilestones just thatmaybeof of Andalusia(IEA)over muchofthis period, toallow it. space, or logical ofStatistics distancefrom theInstitute done in 20years: wedonothavethememory, orthe vely, arigorous andcomprehensivehasbeen tourofwhat Statistics. be incorporated of intoagendaoftheInstitute thefuture part,second looking forward, to the challenges thatcould travelled especially theorigins andearly stages, anda tion will havethis dualrole: to look backattheperiod 20 year period, thatnow begins. Therefore, this contribu- new horizons and, ultimately, anewimpetus for another Obviously wedonotintend tocarryout, retrospecti- done, while projecting with new goals, thefuture time hasbeen tolookbackandrecaponwhat wenty years! Twenty years ismorethanenough “Statistical Information of of Information “Statistical Statistics Institute,Statistics nor forgetting local Andalusiancorpo - regions) losing without thegreat reference oftheNational consumption) and other administrations (mainly other often sectoral, in theirown areaand mainly for domestic especially Economy, were elaborating already statistics, from boththeJunta ofAndalusia(somedepartments, element.as anessential We internal collected experiences and make themavailable tosociety, andcreate theInstitute demographic or social) for the management of government basic objectives: tohave sufficient, reliable data (economic, and the fundamental guarantees inherent in it, with two Statute, whichwould totally organiseproduction statistical Law,Statistics developing theprovisions ofourAutonomous alternatives. There wasanambitious gamble: todevelop a necessary, it was the right time and there were no better Andalusian government, whichwasconvinced thatitwas ces we were taking on in region. the autonomous give coverage statistical totherapidly increasing competen- allowed ustogo onanylonger aproper without to body Service.Statistics neither But formula norbothtogether, and there was an AutonomicNational Institute Statistics In fact, there wasamagnificent andhighly accredited withlogicalmomentum but itsscope. questions about more emphaticallywasthenstill anecessary thanwhat time? Did we have any alternatives? ... others, suchas, wasthepoint? what Was ittheright of Andalusia? Which could beaccompanied bymany Works andHousing. Technical Government ofPublic oftheRegional Ministry Secretary General of Ex-Director oftheInstituteCartography Andalusia. of Ex-Director oftheInstituteStatistics Andalusia. Rafael Martínde Agar y Valverde Administration of citizens andthe 20 years attheservice of Andalusia: Statistics Instituteof The In summary, wefulfilled adirective given bythe The passageoftime hasbeenanswering questions, these

21 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Statistics 22 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Statistics and Governing were Body) constituted. Moreover wejoi- basic operating bodies (AndalusianCouncil ofStatistics wasorganized,initial oftheInstitute structure andthe under way. enthusiasm andprofessionalism contributedtogetting it were itsfirstemployees, oftheInstitute start with who of theIEA. above But all, themain protagonists ofthe Cano, oftheindependence andhis defense persistent Regional Government Minister Deputy Alfredo Perez sity professors andofcourse, ofthe support theconstant of theAndalusianCouncil andmany univer ofStatistics civil Service, Statistics servants ofthedefunct members Government Ministries responsible for itsimpetus, tothe would havebeenmuchweaker. From the Regional thefoundations who andwithout stage oftheInstitute great contributionwere who helping ofthose atthis early even thepre-election period cushioned and, above all, the a tremendousillusion, apolitical momentumthatnot which theyproliferated in anyorganism. We only needed budget, nostaff, nothing. Notevenalogo, in anera in ved in Parliament, nothing but else: noheadquarters, no Institute. We had, itistrue, agreat organization, appro- Looking back, wecannotforget thebeginnings ofthe 3. steps(1990-1991) first The presented and suspicionsfears revealedbysomeoftheamendments tocalmtheunjustified haveserved record ofthis Institute November 28, 1989. confidentiality. The with broad law was passed consensus, production,tistical andenhancethesecurity ofstatistical to coordinate theagentsandpublic services involved in- sta hed a third key element of the regional activity: statistical Andalusian Parliament. Asmayor improvements itestablis- ofthatyeartook therest toprocess, tothe itwassent production. the statistical counselor,support consumer andguarantor oftherigor of rations, northescientific andacademic world asagreat that” Anystatistics, ...,willbeavailabletoMembers ofParliament a technicalbody under theParliamentof Andalusia “, others stating ce totheIEA,”another suggestedthattheIEAwas created “...as as thewhole,“becausetheynotprovide thenecessaryindependen - the IEAproject withapollingfirm)that, in general,was not accepted 1.Among otheramendments,apackage waspresented (confusing In thatbiennium, were thefirstdecrees drafted, the Presumably thetwentyyears andimpeccable track In 1989, following approval ofthebill, which 1 . - to the expectations created. ding that, daybyday, grew in objectivesandin response etc, etc. In a fewwordswe laid the foundations of a buil- Plan,and theprojectoffirstAndalusianStatistical etc.), Programme wepreparedthefirstAnnualStatistics Unions, Employers, Chambers ofCommerce, Eurostat, and private institutions: Universities, LocalAuthorities, of Andalusia)andcooperatives (withdifferent public the coordinatedarticulated operation (within theJunta elections) withaveryaccomplished graphic identity, we being emblematic: The Election Resultsofthe1990 a significantout firstpackageof publications (the first public dissemination results, ofstatistical webrought series anddevices thestatistical forwe structured cially in the Census of Population and Housing 1991), operations,ourselves to large national statistical espe- for Autonomous Communities (JECAS)-(committing the coordination betweenregions OpenDays –Statistics activelyned andparticipated bothinbodies state andin (technically Statistics nor theCharacteristicsofPublic conceived, and that after 20 years has proved fully valid We arenotgoing themodel thatwas tospeakabout 5.model The lity oftheIEA: itspermanent vocation for public service. credibility, prestige and, above all, theever qua- essential cing theprevious elements: strength, capacity, potential, ble errors decade, andthe second from the start enhan- had reviewedin itscourse order tocorrectsome inevita- Finance, coexisting withother institutional avatars and to the Regional Government Ministry of Economy and reach 2000. Bythis hadbeenassigned time theInstitute could include thefollowing twolegislatures, andthus settling in andconsolidation for theInstitute, which from 1992tomid 1994, aperiod offullmaturity and considered as the first consolidation, and could range Next camevarious stages, consecutive whichcould be 4. Another18years Statistics, the IEA will notperform any statisticalactivity.” Andalusia appoints the representatives oftheAndalusianCouncil and meaningless one,whichstated (sic) “UntiltheParliamentof protect thesurveysandpre-election polls”andaparticularlyeloquent of Andalusia ... ‘, or proposing that “This law does not regulate or points: we believed should respondclearly tothefollowing central after analyzing experiences past ofdifferent institutions, for asthebest System wechose Andalusiaandwhich, like tomention themodel oftheAndalusianStatistical producers, usersandrespondents). Iwould, But atleast, (authorities, agents role ofeachthemajorstatistical stable, oftheright andrespectful toprivacy) northe correct, efficient, planned, multi-thematic, neutral, timely, and hadtocooperate andpromote cooperation withother System,Andalusian Statistical hadtoavoid inbreeding, system. the whole The IEAgave, in turn, support, training, planning, etc.., to activitiesin tobedeveloped. theveryconceptofstatistical tries andotherentities, autonomous bothin production and of all the regionalin statistics sectoral government minis- ofStatistics,Institute withrelevant but work, particularly of the results produced.assessment valuations “, avoiding making, body, from thestatistical any idea of “let’s agree onmethodologies anddisagree on Neutral: ittherefore the fundamentaltodefend seemed Cooperative: thework oftheIEA, andthewhole Coordinated and distributed: withacentral role ofthe vocation society, toserve in understood thedual, and respectful oftherighttoprivacy. sound, efficient, planned,multi-thematic, neutral, and arecharacterizedbybeingtechnically statistics Public In short, weconceived public withaclear statistics representative. Councilan Andalusian Statistics adequately plural and andleadingpartners mediators, for whichwedesigned withthesociety, contact constant needed withitsmajor and execute work from all statistical the offices; we ment statistics. thatsometimes inaspects somuchdistrust cause govern- litating accesstothem, tovaluethenegative anddemystify included thefinal results, alsothedifferent but media, faci- tohaveadisseminationwas necessary strategy thatnotonly production wastomake itavailable tosociety therefore it and so on. government andprovincial counterpartsin other regions, System),INE Statistical ofthestate (andthewhole local entities statisticians, especially institutional ones, either the Open to society: one of the main reasons for statistical Participatory: itwasnotconsidered possible todesign

Photo: Antonio Gaga 23 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Statistics 24 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Statistics that should be taken into account are as follows: nal organization. Inthis sense, thethreebasiccriteria UN, etc.)toLocalGovernment, through andregio state - performance from supranational institutions (Eurostat, action compatible withthedifferent levels ofstatistical the following points: fordemands information, for whichweshould consider therefore receive must anindividualized totheir response Organization, in whichtheuser, eachuser, isunique and should continue tocontributetheformation ofaNew model. To this end, asweproposed several years ago, we possibilities within theframework in out theprevious set new demands, newuser profiles andnewtechnological framework,and statutory continue wemust adapting to and Cartography of Andalusia. Statistics bal gamut: to promote the integration of of the Institutes System andonewithabroaderStatistical ormoreglo- field ofstatistics: tocontributeconsolidating aState summarize themin twosections, oneinternal in the other areasarestill, in myopinion, fully valid. Iwill like tomake someproposals thatalthoughrepeatedin the impetus thatshapestheagendaofIEA, Iwould the next decade 6. Current andfuture challenges: element. bases, information for whichstatistical remains akey to public policies beingbyobjectiveknowledge supported andanindirect System) service,Statistical contributing IEA products(and, in general, oftheAndalusian those throughusers who numerous channels accessanduse meaning:complementary adirectservice tomultiple own proposals of local authorities in and those their field. tional approaches. 1) There beahomogeneous, must coherentof course In the first section, and within the constitutional Looking forward now, andin order tocontribute as a basic link in system. the whole operatemust withcompleteharmony andcoresponsibility c) The axis CENTRAL OFFICE <--->REGIONAL b) The Autonomic Office ensurethecoherence must ofits a) The andinterna INEofstate ensureconsistency must - level ensure: that best involved in system the approach in and the statistical regional interest. ,Complementarity taking onnewstatistics, ofspecial perspective/uniqueness, re-exploiting records, etc. and with greater disaggregation, contemplating theregional obtain newproductsandresultsofspecific statistics, design, implementation, dissemination ... ofcommoninterest,of statistics participating in their threebasictasks:nomies defend must Consolidation of theschemein whichitisfound. Inthis way,- theauto coordination withthefollowing levels (topandbottom) damental value, both internal at that level and the overall the layout, itdevelops will theCoordination haveafun- through proper ‘harmonization of interests.” andcontributestotheoverallnment participates layout, System , Statistical of aState whereeachlevel ofgover out theopportunityto not delay thisout initiative thatI fields,Cartography andStatistical I would like topoint requires clear and stable lines of cooperation. offices. inaspects statistical Andthis division ofroles reside mainlymust in universities and themorepractical offices.the statistical Specialized scientific support much moreinterrelated cooperation andofmutual with scientific world in general should role haveaessential 2) The former allowsofthearticulation thedefense The basicidea isthattheIEAanditsequivalents be 3) Within therole thatcorresponds of toeachnode 4) Finally, in this neworganization wepropose, the As to the second section,As tothesecond thepossible confluence of to other units in the system. providing thetechnical, methodological andtraining needed the INE, ministries, localauthoritiesandEurostat) Government Ministries, ensuring coordination vertical (with promoting andcoordinating thework oftheRegional Central Government and the European Union and IEA’s leadership in theAutonomousSystem, Statistical easyaccesstotheprojectsofINE, ofthe therest the approximation to citizens and local corporations, lack of duplication, for respect the interest statistics, of autonomous Extension to - ments, with their own starting history, such as: if anything, morevalid. We could all kinds use of argu- forhave defended nearly for adecade andthattodayis, Or for reasons of Or for Information). Information” (todaymaps are aby-productofSpatial the “classical”exceededterm “mapping” for “Spatial layers ofinformation, particularly statistics, having greatly results, components for census and statistical rences asacriterion ofdisaggregation andasmanagement with Andalusian municipalities and councils. not onlyorregional withitsstate counterparts, also but nificant, Regulation sig ofCartography ofAndalusiaasthemost - ofAndalusiaortheDecreeon the LawonStatistics both activities bytheGovernment ofAndalusia, suchas since of the Junta the onset of Andalusia, countries, of a Geographical Institute, and Statistical increasingly, information statistical needsterritorial refe - andGeographic Information areenriched Systems with coordination andcooperation relations in bothsubjects high compatibility andsimilarity oftherules governing thewide andparallelcartographic activity statistical theexistence for along time in Spain, andtodayin many technological reasons, as: similarity between organisms, as both: private entities and citizens). Andalusia in itsrelations (institutions, with third parties of eachside andincreasing the power oftheJunta of final information, drawing together theexperiences Andalusia andexternal: tothecitizens), enriching the of products and services (internal: to the Junta of Efficiency would also be gained, as, Or promoting numerous, synergies theintegration and avoid duplication. specific products, products would be obtained, activities (training, research, scholarships ...). informationsectoral anddevelopment ofinstrumental Government Ministries, andcooperation offer support in surveys, ...) to allAndalusia(basiccartography, general statistics, tuent, that could be shared, partially, at least technical expertise, tion thatrequiretechnical systems accuracy, updatesand sharing commoninfrastructure andexperience would save joint work would notinvolve anyimpairment toarea- effortmoreandbetter withthesamebudgetary final playahorizontal role ofcoordination ofRegional produce andguarantee thebasicinformation common havetheirpublic service role- asafundamentalconsti requiresoftware, andpowerful hardware communications manage, multi-purpose, expensive, Andalusianinforma-

Photo: Javier Andrada 25 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Statistics 26 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Statistics ve rules, wouldorcar help tocomplementthestatistical Units” and Units”“Statistical - upunder set theirrespecti nal government ministries, would join the “Cartographic cartography, itwould facilitate cooperation withtheregio- prooffurther ofthebenefits oftheconfluence statistics- information usually systems coincide, so, besides being responsiblewhere those andgeographic for statistical the samereferences in theregional government ministries, ties, thoughminor, in relation totheadvantages, owing to that this possible integration would havesomedifficul- less advancedment of those in both areas. which only develop oneoftwoandincrease thedevelop- tographic element ofthe regional government ministries September 96 February 04 February 90 January 02 January 10 August 94 April 09 April 10 May 90 May 08 May 04 May 00 Advantage would evenbetaken of, in general, having There isnodoubt, andIwould notlike toignore it, the Junta of Andalusia. of thegovernmentstructure andusersa better image of Street Map)and, ultimately, better service tothemanagement including improved joint projects (e.g. Digital Andalusian mon information enriched products, integrated official results, plans and experiences, agencies would addproducts, services, strategies, work manageable” body, current sizes, would resultin anadequately sized and “easily andthis would leadtoanenhancementofresults, morecom- anagencythatunites IEAandICA, evenincluding their itwould also havestrong complementarity, both because José RodríguezdelaBorbollayCamoyán José AntonioGriñánMartínez Manuel ChávesGonzález President

Economy, Innovation Regional Govern- Economy andthe ment Ministry and Science Presidency Treasury José AntonioGriñánMartínez Concepción GutiérrezCastillo MartínezAguayo Magdalena ÁlvarezArza José SalgueiroCarmona Gaspar ZarríasArévalo Antonio ÁvilaCano Incumbent RGM - System. and being conformed currently theNational Cartographic logies requiredtodayfor allinformation management) innovation withthenewtechno- component(consistent IEA in aregional government ministry withanimportant tions tointegrate compatible units, thenewlocation ofthe and strong expenditure restraints whichcounsels institu- mend this confluence, suchasthecurrent economic crisis ,junctural circumstances thatfacilitate and/orrecom- problems can easily be converted into opportunities. as well astheneedtounify external references, these but having different trajectories, and attachments, structures 7. Inconclusion that transcends our borders. and demonstrating our commitment to a global project continue providing abetter service totheAndalusians Georeferenced andInformation. Statistics And withthat, of their work: some istheendproductandfor others theraw material to haveresolvedtheneedfor availability for ofwhat information possibilities, andultimately, make Itpossible change that, toalargeextent, will ourwork, affect our everyone getsinvolved actively (notpassively) in this that this isacommitment for everyone andIhopethat llenge will succeedprovided that, onceagain, weassume changes experienced in theimmediate past. Andthis cha- a challenge, necessarily newandpossible, given all the We have, in short, aheadthatisemerging afuture as Finally, there areanumber ofequally importantcon- Assigned to Secretary of Vice-RGM Economy General- Manuel RecioMenéndez Cortecero Montijano Antonio ÁvilaCano Alfredo Pérez Cano Gaspar Llanes Juan Antonio Díaz-Salazar Incumbent Gaspar LlanesDíaz-Salazar Incumbent DirectionIEA Isabel BozzinoBarbudo Patricia Eguilior Arranz Rafael MartíndeAgar Ignacio Pozuelo Meño Pedro Gracia Vitoria Fernández Cordón Juan Antonio Juan Antonio T (ACS). This convergence leads, in turn, to the need for and official of the Autonomous Communities statistics oftheGeneralstatistics State Administration (GSA) a logical convergence ofinterests betweenofficial included intistics the National Plan (NSP). Statistical purely formal:- for purposesareallsta state statistics purposesofferedstate bytheLawonPublic is Statistics statistics. Inthis context, thedefinition for of statistics tion aspects, includes oftheelaboration allphases but of activitytistical isnotlimited toregulatoryorcoordina- of development orimplementation. Therefore,- sta state tics, adistinction betweenbasicaspects cannotbemade activities.”statistical The that, Law also states in- statis doesnotintroduceConstitution specific limits onstate Autonomous Community. exclusively purposesofthe competentfor statistical Autonomy thatregional states administrations arealso poses” 149.1.31). (Article For itspart, of theStatutes has exclusive jurisdiction over for pur state statistics establishesConstitution that “the Central Government of Autonomy andtheLawonPublic Statistics. The The policy framework described above leadsto The LawonPublic clarifies Statistics that “the Spanish in Constitution therespectiveStatutes intistics Spain bytheprovisions isset ofthe he legal framework ofofficial regional- sta - the INE of ofPlanning,Director General ofStatistics andDissemination Coordination Alex CostaSáenzdeSanPedro Institute(INE) Statistics President oftheNational García Villar Jaume Autonomous Communities. State oftheGeneral Administration andthe statistics Logical convergence ofinterestbetween theofficial official statistics official collaboration in and institutional in Spain Regional statistics be the result of consistent methodologicalbe theresultof consistent andopera- cooperationand useful betweenadministrations must no doubtthat the identification ofconcrete, efficient and the ACS. activities carriedstatistical bytheAdministration out in theprocess ofdevelopment: thecomplementarity of GSA andACS. The ismoreintangible second andis ofworksystem groups ofthe among the statisticians term:short thestructuring ofacoherent andcomplete is moreinstrumental andrelated or tothepresent there are, in ouropinion, twokey elements. The former the one being developed today. scenario istheonethatconcerns usallandisprecisely official in ourcountry. statistics Naturally, this second scenario, whereregional isastrong point statistics of of public alsoapositive resources but for statistics) ofnumberswars and, general inefficiency in theuse utterly negative scenario (withduplication ofsurveys, Interregional Committee (ICS).. of Statistics a permanent for body coordination andcooperation: the effective coordination. To this end, thesamelawcreated Starting withthefirstelement mentioned, there is In shaping this positive scenario ofcollaboration This framework allows ustoimagine notonly an 27 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Statistics 28 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Statistics between theGSAand ACS: thecomplementarity of statistical activitiescarriedoutinbothareas.. of statistical The mostpositive elementofthecollaboration mentarity we should answer the following questions: in both areas. activitiesthe complementaritycarried ofstatistical out boration between the AGS and ACS is moreintangible: groups, webelieve positive themost element ofthecolla- and EconomicStatistics Accounts. the areasofBusiness Statistics, Socio-Demographic tic working groups onspecialized toaddress statistics within theframework oftheICS, ofthema - ofasystem ture ofcooperation andcoordination withthecreation, statistics. standards, information collection anddissemination of operations,the inventory ofstatistical directories, were createdtoaddresscross-cutting issuessuchas Forum oftheICS, (RSF)aspart five working groups 2009, within the framework of the Regional Statistics and proportionate of working system groups. In fact, in requiresthedevelopment ofacompletecial statistics tion andcooperation between theGSAandACSin offi- Committee (ICS)asanorgan ofStatistics coordina- both in European in andSpanish recentyears. statistics ty, which has been able but to generate positive results, European System: Statistical adifferent complex reali- working groups. This is experienced every day, under the tional formulations, develop into which must technical 2) How do regional statistics? complement state statistics 1) Which regional are of interest of the state?? statistics To clearly understand themeaning ofthis comple- Despite theimportanceofthisworking system thereforeIt seems appropriate toextend this- struc The operating capacity of the Interterritorial ship is as follows: different activities, a nonexhaustive schematicrelation- view oftheidea thatcomplementarity includes many nized, multi-thematic regional for the ACS. statistics In answered ontheidea based thatGSAproduces harmo- including harmonized on the ACS. statistics relevant policies tostate orfor theGSAcompetences, that are European level of statistics the set is added State“. To regulated at of statistics set this particular System,Statistical areautomatically ‘of interest tothe that are (or will be) regulatedstatistics in the European disseminating European statistics. Consequently, those sibility for coordinating, developing, producing and authoritiesassumetherespon- as national statistical was established institutes thatthenational statistical Parliament andtheCouncil. From this Regulation it Law adoptedasRegulation 223/2009oftheEuropean the LawonPublic Statistics: The European Statistics whichisreferredof Statestatistics tosoprecisely in that specifies evenbetter thatnonthematiclimitation results for the region. provided statistics, state asstandard withanalysis ofthese nation of harmonized statistics, including information not the working groups referred already to. mentation ofnewprojectsandshould bechanneled through mes and processes of consolidated and the imple- statistics quality. analysis- Constructive can address both the outco towards harmonized to improve GSA statistics information NSP operations. mote thethematic, territorial andtemporal coverage of NSP (equivalent to theexpansion ofsamples), alltopro- implementation ofharmonized mimetic operations ofthe techniques, operations under adualframework or, finally, by models,of estimates supported small area estimation different developments, statistical suchastheapplication Currently, since 2009, there isanadditional element The abovementioned question second should be 1) Dissemination andanalysis ofresults: there-dissemi- 2) Constructive Review:2) Constructive activity managedfrom theregions 3) Reinforcement ofNSPoperations: application of records. baseline information from stems certain administrative is amodel thatcanbeveryuseful, the particularly when carried bytheINE out andtheACsin Vital Statistics, this 4) Collaboration in production: anactivity thatisalready statistics in our country.statistics make regional ofofficial oneofthestrengths statistics perfectly possible in thecurrent legal framework, wecan partnership challenges betweenourtwoadministrations, We believe thatifweaddressappropriately the

Illustration: Antonio Gaga 29 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Statistics The economy

Andalusia’s GDP has grown in volume by 71.3% in 20 years, reaching 146.622 million euros in 2009 and the GDP per capita by 45% to 17.485 euros.

GVA and employment evolution by sector

GVA (%) Employment (%) 1990 2009 1990 2009 8.5 4.6 15.4 7.4 Industry and Energy 23.1 10,4 15,4 9.4 Construction 11.4 11.4 12.3 9.8 Services 57.0 73.6 56.9 73.4

In 2009 there were 508.285 businesses in Andalusia, 163.865 more than in 2000.

The level of openness (exports plus imports relative to GDP) of the Andalusian economy fell from 61% in 1990 to 84% of GDP in 2008.

The labour market in Andalusia: 1990-2009

Population aged 16 to 64 years 1990 2009 Thousands of employed persons 1,874.4 2,904.1 Men 1,364.2 1,700.3 Women 510.2 1,203.8 Total activity rate (%) 57.4 70.4 Men 78.2 80.1 Women 36.6 60.4 Total employment rate (%) 42.6 52.5 Men 62.1 60.8 Women 23.2 44.0 Total unemployment rate (%) 25.7 25.4 Men 20.5 24.1 Women 36.7 27.2 Foreign born people employed (%) 0.2 10.3

Public spending on R&D in Andalusia (as percent of GDP) has exceeded the EU average since 2007; private spending is still a long way back.

In 20 years the number of researchers in Andalusia has risen from 8,828 to 25,097. The Andalusian economy 1990-2010. Changes in its large numbers

Francisco Villalba Cabello y Esperanza Nieto Lobo Economic analysts of Andalusia

des of regional economy. One is related to the behaviour 1. Introductión of the business cycle during the period analyzed which he twentieth anniversary of the Institute of Statistics of Andalusia is a good reason to review has affected the main macroeconomic aggregates, as Tthe economic trajectory of the autonomous the phase of sustained expansion that the Andalusian community of Andalusia over the last twenty years. and Spanish economies experienced between 1994 Undoubtedly, in these two decades - the period between and 2008 does not exactly match the two decades,. 1990 and 2010 - the regional economy has experienced This fact is manifest at the end of the period observed, remarkable growth and development, measured as the seeing as most of the statistical information available growth of the main macroeconomic aggregates (GDP is for 2009, when the contraction has possibly been or GDP per capita) while experiencing significant social the most severe in seven decades. On the other hand, changes, most especially related to the development of the dynamism observed in this stage is influenced by new technologies and demographic changes. the stability of monetary and fiscal policies brought But our focus in this article, is not aimed at painting about by the incorporation of Spain into the EU (in a detailed portrait of the socioeconomic evolution of 1986), the implementation of the convergence criteria Andalusia in the past two decades, but it seemed more (Maastricht Treaty) and the effects of adopting the appropriate to pay special attention to those differen- common currency, the euro. tiating aspects of the regional economy with regard

With respect to the reality of the figures (based La Economía to Spain, as they will help us better understand the on official sources of the Institute of Statistics of structural features as well as the reasons for progress Andalusia (IEA) and the National Statistics Institute in some macro-aggregates and the persistent behaviour (INE) which support our conclusion that the first point of others. This perspective will allow us to look closer to note is the high degree of similarity in the cyclical at some of the difficulties currently facing the regio- behaviour of the Andalusian and Spanish economies in nal economy. However, this review does not intend to that period. Through the growth rate of GDP, in both neglect the position of some key indicators that, in our places, we can see the synchrony and the similarity in view, outline the economic outlook in comparison with the interannual variation rates, that the balance of the the early nineties to be able to gauge the progress made. period (1990-2009) was slightly higher at the regio- Moreover, there are two underlying issues in this nal level (2. 9% versus 2.6% of the national, in real Información Estadística de Andalucía / journey through the macro figures of the last two deca- terms). 31 32 Statistical Information of Andalusia / La Economía countries, nottheregional but withthenational average. our income leveltothat ofthesurrounding withrespect slowdown have enabled thereduction ofthegap between sideimpact ofthe2001European onthedomestic nomies since themid-nineties to2007, andthe lesser rate ofexpansion oftheAndalusianand Spanish eco- Andalusia andSpain hasbeenverylimited. The greatest respectively, demonstrating thatthenarrowing between In themid-nineties, percentages these were 67and85% 81% ofGDPin theEU-27, while in Spain itwas100%. to Eurostat, in 2007, GDPper capita of Andalusiawas rences hasbeenlimited andlessthandesirable. According two decades,balance of these the shortening of the diffe- process hasslowed intwoyears andthatthe thelast unfoundedit doesnotseem towarn thattheconvergence magnitude in enlargements) theEU(duetoconsecutive rable information for theentireanalysis period ofthis Furthermore, although it is difficult to obtain compa- it hasreducedonly slightly over twentyyears. thelast difference in this quality oflife indicator iseloquent, as per capitabetweenAndalusiaandSpain. The persistent explains thescantreduction ofthedivergence in GDP as wellidentical evolution asanalmost in population, This verysimilar increase in aggregate production, Source: NationalAccountsof Spain andRegionalAccountsin Spain,INE (Inter-annual variationratein%) Figure 1.ComparativeEconomicGrowth Andalusia-Spain -4,0 -2,0 0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

Andalusia 1997

1998

1999

(which would requirecapitalestimates in combination labour productivity and not Total Factor Productivity in terms ofproductivity, thatit refers to thefact but isdedicated,section ofthis article provides information and thelabourfactor. This approach, towhichthe second taking into accountonly theinfluence ofdemographics perple decomposition capitaandgrowth of output rate, exceeds thescopeofthis article, wewill focus onthesim- duction function oftheeconomy, andthatthis research accounting, from required starting the aggregate pro- balance. to steady one another, aswould beexpected in asituation ofclose logy in botheconomies either matchorclosely resemble each economyandcheckifthegrowth rates oftechno- hypothesis wewould havetoknowof thecapitalstock or slope identical, at different but levels. To verify this to theirlong-term growth paths, making ourprofile studies- onthepossibility thatbotheconomies areclose demographic traits-being rests thehypothesisofother path (profile ofGDPvariation rates) andcommon Spain, alsoderived from thesimilarity in thegrowth reduction ofper capitaGDPbetweenAndalusiaand 2000

As performing this analysis, inherent in growth A possible explanation for thestarkdifferences in 2001 Spain 2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009 this ratio would have been 13.5%, highlighting the low tes) held asimilar share. Ontheaverage oftheperiod, total, andin 2009(INE Regional Accounting estima- aroundof Andalusiarepresented 13.6%ofthenational very stable. Intheearly nineties, theproduction value of regional GDPonthenational aggregate hasbeen over twodecades, thepast indicates thattheproportion sis: GDPandemployment, within thenational context, these two decades 2. RegionalGDPandemployment growth in ronment. continuous adaptation toacomplex andglobalized envi- issues, aswell asneweconomic challenges thatrequire conclusion, to point the outstanding or unresolved out of theregional economic situation whichallow us, in in thefourthsection, wereview other relevant indicators specialization indexes productivity. andsectoral Finally, recent years, anditscomparison withSpain, byobtaining for differences in in theAndalusianproductive structure key in economictheperiod sectors 1990-2009, totest third sectionalsoanalyzed theGVA andemploymentin betaken must intowith thelabourfactor) account. The The evolution ofthemain aggregates for ouranaly- Source: National Accountsof Spain andRegional Accountsof Spain, INE. Figure 2.GDPandEmploymentinAndalusiaSpain(Percent) 12,0 12,5 13,0 13,5 14,0 14,5 15,0 15,5 16,0 *Corresponds to the averageof the firsttwo quarters of 2010 1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

% GDPAndalusia/Spain 1996

1997

1998

1999

2000 rates. abovementioned, differences andtheshort in growth into thesymmetry behaviour ofGDPin either space, weight (13.2%). Undoubtedly this low variation isdue with 13.8%, while 1999would havebeenthelowest regional GDP reached the highest significance in Spain, dispersion experienced intwodecades. thelast In2005, average. vity (labour)in AndalusiacomparedwiththeSpanish dichotomy will bereflected in terms oflower producti- analyzed. Aswewill later, see ofthis the consequences increased oflabourhasbeenreinforced use in theperiod higher thanGDP(13.6%)in theearly nineties, this but ofproductionas afactor in theregional economywas 15.8%. In other words, not only of labour the presence ted for 14.6%, in recentyears this ratio hasexceeded 1990 theemployed population in Andalusiaaccoun- intendency the average of the period. Thus, while in the differences were moresignificant, withanupward Population Survey, INE) inofSpain, thewhole because yed population, according to the Economically Active analyze the significance ofregional employment (emplo- 2001

2002

2003 However, this profile isnotasflat we when 2004 % Employment Andalucía/Spain 2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010* 33 Statistical Information of Andalusia / La Economía 34 Statistical Information of Andalusia / La Economía the behaviour over time ofGDPratios orquotientsper per Andalusia- isoffered in thefollowing graph (3), representing of thetotalpopulation andhigher employmentgrowth in gration evolutionary ofthese traits -similarities in thepath differences thetable (see inparagraph). thelast The inte- very similar in theperiod, albeitwithimportantqualitative above, population growth in Andalusia and Spain has been intwodecades.observed thelast Inthis sense, asstated if itisconsidered tothedemographic withrespect trends notbeoverlooked,Andalusian economymust especially, shows adisadvantaged regional position inofthe respect capita (GDP / population) and of GDP per person employed First, itshould benotedthatboththeratio per ofoutput son employed andGDPper capitain Andalusiaover Spain. In afirststage, until themid-nineties, this decline isnot ductivity in Andalusiain relation toSpain in this period. in thepaceofGDP, underlines thefallin (labour)pro- Spain isobserved, thatin agreement withthemimicry gradual decline in theratio ofAndalusiain relation to The differential behaviour ofemploymentin the In relation of GDP per to the trajectory employee, a (1:1 ratioAndalusia-Spain) Figure 3.Difference inthepathsofGDPpercapitaandworker Source: NationalAccounts of Spain andRegionalAccountsof Spain, INE. * Corresponds to the averageof the firsttwo quarters of 2010 100 95 75 80 85 90 70

1990 Ratio GDPperworker

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999 -

2000 less relevant. 93.6%, alsobelow theSpanish average althoughthegap is figure, while in ofGDPper thecase person employed itwas per capita, 76.7%ofthenational Andalusiarepresents national average in theearly nineties. ofGDP Inthecase a decrease of almost 6.7percentage ofalmost a decrease points in 1990. In in 86.9% of the national Andalusia is almost average, on theaverage ofthefirstquarter), GDPper employee (with datafrom Economically ActivePopulation Survey this datethis profile ismore pronounced, so in 2010 inseen regional per employed output person, and from geographic spaces evolution hasfollowed evenmoresimilar patterns in both tions correspond to the GDP growth rates, asdemographic in theconvergence process. Obviously slight these oscilla- has beenlosing intensity, again, totendtowards stagnation there were afewyears ofcorrection, morerecently but it certain in enlargementwasobserved thedifferences, then stable in thebalanceoftwodecades. a Inafirststage Spain in terms ofGDPper capitahasremained relatively

2001

Ratio GDPpercapita

2002

2003 Second, itisremarkable thatthedifferential with

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010* construction activities in recent years (in 2006, itprovided (pp)), obscuring theexceptional boomexperienced by yield avery smallvariation (less than1percentage point this temporalthe constructionsector comparative would (from twodecades 17.4%to 9.7%).these Bycontrast, in Spain (RAS). hasalsosuffered areduction in Industry according toestimates bythe Regional Accounting of 10.3% tothetotalGVA, toonly opposed 4%in 2009, of agriculture, andfisheries contributedtogether and employment,in output from perspec but asectoral - section can be completed taking into account changes The analytical approach carried in out theprevious period 3. Asectoral analysis oftheeconomy inthis than in Andalusia (4.4 vs. 4.0 regional). other words, per worker output in Spain hasgrown faster Source: NationalAccounts of Spain andRegionalAccountsof Spain, INE. (% ontotalGVA) Figure 4.Distributionofproduction bysector, 1990-2009.ComparisonAndalusia-Spain In theearly nineties, theregional economic activities 20 30 40 50 60 80 10 70 0

Agriculture 10,3 3,9

Industry 17,4 Andalusia Energyand 9,7

Construction 13,3 12,5

Services 59,1 73,9 1990 and industrial branches, theboomandsubsequent regard tolossofrelative importanceof primary rities happenedin ofSpain towhat thewhole -in tes, 73.9% of the Andalusian economy . regional GVA, representing in 2009, according toestima- years, 15percentage almost points in itscontribution to weight lossofother sectors, gaining, over twenty these the GVA in services hasbeenthegreat beneficiary ofthe 15%ofregionalabout GVA, 7.6%in 1997). To sumup, tural and industrial sectors. this period, tothedetriment oftheactivities ofagricul- been (alsotheSpanish, althoughslightly less)during process oftertiarisation oftheAndalusianeconomyhas period. Thus, itispossible tocheckhow intense the and checkwhetherthere havebeendifferences in this the regional wastwentyyears productiveago, structure tive. Therefore itisconvenient, first, tofind what out 20 30 40 50 60 80 10 70 0 2009 This portrait, simila although itbears - Agriculture 5,4 2,4

Industry 26,3

Energyand Spain 15,1

Construction 9,7 10,7

Services 58,7 71,1 35 Statistical Information of Andalusia / La Economía 36 Statistical Information of Andalusia / La Economía (1:1 ratioAndalusia-Spain) Figure 5.Regionalproduction specialization Source: NationalAccountsof Spain andRegionalAccountsof Spain, INE and IEA. been declining), construction andservices, asthevalue to Spain (early nineties itreachedtwoandthenhas with a greater degree of specialization with respect value above unit. These would ofagriculture, becases tood asspecialization) thatwould yield anindex in theregional (whichisunders - productive structure clearly withgreater identifies sectors presence those GVA in eachregional andfor economic sector Spain, terms of GVA and employment. regional productive specialization indexes, bothin To differences contrast these itispossible touse positionsstarting (early nineties) were notidentical. -alsoshows significantces sector differences, asthe the sustainedimpulse ofGVA generated bytheservi- * Secorresponde con elpromedio de los dos primeros trimestres de 2010 0,00 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00 1,25 1,50 1,75 2,00 2,25 The ratio orrelationship betweentheshareof oftheconstructionsector,adjustment aswell as

1990

1991 1992

1993 1994

1995 1996

1997 GVA 1998

1998 2000 Agriculture

2001 2002

2003 2004

2005 2006

2007 Industry 2008

2009 (with anaverage index of 1.59in theperiod over regional agricultural activities in terms of employment employment, noting theobvious significance ofthe the evolution of regional specialization indexes in for this feature. throughouttheperiodthe persistence (1990-2010) third lower thanthenational average, andunderlines of industrial branchesstructure is approximately one 0.66, thatis, in thepresence theregional productive the average oftheperiod, theindex shows avalue of ted in thereducedvalues ofspecialization rates. In industrial activities in theregional economyisreflec- sector. By contrast, the lower relative importance of unit, although veryslightly, especially in theservices of theregional specialization indexes surpass the 0,00 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00 1,25 1,50 1,75 2,00 2,25 Conclusions similar ofGVA tothose arising from

Construction 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Services 1998 Employment 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

2010* 1990-2010 reveals thenotveryadvantageous posi- productivity toSpain withrespect during theperiod Indeed, thecomparative analysis ofregional labour stable orlasting trend ofother productive sectors. ced in Andalusia(Figure 6), in contrasttothemore sharp decline in agricultural productivity experien- productive activities. The low, zero, almost variation cultural sector, pathofother in contrasttothesteady to specialization indexes isthebehaviour oftheagri- three tenths lower than in the value added). regards toSpain, onaverage between1990and2010, little relevance in employmentin Andalusia(0.63as as notedin GVA, with upasasector isset industry degree ofimportancethanagriculture. Meanwhile, average analyzed), ofthetwodecades withalower but pared with Spain (1.10 and 1.03, respectively, in the in theAndalusianeconomycom- ment in sectors these firm the special establishment of productive employ- Spain). Alsoin constructionandservices, indexes con- The combination ofbothbehaviours explains the Undoubtedly striking in themost aspect relation Source: NationalAccounts of Spain andRegionalAccountsof Spain, INE and IEA. (1:1 ratioAndalusia-Spain) Figure 6.RatioofAndalusianlabourproductivity bysectorcompared toSpain 0,80 0,90 1,00 1,20 1,30 1,40 1,50 0,70 1,10

1990 Agriculture

1991

1992

1993

1994 Industry

1995

1996

1997 Construction 1998

1999

2000 Industry andservices,Industry withsomefluctuations in the undergone adecline from 93% in theearly nineties. Region in 2009was88%oftheSpanish average, has distinguishingwithout in theAutonomous sectors value oftotal productivity (ofthelabourfactor), in thenineties, and someyears in construction. The tion except ofAndalusiain allsectors agriculture, (marked by increased job specialization index). ment in AndalusiacomparedwiththeSpanish average contrast, theagricultural hasgrown sector in employ- decline in regional specialization index over Spain). By importanceinhas lost terms ofGVA (evident in the isexperiencedtry bytheagricultural sector, which the early nineties. The only exception tothis symme- remained virtually thesameasin threesectors these to Spain. In contrast, the degree of significance of significant changes structural in Andalusiain relation during twentyyears confirms thelast of theabsence amoredynamicdemonstrate manufacturing sector services andconstruction), other without signs that in specialization (industry, rates in threesectors these 2001

2002 Services

2003

2004

2005

Total Sectors 2006

2007

2008

2009 37 Statistical Information of Andalusia / La Economía 38 Statistical Information of Andalusia / La Economía tive structure. in the regional produc- relevant changes sectoral growth rates and lack of by the similarity in GDP with thenational, isexplained differential level ofincome nificant shortening ofthe toSpain.respect The insig- with European standards,- virtua but the period 1990-2010hasbeenvisible in comparison ception thattheadvancement ofregional economy in The resultsoftheprevious theper sectionssupport 4. economy (below 80% of Spain). becoming productive theleast activity in theregional exceeding thenational (140%in thenineties) and comparedwiththeSpanishtural sector average, drop in labourproductivity in theregional agricul- prominentmost corresponds trajectory tothesharp than in production, duetothecrisis. However, the on thebackofagreater in decrease employment tivity, while constructionhasexperienced arecovery period, amoderate alsoobserved in decrease produc- llustration: B. Moreno Highlightsandconclusions lly zero with - population hasbeenmoreevident thanin thenational, amillionalmost jobs. This broadening oftheemployed two decades, theregional labourmarket hasgrown by 3.2 million persons, sothat onthebalanceover these while uptotwoandhalfyears ago (in 2007)itexceeded regionautonomous waslessthan1.9million people, Andalusia. In 1990, the employed population in the hasmeantinof thelabourfactor development of helps the social to understand implications the rise tive traits. Inthis sense, thesize ofthelabourmarket in twodecades, thelast whichalsoexhibit other posi- of the greatpicture numbers of the regional economy GDP per capita. as awhole, explaining ofinequality thepersistence in ciency of the regional economy lower than the nation sical capital), would indicate alevel ofaggregate effi- tion ontheprovision ofother (phy- productive factors the sector. These findings, nothaving despite informa- productivityemployment with the consequent loss in reduction ofagriculture, in terms ofGVA, notin but productivity loss compared with Spain, and the weight growth ofemploymentin Andalusia, whichhasledtoa The notablerelate twomost aspects tothegreater a millionjobs. hasgrown labourmarket byalmost The regional se in students aswell inofnewtechnologiesse astheuse students as proof that the average annual growth over the of structural reformsof structural have ledtoimbalances andan and demographic changes (anexceptional increase These aspects, along withothers, arelatentin the period 1990-2010hasbeen greater in Andalusia measured bydifferences in activity rates, theincrea- of growth in observed this period andtheabsence in foreign population andtherate ofageing) are than in Spain (2.13%versus 1.78 %, or0.35per very instructive socioeconomic changes occurring in twodecades. these Atthesametime, thepattern poration ofwomeninto the labourmarket, as centage points difference). Similarly, the incor - - of thefirsttwo quarters of 2010. advance for 2010, and the workingpopulationdata are theaverage 2. Most of theindicators refer to 2009.Thepopulation data is an not available. 1. Theforeignpopulationrefers born to 1991,as1990data were Source: StatisticalInstitute of Andalusia andINE. Table 1SelectedindicatorsofAndalusia.Comparison 1990-2010 slow progress in productivity and competitiveness, increase in consumption tothedetriment ofinvestment, % Foreignbornpopulation Population (*)) GDP perworker(current€)(*) GDP percapita(current€)(*) Unemployment rate Ageing index Level ofexternalopenness(%) Foreign tradecoverageratio(%) Foreign tradebalance(millionsofeuros)(*) % People whousecomputer % HouseholdswithInternetaccess Expenditure onR&D/GDP Activity rate % Employedsalariedpopulation % Foreignbornpopulationemployed (**) Employed population(employment,inthousands) Students enrolledincollege(*) Dependency ratio Women Men Women Men (1) 7,100,060 1990 21,770.8 160,377 -532.54 5,793.3 1,889.3 36.44 20.40 25.53 30.38 68.47 49.74 17.77 86.42 48.89 74.68 53.47 0.89 0.46 0.21 -- -- Andalusia 8,353,843 -3,675.27 2010 47,762.0 2,880.65 222,672 17,485 27.09 25.35 48.72 68.18 89.58 22.64 79.59 48.40 58.29 45.12 49.21 81.73 10.30 24.07 up the challenges facing Andalusia today. foreign trade deficit, insufficient R&D&I), whichmake to 64yearsof age. over. The statistical annex containsthestratum corresponding to16 (**) Thelabourmarket data refer to thepopulation aged16and other variables are measured in percentage pointdifference. (*) Thechangeismeasured in cumulativeaverageannualrate. All (2) 8.36 1.10 18.34 39.84 10.09 10.70 Variation -9.35 -0.17 -0.29 -6.83 -8.35 0.82 5.68 3.66 4.87 0.64 9.40 7.06 2.13 1.65 7.47 4.01 -- -- 39,887,140 -19,664.82 1,118,781 1990 23,263.6 12,955.0 7,555.8 24.46 16.23 68.45 34.27 68.54 29.03 50.82 63.30 50.30 11.85 74.11 0.85 0.90 0.32 -- -- 46,951,532 -50,182.52 1,509,694 2010 Spain 54,965.1 18,435.6 21,582.0 106.05 18.39 17.72 68.65 34.88 59.94 12.16 75.92 54.00 13.95 83.02 18.01 51.57 47.81 51.31 1.38 17.30 12.63 13.63 37.51 -2.49 11.26 -6.07 Variation 0.82 5.39 1.78 5.87 0.19 5.85 0.53 4.39 9.12 1.78 5.05 8.91 1.51 -- -- 39 Statistical Information of Andalusia / La Economía The insertion of the Andalusian economy in national and international markets llustration: B. Moreno llustration: B. sing different criteria we can Andalusia, although the proportion drops With respect to demographics or assign a present weight to to 13% if we consider all types of assets. employment generation, Andalusia U Andalusia, within the whole The most common way to measure the has grown at rates very similar to the of Spain, which reaches 18% share economic importance of a region is its national average. However, relating to of the total population or of working participation in the country’s GDP and, human capital, the region has made an age (National Statistics Institute, INE; in this field, the weight of Andalusia is effort to introduce a positive element for Economically Active Population Survey, around 14%. Per capita, the greater the future. In the last twenty years the EPA). In employment the weight of weight of the population and a lower gap with the Spanish average years of Andalusia in the national labour market is proportion of GDP show a situation of schooling of the working age population slightly lower (less than 16%). below average income. has been reduced by almost a third. However, more than the number of people A complementary view of its weight is The essential complement of human or employees, the most modern studies given by its share in total trade of goods capital, physical capital in equipment, by economists point to the importance of which is above 11% for commerce in infrastructure and other facilities, has human capital, that is, the training and Spain and about 9% of Spain’s exports tripled in the last twelve years. skills of those involved in the production to the world. The economic weight of Andalusia process of a country or region. Moreover, and using one or other measured the total regional GDP of Spain A simplified way to measure the appraisal criteria, Andalusia is usually has also improved. Twenty years ago it preparedness of people is through the located in third position due to its accounted for 13.5% and 14% today. average number of years of formal weight within the Spanish economy, after The visible consequence of the growing education. According to available and Madrid. Around half of effort to integrate Andalusia with estimates, the average for Spain would GDP, employment and capital stock of the increasing force in the Spanish and be close to 10.25 years, for Andalusia it Spanish economy is concentrated in these world economy can be summarized in would be slightly lower. It can be inferred three regions. the establishment of new businesses and from this that the human capital of But all this is a static observation, a growing trade links with other regions Andalusia is about 15% of the national snapshot of the integration of the regional and the world: some exports to the rest total. economy. Now it must be supplemented of Spain have almost tripled in the last Also in terms of capital stock of public with a dynamic vision to give us an fifteen years and are close to doubling infrastructure, 15% of the total is for assessment of change. with the rest of the world. Antonio Pulido San Román UEmeritus Professor of Econometrics. Autonomous University of Madrid. Statistical Information of Andalusia / the economy

40 Foreign trade

conomic theory has always paid traditional deficit sign, exports of goods resulted in an intensification of relations, special attention to the advantages and services have managed to finance, mainly exporting to European Union Eprovided by trade as an engine on average, just under three quarters countries, and to a lesser extent to non- for development. Trade allows economies (69%) of imports, lessening the negative European OECD countries. In recent on the one hand, to take advantage of contribution to growth. Since the middle years, although still underrepresented in diversity, making the differences in tastes, of this decade a decline in the coverage total foreign sales, some OPEC countries factor endowments and technological ratio has been noticed, given the high and America and Asia have joined this capabilities profitable; and on the other sensitivity of imports to the growth of scenario. Instead, the geographical hand, benefit from the opportunities income, only corrected in the last year as orientation of foreign purchases of arising from the concentration of a result of the crisis. This improvement in Andalusia are still very guided by the need production and wider access to markets. the trade gap in Andalusia, has followed to import raw materials, especially fuels In both cases, trade improves the situation the progress of the trade coverage and mineral oils, which convert OPEC of the economies concerned by increasing ratio with the rest of Spain, and the countries in the most important suppliers production efficiency levels and the range substantial increase that has taken place of the regional economy. However, the of goods and services available. in foreign trade, caused by stronger progress which has come about in the The growth process of the Andalusian growth of imports of goods and services metal, electrical and electronics and economy has benefited generously from over exports, has led inexorably to a transportation components industries, has the dynamic effects of trade. Very often breakdown of the balance maintained resulted in their joint import requirements both exports and imports grew faster than in the last decades of the past century. making up more than 18% of imports of GDP, which has, therefore, a tendency However, Andalusia continues to have Andalusia. to increase their degree of openness1, more favorable results than the whole which has been even more intense in their of the Spanish economy in its exchanges Cristina Campayo Rodríguez international trade flows. Thus, the degree with other countries. A remarkable Professor of Applied Economics. University of . of openness of its international exchanges feature of foreign trade in Andalusia is stood at the beginning of the nineties, the change in less than twenty years in the around 19%, only ten years later it went geographical orientation. Foreign relations to above 37% and stayed at around 36% of Andalusia, in the early nineties of GDP in the middle of this decade. were very oriented to the Spanish Adding trade flows with other regions to territory, where it sold 71% and these exchanges, the degree of openness bought just over 80% of its went from 61% in 1990 to 84% of goods and services. In the years GDP in 2008, reflecting the significant of the new century, although integration experienced by the regional with logical annual variations, economy. just over half of Andalusian This process was consistent with a path, exports are to other countries sometimes interrupted, of improvement and two-fifths of foreign in the levels of trade coverage due to purchases are made outside the exports growing faster than imports. Spanish territory. Well, although it is true that Andalusian This change in the geographic foreign trade has not abandoned its orientation of foreign trade has

1. Measured by the coefficient of openness, total value of exports and imports with respect to GDP 41 Labour market changes

here is a story written by Washington Andalusian Employment Service, since In 2009 the unemployment rate was at Irving in the early nineteenth 2005. levels similar to the beginning of the period century, in which the protagonist, The incorporation of data on labour (27.00% in 1989 and 25.35% in 2009). T mobility, which extends the traditional But has undergone major changes over the Rip Van Winkle falls into a deep sleep only information on cross-sectional data to wake up 20 years later and find a totally years with a peak in 1994 (34.59%) and from 2005. a minimum in 2006 (12.68%). different situation from the economic and The analysis of the labour market The incorporation of women into the technological point of view. This story serves from the household perspective. labour market and the arrival of immi- to illustrate the technical and operational The mainstreaming of gender pers- grants accounts for the significant growth changes in society. In particular, it allows pective and foreigners in the exploita- in employment and the active population us to better understand the changes that tion of existing sources. in this period. Female activity rates, that have occurred in society, in particular, in is, the relationship between employed and our statistical system, through which we Next, we can carry out a small tour of the unemployed women and those aged over learn more about its functioning. Naturally, main aspects that reflect the evolution of 16 years, went from 30.38% in 1989 to we cannot expect this system to improve the Andalusian labour market, where the 48.72% in 2009. The female employment outcomes for society; we only wish to growth in activity and employment, the rate, the percentage of working women understand them better. incorporation of women into the labour between 16 and 64 has increased from Within the statistical system, there are market, the arrival of foreigners and the 18.70% in 1989 to 35.52% in 2009. The change in the sectorization should be men- many facets. In particular, it should be noted active foreign born population went from tioned: 25,800 people in 1996 to 437,900 in those relating to the labour market. When According to data disseminated by the 2009 and the employment rate of 31.89% comparing currently available data with Institute of Statistics of Andalusia, various to 51.18% in this period. those we had previously, we are trying to statistical sources verify the growth in The distribution of employment by sector highlight the improvements that have taken employment over the last twenty years. The has changed in twenty years highlighting place in the statistical system of Andalusia, number of employed people has risen from the decline in the weight of the agricul- especially with regards to labour market 1,098,600 people in 1989 to 2,923,200 tural sector from 15.98% in 1989 to data. in 2009, the people registered in the 7.44% in 2009 and a significant weight The Statistical System of Andalusia includes Social Security rose from 1,890,900 to gain in employment in the service sector, four new features that allow better analysis 2,906,100 over the same period and the from 57.59% to 73.38% in this period. of the functioning of the labour market: numbers of registered contracts show that the initial number of contracts registered Luis Toharia Cortés The exploitation of administrati- in Andalusia in 2009 was 3,404,700 and Professor of Foundations of Economic Analysis ve records, mainly those from the 1,020,524 in 1989. University of Alcala de Henares. Statistical Information of Andalusia / the economy

42 business activity andcan show ambiguous results, remains although insufficient itdoesnotgather because allthe ofotherabsence information, thecreation of companies, limitations in ofthesamplesused thestudiessofar. Inthe different in observed biases interviewees’ andthe responses polls tendtoproduce arenotsignificant enoughduetothe available, andontheother, theresultsthatexisting opinion se, ontheone hand, ofthelimited information statistical The analysis business ofthese functions isnoteasy, becau- and a continuingdemand effort to take risks. have aspecial ability the expected to detect evolution of new andgrowing market demands, requiresemployers to need for companies tocontinuously adapttheirproductto and consumers, theemergence ofnewproductsandthe in themarkets isincreasingly abundanttobothproducers tion processes areintensified andtheinformation available the entrepreneur. Inaglobalized economyin whichinnova - T in Andalusia 1. Entrepreneurship economic activities, featuresof aretwoessential ability totake risks, particularly in creating new he search for newbusiness opportunitiesandthe Almeria. mic crisis in has hit theinterior hardest provinces, and continues and evenincreases, and that the recent econo- tration ofbusiness in thetriangle Seville-Malaga-Cadiz measurements, show thatthetraditional spatialconcen- times notnecessarily thatmayinclude factors baseline having fallen to levels below of ten years those ago. crisis whichbegan in August 2008onbusiness initiatives, national average, andthedramatic oftheeconomic effects ber andsize ofthecompanies createdin Andalusiaover the mic cycle. Two out: stand facts theconvergence in thenum- Andalusia andeachofitsprovinces during econo- thelast considered asareflection ofentrepreneurial dynamism in parative evolution withtheSpanish could totalofwhat be ofcommercialdensity companies, Table 1shows thecom- and theaverage social capitalaretaken asindexes ofthe If thenumber ofcompanies createdper 10,000population a good approach to entrepreneurship. University ofGranada. andSpanishEconomics.Professor ofInternational Francisco Javier SáezFernández University ofGranada. Professor of Applied Economics. Manuel MartínRodríguez and entrepreneurs Companies entrepreneur. aretwoessentialfeatures ofthe risk-taking The searchforand opportunities newbusiness The datain this table, althoughthere arecut-off

43 Statistical Information of Andalusia / the economy 44 Statistical Information of Andalusia / the economy than 50 percent of the production facilities. of rigid andlow demand technology accountfor more high weight; andwithin manufacturing, thebranches activities related to theprimaryalso have a sector low, aswell asimproving moreslowly in recentyears, and nonmarket services, in whichproductivity is importantbranchesthe most arerelated totourism large percentage oftheeconomic activity, although Andalusia. Ontheother hand, services accountfor a Andalusia,and coastal andwest andbetweeneast parities in termsbetweeninland structure ofsectoral which alsorevealtheexistence oflargeprovincial dis- the spatialdistribution ofbusiness establishments, Table 2:CompanysizebynumberofworkersinAndalusiaandSpain(%totalfirms). Source: INE. Central BusinessDirectory. By theauthors. Without salaried More than100 The datain this table could becomplementedby Table 1:Commercial companiescreated. Numberofcompaniesper10,000populationandaveragecapital(euros). Source: INE. IEA. By theauthors. España Andalucía Sevilla Málaga Jaén Córdoba Cádiz Almería employees 50 to100 20 to49 6 to19 1 to5 Total Andalusia 100.00 34.53 56.97 0.22 1.45 6.49 0.34 Number 23.45 17.05 30.28 13.98 13.08 12.84 23.22 18.02 10.59 17.91 1999 1997 Spain 100.00 35.09 55.11 0.35 7.19 0.45 1.81 55,533.5 28,586.3 36,444.6 17,766.0 15,856.1 22,640.4 39,695.6 25,413.8 25,317.8 26,218.5 Capital Andalusia 100.00 37.98 51.74 0.29 7.93 0.40 1.66 Number 30.32 29.25 25.54 14.99 19.57 26.52 19.80 20.45 37.75 54.71 2004 2004 Spain 100.00 38.13 50.99 0.40 0.46 1.81 8.21 50,166.5 79,939.0 27,624.3 24,989.0 47,873.4 42,220.2 25,054.8 69,109.4 51,050.4 40,921.3 Capital titiveness. serious problem for innovation andincreased compe- onlyrepresent 2.09percent ofthe totalbecoming a nevertheless, companies withmorethan20workers that thecrisislarger hasaffected companies themost, in Spain andAndalusia, moresoin but Andalusia, very similar tothenational. Itisalsosignificant, both ved slightly in recentyears andin 2009wasalready ofAndalusiancompaniesthe size structure hasimpro- What isclearfrom Table 2isthatunder this criterion, usually with the scale of production.costs decrease cator ofcompetitiveness, given thattheaverage total Andalusian companies, whichcanalsobeagood indi- Additional information isgiven bythesize of Andalusia 100.00 50.65 38.81 1.72 8.09 0.42 0.31 Number 28.96 29.82 40.69 22.06 36.32 19.27 34.39 31.58 16.10 21.78 2007 2007 Spain 100.00 38.16 51.13 255,516.7 100,885.8 0.42 1.82 8.00 0.47 96,196.0 64,059.7 53,628.2 39,497.9 30,256.5 47,253.5 86,359.5 76,151.4 Capital Andalusia 100.00 38.87 51.57 0.26 1.46 7.47 0.37 Number 16.72 15.47 16.89 13.89 12.36 17.83 23.31 10.25 11.30 2009 9.02 2009 Spain 100.00 37.30 52.67 0.39 1.66 7.53 0.45 35,055.9 29,543.3 36,879.5 33,056.0 40,019.9 63,891.4 18,151.1 27,073.7 28,074.2 61,170.0 Capital although wewould needtoknow hashappened what total, and thatthis gap iswidening in recentyears, refore arerelatively moreindebted thanthenational that Andalusian companies have less equity and the- ces available, including this one, reflect unequivocally lower rates thanthenational average, whichhasled ning steadily over tenyears, thepast althoughat investments in the balance, very low, has been decli- in previous years. InAndalusia, theweight ofthese also indicates thebenefits given over toinvestment capitalinfactor theiractivities and, tosomeextent, sheet totalshows thatcompanies theuse make ofthe years. shows theevolution ofthemain headings in recent reflected onthebalanceofAndalusiancompanies, in whichtheimpact ofthefinancial crisis isnotyet rial assets, shareholders’ and others equity). Table 3, companies and resources certain (mate- use factors balance sheets, whichrevealtheintensity withwhich production canbeextended factors byanalyzing of theentrepreneurasanagentthatefficiently uses From adifferent perspective, oftherole thestudy companies: investment andfinancing 2. accountingstatusofAndalusian The Regarding itsfinancial structure, thevarious sour The weight ofcapitalinvestment in thebalance Source: of Andalusia and Bank of Spain, Institute Statistical Central Balance Sheet. By the authors. Table 3:Structure oftheinvestmentandfinancingcompaniesinAndalusiaSpain(%). Active Passive Fixed assets Short-term borrowings Own resources Current assets Long-term borrowings -Tangible assets -Financial assets -Other Total Total Andalusia 100.00 100.00 49.14 36.63 44.77 34.64 50.86 20.59 6.89 5,62 1997 Spain 100.00 100.00 63.00 43,00 15.80 42.90 37.00 17.40 39.70 4.20 - national or foreign groups. of Andalusiancompaniesstance as subsidiaries of weakness, orbeasimple ofthecircum consequence - than the national, which may reflect a competitive of Andalusiancompanies istwotothreetimes lower veness. Inthis sense, theweight ofthefinancial assets be averyeffectivewaytoincrease business competiti- ultimately take advantage ofeconomies ofscope, can markets, streamline theprovisioning ofresources, and groups topromote thediversification ofactivities and size ofthebusiness group. The formation ofbusiness of our analysisses as itcanbedirectly related tothe important conceptofthebudgetformost thepurpo- equity holdings in other group companies. Itisthe national average in recent years. nies aremaking a greater investment effort than the lable information that Andalusian industrial compa- the national. This withother resultisconsistent avai- to 24.10percent in 2007against 22.67percent of themselves. financedebt providers thantotheentrepreneurs doing business in towards Andalusiaismorebiased nal average, the distribution oftherisks inherent in that, in comparative terms tothenatio withrespect - in twoyears of financial thelast crisis. This means Financial fixed include, assets among other items, Andalusia 100.00 100.00 44.72 27.95 55.28 42.56 25.92 31.52 11.48 5.29 2004 Spain 100.00 100.00 63.08 26.15 34.43 36.92 33.98 24.85 41.17 2.49 Andalusia 100.00 100.00 42.25 13.67 57.75 29.64 40.79 29.57 24.10 4.48 2007 Spain 100.00 100.00 63.36 22.67 37.96 36.64 37.98 34.41 27.61 2,73 45 Statistical Information of Andalusia / the economy 46 Statistical Information of Andalusia / the economy growth, increasingtheirsizeandimproving industries. de, especially in terms ofnewinvestments in certain although there areindications ofachange ofattitu- ofproductionfactors withahigh level ofefficiency, companies arefarfrom andentrepreneurs using the nal business groups. This reflects thattheAndalusian lead formation processes ofnational andinternatio- new initiatives orconsolidate projectsandveryfew petitiveness. They alsohavefewer resources tofund sive ofcapital, use whichdetermines the lower com- ges, as in of Almeria. the case long tradition in theprovince, orwithlocation advanta- inat least theirorigins, by localcapital, usually having a Algeciras andtheHuelva chemical area, were promoted, and, except thegreat industries oftheBayCadiz and branchesthose in whichagiven territory isspecialized of Almeria. Ingeneral, largecompanies arefocused in Seville, Cadiz andHuelva, theprovince towhichisadded primarily onthetriangle formed bytheprovinces of tributed veryunevenly throughouttheterritory, focusing able tocompetein global markets, arerare andaredis- moreefficiently.the factors Largecompanies, themost ching anefficient size for theiroperations andcombining Andalusian companies areprobably quitefarfrom rea- tions ofproductionrevealsthat andtheuse factors The searchfor abroadis newmarkets one of the main avenues ofthemain one for company Moreover, Andalusiancompanies make lessinten- In afewwordstheanalysis ofthescaleopera- Source: Instituteof Statistics of Andalusia and INE. By theauthors. Table 4:Importandexportpropensity ofAndalusianand Spanisheconomies Exports/GVA Imports/GVA Andalusia Andalusia Spain Spain productivity.. 19.96 26.49 12.52 1999 6.96 19.42 27.54 13.65 2004 9.74 some manufacturing from theareas ofHuelva, Cadiz Almeria. Foreign salesofchemicals, energy and exportstest arein this order, Huelva, Cadiz and had been reduced to six and eight points respectively. and 19.96percent), tenyears later differences these rate of imports, points thirteen lower (6.96 percent, rage (12.52and26.49percent, respectively) andthe was fourteenpercentage points below theSpanish - closing this gap. Ifin 1999theexport rate in Andalusia the national average, towards withacleartendency but in terms ofgross value added, significantly lower than nies rates presents ofexports andimports, measured is shown in Table 4. The group of Andalusian compa- its availability, isinformation onforeign trade, which through indicators. used, Oneofthemost of because culture in Andalusia. significant andcorporate theattitudes tounderstand analysis oftheprocesses ofinternationalization isvery tutional information, etc.). From this perspective, the insights tothecompany(market, technological, insti- increases thescaleofoperations andbrings new expansion ofmarkets facilitates risk diversification, joint ventures, etc.), isvital tocompanies´ future. The rent forms ofaccess (mergers, cooperative agreements, (exports, imports, foreign investment) orthrough diffe- tive economy, this search, either bytraditional means size andimproving productivity. Inahighly competi- main avenuesfor company growth, increasing their companies 3. ofAndalusian Internationalization The search for newmarkets abroad isoneofthe The Andalusian provinces with grea canalsobeaddressed The attitudes ofthese study 19.60 30.20 18.50 2007 8.63 13.57 16.21 10.56 21.35 2009 -

and Algeciras, explaining the large weight of exports in reach cooperation agreements with foreign investors as the first two cases, while in Almeria horticultural pro- a way of initiating their international expansion. On the ducts comprise the majority of exports. On the import other hand, the sectoral distribution of foreign investment side, the provinces with the highest degree of integration in Andalusia is very similar to the national, with the only in international markets are Huelva and Cadiz, also for significant exceptions that it receives proportionately their industrial centres. more investments in agriculture and fisheries, trade, Therefore, with the exception of the nucleus of purely catering and transport and communications, and less in indigenous exporters of Almeria, some companies scat- electricity, water and gas, banking and insurance, and tered throughout Andalusia that have traditionally sold real estate and other services. It seems, therefore, that their production overseas, such as from Jerez, and the foreign investor is interested, either in the sectors the industrial sector of Huelva and Cadiz with strong where Andalusia has more growth potential (agriculture, external links of supply and sale, Andalusian companies are characterized, according to indicators of average propensity to export and import, for making little effort in expanding their markets overseas. To analyze the root causes that could determine these poor results, there have been some studies using as expla- natory variables certain characteristics of the company (size, market in which it operates), the entrepreneur or executive (age, educational level, experience abroad) and the institutional environment (ease of access to informa- tion, support for business expansion, training program- mes), throwing up some interesting results: on the first level of causation, the age and qualifications of the entre- preneur powerfully influence their appetite for risk, and the company’s size and extent of local market determine their risk perception associated with this type of activity. On a second level, the risk perception and operational and information barriers, along with previous participation in export support programmes, influence future attitudes of businesses to foreign markets. We have also found some evidence that company size and foreign participation in its capital are important variables in explaining the propensity to export, not having found a statistically significant change between the company’s technological intensity and the percentage of export sales. From another perspective, foreign investment flows in Andalusia and Andalusian companies’ abroad show that they make very little use of this instrument to consolidate their presence in foreign markets and are not likely to Photo: Javier Andrada Photo: 48 Statistical Information of Andalusia / the economy improvement factorproductivityandhence intotal logies into their products, processes andorganization the company standpoint, incorporating newtechno - total productivity andhenceeconomic growth. From nal experience, etc.) could explain this behavior. characteristics (age, ofentrepreneurs education, internatio - andforeignwith domestic companies andcertain objective businesses, narrowness markets, oftheirdomestic poorlinks to external openness andcooperation. The smallsize of companies evidence andentrepreneurs alow willingness from thestandpoint ofcapitaltransactions, Andalusian nications). adequately (trade, meetdemand andcommu- transport tourism), orin in those whichtheregional offer doesnot 4. Innovation andtechnological development. R&D activities are themain source ofimprovement in In summary, bothfrom theperspective oftrade and R&D activities are the main sourceofR&D activitiesarethemain economic growth. they establish and suppliers. with customers to technological diffusion, through the relationships services have contributedtoagreater orlesser extent, firms in and other manufacturing advanced sectors technological advances in theregion, while innovative havegeneratedand food sectors verylittle diffusion of point that innovative out enterprises in the agricultural European single market. Moreover, to itisnecessary this forced case bytheintegration ofSpain into the later,somewhat atthebeginning ofthenineties, in trial sector, technological acceleration tookplace to increase theirR&Din theeighties. Intheindus- primarily from bydemand theAdministration began largely on the success of the activity. private action, appropriate whose interaction depends companies istheresultofacombined but public and nological progress isnotsolely theresponsibility of business function is even more important. tech- But market position. Inanopen, competitive economy, this gthen theircompetitiveness andthustoimprove their and management, avaluable- constitutes tooltostren Andalusian companies ofadvanced services, driven

Photo: Javier Andrada from December 2007toJuly 2010, 10.6per 100ofits Afi-AGETT, Andalusia has destroyed 21.890 companies Andalusian companies. on thepossibleofcurrent effects economic crisis on and innovation, itispossible toaddafinal consideration pany density, balancesheetstructure, internationalization electronic andopticalequipment), andsmallbusi- distant, non-metallic mineral productsandelectrical, , drinks andtobacco, rubber and, andplastics more region acertain presents degree ofexpertise (food effort wasperformed in branches those in whichthe thataproportionally demonstrated industry larger vity branch andcompanysize in themanufacturing That sameyear, totalexpenditure- onR&Dbyacti veryunfavorablepresented datafor thecompanies. bution (companies, government anduniversities) also employed atnational level, distri andtheirsectoral - workers in suchactivities, only 5percent ofthose was well below thenational average, withonly 1507 Source: Instituteof Statistics of Andalusia, Surveyon Technological Innovation in Companies. Table 5:Expenditure oninnovationofcompaniesbyemploymentstratuminAndalusiaandSpain(thousandeuros). According Advance to the latest of the Labour Market Finally, toconclude, besides theabove findings oncom- In 1997, thelevel ofR&Dexpenditure in Andalusia 2000 2004 2008 Less than250 workers 342,674 694,490 737,781 250 ormore Andalusia workers 444,995 364,436 291,384 1,182,776 1,058,925 Total 634,058 Less than250 workers 4,864,061 8,616,998 5,569,910 flourished over. three decades the past of the youngtable loss of pa rt business tissuethathad therecoverywhen begins, add, wemust however, theinevi - creative Schumpeterian destruction continue whichmust shouldsequences notbeunderestimated. To thepositive rily theweakestcompanies, other but medium-term con- There prima isnodoubtthatthis hasaffected destruction - business today, slightly higher thanthenational average. to 5.3 percent. national totalin 2004, in 2008theyhadfallenback Andalusian companies 9.5percent represented ofthe off times, illustrates ofinnovation thatthecosts of 5, repeating thelimitations oftheanalysis bycut- situation remains unfavorable for Andalusia. Table some improvement in hasbeenseen recentyears, the as competitive advantages mayberelevant. Although not necessarily linked tosize, such other but factors other activities, whichmayindicate thatinnovation is medium andlargeenterprises, in thatisabsent afact same investments in R&Dinterms absolute asthatof food, beverage carried the andtobaccosector out (fewernesses than20employees) ofthedomestic 250 ormore 11,301,948 Spain 6,920,903 5,310,198 workers 10,174,259 12,490,814 19,918,946 Total Percentage Andalusia/ Spain 6.2% 9.5% 5.3% 49 Statistical Information of Andalusia / the economy 50 Statistical Information of Andalusia / the economy development and T 1. General approach individuals andorganizations tobring in new solutions and in expectations in agiven activity. This encourages iswhat cient consolidation ofaprojectorsignificant reduction innovation hasitsultimate motivation in failure- ordefi products. gical development and other more competitive activities or competitionwithstand andisdragged along bytechnolo- required, theactivity orbecause generated simply cannot activity doesnotgenerate value in thequantityandquality we produce changestheinitial itisbecause resultofour knowledge-based changes tocreatevalue. Asisevident, if andactivities withasingleactors purpose: toproduce processes is, above, as reflected acomplex network of from R&D&Iprocesses. R&D, scientific production andeconomic activity resulting and theiragents, financial andhumanresourcesdevoted to integrates research anddevelopment, innovation systems realities thatidentify innovation ofaprocess that aspart novation manifests itself todayalong withtheconceptsand knowledge.without inability todosomething ordoitin acertain way need totransform knowledge into wealth, expresses globalization In this the initial sense is valid: statement the need for This in sequence whichweframe today’sinnovation This brief description oftheultimate motivation ofin- Innovation, President ofthe Observatory Andalusian Environmental welfare anddevelopment, innovation asthe inleast thesocial determination thatdrives The needtoinnovate arises from failure. At sustainable Fernando MartínezSalcedo 0.91 %ofGDP in 2000to1.35%in 2008. Human resou- COTEC report, resources devoted toR&Dhaverisen from ployed in R&D isreducedbecause, according tothe2010 likely thatthepositive development oftheresources em- nomic resources available. rigorous project selection andbetter allocation oftheeco- red objectives. Probably theenvironment requiresamore available, the orientation ofactivities and setting- the desi condition thereality of innovation systems: theresources GDP over 3%annually. dant pathuptp2007oftheSpanish economywith rates of environment, aneconomic crisis, whichfracturestheascen - environment in whichtheyoperate. mined bothbytheanalysis ofinnovation andthe systems in operate. whichsystems developments aredeter Future Equally importantistheconsideration oftheenvironment innovation systems, theirevolution andcontext over time. panies. the fulfillment ofsocialdevelopment needsor the ofcom- new realities associated witheconomic development, with lities in which innovation is a driving force and deliverer of to theirbusiness. process capable ofpromoting changes andproviding value provide knowledge thenecessary togenerate aninnovative In this neweconomic context andbudgetary itisquite The evolution oftheglobal economywill determine and In 2010wearetalking anunfavorable about economic Indicators, reports, express andstatistics thereality of These conceptsform anetwork ofsocio-economic rea- - general level for of preparedness of a country the knowled- gy. It excludes theeconomic andinstitutional regime. tion system, andinformation andcommunication technolo- ge economy: education andhumanresources, the innova- through threeofthefundamental variables ofthe knowled- overall power ofdevelopment ofknowledge. Itisdeveloped disseminate knowledge. Itistherefore anindicator ofthe ability(KI) measuresacountry’s togenerate, adoptand situation ofcountries in areas. these The knowledge index publishesInstitute twointeresting indexes the thatreflect value generation andwealthcreation. The World Bank greater prioritization andefficiency. marginsthese ofeconomic activity in anenvironment of humanity global bythese posed challenges. will allow areductionof oftheuncertainties ofthefuture only toalleviate someofthemorestriking effects. growing andhavenoexpected return, theyaregenerated sing financial resourcesdevoting we are to global crises are happening theyarealready cases theincrea because - -but risks these globalbecause maycause incidents -in some weresearch andhowof what weinnovate. Andnotjust ternational security andpandemics should form thebasis challenges byclimate posed change, natural disasters, in- begeneratedmust in theexisting global challenges. The innovation andglobalization andtheopportunitiesthat innovation systems. economic situation isthedetermination oftheobjectives of researchers.just The additional issuedrawn bythegeneral les andstrong technological andmanagement, support not tems, which require teams with different professional profi- corresponds stated tothematuringready ofinnovation sys- activities is1.79times greater thanin 2000. the number offull-time equivalent (FTE)workers in R&D rces have also grown in the same period. In 2008, in Spain The Knowledge Economy Index (KEI)measuresthe Innovation are associated systems withknowledge, And surely innovation will systems haveto adapt to Probably the innovation we develop in thecoming years And theanswer lies in thecorrectrelationship between The COTEC also highlights report that the evolution al- regime 8.58, innovation 8.95, education 8.21 and ICT information, thefollowing values: economic incentives reach for Spain, according tothe World BankInstitute a flects value of8.45 over 10andweare ranked 19. surveyed. for Spain over 10andranksof140countries us21out tiative andentrepreneurship. deficits in theassociation ofresearch withbusiness ini- continuity in development projectsand havesignificant the private; we have developed more basic research than cess ofinnovation from thepublic initiative thanfrom vation systems. Generally, better weunderstand thepro- countries in thematurity andconsolidation ofitsinno- local needsandcreatenewtechnology. volume ofglobal knowledge, assimilate andadaptitto and other organizations thatcanexploit thegrowing search centres, universities, “think tanks” consultants Finally, aninnovation ofcompanies, consists system re- dissemination ofknowledge andinformation processing. nologies (ICTs)facilitates effectivecommunication, the diffusion ofinformation andcommunication tech- ves as a basis for sharing and using knowledge. Third, cond, thetraining andeducation ofthepopulation ser knowledge andthepromotion ofentrepreneurship. Se- titutional regime provides incentives for efficient of use of theknowledge economy. First, theeconomic andins- andInternetcomputers users. tion, ratio ofhigher education enrollments, totaltelephones, patents, literacy rate, enrollment ratio educa- in secondary lation, paymentsandroyalty income, technical publications, are: tariff andnontariff barriers, regulatoryquality, legis- ofknowledgeeffective use for economic development. ge economyandwhethertheenvironment promotes the creation. knowledge, andwealth generation value Innovation systemsareassociatedwith The four basicelements oftheknowledge economy The Knowledge EconomyIndex (KEI)for Spain re- The Knowledge Index (KI)2008hasavalue of8.40 Spain is at the intermediate of developed stage These variables tothefour areadded basicelements The twelve variables considered bythis aggregate index - 51 Statistical Information of Andalusia / the economy 52 Statistical Information of Andalusia / the economy

Photo:: Antonio Gaga whether theknowledge generated andapplied in produc- countries. the group ofdeveloped countries andfaraheadofother position in theranking ofworld economies. We arein knowledge economyindexes placesusslightly below our values: 8.58, 8.14, 8.21and8.04. weighting of the population the factor reflect following 8.04. These same elements with the introduction of the The uncertainty of our innovation lies system in The valuation expressed by the knowledge and the problems asthegeneral economic evolution. the samelimitations andcircumstantial andstructural development orwill suffer -ifnotredirectedproperly - tive activities isgoing tobeadriving force ofeconomic added valueadded toknowledge in theAutonomous Community. hinder itsfullarticulationandlimit itsability togenerate twenty years,the last that stillweaknesses hasstructural but The Andalusian Innovation progress has made System over 2. AndalusianInnovation System the factors that determinethe factors the acceptance by companies of the risk isembodied in thelow connection ofpublic R&Dwith king comparisons withnational andinternational indicators, of regional competence. iftheanalysis But iscarried ma- out toreducethegapdesire from publicly owned healthcareand R&D (e.g. in healthR&D)thepositioning isguided bythe However, itisnotifin someareasofautonomicactivity in on R&Disarisk for ofAndalusianinnovation. thefuture First, thehigh componentofpublic over private spending 28% in theOECD. tor comparedwith44%in Spain, 35%in theEU-27and 63% ofR&Din Andalusiawascarried bythepublic out - sec fortional Andalusiareferred Institute) Statistics to2007, on knowledge. novation through System changes in economic activity based of results, thatis, thelackofconclusion oftheAndalusianIn- the resultsofresearch suchastheinnovative application tutes thehumancapitalfor innovation.tutes future 2000/2001 to2008/2009. net enrollment rate hasdeclined 0.3%from theperiod end oftheperiod in averysimilar position tothestart. tothethird2000-2007 andwithrespect cycleisatthe cation hasmaintained adownward trendin theperiod enrollment ratesecondcycleuniversity and in first edu- patent applications, utility models andindustrial design. tors, asweshallsee, this explicit ismade by thedataof between thecontribution ofthepublic andprivate- sec in research, the lackofcorrespondence andbalance but is notonly in thelow involvement ofthebusiness sector percentage ofthetotalforSpaindistributedbysector Table 1.Expenditure onR&DinAndalusia,as Table 2.Expenditure onR&D.Percentage ofGDP statistical annex. 1. Dataofexpenditure on R&D of Andalusia 2009are inthe

Business The 2009 OECDdatafor Spain and 2009 INE (the Na- The importance of this indicator lies in- that it consti The difference betweenAndalusiaandSpain in the Second, thehigher education indicator. The gross The weaknessoftheAndalusianInnovation system Public Administrationsector Public sector sector Andalusia Education sector Business sector 0.43 0.16 2001 Andalusia 0.64 0.38 14.0 12.0 2001 Spain 5.9 0.56 0.71 2007 Andalusia 1 UE-27 0.63 1.12 16.8 13.5 2008 6.4 OCDE 0.63 1.59 53 Statistical Information of Andalusia / the economy 54 Statistical Information of Andalusia / the economy indicators 2007evidences that65%ofR&D in Spain is communities. nufacturing firms and highservices tech byautonomous amount spent on R&D by high and medium high-tech ma- comes fromSystem the analysis of the distribution of the other European countries, illustrate theweaknessofboth. Spanish ascomparedwith andtheAndalusiansystems between HRST andHRSTO bothin theanalysis ofthe and,systems in this sense, thecomparative difference and technological andmanagerial toinnovation support is directly related to the diversity of professional profiles in higher education science andtechnology activities. Spain against theprofessionals andtechnicians engaged employment in resources these bothin Andalusiaandin Greece andPortugal, alower anddenotes proportional decline comparedwithother European countries, except 19.4 andSpain of22.2, thesituation shows arelative chnological activities, in whichAndalusiahadarate of HRSTO, resources actually employed in scientific andte- Czech Republic, Italy, Hungary, Poland andPortugal. vel education. Inanycase, rates these areabove theUK, active population between25and64, andwiththird le- rces employed in science andtechnology oftheoverall thousand comparedwith39.7in Spain ofhumanresou- workforce. In 2007, Andalusia had a rate of 32.7 per the period percentage wasseven points referenced tothe between AndalusiaandSpainattheendof asawhole resources in science and technology, the difference but dalusia hasincreased byfivepercentage points itshuman in theinnovation system. Between2000and2007, An- rces in science andtechnology (HRST) also show arisk in theinnovation system. capacities toenable generational renewalandcontinuity provisionadequate for ofnewhumanresource thefuture challenges, especially from theproduction system, andin- of theAndalusianinnovation tonewdevelopment system draws a situation of little change in the low adjustment The information provided bythe INE 2009 from R&D Fourth, another risk ofthe AndalusianInnovation above,As stated thematurity ofaninnovation system Comparing theHRST figures withthose for thecore Third, according toEurostat statistics, humanresou- The maintenance ofthenational totaldifferentials issues thatdetermine itsevolution: low productive sector Andalusian Innovation expresses System twostructural tion, innovation infrastructure, andR&Dfinancing the outgoing andincoming Erasmus. Higher Education andtheincrease in placementsorthe and companies, theexplicit objectivesoftheEurope for contracts andagreements for R&D betweenuniversities lusian Innovation can befound System in theevolution of needs. Someelements ofpositive adaptation in theAnda- and innovation in business needsandin meeting social totechnologicalfor withrespect thefuture challenges ty education have a tendency, in general, of inadequacy ofinnovationactors and someofthemsuchasuniversi- tem has notable in weaknesses the practice of agents and and 14.6%in thenational total. terprises thatrepresents, in 2008in Andalusia, 11.9% supplemented withtheICTusageande-commerce in en- Andalusia (IEA)andtheINE surveys, dataare these GDP. population alsoofregional but participation in national weight thatAndalusiahasin other indicators notonly 8.96% and9.66%respectively separates usfrom the 1,377 applications in industrial design. That is, 12.03%, in applications for utility models, and133ofatotal cations were from Andalusia, 226ofatotal2,521 a national totalof 3599 patent applications, 433 appli- industrial design. Inreferring todatafrom INE 2008, of the indicators ofpatentapplications, utility models and in companies. ging publictotheneedsofinnovation adjustment sector public investment andconceivably alsoexplains theemer pment anditsscarce developmenttheeffortof despite of theinnovation in system Andalusianbusiness develo- sectors. contributes 5.3%ofthenational totalincluding both and 58.4%in high-tech services companies. Andalusia try. 71.7%in high andmedium-high manufacturing firms concentrated in Catalonia, Madrid andtheBasqueCoun- In conclusion, public despite effortsin higher educa- The overall of the Andalusian innovation picture sys- of ofStatistics In accordancewiththeInstitute Finally, tonotetherisk itiswise thatisderived from This indicator shows onceagain therelative weakness - management. definition ofthe public of the impulse innovation system logy in the direction ofhigher education andagreater are notintroduced inofscience thesystem andtechno- its define role in theworld of innovation, ifcorrections recent years, this but hastherisk ofnotmanaging to the needsofasociety thathasevolved positively in noted. then theinnovation system, overcoming the weaknesses promoting the transformation of the business- to streng R&Din promotingsector sustainable development and sitioning, in anutshell, theadministration andpublic willing toinnovate in processes andproducts. Repo- tion ofresearch groups, training centresandcompanies rize, highlight andpromote thedifference in thevalua- value. ted withthegeneration ofsuccessfulknowledge-based andthepromotionsystem ofaculturerisk associa- the link betweenR&Dandinnovation in theproductive prioritization andselection ofpublic funding topromote tation ofourinnovation andcertainly system in the creation, oralarger university. nor evenanextra effortin technological infrastructure pacity in thepublic isprobably sector notrequired, ficant changes in the innovation system. ca- Increased the situation ofAndalusiain this context requiresigni - That isthequestion tobeasked. Globalchallenges and 3. Why dowe needinnovation? has beenfully successful. pulse, innovation andconsolidation ofthebusiness marble industry, betweenpublic thesequence im - tainable activities. Andin somecases, suchasthe logy andinnovation arethesolid bedrock ofsus- have generated solid business projectswheretechno- other. research withinnovative changes in production onthe hand, andthelackofcontinuityearly ofthe of stages involvement asanactiveagentofinnovation ontheone This theorientation isabout ofactivities toserve The Andalusianinnovation needstosingula system - There arecertainly somepositive experiences that The answer to the question lies in the reorien-

Illustration: B. Moreno 55 Statistical Information of Andalusia / the economy Guidelines for a economy more sustainable

he current economic crisis is increasing recovery costs and making management structures, demands an a global crisis that affects the economic activity more expensive. ongoing analysis of what we do and how Tproduction and consumption Innovation is the starting point to we do it, to ultimately, put sustainable models based on the disproportionate break this vicious circle. This is because development at the most prominent use of resources and the generation the generation of knowledge-based value is objective of human society. of environmental and social negative the engine for the transformations needed. In Andalusia the lack of sustainability externalities. We require innovation to drive a different of economic growth is evident. The intensive The following is a brief description model of production and consumption use of land and especially the coast causes of the economic cycle and its role in based on the intelligent management of not only negative territorial effects and global challenges: human societies have available resources. environmental impacts, but the economic allocated financial, human and technical And above all, innovation must be the function is based on a system in which and technological resources to production driving force for change in personal and players obtain benefit or satisfaction, based on renewable resources while collective culture about how we live, how but at the cost of unsustainable natural, simultaneously causing important changes we produce, how we conserve, how we move, environmental and financial resource in the earth’s climate. Recently additional and, ultimately, how we manage resources. demands. resources have been needed to address It involves changes in the government Altering the logic of the system has to environmental degradation and climate and private sector and in the relationship be the new paradigm of the Andalusian change effects. And the resources we have between them. It means recognizing that society in globalization with at least two been able to use are limited or at least we are probably not going to be able to purposes: to renew the attractiveness of disproportionate between degradation and do what we have been doing and we will Andalusia with a system of active, flexible recovery. unquestionably not be able to continue and adaptable innovation, and second, The economic crisis, regardless of its doing it in the same way. build innovation as the focus of sustainable origin, has shown that the more resources And this transformation of the model development in its three aspects: economic, we use in an already unsustainable model to allocate resources to global challenges social and environmental. the economy the more negative effects we generate calls for transparency in production and Fernando Martínez Salcedo President of the Environmental Observatory of Andalusia. Statistical Information of Andalusia /

56 20 years of R&D in Andalusia

he Autonomous Community of FM VII (2007-2012) according to data years that have allowed the training of pre Andalusia was a pioneer in the from April 2010. and postdoctoral personnel and returned TSpanish State to establish an The first Plan introduced the concept them to our system. Aid to improved instrument to promote and coordinate of “research group” as an operational internationalization has been formalized as research and to lay the foundation structure to design the scientific policy scientific mobility aids (7,430) and 5,350 and implement a modern R&D&I. This actions in Andalusia, and after years of for organizing and attending congresses. instrument was the Andalusian Research operation achieved widespread recognition From the analysis of the results Plan (PAI) which was adopted in 1990. in the on Universities. This obtained during these 20 years we could Since the PAI I to the current, PAIDI, created the structure of the system by say that the four R&D&I plans have the overall objective has been to generate preventing the fragmentation of the structured the Andalusian system playing a knowledge and highlight it. This action in scientific community, bringing workers to cohesive role, they have established a sense the beginning was designed to enhance academic research centres with common of belonging to a scientific community the quality of technological scientific interests. These groups, 933 at the start and facilitated the creation of scientific- activities and the number and improvement and 2,044 today (data 2009), are divided technical networks. Moreover and very of human resources. Later actions were into several areas: Agro-alimentation, significantly they have instilled a culture of incorporated to boost the encounter Bio-sanitary and Health Technologies, competitiveness to increase participation between scientific supply and technological Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, in the National Plan and Framework demand increasing collaboration between Natural Resources and the Environment, Programme. These achievements do not public research centres and companies. In Production Technologies and Information correlate completely with parameters these years in Andalusia there has been and Communication Technologies, which necessary to consider the system of a significant increase in the provision have been boosted by aid to groups from knowledge (R&D&I) balanced such as: of research resources: From 0.59% an investment of € 8.8 million in 1989 to percentage of expenditure on private R&D, investment in R&D with respect to GDP € 14.11 million in 2009. adequate risk capital, number of patents in 1995, we reached 1.03% in 2008; in The actions of the research plans have and number of technology companies 1989 there were 8,828 persons engaged been designed for greater interdisciplinary and their billing. To try to correct this in R&D, currently staff registered by the and cross-disciplinary coordination of imbalance initiatives have been launched PAI reaches 25,097 and the weight of research groups, to increase human and combining the increase of potential that Andalusia compared with Spain has gone material resources and to achieve greater research generates with the enhancement from 8.13% in 1989 to 10.77% in 2008 internationalization. To fulfill these specific of knowledge generated. The Corporación according to National Statistics Institute goals during these 20 years, 15 research Tecnológica (Technological Corporation) (INE) measured in Full-Time Employment. centres and institutes have been established stands out among these initiatives, with As for the inventive activity, this has in priority areas for socioeconomic which a significant commitment of risen from 5.66% in 1990 to 11.18% of development in the region and have been private activity has been made to develop Spanish patents out of the total patents awarded 1,390 Excellence projects. Since economic investment for joint projects. applied for in Spain in 2009. 2005 these projects have mobilized over The results to date are excellent and With regard to participation in the 252.3 million euros, of which 124.5 allow us to indicate that our system of Framework Programme (FM) for R&D in million euros related to staff (1,597 knowledge is on the right track to improve the EU, the return has been of 3.20% in grants). To these contracts or grants must competitiveness in Andalusia and generate the FM III (1990-94) and 6.20% in the be added the 6,570 granted in previous wealth, welfare and progress. Statistical Information of Andalusia / the economy Pilar Aranda Ramírez Professor of Physiology. .. 57 The Territory and the Environment Territory Metropolitan and coastal areas have grown by 1.2 million people in 20 years, accounting for 70.8% of the Andalusian population.

Built up areas have increased from 1.6% to 3% of Andalusian territory in 20 years.

The kilometres of highways, motorways and dual carriageways have increased from 689 in 1990 to 2,609 today.

The number of vehicles has risen by 3 million to reach 5.3 million, which means moving from 0.3 to 0.6 vehicles per capita.

Maritime goods transport grew by 75% between 1990 and 2009 going from 55.9 to 97.9 million tonnes.

The number of passengers at Andalusian airports has increased by 151% in the period 1990-2009, reaching 18.6 million in 2009.

Environment Protected areas have reached 20.2% of the Andalusian territory, 2,200 square kilometers more than 20 years ago.

The percentage of municipal solid waste for composting went from 29.5% to 56.9%.

The final energy consumption in the last decade has grown from 11,631 thousand tonnes of oil equivalent to 15,214 in 2008.

Evolution of primary energy consumption by source of energy

Variation Rate 1995-2008 (%)

Coal -28 Renewable 85 Natural gas 657 Oil 37 changes with the greatest territorial impact are taking society andeconomy, andhighlight wheresomeofthe other transformations thathave occurred in Andalusian changes aresignificant: andrevealtrendsthatconfirm priori itisdifficult changes in todetect landuse. Yet the as thetwentyyears wearetrying toevaluate1 here, a 1. Changes inlanduse T have adifferent timescalethancan bedetectedinthefluctuations 1. Itcouldbeconsidered thatterritorialchanges, bytheirverynature, and theroad network, allconsidered atthe regional level. nomic transformation: landuse, population distribution stamp, which arein ofsocioeco turn and/oreffect cause - has ledustoexamine threevariables ofstrong territorial development andtoachieve abetter quality oflife. This are oneofthemain ofasociety assets in itseconomic sidering thattheresources andterritorial organization orsocialeconomic organization, structure andalsocon- tions aschanges thattranslate registered those in the To this end, wehaveconsidered territorial transforma- ges experienced in Andalusiaover twentyyears. thelast mayresult moreeloquent oftheterritorialfactors chan- that sense, wetried todetermine variables, what what demographic and/orsocial andcultural development. In tation ofthechanges asociety undergoes in itseconomic, tion. Territorial changes, then,- arethephysicalrepresen differentdemands forms ofterritorial orexploita use - At regional level period andin ashort oftime, such occupancy totheextent thatthedevelopment activities, experiences changes in or itsuse he territory, ofhuman asaphysical support Andalusia and/or grants for certain activities in rural areas; and munity toregional) in relation todevelopment, support in landuse. Ontheonehand, public policies (from com- account, several combine to explain factors the changes ces ofmeasurementaccuracy). Taking this concern into have undergone changes over time (especially, in advan- in landcover andlanduse, asevaluation methodsmay be taken in analyzing theresultsoftrendsorchanges by morethan230,000hectares. always Caution must whilehectares theareaunder cultivation hasdeclined an upwardtrendin natural area byover 90,000 Andalusia: forest areas exceed cultivated areas. into question theimage ofapredominantly agricultural area, while thelatter only 44.1%. This corrects, orcalls lands, seeing astheformer cover 51.3%oftheregional noticeable thatnatural woodlandsexceed agricultural the balancebetweenforest andagricultural areasitis domain ofeithercrop dry orirrigated farmland. In the valley andfertile plain oftheGuadalquivir arethe Almeria haveaforestand northeast vocation, while According totheirqualities, themountainous areas place. Professor of Human Geography.Professor ofHuman University ofSeville CruzVillalón Josefina development. economic, demographicand/orsocialcultural of thechangesasocietyundergoesinits Territorial changesarethephysicalrepresentation transformation Territorial mary, a slowertimescale. that affect othervariablessuchaseconomic or demographic,insum- Moreover intwentyyears there thelast hasbeen Map 1reflects themain in landuses Andalusia.

in in 59 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Territory and Environment 60 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Territory and Environment ceptible, evenatthis scale: in theimage thelocation ofa the regional area), theirterritorial impact isclearly per of built up(andaltered) spacesismuchsmaller (3%of for urbanization. ofrelativelydue totheuse profitable agricultural land crops duetotheirdecreasing profitability, andin others cultural land, in abandonmentofmarginal somecases importantquestion isthereductionthe most ofagri- predominantly non-agricultural economy. Inmyopinion, on theother, thedynamics ofagroforestry activities in a Figure 1Landuseandvegetationcover2007 Moving ontoanother issue, althoughthemagnitude Source: Ministryof the Environment, Regional Government 2010 Table 1.EvolutioninlanduseandvegetationcoverAndalusia(1991-2007) Built upandalteredareas Forest andnaturalareas Water andwetlands Agricultural land Surface area(ha) 4,401,455.18 4,096,377.11 120,857.37 141,010.35 1991 - mic indicators could offer. linecoast withasmuchforce andclarity asother econo- economy ofsunandsandisperfectly reflected in this between1991and2007.hectares The growing tourist doubledhas almost (1.87), from 141,000 to 263,000 rienced bythebuilt upspaces, thesurfacearea because evolution, notable themost hasbeenincrease expe- ofMalaga coast canbeidentified.east With to respect Mediterranean from coast theBayofAlgeciras tothe metropolitan areasand, above all, theurbanization ofthe number ofcities within theregion, particularly in major 100.0 46.8 50.2 % 1.4 1.6 Surface area(ha) 3,865,887.56 4,491,803.91 263.264.17 137,941.92 2007 100.0 44.1 51.3 % the Environment,2010 Government Ministryof Source: Regional 1.6 3.0 nearly 20%over theinitial reference year. Analyzing been anincrease of1,362,400people, anincrease of in rural communities andthedepopulation oflarge great territorial manifestations population losses on sunandbeachtourism hashadasoneofits society, andfor Andalusia, aservice society focused The transition from anagrarian toanindustrial territory 2. ofpopulationin the Redistribution In Andalusia, between1991and2009, there has Planning ofAndalusia Table 2.PopulationdistributionofAndalusiaaccording torangessetintheSpatial Source: INE. Population Census 1991,2001andMunicipalRegister2009 Medium sizedcoastaltowns Scopes Medium sizedinlandtowns Regional centers Rural centers Total 6,940,522 1,857,006 3,812,832 Population 826,496 444,188 1991 100.0 26.8 54.9 11.9 % 6.4 centres, medium sized inland towns andmediums sized the SpatialPlan ofAndalusia(regional centres, rural the spatialdistribution according tothecriteria in set in areas. coastal istocontinuethe tendency concentrating population twodecades,last althoughitisnow lessintense, but half century, andhasmaintained a similar trendin the that in Andalusiahasbeenoccurring over thepast concentration in thecities andcoast. This isaprocess areas oftheregion, atthesametime witnessing its 7,357,558 1,878,995 4,075,855 Population 983,401 419,307 2001 100.0 13.4 25.5 55.4 % 5.7 1,290,055 4,584,063 8,302,923 2,010,755 Population 418,050 2009 100.0 15.6 24.2 55.2 % 5.0 61 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Territory and Environment Photo:: Antonio Gaga 62 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Territory and Environment the main districtarelosing population in absolute vince ofSeville andthemountains ofRonda, except Huelva, Cordoba, Jaen and Granada, the northern pro - Map 2.Relativegrowth ofthepopulationinAndalusiabetween1991and2009 concentration, theirrelative but weight remains stable: the central ofeconomic nodes activity andpopulation 55% oftheAndalusianpopulation, areundoubtedly local development. The regional centres, with more than balance, ascentresofpublic services andgeneration of in theinternal articulationofAndalusiaanditsregional medium-sized inland towns retains agreat importance terms, weight. theyhavelost However, of thesystem of theAndalusianpopulation, although, in relative more thantwomillion inhabitants andnearly 25% towns, managetomaintain asignificant weight, with 6%. almost theirpopulationseen decline in20years by thelast experienced in Andalusiaof19.6%, rural areashave reside in areas, these comparedwiththeaverage growth in rural centres: only 5%oftheAndalusianpopulation in andrelative bothabsolute terms ofthepopulation towns)coastal weobserve, first, thecontinuing decline Source: INE - 1991Population Census. INE – Revisionof the Municipal Registerto January 1st,2009. As canbeclearly seen, oftheprovinces most of Medium sized inland towns, thetraditional agro- been higher than the regional average (blue). regional growth (light blue) andareaswheregrowth has grown interms absolute dosobelow themeanvalues of termsabsolute (brown), zones thatalthoughtheyhave 3, reflecting population theareasthathavelost in in Andalusiaintwentyyears isoffered thelast in map that haveoccurred in thedistribution ofthepopulation areas. of these menting inter-municipal planning ofurbandevelopment the situation; andhence, also, thesuitability ofimple - (internal andexternal) toexplain arethekey factors sive agriculture, tourism, and immigration realestate people, anincrease of56%in relative terms: inten- inhabitants, anetgain, then, ofmorethan463,000 years theyhavegone from 826,500toover 1,290,000 tinue togain weight in Andalusia. eighteen Inthelast Finally, it is the medium sized towns coastal which con- they havegrown attheaverage rateregion. ofthewhole growth centres within the region, less significant and of Granada, andtoagreater extent, in Seville. Other centrated along thecoast, in the metropolitan area terms. Furthermore, theabove-average growth iscon- Another way of approaching the territorial changes tan areasofmajorcities ofAndalusia. All provincial population redistribution processes in themetropoli- of rural and nature tourism. terms beconverted into must sustainable development in areas of high ecological value, which in economic tage oftheopportunitiesoffered bytheirlocation regions, in myopinion, istoknow how totake advan- forest arepredominant. uses The potentialofthese bution ofareasloosing population in andthose which Strong similarities canbenotedbetweenthedistri- tion isgreater inthecentres ofless than10,000inhabitants:itreached 23.2% Andalusia, in2003,14.8% ofthepopulationwasover64years. Thispropor whole ofSpain,inversely proportional tothepopulation centre size.Thus, in 2. Thepercentage ofpeopleover64isincreasing inAndalusia,asthe with negative growth (vegetative andmigratory) migratory process in previous decades, ageing and areas, mountain areas, under areasalready anintense Cuevas de on the coast. (Almeria) betweenMacael inland andPulpi registered in theregion ofthe Valley ofAlmanzora in theimage. Attention should be paid tothegrowth and Jaen) orlocaldevelopment districtscanbeseen either linked to other metropolitan areas (Cordoba On theother hand, stressing the itisalsoworth The population areasthatlose coincide withinland - 2 . their municipalities, thelogic ofthehousing market combination ofthephysicaloccupation ofmany of providers. They functions, these havenotlost andthe rators ofemploymentandpublic andprivate services the extent that they were (and remain) the main gene- main recipients ofpopulation in previous decades, to of theirprovinces orregional centres. These were the has occurred in allmajorcities ofAndalusia, capitals Bay since the early eighties. so ithasbeenlosing population toother cities in the municipality, fully urbanized andsaturated long ago considered anexception given the smallsize ofthe Cadiz, Algeciras andMalaga. Cadizalways must be cide (among others), withthemunicipalities ofHuelva, striking along thecoast, where major blue spotscoin- growth isbelow theregional average; itisparticularly terms,absolute suchasCadiz andGranada, ortheir capitals except Almeria areeither losing population in registered thelowestfertilityrates andhaveanegativemigrationbalance. 274 Andalusia.Second Territorial DevelopmentReport ). Correlatively, they 1,000 inhabitants.(Andalucía.Segundo Informe deDesarrolloTerritorial, pg. in the1,000and2,000populationcategory and26.2%thosewithfewerthan What is noteworthy now isthereversalWhat isnoteworthy in trendthat

Photos: Javier Andrada 63 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Territory and Environment Photos: Antonio Gaga Antonio Photos:

and the tendency of some social groups to opt for a 3. The road network more open residential environment (the dispersed city One of the most important transformations experien- or semi detached town) have extended the urbanized ced by the region over the last twenty years has been the improvement of its overall road network and the areas beyond the limits of the main town, so that the construction of a motorway network, partly under towns currently experiencing higher growth, except state competence and partly autonomous, linking all those related to tourism, are those of the metropolitan regional centres and a considerable number of medium- areas of major cities. sized cities with each other and with the Spanish and As the main result of this new territorial reality- the Portuguese network. In 1990, the Junta of Andalusia published Bases expansion of urbanized areas in the vicinity of large for Town and Country Spatial Planning in Andalusia, cities- the changes that have taken place in mobility presented as a first proposal and predecessor of the should be highlighted, because each of these areas have contents of the future Town and Country Spatial Plan3. come to constitute units of dwelling, work, leisure and As shown in Map 3 in Andalusia at that time there of demand and use of facilities and public and private was only one : a toll road connecting Seville, services. Mobility increases, particularly mechanized and Cadiz. As part of actions planned and already implemented were: the widening mobility by private transport, and to the extent that of the N-IV (current A-4), main communication with employment and services continue to be focused on the the centre of Spain, that connects Bailen with Seville main city, we experience daily pendulum movements and Cordoba and continues until Huelva in the current from suburbs to central city, with significant problems A-49, A-92 Sevilla to Baza, under regional competen- of congestion and environmental sustainability. In this ce, some sections of the Mediterranean corridor from the French border to Algeciras (the A-7), also under sense, firm policies are essential to promote public state competence, but in that time, the General State transport and non-mechanized means to improve such Administration had only scheduled the coastal sections conditions of mobility, in summary, citizens´ quality of of Almeria, Malaga and part of the Cadiz; and the life. Malaga to connection.

3. The Law on Town and Country Planning of the Autonomous Region was were approved in 1999 by decree of the Governing Council and, finally, the adopted in 1994, four years after the preparation of this document. The Spatial Plan of Andalusia approved by the Government of the Junta of Bases and Strategies of the Spatial Town and Country Plan of Andalusia Andalusia in 2006. 64 a length of2609km, whichmeanshaving 3.6times the motorways anddualcarriageways in Andalusiareaches and A-92. Currently (2009) the network of highways, sections thatwere in already service of theA-4, A-49 carriageways available, including in this figure alsothe were in total689kmofhighways, motorwaysanddual Cadiz wasin service throughoutits length, andthere objective, thecross-meshing of the threeavailable were proposed. With tothesecond respect A-7; andtheextension oftheA-49toborder with with anditsconnection atthatpoint withthe of Granada, theextension oftheA-92toborder re oftheMediterranean motorway(A-7)onthecoast of thenetwork. Regarding thefirstobjective, theclosu- and continuity oftheforeseen axis points andmeshing MasterPlan),2007 (StateInfrastructure theclosure Infraestructuras, de with thePlanDirector PDI, 1993- Spatial Planning ofAndalusiaproposed in accordance carriageways is0.03km/sq. kmin 2009, bypopulation andthedensity is 5. Bothin AndalusiaandSpain, ofhighways thedensity + motorways +dual 4. 4. Figure nº3.Improving accessibility. Roadnetwork. Themainconnectionareas Basis for Spatial Planning of Andalusia of Planning Spatial for Basis At the starting point,At thestarting 1990, only thetollSevilla- Judiciously, theBasisfor the Town andCountry , 1990, pg. 72 levels ofthenetwork ofSpain of theregional road network hasbeenequatedtothe existing accessible extension in 1990andthatthedensity and eventheconnectivity ofinland Andalusiawithother service (withtheexception ofsomesections theA-7) considered asa final long term representation, isnow in SpatialPlanningand Country ofAndalusia andthen that this road link schemereflected in theBasisfor Town the present forecasts”.the present was a ‘medium andlong term goal, onceimplemented work ofmajorroutesstructuring roads ofAndalusia, only this posed picture, thenthefinal image ofanet- Planning of Andalusia was cautious in its forecasts and la Plata. The documentofthebasisfor theSpatial regions ofSpain, via thehistorical axis de oftheRuta the connection withExtremadura andtheother proposed. Italsoincludes converting into ahighway /Granada /Jaén/A-4 andAlmeria/A-92 were sectional axis: Algeciras /Jerez, Antequera /Córdoba, longitudinal axis (A-4, A-92andA-7), withfour cross- 2010.. 0.31 km/1000inhabitants in Andalusiaand0.32in Spain. IEA. BasicData,

4 . Planning inAndalusia(1990). Source: Basisfor Spatial 5 . above But all, itmeans 65 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Territory and Environment 66 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Territory and Environment Source. MinistryofPublicWorks Regional Government andTransport, 2009 Figure 4.Accessibilitychangesexperiencedbytheroad network1994-2008. by thelayout-speed index onroads around 10,5%andimproved accessibility, asmeasured has, between1994and2008, reducedjourney times the implementation ofring roads, improving layout, ...) construction ofnewmotorwaysanddualcarriageways, improvement ofroad in Infrastructures Andalusia(the Government Ministry ofPublic Works and Transport, the so that, as shown by the Regional in a recent study benefited from theimprovement ofitsroad network, nally more on this principal network increased by2.14. That is, traffic hasgrown proportio- vehicles/km/year in 1994to5,400in 2009, andtraffic km/year, thecoreroad network rose from 2.521million 1994 and2009, from 6,345to12,796million vehicles/ Andalusian networkwhole increased by2.02, between line (as the crow flies) to the other point, at a rate equal to the average of adopted conventionally as the time that would be spent moving in a straight network from a point to all other territories, with a time reference, which is 7. The layout-speed index on roads compares the total travel time over the to the economic crisis. to 13,181in 2008and12,796in 2009, anevolution berelated whichmust Traffic volume rose to 13,316 million of vehicles/km/year in 2007 and fell 6. Regional Government Ministry of Public Works and Housing. Gaugings. distributes traffic throughout Andalusia. add theimprovements allacross seen thenetwork, which axes hascontinued tobestrengthened, towhichwemust lation andgoods flows, alsohelps population but secure road network doesitsprimordial jobofchanneling popu- are obtained. toeconomic Andwithrespect activities, the with accesstoschools, hospitaland/orwelfare facilities Regarding social facilities, better ratios ofpopulation economic activitiesthat supports andsocial facilities. with neighboring countries andregions: aroad network weakly articulated, aswell asin improving itsrelations mobility across such an extensive region, previously so in theinternal cohesion ofAndalusia, tofacilitate and mountain areas. the regions previously accessible least especially in rural greatest increases in accessibility havebeenregistered in significantmost in terms ofterritorial cohesion: the In terms ofglobal accessibility, theentireregion has

This meansthatthere hasbeensignificant progress In morequantitative terms, themobility in the 7 6 , at9.7%and, the . development. and from itsquality derives muchofourpotentialfor The landiswithhumanresources, ourgreatestasset, result from other decisions, again primarily economic. toevaluateis necessary territorial changes thatcould another order, primarily economic. In other words: it changes related to, orderived from, thechanges of supporting, recognizing andassessing theterritorial of such changes. and effects vities, totheextent thattheterritory receives theimpact the environment- byhumanacti affected orecosystems changes, wecannotavoid thinking thefragility about of many changes time!) in such a short that leadustorealize thefrailty (so ofhumanmemory a regional onotherandactivities impact andeffect facts ver transformations these havebeenfasterandhad ges requirelonger periods oftime tobeperceived, howe- period oftime theidea anddespite thatterritorial chan- grasping significant changes in theterritory in this short sis), initially anddespite presupposing thedifficulty of over twentyyears (moresoin thelast anin-depth analy- within thecomplexity hashappenedin ofwhat Andalusia 4.balance Territorial development. ofourpotentialforand fromitsqualityderives much resources,The landiswithhuman ourgreatestasset, torial changes. the network structure, thuscontributing terri tofurther - and economic activities along itsroute, especially around territorial accessibility between 1994 and 2008. network of complementary speeds on roadsStudy of Andalusia. Increased Works and Transport, Directorate General (2009) of Road Infrastructures located inthose “central” areas. Regional Government Ministry of Public accessibility (measured in units absolute of time, distance, cost, etc.) than obviously the periphery to others) will (with respect always have lower bility analysis of the specific geographical location of each point, because the network. It is a relative index, of freeing which has the virtue accessi- This should theimportanceof leadus to conclude If the analysis goes deeper into of these the effects In this journey, unavoidably selective andlimited 67 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Territory and Environment Housing in Andalusia, 1990-2010

ndalusia underwent significant Malaga, 1,026,650 households, 23.3% of based on lower prices and new offer, which changes between 1990 and all Andalusia stands out. has fallen dramatically. There is an apparent A 2010. In this period a complete It should be emphasized that between 1997 surplus of nearly 145,000 homes at the end economic cycle was developed between and 2007 the annual average of housing of 2009, 13.1% of the estimated total for 1997 and 2009. The 1997-2007 period was initiated was 125,200 while the net creation Spain on the same date. Moreover, 27% of the longest and most intense housing boom of new households was 64,300. The excess the housing in Andalusia is over 30 years of all those the regional economy has gone housing over the variation of the households old. This justifies large-scale rehabilitation through. went to second homes bought for investment of entire neighborhoods. Increased resource Between 1991 and 2008 the increase in purposes or that simply did not sell. allocation to rehabilitation would reduce housing was more intense in Andalusia The Global Financial Crisis of 2007 the need for an invasion of land for new (55.4%) than in the whole of Spain (46%), concurred with a high dimension of the buildings, an invasion often assumed without according to the Ministry of Housing. The subsector of residential real estate in sustainable productive activities. 4.4 million homes Andalusia. This crisis caused a sharp credit The indispensable rehabilitation of housing estimated for Andalusia on December, 31, crunch, an important decline in employment makes the construction of new housing 2008 accounted for 17.5% of the state and a downward revision in housing prices. to meet demand and maintain jobs in total. Growth was stronger in the coastal Between 2007 and 2009 home sales fell the construction sector less necessary. In provinces than the interior. The increase in in Andalusia (-19% in annual average). the Law on the Right to Housing, 2010, total housing supply was striking in Malaga Prices fell by 11.9% between the highest social housing is the key instrument for (78.7%), Almeria (74.6%) and Cadiz and the lowest points, especially in Malaga ensuring that right. Rehabilitating, building (56.1%). The more moderate increases (-16.8%), Almeria (-14.4%) and Huelva new protected homes and facilitating the were those of the interior provinces, Jaen (-13.8%). The decline in prices has been creation of new productive activities in the (29.2%) and Cordoba (34.5%). The role lower in the inland provinces (-6% in Jaen). territory will require action achieved by housing in the province of The housing market adjustment has been consistent with these objectives. Julio Rodriguez López Senior State Statistics on leave Statistical Information of Andalusia / Territory and Environment

68 Gaga Antonio Photo:: Statistics and territory: representational systems he first two words of the of the key challenges for the future in or proportional symbols among others) title heading (territory and relation to the production of statistical and a precise choice of implantation Tstatistics) refer to an inseparable data, their representation, dissemination modes (point, line or zone). The relationship as all statistical data are and applied uses. Traditionally collected difficulties in using the latter (zonal) are associated with a territory. Moreover, at administrative level, and exceptionally well known, very challenging in statistical “representational systems” refers to at a higher level of detail than municipal data associated to administrative units. a mode of graphic expression of these scale (only in recent years access to It is clear that information technologies data directed at the sense of sight that, spatial data at census tracts level for have provided a huge battery of new considering its spatial component leads a variable as critical as the population semiotic resources of great interest in to its representation in traditional maps, have been available, for example), recent decades (three-dimensional views and today, digital representations on the most producers are incorporating an -2.5 and 3D, cartograms, dynamic maps, computer screen. It should be emphasized intensification of work in this direction flows, etc.). And substantial progress that graphic representations in maps into their institutional strategic planning. has been made in print or digital or georeferenced digital images provide Technological inputs with the use of editions in recent years (a magnificent additional information to statistical GIS and geocoding processes (process example is the National Atlas of Spain treatment, as, besides facilitating to assign data to a territory through a and its Information System, SIANE). the transmission of information descriptor-address, cadastral reference, The challenge for coming years is, instantaneously (not sequentially), kilometre marker ...) will facilitate this undoubtedly, the dissemination of data it incorporates new information (not process, but will require institutional and spatial representations through explicitly present in the data) through coordination for the construction, the web. Spatial Data Infrastructures the analysis of spatial relationships maintenance and standardization of (SDI) and the INSPIRE directive (topological relations). Certainly during spatial reference baselines that allow are encouraging their standardized the last two decades the unstoppable these processes to be carried out (spatial progressive incorporation (the use of spread of computer technology, policies data access, administrative agencies, standards and protocols) and they to access information by citizens and the postal codes, digital street maps, etc.). will require again a great effort of Internet environment are dramatically The project CartoCiudad or Digital institutional coordination to face changing the way we produce, disseminate Andalusian Street Map (in which The the demand for practically real-time and access these spatial representations Institute of Statistics of Andalusia, IEA, data. It is clear that the Internet will of statistical data and all of this will is directly implicated) are projects that facilitate the dissemination, but on require new challenges to institutional moving in this direction. the other hand, it will also demand producers. A second critical aspect for the proper more interactivity with the data and The first requirement for the spatial graphical representation is adequate their graphic processing, and even representation (analogue or digital) semiologic treatment of these data in the participation of citizens/users in of statistics is the availability of maps, atlases and digital representations. production or quality control through georeferenced data, i.e., incorporating Being qualitative, ordinal or quantitative collaborative Web 2.0 environments. The the spatial component (spatial entities variables, their correct representation increasingly assumed importance of the to which they are associated in the requires accurate use of graphic spatial component of statistics and its territory). This has been a key demand semiology (appropriate use of visual relevance in the suitable management in recent decades and is definitely one variables in choropleth maps of isolines of basic public services (education, Statistical Information of Andalusia / Territory and Environment

69 70 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Territory and Environment and provides interactivityto the userfor processing semiologicaldata. Geography of the Universityof Seville. It incorporates the useof interoperable servicesof SDI developed by the company Studio in collaboration with theDepartmentof Statistical dataWeb Viewer of from the Agencyfor Innovation andDevelopmentof Andalusia, and dissemination. The coordination although they facilitate its understanding its utility for graphic representations geomarketing) exceeds unquestionably health, etc.) and private activities (eg the Internet is the main access to them. challengesface these in where the future responsible for their dissemination will and, above all, institutions and entities of the institutions that produce them benefit everyone, no doubt. geographic technologies to this end will challengesthese and the proper of use The political determination to address Professor of Physical Geography. University of of University Geography. Physical of Professor José Ojeda Zújar Ojeda José Seville. T 1. Introduction energy, etc. ral areas, research and implementation ofrenewable control, fire prevention, protection ofnatu- great advances in sanitation, disposal, waste air framework whichopenedin thenineties hasledto process and environmental management. This new zed byagreater connection betweentheproductive mic administration toformalize policies characteri - fordemand ahigher quality oflife drove- theautono model. landscape andanincreasingly intensive agricultural a high rate oflandconsumption thattransformed the dominated sector bytourismtertiary activities with the regional productive fabric and highly polluting, a three main areas: poorly an industry integrated into pmentalist economic model, whichwasfounded on ties bytheeffortstoovercome theprevious develo- typical of developed societies. citizens ofbehaviour patterns andconsumption habits nomic growth in Andalusiaandtheadoption bythe twenty years. This isaperiod marked bystrong eco- Andalusian people’squality oflife during thelast Similarly, increased environmental awarenessand Economic growth wasdominated during thenine- ronment hasbeenexperiencing, andhencethe mation tothechanges thattheregional envi - intendsanapproxihis tocarryout article - around 3%. 14% andindustrial use, behind, further which is Urban consumption comesbehind remaining ataround indemand 1995andin 2009itssharewas81.9%. water sothatitaccounted for 77.5%ofgross annual 960 hm3. Agriculture requires the greatestamountof totheprevioushm3 withrespect yearat andstands deficit whichinyear thelast alone hasgrown by245 water hasledtoaparallel demand increase in water . plying ofthepracticeirrigation effect in a activities such as agriculture, given themulti- the sametime greater value added in productive and European territories, andfor generating at owing tobeing scarcer thanin other Spanish 2. Water and PhysicalGeography. University ofGranada Geographic ofRegional Professor oftheDepartment Analysis Yolanda JiménezOlivencia life and qualityof Environment spatial planning and economic development.. policy in connection withthestrategies for necessary ment giving rise tonewchallenges for environmental quences havecreatednewimbalances in theenviron- century, ofthe21st the firstdecade - conse andwhose peak was reached in whose and tourismestate sectors Moreover, we should note the rapid growth of real Andalusian population in largecities andthecoast. by therelentless process ofconcentration ofthe In the last few decades the permanent few decades In thelast increase of In Andalusia, water resources arecrucial However, achievements these havebeenlimited 71 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Territory and Environment 72 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Territory and Environment century. Statistical InformationofAndalusia Andalusia. IRegional ScienceCongress: Andalusia inthetwenty-first 1. MartínezRodríguez, F. (1997):Spaceandtheenvironment in ral fertilisers water andwaste discharges. Available due to itsrelationship of agricultu with the presence - Nitrate concentration is one of the parameters used series which allow but us to mention a few points. of indicators for whichwedonothavelong, continuous European Union. Quality control on a system is based is thegoal ofthe Water Framework Directiveofthe this will contributetohealthywater resources, which from allpopulation centresover 2,000inhabitants. All Water Quality will achieve the wastewater treatment 2015) theimplementation of theNational Planon up to 76.9% of the equivalent load refined in 2009. territorial areas. As a result it has been possible reach tion ofmulti-municipal bodies theirrespective toserve that sector, articulatingamodelonthedesigna based - efforts in water purification havebeenchannelled to in small towns was more underdeveloped, so that recent tourist sites.urban centres and coastal Water treatment treatment plantswere provided in sensitive areas, in in 2000and70%in 2005. In this improvement process the pollutionsed loadpurified to35%in 1995to57% of the WWTP (Waste Water Treatment Plant)increa- urban wastewaterwaspurified. The progressive growth very positive. In1992, loadfrom 28%ofthe pollutant in waterdes thetreatmentofwaste isnevertheless treatment networks. due totheserious inadequacies in sanitation andwater water quality degradation, bothinland andcoastal, challenge facedbyAndalusiain theearly nineties was besaidmust that, perhaps, thegreatest environmental problems in themanagementofwater resources, it of pollution and erosion processes of soils. nous interior. This means, moreover, theintensification eastern Andalusiahasbeenabandonedin themountai- ,coastal while the traditional irrigation of rred especially in theGuadalquivir valley and in new increased water consumption by agriculture has occu- As pointed byRodriguez out Martinez, in 1997 It istobeexpected thatin(Horizon the future The development experienced- intwodeca thelast Considering asoneofthemajor thewater shortage 1 , appeared since 2004. pling point rated “not suitable for swimming” have record high-quality bathing water areasandnosam- nificant increase in thenumber ofsampling points to evolved positively over 20years, thepast withasig- the highestdistrict presents values. vity, reflected bytheamountofsalt, theMediterranean an irregular trendin therest. Asfor electrical- conducti continued decline in thedistrictofGuadalquivir and concentration oforganic pollutants, hasundergone a oxygen (BOD5), demand whichisanindicator ofthe Mediterranean district. On the other hand, biological of theGuadalquivir andmild upwardtrendin the data indicate asignificant upwardtrendin the district plants and a network of recycling points. facilities, transfer stations, recovery andcomposting of facilities for managementthatincludes sorting waste hasbeenimproved,system conforming thecurrent map fills andrubbishthetreatment tipshavebeensealed Andalusia hasevolved totheextent thattheillegal land- discharges.waste The final destination in of urban waste areductionwe havewitnessed in thepercentage of USW production itshould benotedthatin recentyears day), above the Spanish and European average. doubled, standing now at603kg/person/year (1.66kg/ thatbetween1995and2009thefigureobserved has we consider the USW expressed in kg/person/year itis demolition, electrical andelectronic equipment, etc. If includingwithout from thewaste constructionand year in 2009itamountedto4,972,247tonnes/year, 2,100,000 tonnes/year andin 20003,252,969tonnes/ in wasestimated at 1991thequantityofurbanwaste of urbansolid (USW) waste in20years. thelast If has meantaconsiderable increase in theproduction complex supply ofproductsproduced andpackaged, sumption capacity ofthepopulation andtheever more As in Spain andEurope, in Andalusiatheincreased con- 3. Production and Waste Management Finally, thequality ofinland bathing waters has Contrary to this steady increaseContrary tothisin steady thevalues of 6.2% for glass for paper andcardboard, 10%for light packaging and packaging recovered ortherecycling rate was40.4% growth since 2004, sofor thatyear, thepercentage of packaging placedonthemarket, theresultisstrong vered through separate collection andthequantityof modest, it accounts for 6.8% of the total. volume ofselectively waste, collected althoughstill the importanceattachedtorecentincrease in the volumes.increase waste Inthis sense, stress wemust production andconsumption model thatcontinues to positive management option in of a the presence te enAndalucía(Milestones and environmental trends in Andalusia). 2. According to the publication Hitos y tendencias del medio ambien- that occur during the recycling process. thatitcouldof thefact avoid environmental impacts a strategy withfar fewer accomplishments in spite reduction ofthevolume produced, ofwaste this being important is to workthe most in the field of source tires, debris or agricultural plastics. certainly But and increasing thetreatmentofother suchas waste ratio, including newtypesofspecific waste domestic valuation ofbiogas, increasing theselective collection ted atimproving management, waste advancing in the scenario, the challenges be direc for must - thefuture to the 55% minimum target for the EU for this date. of recycling ofcontainers nowat47.5%, stands close packaging 45.3% and glass 43.3%, so the total rate of paper andcardboardamountedto58.4%, light By dividing theamountofpackaging reco- waste It isclearthat, isthemost thecollection ofwaste Given this production, processing andrecycling Source: Ministryof the Environment. RegionalGovernment Environment Report (various years). Table 1:Treatment ofmunicipal solidwasteinAndalusia(%) 2 . Four years later, therate ofrecycling 2008 2004 2000 1995 1990 2001 Year Composting 56.9 69.0 57.1 55.6 18.7 29.5 Controlled dumping 35.0 28.9 38.2 39.8 57.9 27.5 Uncontrolled and 33% from other communities. autonomous of in facilities in Andalusia, 22%camefrom abroad total volume recovered ofhazardous waste ordisposed from the community.imports ofwaste outside Ofthe tonnes in 2008, whichmeansacontinued increase in the treatmentof282,814tonnesin 2004to805,931 progress hasbeenspectacular, asithasgone from nal production. Malaga arenow concentrating themajority ofregio- in addition tothemetropolitan areasofSeville and the industrial areaofHuelva, theBayofAlgeciras, fabric ofAndalusia, whichleadstotheconclusion that considering thecharacteristicsofbusiness ofmost canbeclassifiedamount ofhazardouswaste ashigh us backtothefigure in recorded 2004. However, the of6%overdecrease theprevious year, whichbrings Moreover, available thelatest data(2008)show a ever areadjusted closer toreality. statements whose as greater control andresponsiveness of producers experienced bythevolume ofthis waste, aswell tonnes to 298,658 tonnes, reflecting both real growth aconsiderablethat ithasseen increase, from 136,104 production from 1995to2008itcanbeobserved hazardous waste. Looking ofdeclared atthesequence the selective collection and awareness campaigns. reduction inproduced, theamountofwaste improving 2010-2019) includes among its key measures the (Non-Hazardous Waste Management Master Plan dumping 23.0 42.6 1.3 2.1 4.7 4.6 With regard wastes, tothemanagement ofthese Another issuein this areaistheproduction of The newregulatoryframework for Andalusia Recycling 6.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Incineration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4 73 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Territory and Environment 74 Statistical Information of Andalusia / ETerritory and Environment without changingwithout aconsumer-resource socioeconomic nal projectsaimed atreducing hydrocarbon consumption 21th century, under the umbrella ofEuropean and natio - covering andthebeginning theendof20thcentury of it to reduce GHG emissions. hassignedcountry international agreements thatobliged toproveseemed ofclimate thetheory change andour decade. building projects for newplantsparalyzed throughoutthe only implemented against nuclearenergy, which saw decade. Moreover, lower petroleum productsprices were awareness thathadenlightened Europe in theprevious taken as atemporarysituation anddid not alter the plest” means, the increase of energy efficiency. of coordinated energy projectstoseek savings bythe “sim- carbons were notcircumstantial; Europe launchedaseries fromthat consequences excessive onhydro dependence - 4. Energy 3. Ktoe: kiloton ofoil equivalent. In this context, Andalusiabegan thetwodecades, Moreover, in thelateeighties evidence wasfound that Later, thedrop in hydrocarbon prices in the80swas Following theconfirmation in oil 1979(second crisis) since 2000broken temporarily in 2007tofallback 6,524.9 ktoein 2008, whichmeansagrowth of232.5%. upwardtrendfrom the1,962 ktoeina steady 2000to 9,982.2 ktoein 2008. Meanwhile, natural gas maintains participation being down from 10,380.7ktoe tomeetingtributes most energy consumption, its despite sumption isreducedby4.7%. Oil isthesource thatcon- upward trendisbroken between2007and 2008andcon- gy consumption is estimated at 69% in Andalusia. This Islands and ,the Canary in the period 2005-2007. nity increase of energy has the largest consumption after ment haditscounterpartin energy, ourcommu- because rapid adaptation totheSpanish andEuropean environ - from verylow levelswhich started ofdevelopment, this way totheinsatiable for demand energy. Inourregion, ofcertainwhere thedemands raw materials havegiven as befits thepost-industrialcapitalist development model, met. energy. The question premises is whether these have been ofnuclear resortingtotheshortcut model andwithout Conversely, coalhasmaintained adownward trend Between 1994and2008theincrease in primary ener on the ideaBased that energy is increasing, demand 3 in 2007to -

Photo:: Javier Andrada Photo:: Javier Andrada Photo::

more strongly in 2008, being reduced in the last year to The growth of total final energy consumption has 1740.5 ktoe. been even more pronounced than that of primary energy The growth of renewable energy has been hesitant (108% between 1994 and 2008), which can be attri- since 2000, but settled in forcefully in the last two years buted largely to a lower energy expenditure in transfor- recording successive increases of 30 and 49%. Thus, mation processes, transport and energy distribution, and with 1610 ktoe, these energy sources make up 7.99% of thus to greater efficiency. As regards the structure of total consumption contributing to an increased self-suffi- final energy consumption by source, this is very similar

ciency rate that has now reached 9.1%. This rate is still, to that of primary energy as shown in the table below. Territory and Environment however, much lower than the Spanish, which is 21.6%.

Table 2: Evolution in final energy consumption by source, 1994-2008 (ktoe))

1994 2000 2004 2007 2008 Petroleum products 4,745 7,374 8,862 9,257 8,894 Electricity 1,752 2,191 2,793 3,144 3,135 Natural gas 380 1,338 1,521 2,360 2,403 Energías renovables 197 649 592 644 751 226 79 86 36 32 Statistical Information of Andalusia /

Source: Andalusian Energy Agency. 75 76 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Territory and Environment te toreducetheenvironmental impactbyener caused sumption there arethreemain elements thatcontribu- 8.4% respectively. have increased theirrelative position reaching 7.3and since 2000, while theprimary andservice sectors remains ataround 12%sharein regional energy costs a sharp rise interms, absolute theresidential sector together sum71.8%oftotalconsumption. Despite sumers; thelatter isin firstposition since 2004. Both tor, have becomethelargecon- andtransport industry of Algeciras andHuelva emit largeamountsofair Moreover, some industrial areas, such as the Bay thetransportation of personsparticular andgoods. emissions from ofpollutants urbancentresandin although its contribution is still barely significant. and 2008. Solarenergy isalsoexperiencing rapid growth, 13% after doubling itsinstalledcapacity between2007 ting 79% of it all renewable. Next follows with of biomass,the use estimated at 60% since 2000,- represen for 2010. This improvement ismainly duetothegrowth in rate hasnow reached8%, approaching the12%EUtarget is theprogress ofrenewable energies, penetration whose 11, 4% in Spain. 2008 this indicator hasonly dropped by1%comparedwith 5.4% for year, thelast though, considering the period 2000- sumption of primary energy per unit of GDP has fallen by element in observed recentyears. Energy intensity orcon- of coal and the gasificationuse process. the environment. This ismainly related tothereduced from polluting fuels themost lessharmful tothose to gy use. First, theenergy source consumedhasgone 5. Environment Atmospheric In this scenario growth ofsteady in energy con- If weconsider thefinal energy consumption- bysec In Andalusiaairquality mainly depends on The third to be taken feature that deserves into account The issueofenergy efficiency positive isthesecond - from 2006 to 2009 was as follows: figures available for thatparameter the progression admissiblethat present airquality values. on Based of Andalusia considering the percentage of days a positive trend in air pollution levels in the whole areas of Seville and Granada. and 250.000inhabitants in Algeciras andin urban nitrogen dioxide (NO2)in centresbetween50,000 limitthe recommended in theAlgeciras Bayand del Sol.Costa Sulphur dioxide (SO2) moves around agglomerations ofGranada, Seville, Malaga andthe , Algeciras andCadiz Bay, aswell asin tion, in are recorded industrial areasofHuelva, Ozone values over thetargetfor healthprotec - urban agglomerations ofGranada andSeville. areas ofHuelva andtheBayofCadiz andmajor 50,000 and250,000inhabitants, theindustrial Bailen, somemunicipalities ofCordobabetween ticles smaller than10microns, abundantin most control network, themainarepar airpollutants the 60 working in 1995 to the 100 today. lable in Andalusia has significantly increased, from monitor airpollution, thenumber ofstations avai- sinceconducted 2001. Inthis efforttocontrol and and theenvironment. have been Such assessments contamination levelsonhealth withadverseeffects assessments, whichevidence thatcurrently there are have imposed theneedfor periodic airquality grown, andtherefore emissions ofcontaminants, figures. Asindustrialization andurbanization have thatreturnsobserved thelevels ofthis gas to2002 1990 and2004, improvement althoughfurther is nitrogen oxides whichincreased by32%between growinghave notstopped since 1990, suchas areas of large population centres. ozone, which have a great impact on the peripheral suchastropospheric pollutants thesecondary added intopollutants theirenvironment. To thisbe must However in recentyears, itispossible toobserve According from the totheresultsofreports Some ofthetropospheric ozone gases precursor - activities in thenarrow strip leads tocumula- coastal energy. This process ofconcentration ofpeopleand petrochemical industry, aquacultureand renewable tive suchas intensive economic sectors agriculture, the dation in holiday periods, tourism andother competi- for alsoaccumulatesthedemand the coast accommo- urbanized andoccupiedbyvarious infrastructures. But municipalities ofAndalusia andtheexpansion ofareas in the increasing population in density the coastal a noticeable deterioration. ago, theeconomic anddemographic growth hasled to maintained adegree ofnaturalness until somedecades Andalusian coast. areas whichhad Inthecoastal and quality oflife isthecurrent crisis affecting the origin of pollution is particularly related to traffic.. areas ofAndalusia, especially in urbanareaswhere the Arzobispo, while others are being developed in different , in thevicinity ofHuelva or Villanueva del realization of a plan to improve air quality since 2006. not acceptable airquality hasbeenobserved, linked tothe where, however, averysensitive reduction ofthedays of metropolitan areaandtheindustrial areaofBailen are Seville anditsmetropolitan area, Granada andits the highest number ofdaysexceeding limits for health 6. Coast The pressureonspaceandresources isevident disturbingOne ofthemost issuesin environment Other similar plansarerunning in theCampode On theaverage values ofAndalusia, theareaswith Figure 1.Percentage ofdayswithacceptablelevelsairquality Source: Ministryof the Environment. RegionalGovernment Environment Report (various years).

year 2006 2008 2009 2007 % 72 74 76 78 80 82 1991 to 10.10% in 2007. municipalitiesof totallandarea ofthecoastal in the built-up andaltered areashavegone upfrom 5.85% allows ustoverify, outstanding issue, asthemost that - 1995199920032007. Examining this data with thebroad categories for ofuses the years 1991 municipalitiescoastal andgenerated table asummary andlandcover,uses for those wehaveselected the Regional Government Ministry oftheEnvironment on ture construction. of the expansion of urban development and infrastruc- percentage landscapesdueto the effect ofman-made the environment, quality oflife andlandscape, isthe rred onthecoast, intwodecades thelast affecting extent oftheintense transformations which have occu- of thisthe direct causes rapid demographic change. vity andagriculture are (plasticulture) under plastic municipalities. Sunandbeachtourism, industrial- acti which there hasbeen over 50% growth in over 25 been particularly importantindecade, thelast during km. The increase in population inareahas thecoastal average population isthus405.3peopleper density sq of Andalusiaandin 2009thefigure was38.4%. The Andalusia. valuablesome ofthemost andfragile of ecosystems tive impacts on a small area that maintains, moreover, From the disaggregated data provided by the The significant most indicator for estimating the In 1991, 34%ofthepopulation lived onthe coast 84 86 88 90 77 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Territory and Environment 78 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Territory and Environment

Photo:: Javier Andrada areas and, given thelong survival areasvir ofcoastal the transformation undergone bythenatural andforest case. The situation ofAlmeria indicative isthemost of and Huelva thegrowth reachedis56%and51%in each an increase of80%and71%respectively. InMalaga areas is123%. Behind itareCadiz andGranada with is Almeria, wheretheincrease in built-up andaltered with greater landscape humanimpact onthecoastal date.increased by72.27%since thestart The province Regarding thegrowth rate, areashave man-made Source: Bytheauthorsfrom Ministryof Environment data of the RegionalGovernment Table 3:Evolutioninlandcoverthecoastalmunicipalities Soil cover(%) Soil Built upandalteredareas andwaterareas Forest andnaturalareas Agricultural areas 1991 33.37 55.57 - 5.85 5.21 100 . and toalesser distance, theveryhigh rates ofthe Spain, only below theextraordinary growth of among theareaswithhighest urbanization rates of placing in theAndalusiancoast period 1987-2000 inprocesses of the coast the strips from 0 to 5 km, Sustainability in Spain alteration measuredman-made human impact on the landscape dates back to the 60s. tually untouched, while in provinces such as Malaga the The oftheObservatory onlanduse report 1995 33.83 54.61 6.34 5.22 100 1999 34.33 53.69 6.58 5.40 100 2003 31.40 53.81 8.32 6.47 100 2007 31.59 51.92 10.10 6.39 100 but tothisbeadded,but must of in ofthecoast thecase organic carbonduetothehigh urbanconcentration, and Algeciras Bays. Quimico (Chemical Area)ofHuelva andCadiz that themain polluting sources are concentrated in the does notallow ananalysis oftrends, wecansay but respect. The information onthe wastewaterindustry are still areas of coastline improve that must in this progress onsanitation andwater treatment, there but is themain pollutant. We discussed havealready the pollution bydumping onthecoast, while organic matter in Andalusia)” (2007), towns arethefirstsource of Andalucía (Milestones andenvironmental tendencies to thepaper “Hitos ytendencias del medio ambienteen loaddischargedthe pollutant tocoast. According areassuchanincrease ofharmful tocoastal effects the concentration ofeconomic activities other pose valuable ecosystems, urbanandpopulation growth and ponds. tional 9552ha, occupiedmainly byreservoirs and increase of22.29%hasbeennoticed, thatisanaddi- vegetation cover in towns. coastal tions by6.75%, hasdecreased losing 30,842ha, of to51.92%.coast The surface areaofnatural forma- reduced; from covering 55.57% oftheAndalusian clearing, aswell astheoverexploitation ofgroundwater. hills, andthis serious hascaused soil erosion duetoland in natural areasofscrubland, sometimes onverysteep Many ofthegreenhouses andfacilities havebeenbuilt great consumers offertilizers, pesticides, plastics, etc. accelerated increase ofthesuper-intensive agriculture reduction oftraditional agriculture andtheparallel and that theglobalthe fact downturn isderived from the an environmental ofvital fact importance, in view of from 33.37%to31.51%. This figure however hides 4. Environmental Profile of Spain 2009. Report based on indicators. In general, istotal importantpollutant themost As well asthelandalteration, andthusthelossof With regard towetlandsandwater surfacesan Meanwhile, forest andnatural areashavebeen With regard to farming land, it has been reduced Between 1991and2008 result ofmaritime accidents involving atsea oil spills. environmental asa impacts ontheAndalusiancoast . and others from thevast agricultural valley ofthe bearing metals and acids from the industry of Tinto, and Guadalquivir, receive discharges try, withintensive agriculture. Finally, theestuaries the main source ofcontamination isthetourism indus- steel, paper andthermal energy. IntheMediterranean discharge ofthepetrochemical andrefining industries, source ofpollution in theBayofAlgeciras, next tothe and food industries. traffic Alsothe large port isa activity ofports, maritime accidents andmetal atsea the BayofCadizcomefrom pollutants thecommercial shipyards, distilleries andtheautomotiveindustry. In of CadizAtlantic coast concentrates discharges from contaminate sediment with arsenic. Meanwhile, the minants from intensive agriculture andthepyrites that Huelva, metalscoming from thePolo Quimico, conta- already delimited.already of maritime-terrestrial public domain, 1,772kmare files for theentirecoastline. Today, ofthe2,100km successive approval of different delimitation boundary managementpolicy coastal address anadequate isthe resources. growth thatwill ensurethepreservation ofnatural development andtheneedtodefine newcriteria for recognizes theinefficiency ofthecurrent model of technical paper in waspresented 2007. This document for Integrated ZoneManagement, Coastal whose withtheformulationcoast ofthe AndalusianStrategy need toensureprotection ofthenatural heritage ofthe . highest number ofaccidents in Spain istheareaof the vicinity oftheAndalusiancoast. The areawiththe 135 oil tanker accidents, ofwhich54haveoccurred in It isimportanttoemphasize theinfluence ofthe One oftheoutstanding performances in theeffortto In this context, theadministration isawareofthe 4 in Spain there havebeen 79 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Territory and Environment 80 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Territory and Environment www.marm.es Marine areas: www.marm.esy Marino: Ministry of the Environment, Rural and tica/ www.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadis- of Andalusia of Statistics Institute www.juntadeandalucia.es / medioambiente Ministry of Environment of the Junta of Andalusia: Websites: Universidad Alcalá. de Madrid. of the Environment, Fundación Biodiversidad y Fundación Sostenibilidad en España, Ministry of Development, Ministry Spain Implications for sustainability)». Ed. Observatorio la de Implicaciones para la sostenibilidad. (Changes in land cover in «Cambios ocupación de del suelo en España. Observatory Statistical Yearbook». MMARM Ed. Madrid. Marine Ministry Andalucía. Sevilla the Andalusian Forest Plan. Horizon 2015)». Ed. Junta de del Plan Forestal Andaluz. Horizonte 2015. (Adaptation of Environment Regional Government Ministry Sevilla. » FromReport) 1990 to 2009. Ed. Junta Andalucía. de Medio Ambiente en Andalucía (The Environment in Andalusia Environment Regional Government Ministry References environment (2010): «Anuario Estadística de of the Environment of Sustainability of Andalusia of Andalusia (2010): «Informe del (2009), «Adecuación and R in Spain (2006): of of the the ural

and

ambiente en Andalucía (Space and environment in Andalusia) Martínez Rodriguez, F. VV.AA. (2007): Marino. Madrid. Illustration: B. Moreno Andalucía. Sevilla.. Andalusia. Ed. Consejería Medio de la Junta Ambiente de de ». In the acts of the First Congress of Ciencia Regional de de Regional Ciencia of Congress First the of acts the In ». VV.AA. (2010): Ed Universidad Cádiz. de Andalucía - indi on based Report 2008). Spain of Profile (Environmental Andalucía: Andalucía en el umbral del siglo XXI. (Regional (Regional XXI. siglo del umbral el en Andalucía Andalucía: cators Science of Andalusia. Andalusia in the twenty-first century». twenty-first the in Andalusia Andalusia. of Science . Ed. Ministerio Medio de Ambiente y Medio Rural y . Milestones and tendencies of the environment of Hitos y tendencias del medio ambiente de de ambiente medio del tendencias y Hitos 2008 España de Ambiental Perfil (1997): « Espacio y medio

llustration: B. Moreno

Andalusia facing climate change. 20 years that will, hopefully, change history

limate change has accelerated average temperatures will rise by 2ºC, de Cordoba do not bloom to in the last 20 years becoming, reaching by the end of the century 3ºC. coincide with the traditional date, the C probably, the greatest envi- Rainfall has been showing a downward swallows put forward their migration, ronmental “problem” we have faced trend in spring and increased annual species that do not leave, etc...), as in the history of humanity. In these 20 irregularity, so that since the 80’s of the well as the increase of extreme weather years we have begun to realize that last century droughts are becoming a and climate events such as heat waves, what were seen as isolated symptoms recurrent and increasingly longer phe- droughts , floods, are forging a public that something was wrong, respond to nomenon. Models of long-term forecast awareness, along with communication an induced change in the behaviour of applied to Andalusia by the Ministry of actions of public institutions that faci- natural systems and the climate in par- the Environment, indicate a decreasing litate the implementation of absolutely ticular, caused by human activity since tendency in rainfall of up to 25% and a necessary mitigation and adaptation the end of the 19th century, but whose growing emphasis on irregularity. measures. cumulative effects have become more In parallel to the level of global In this respect, it should be noted pronounced in recent times. awareness, in Andalusia, from the Junta that the Andalusian Autonomous gover- Reflecting the concern on a global of Andalusia, the statistical data deri- nment pioneered the implementation of scale was the creation in 1988 of a ved from numerous operations relating its own climate change strategy. This group of 2,000 scientists appointed by to the environment also reflect the strategy endorsed in 2002 laid the foun- UN member states (known as the IPCC) same tendency. Thus, the eco-barometer dations of what now constitutes the bac- with the object of elaborating monito- of Andalusia, which began its jour- kbone of the activities in public actions ring reports and proposals to assume ney in 2001, revealed that 34.5% the to counter the effects of climate change. over various world summits which since Andalusian population considered cli- This is the Andalusian Plan for Climate 1990 have made the “Climate” of the mate change as the third global scale Action 2007-2012, which includes: a Earth a priority. Thus, from the first environmental problem. Today, the eco- Mitigation Programme in response to report of this group in 1990 to the barometer 2010 shows that climate the urgent need to reduce net emis- current, the fourth in effect (2007), change is considered the first global- sions of gases in Andalusia, the Summits of Rio de Janeiro (1992), scale environmental problem by 53% adjusting, as far as possible, to the Johannesburg (2002) and numerous of Andalusian people and if we add the commitments assumed in the Kyoto meetings of the countries involved have second problem identified, closely rela- Protocol and reducing from 8 tonnes taken place, leading to the signature and ted to the processes of climate change, per capita per year to 6.5 in 2012; an ratification of protocols such as Kyoto the hole in the ozone layer, this per- Adaptation Programme, derived from (signed in 1997 which came into force centage rose to 95%. This is obviously the analysis of climate scenario fore- in 2007), attempting to establish com- related with the fact that small signs casts for the 21st century obtained mitments to control emissions of gre- are beginning to be identified by the through the Environmental Information enhouse gases into the atmosphere that population as evidence that this is not Network of Andalusia, which results in affect all signatories of the protocol. a scientific hypothesis but a reality that an analysis of sensitivity, vulnerability What statistical data reflect for is starting to affect our lives. Therefore, and impact the different socioeconomic Andalusia in recent years is an increase the presence of species from warmer sectors may suffer, proposing measures in minimum temperatures of about 0.4 climates (geranium butterfly, palm beet- to adapt to these changes and finally, º C per decade and 0.2 º C maximum le, tiger mosquito,...) or the problems a Communication and Participation temperatures. The scenarios for the associated with dates when things are Programme promoting awareness of the middle of this century indicate that not what they were (the flowers in the need for urgent action.

José Manuel Moreira Madueño

General Coordinator of the Directorate General for Sustainable TerritoryStatistical Information of Andalusia / Development and Environmental Information, Junta of Andalusia 81 82 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Territory O Ecosystems andbiodiversity out inout public at 198,462.47 paper estimated the reforestation carried document of the Plan (Horizon 2015). The has been evaluated in the third adequacy Development between 1990 and 2006 (FPA), since its initiation. a priority of the Forest Plan of Andalusia and erosionecosystems control have been that restorationthe fact of degraded to their ecological functions leads to and, in general, of vegetation with respect Recent recognition of the role of forests between 2003 and 2007. between 1999 and 2003 and 50,366 ha, a smaller ha, area of 12,543 wooded and restoration, the final balance yields compensation attributable to reforestation plant masses. Although there is some and not the natural evolution of the are related to anthropogenic processes forests. the losses In both cases and the fires particularly that affect elimination of of the masses in the forested areas mainly due to the stability, there have been small losses Forest to its tendency Plan and despite Andalusia as referred to in the Andalusian Considering all the vegetation in between 2003 and 2007 of 20.19%. over four the past years, with a variation This increase has occurred at a rapid pace from 1.61% (1991) to 3.01% (2007). infrastructures have continued to grow period,the study the urban area and scrubland into urban areas. Throughout and also the conversionunder plastic of the growth of rain-fed crops and crops loss of natural vegetation areas is due to than 50% of the Andalusian territory. The spreading over an area slightly greater stable over two decades, the past forest and natural areas have remained coverage map of Andalusia, the experienced and by the land use bserving the evolution were considerably with 11.9 ha, worse only 2.93 ha; nonetheless year’s last data value ina very satisfactory 2008 with by each firearea affected had reached yields lower figures than the nineties. The year, considering decade, all the last it However, the upturn despite in the last of the INFOCA Plan. not go beyond attempts as a result arson and 1,017 fires,affected 807 of which did was broken in 2009 with 12,199 ha, 2008. This positive trend of recent years and descending to 2,266 ha, burned in showing a peak in 2004 with 43,021 ha, moderate levels from 1996 to 2002, again by firearea affected was kept to low to with a peak of 67,578 ha, in 1991, the however, from starting very high levels are highly variable from year to year, are forest fires. Figures on areas burned forestsof Andalusia and in face particular impact. The main threats the plant masses of techniques of zero or low environmental models have progressed to the application early nineties. In parallel reforestation different species compared with 10 in the nowadays the employment more than 40 climacic or sub-climacic species, means diversification and reintroduction of native be understood.must Advancing this line of trees into mixed of native stands species action plan to transform the eucalyptus and the implementation in 2004 of an reforestation species for public forests cessation of eucalyptus of the use as a 1995. Within the same philosophy the leafy to 6 conifers, adjusting to 1:1 in in prior the decade to FPA it was 1 a greater proportion of , while and restoration actions have introduced since 1992. In general reforestation these Common Agricultural Policy of the EU have benefited from subsidies under the reforestation of agricultural land that ha, adding another 147,553.57 ha, of Professor of Regional Geographical Analysis and Physical Physical and Analysis Geographical Regional of Professor minimum of 69. young has risen from 12 to a at least 2009 (58 females) and the number of females since 2001 (31-32 females) to recovery in the number of territorial The has enjoyed a significant and native crayfish should be highlighted. cetaceans and seabirds, the systematically monitored, of as is the case some emblematic species which are As for local fauna the situation of laboratory for years. seven the last the operation of the plant propagating 1994, preserving of 364 taxons and seeds of the Germplasm bank regulated since botanical gardens (11), in the creation flora, in the consolidation network of recovery programmes for endangered specified in the implementation of many Effective conservation actions are on continuously updated information. the Autonomous Community now counts Flora 1994 and in its 2003 revision; Catalogue of Endangered Species of Wild actions, the elaboration of the Andalusian needs have resulted in, among other in this heritage and their conservation plants. Over 20 years, the past interest and an exceptional inventory of vascular outstanding level of wildlife resources and fauna of Andalusia, there exist an Focusing on the biodiversity of flora in 1992 and 56% in 1988. 1993. This figure was 67.2% Plan which came into force in the effectiveness of INFOCA attempts,arson demonstrating 75-80% of fires remained as fires has increased so that attempts compared with years the number of in recent be stressed prevention it should incident. In terms of inaffected each Geography Department. University of Granada of University Department. Geography

Yolanda Jiménez Olivencia Jiménez Yolanda Nature PROTECTION areas

he rich, geological and scenic and all other protected areas and the rest interpretation of heritage, furthers nature biodiversity of Andalusia are organised today in Nature Reserves, conservation. Well planned programming Tencouraged the adoption of the Natural Sites, Protected Landscapes, of public use makes it possible to adapt Law 2/89 on Inventory of Protected Areas Natural Monuments, Periurban Parks and the services offered to visitor capacity, of Andalusia. This opened an important Nature Reserves added to which there are channel public attitudes to nature positively field of environmental action to the public the Sites of Community Importance (SCI) and engage the visitor in the needs of the sector: a series of valuable spaces are which in Andalusia coincide with Special protected area and so on. provided with planning and management Protection Areas for Birds (SPAB). In Andalusia a strong impetus has been tools to make nature conservation Internationally we can highlight the given to public use, both for the evolution compatible with the use of resources and inclusion of 25 wetlands in the Ramsar registered in the equipment and for the economic development. List, the declaration of 9 Biosphere development of the latest visit programmes. In 1989, the Inventory of Protected Areas Reserves (UNESCO MAB), 4 Specially In 1990, only 3 protected areas enjoyed of Andalusia was made up of a National Protected Areas of Mediterranean basic equipment, while in 2005 all the Park (Doñana), 22 Natural Parks and 59 Importance (SPAMI, Nature Reserves had this basic network, Natural Sites, with a protected area of Convention), 2 (UNESCO) and including a total number of facilities of 1,497,195.2 ha, 17.10% of the Andalusian World Heritage Area (UNESCO). Finally, 668. This number has continued rising to territory . The protected areas have the Network of Protected Natural Areas in 779 in 2009. continued to grow in number of hectares Andalusia (NPNA) is the first European Of all the public use facilities, 65 reception and protective measures from this date, regional network by number and surface and information centres, 184 playgrounds, so that by 2002 18.50% of the regional area of Protected Areas. 137 observation points, 360 trails, 13 territory was already protected and in Among the various management tools nature classrooms and 11 botanical 2009 the area had reached 1,767,458.49 for protected areas, public use is of great gardens stand out. ha, that is, 20.17% of the territory. interest, being the answer to citizen’s With the declaration of demands for the enjoyment of these Yolanda Jiménez Olivencia Professor of Regional Geographical Analysis and there were two National Parks, two other spaces and at the same time, if emphasis Physical Geography Department. Natural Parks also joined the network is placed on environmental education and University of Granada Photo:: Antonio Gaga Antonio Photo::

83 Society

Photo:: Antonio Gaga 0.89% in 1990 to 8.36% in 2010. million to 2.9 in 2009. more than in 1990. The number of households has grown from in 20 years 1.8 The Andalusian population in 2010 is 8.35 million, 1.25 The weight of the foreign population has increased from Average ageatfirstmarriage Population over64years(%) Population under15years(%) Number ofbirthsper1000 population Average numberofchildrenperwoman Average ageatfirstchild(female) Demographic indicators of Andalusia. average. 34.2 to 39.0 years, and is still younger than the Spanish people more ago. than 20 years The population density is 95.4 people per sq km, 14 The average age in from in this period Andalusia has risen Women Men

1990 24.9 27.0 22.8 12.9 26.1 11.7 1.7

2009 29.3 15.0 16.2 29.0 31.2 11,5 1.5 (-0.89%) and Cadiz (-0.45%). relative weight in theperiod, areJaen (-0.96%), Cordoba in 1996to8.31%, in 2010). The provinces most thatlost in 2010. Meanwhile, Almeria gained 1.37(from 6.94% ween 1996and2010, from 17.27%in 1996to19.23% ning six. Malaga gained twopercentage almost points bet- weight, Malaga andAlmeria attheexpense oftheremai- Community. Two provinces haveincreased theirrelative population ofeachprovince over thepopulation ofthe redistribution thathaschanged therelative weight ofthe (in 2000itaccountedfor 18.12%). There hasbeena lation comparedwithSpain hasdeclined in recentyears community. The relative weight oftheAndalusianpopu- Spanish population. populatedautonomous Itisthemost Andalusia has8,353,843inhabitants, 17.79%ofthe According official tothelatest population figures1 1. Population K (Hereafter latest figures).. 1. Municipalregister of inhabitants 01.01.2010, advanced data. marriage and mortality dynamics ofgrowth, territorial settlements, fertility, population structure, in thespatialdistribution and residential mobility. Allthis leadstochanges in the dissolution, increased andincreased the 20thcentury, newtypesofpartnershipandtheir the downturn from thebeginning of quarter ofthelast influx offoreign population, arise in fertility after ned population growth, progressive ageing, massive behaviour oftheSpanish population:- sustai Andalusian population are, in general, the oftheey featuresoftherecentpast . decades. lation in Spain andthis difference hasbeenmaintained for Autonomous Communities whichhavetheyoungest popu- Andalusia, together withtheCanaries andMurcia arethe years lessthantheaverage ageoftheSpanish population. population at39.04years in stands 2009, two almost the Spanish regions. The average ageoftheAndalusian while in Spain theoppositeistrue, this being animportant and 68.4 in Spain). in bothareas; slightly favourable to Andalusia (68.8% The group ofpeople working agehasasimilar weight our community will cometobe allthemoreimportant. grows, suggesting thatin thecoming years theseniors of weight number andtheabsolute ofelderly population However, eachyear in Spain andin Andalusiatherelative therefore has a greater weight in Spain than in Andalusia. and 136,860 (1.64%). Each of the three age groups Andalusia are1,250,622(14.97%)602, 726(7.21%) one million (2.22%). The figures for samegroups these in over, and the population aged 84 and over has exceeded people), morethanfour million people(8, 65%)of75or at 7,929,269(16.8%ofthetotalpopulation, onein six tion figures indicate the number of seniors2 in Spain stood fewer elderly peoplethanSpain. The official latest popula- The current population ofAndalusiahasmoreyoung and 2. Structure University ofSeville andOperationsResearch Professor ofStatistics Andrés ArroyoPérez and majorchanges population, Situation Andalusian The under 15 years. 2. Inthisdocument seniorsare peopleof65 yearsandover, younger Andalusia hasayounger population of thanmost Andalusia hasabigger younger thansenior population 85 Statistical Information of Andalusia / The Company 86 Statistical Information of Andalusia / The Company population whileinSpaintheoppositeistrue, this being an important distinguishingfeature inthe being animportant current agestructuresofthetwopopulations people under 15years, 16.24%ofthe which represents age, mentioned. as already in twenty, thelast currently standing at over 39years of Andalusian population five hasincreased byabout years itshouldsense bepointed thattheaverage out ageofthe threereasonsshouldthese beconsidered together. Inthis reaching maximum ages. To calculatetheaverage age, an increase ofold peopleandalsoduetomore people ageing byareduction iscaused ofyoung peopledueto we arewitnessing agradual ageing process. Asisknown, and thatofother demographically developed countries, six of the eight provinces. senior thanyoung womeninofAndalusiaand thewhole younger thansenior malepopulation, while there aremore andallitsprovincesAndalusia asawhole haveagreater Jaen andGranada havemoreseniors thanyouths. Bothin the provinces ofAndalusia, only five oftheeight. Cordoba, The above mentioned situation does not occur widely in all the senior population (14.97%senior and16.24%young). young in peopleoutnumbers morethanahundredthousand 14.71% young). Bycontrast, in Andalusiathenumber of million moreseniors thanyoung people(16.89%seniors and two populations. With toageing respect Spain now hasone distinguishing featurein ofthe thecurrent agestructures Andalusia hasabiggeryoungerthansenior Andalusia has, according figures, tolatest 1,356,870 In theAndalusianpopulation, like just theSpanish Source: INE.register.Municipal Table 1.PopulationofSpainandAndalusia.Mainage groups. Andalusia Spain % Population % Population People People <15yearsold 6,906,433 1,356,870 16.24 14.71 and higher of elder people. smaller municipalities have alower percentage of young to thepopulation size ofthemunicipality. Ingeneral, weights oftheage groups considered above arerelated dominate of their greater because life expectancy. over representing 0.88%ofitspopulation. Women pre- were in Andalusia alone 60,801 people aged 85 years or in Andalusia1.64%over 135,000 people. In1991there 2.22% ofthetotalpopulation,sent over a million people, their greater dependence. Atnational level theyrepre- decline in theirphysicalandpsychological qualities and of peoplewho, in general, requirespecial caredueto a number ofpeoplereaching ages. these This isagroup acquiring greater relevance asaresultoftheincreasing ties to which the organisation of society respond. must in good healthandrequirenewoccupations andactivi- longer oftheworkforce, part moreover manyofthemare a century. They make upagroup that, in general, isnot of 5%inquarter andabout thelast twodecades the last by morethan3%ofthetotalpopulation ofAndalusiain 11.72% in 1991and10.6%in 1986having increased of thepopulation ofAndalusia. The relative weight was Cadiz and Malaga. rates (over 16%)arein the provinces ofSeville, Almeria, the young population in favour ofAndalusia. The largest Spain has14.71%, whichmeansaweight percentage of relative weight over the total population of Andalusia. 1991 and16.51%in 2004, showing in adecrease its total population. The relative weight was22.84%in As for thedistribution ofpeoplein theterritory, the The agegroup aged85andover, old’“the oldest is As noted, peopleaged65andover 14.97% represent 15-64 yearsold 32,115,830 5,746,351 68.79 68.40 >64 yearsold 1,250,622 7,929,269 14.97 16.89 ronmental andclimatic characteristics, among others, population is less than that of Spain, which is 12.2%. census. Despitethis increase, thepercentage offoreign population) according totheadvance dataofthe2010 of totalpopulation) andhas698375(8.4%ofthe 61,985 foreigners according tothe1991census(0.89% indence Spain. in Andalusiaparticipates this dynamic. recipient ofmanyother establish who resi- fromdecades being ofemigration, acountry tobeing the It isaknownthatSpain fact hasmoved insix thelast 4. Arrivalofforeign population foreigners can find. linkedof ourcountry tothecurrent opportunitiesthat or, conversely, anewbeginning in thepopulation behaviour remains whetherthis tobeseen isatemporarysituation per decline. This occurred bothin Andalusiaand Spain. It growth ofthis year. Netimmigration hashadanevenshar thedecliningdespite andthenatural number ofbirths the firsttime, thenatural increase migration outnumbers than four times. fivefold thenatural growth andin Almeria itwasmore established residence. InMalaga netmigration exceeded 21.4 ‰, provinces wheretheforeign population mostly the growth rates ofAlmeria andMalaga, 26.2‰and population growth wasduetonetmigration. Highlighting In recentyears, oftheAndalusian threequarters almost regions grew ataconsistentlyhigher rate thanAndalusia. Spain (6.1 ‰ vs. 4.4 ‰). In this year, last only five year’swith last figures, growth in Andalusiaoutstripped growth was higher in Spain, producing then a convergence; per 1000population. Intheearly years ofthis century, 2010, wassimilar tothatofSpain, around 8.15people Andalusian population growth rates in theperiod 1990- ter thanthatofSpain. However, theaverage annual The Andalusianpopulation inyear thelast grew fas- 3. Growth The level ofdevelopment and the labour, social, envi- year,Last 2009, anewsituation presents where, for - base of the pyramid.base are contributing widening torejuvenate the structure the tive activities. also, But babiesborn toforeign parents 20 to45, importancein labourandreproduc ofutmost - clearly the greater weight oftheforeign population aged 9% comparedwith15.5%. Population pyramids show 76.5%. The group ofadvanced old ageisalsolower, only Andalusia is66.9%, while theforeign born population is percentage ofSpanish population ofworking agein and offer aconsiderable injection oflabourforce; the ageing. They mostlycometoAndalusiain working age rejuvenation ofthepopulationor slow down structure in search ofwork. They supply labourand help ofthe at 2.9% and 3.6% respectively. At theother extreme, Jaen andCordoba, havetheleast ten foreign residents in Andalusia live in provinces. these Andalusia andAlmeria 21.5%, of somorethansixout foreigners. Malaga has 39.1% of all foreign residents in Almeria astheprovinces number withthelargest of and Moroccans. The figures latest point toMalaga and ning provinces, numerous thetwomost areRomanians majority group offoreigners in Cadiz. Inthesixremai- mainlysettled in the province of Malaga and is also the grouplargest offoreign residents with113,440people add theGermans itgoes upto50%. The British arethe people offoreign residing in Andalusia, ifwe American nationalities are predominant. group, in whichRomanian, Moroccan, African andLatin consisting mostlyofpeopleworking age, isayounger are advanced middle-age, around 50, while thesecond, group, mainly composed ofBritish andGerman people, that doessoin search ofwork. Ingeneral, thefirst thelabourforceof peopleoutside andanother group here ofthequality because oflife, upbasically made our community: thatestablish those theirresidence have brought two main groups of people to reside in The foreign population comesto Andalusia, mainly UK, andRomania provide 45%ofthe 87 Statistical Information of Andalusia / The Company 88 Statistical Information of Andalusia / The Company followed byacontinuous recovery reaching morethan continued until the minimum in 1996, of 77,000 births thatyear.births Since thenthere hasbeenadecline that ched theirmaximum in 1976, with morethan120,000 years istherecovery in fertility. in Andalusiarea- Births An importantfeaturein AndalusiaandSpain in recent 5. Fertility Source: INE. Statistical exploitationof registersAdvance of 2000-2009.themunicipalregister 2010.Byauthors. Figure 1.Evolutionofthenumber of foreignpeopleinAndalusiabynationalitythatcontributethemost.1996-2010. born Number of residents 120000 100000 20000 40000 60000 80000 Figure 2.Total populationof Andalusiaandforeign populationinAndalusia. born Source: INE.registerMunicipal 2010. 0 Edad en años 1996 100 20 30 40 50 60 80 90 10 70 0 1997 60.000 1998 Men 40.000 1998 2000 20.000 Number of persons 2001 0 2002 20.000 2003 2004 this recovery Almeria exceeds 60%; theincrease isrela- 2008 there wasa30%recovery in number ofbirths. In 2009 down to1.47. For Andalusiabetween1996 and lity rate, children per woman, wentfrom 1.33to1.57in below 95,000.- Between1996and2008thetotalferti available, alsoshow to abreakin thetrendofbirths one hundredthousandin 2008. 2009figures, thelatest 40.000 Women 2005 60.000 2006 Andalusia Foreign populationin born Andalusian population 2007 2008 2009 2010 Ecuador Germany Romania Marroco Italy than two hundred thousand in Andalusia. foreign women of childbearing age in Spain and more ted tocontinue, given thattheretwomillion areabout of theforeign born population tofertility canbeexpec- extreme, Jaen andCordobaaround 8%. The contribution having oneforeign atleast born parentand, attheother munity; Almeriawithonein out threenewborns stands Andalusia. The proportion isnotuniform in thecom- oneforeignhad atleast born parent, and15.7% in below Spanish levels where, in 2008, 25.2%ofnewborn number. The upwardtrend3continues althoughitisstill 2008, there weresixtimes 15,725almost theprevious 2,675 newbornsoneforeign hadatleast born parent. In born population in this recovery. InAndalusia, in 1996, number born of those to foreign mothers. ted with theyoung age ofthemothers and with agreat newborn toatleastoneforeign parentnewborn born in11,682, inlinewith 3. Althoughthe2009 advancedfigures forAndalusia establishthe of those bornof those in Andalusiawere tounmarried mothers, the pattern ofother countries. In2009, nearly onethird tounmarriednumber ofbirths mothers, similar afact to among coupleshavealsobrought anincrease in the Another importantfeatureistherole oftheforeign New forms ofpartnershipand cohabitation Source: INE.registerMunicipal 2010. Figure 3.Total populationofAndalusiaandforeign populationinAndalusia(%). born

Age 100 20 30 40 50 60 80 90 10 70 0 1.5 1 Men 0.5 Population % 0 Women 0.5 for thetotalpopulation, 1.24for menand1.31for Spain. The figures latest for 2008show 1.29years of thepopulation ofAndalusiaislower thanthatof thought would happen. still remains, not the convergence that some people in this indicator. The difference ofsixyears for women the nineties there hasbeen again tofour ofclose years to77forwomen andclose men. Since thebeginning of Andalusia. Itisnow established ataround 83years for lation isanother key feature ofdemographic changes in 6. Mortality or second bornor second children. way tothecurrent situation, wherenine in tenarefirst childrensecond accountedforhasgiven 60%ofbirths families. The situation in 1975, wherethefirstand and posterior hasledtothelossofprominence oflarge of wedlock. occur out births a value slightly lower thanin Spain, whereonein three Spain. the decline occurred in the total number of births inAndalusia and Despite theincrease indicated, the life expectancy The increase in steady life expectancy ofthepopu- The dramatic decline child ofthesecond in births 1 in Andalusia Foreign population born Andalusian population 1.5 89 Statistical Information of Andalusia / The Company 90 Statistical Information of Andalusia / The Company

Photo:: Antonio Gaga relationship, same sex unions and dissolutions through couples living togetherlegally without formalizing the experienced major changes. The increasing number of 7. Marriage and 20.6 for women. had, in 2008, alife expectancy of16.9years for men two were in therange of65andover. This population occurred in old ages; ofthefour moreyears mentioned, death. Thus, thebiggest gains in life expectancy have replaced infectious diseases as the leading of cause ages, in whichchronic anddegenerative diseaseshave countries, mortalityismoving therefore towards old has reachedthelevel ofdemographically developed (7.6 ‰in 1990and3.35‰in 2008). This indicator of Spain, althoughitremains higher thanthenational (8.93 ‰in 1990and3.83‰in 2008), asin therest there in hasbeenadrasticdecrease infant mortality in recentyears. Adult mortality is higher in Andalusia, women. These differences havebeenincreasing slightly The forms ofcoexistence andpartnershiphavealso growth. InAndalusia, thenumber grew steadily toover its legal implementation it has experienced significant ved the remarriage of one or both partners. 12% ofallmarriages. In200912%ofmarriages invol- 2009 remarried couplesaccountedfor approximately bachelors toanother isdivorced. whereonepartner In divorce in ourcountry, from marriages typically between underwent atransformation, after the establishment of in Almeria. The previous maritalofthespouses status marriages, theratio rises to55% in Malaga and50% rite to another in which more than four in ten are civil marriageswhere most were held according toCatholic ditional marriages havealsochanged, from asituation between women; 407in 2009. The celebration oftra- 533 in 2008 in Andalusia, 338 between men and 195 in Andalusia in recent years. increase isanother importantfeatureofmarriage trends foreign born population in marriage anditsprogressive the traditional marriage market. The participation ofthe divorce or separation that have transformed are factors Divorce has also entered marital dynamics, since Same-sex marriages have registered an increase, demand fordemand leisure places and activities, depending on in the supply oflabourforce to thework market oron sity offertility, onmarriage as aform ofintegration and population size andstructure, onthepattern andinten- establish residence in Andalusiahaveanimpact onthe of largenumbers ofpeople ofother nationalities who population can be highlighted. Firstly, theincorporation that haveoccurred andareoccurring in theAndalusian 8. FinalBalance is 30.2% or Almeria 26.7%. ismoreevident,fact asin Malaga wheretheproportion vinces withahigher ratio offoreign-born population the one inforeign sixwithatleast partner. pro Inthose - held. In2009, thenumber increased tofive thousandand around athousandmarriages toaforeign were partner ration into the Andalusian population dynamics in 1994 With themassive influx offoreigners andtheirincorpo- with theparticipation oftheforeign born population. marriages. 2009, morethanonedivorce for everytwoopposite-sex tion downturn andsubsequent tomorethan17,000in 20,000 per year; itexperienced atemporally stabilisa- By way of conclusion important transformations Marriages in Andalusiaexperienced another change in demographic future components. ofnewbehaviours events orthestart arestructural these the previous threeyears. Itremains whether tobeseen the highest communities of theautonomous is lower than declining, natural growth although positive and one of fertility rates and the number of marriages have been of foreigners, for thefirsttime and since 1996 births aspects; in addition thearrival isdescribed about towhat uncertainties regarding behaviour thefuture ofsome to the overall performance of Spain. to continue, even though differences remain with respect expectancy andinfant areexpected mortalityand these our healthy elders and care for needs. their dependency meet the needs of the population to facilitate activities to in thefaceofthis inexorable phenomenon, society must the younger ofthepopulation; structure nevertheless, a certain timetoSpain, withrespect lagoccurs dueto advanced societies should also be stressed. In Andalusia into be seen the current economic situation. nationalities unevenly, behaviour andfuture still remains rates, especially inyear, thelast different whichaffects the circumstances. There has been a slowdown in arrival Finally, thefigures for 2009define anumber of There improvements havebeensubstantial in life The ageing process common in demographically

Photo:: Antonio Gaga 91 Statistical Information of Andalusia / The Company 92 Statistical Information of Andalusia / The Company Social change I them meaning. although this isessential, tofind but aframework togive complex isnottodescribe thechange through thedata, in the field of public opinion. However, is more what for Advancedand theInstitute Social Studies (IESA) ofAndalusia(IEA) ofStatistics theInstitute particular thanks tothework ofmanypeopleandinstitutions, in Luckily tohelp wehavelargedatabases analyze this, society has undergone. ciate theextent ofthetransformation thatAndalusian betaken thatmust intoaspects accounttofully appre- processes notcompletedorpersistingsituations, past that attimes itobscuresthelessdynamic elements, to perceive them. The intensity ofchange hasbeensuch themandagreaterto understand efforthastobe made social and cultural aspects, although it is more difficult it was. The transformations havenotbeenlessin the nothingchanged somuchthatalmost todaywhat seems provided. The external appearance ofAndalusia has identified in theinfrastructures, equipmentandservices The visible most are, undoubtedly, material changes tively brief time, everyaspect. almost whichhasaffected looking around. There hasbeenarapid change in arela- some time sincevisitby theirlast becomeawareofjust self-evident returning thatthose fact toAndalusiaafter concentrated mainly intwentyyears. thelast Itisa analysis through in Andalusia: the restoration ofdemocracyday, tothepresent that haveoccurred in theAndalusiansociety since t iscommonplacetoillustrate allkinds ofchanges Institute for SocialStudiesoftheSuperior Advanced public opinion Council for Scientific Research Manuel Pérez Yruela Manuel modernization of the Andalusian society. how important theyarein theprocess of general explaining how the remaining differences or affect very different. Itwould describing beabout and of the past. The uniqueness would now be something modern developed society farfrom features those Andalusia that would explain and describe it asa thereforenecessary of todevelop anew theory not havethesameimportancein all cases. Itwas the differences. Furthermore, differences these did the resemblance was muchmore important than Not thatthere were nodifferences. There were, but them similar problems facedbydeveloped societies. distinguished itfrom the others, sharedwith but society nolonger hadtheunique problems that toitsenvironment.respect That is, Andalusian much that it could be said it was normalized with the situation changed of Andalusia had already so (M. Pérez Yruela, 2002)Iinsistedontheidea that Andalucíade (Towards ofAndalusia)» anewtheory published in 2002entitled«Para unanueva teoría of Andalusia today makes no sense. In a paper tothem.that westill hadwithrespect This vision a framework focused mostlyin thelargedifferences relation toother areasofSpain andEurope. Itwas tive backwardness and low level of development in forAndalusia andthedataused this wasourrela- that gave meaning totheway many perceived At the beginning of the transition the framework llustration: B. Moreno y losandaluces, On Yruela, Sobre Andalucía and in (M. a subsequent Pérez Therefore, in thepaper above-mentioned us. that stillconsequences affect have beenresolvedordisappeared, haveleft of the Andalusian society,of the past which today In addition, importantproblems some of themost capacities toassimilate thechanges live together. with verydifferent experiences andalsodifferent rapid transformation hasimplied thatgenerations usually slower. Ontheother hand, in Andalusiasuch reach maturity, alsocultural changes, whichare ble generations when withbetter education levels for example, in education, impact isnoticea- whose ofsomechanges takeeffects longer tomaterialize, the cultural situation wasdifferent, the because said atthebeginning were covered. already However, and so many other that are plain as I aspects to see schooling, expanding accesstouniversity education and education atalllevels, social services, youth ture, largepublic service facilities suchashealth transition. Bythattime, communications infrastruc- in thefirsttwentyyears since thebeginning ofthe comparatively quitebackwardhadbeenovercome in basicaspects whichAndalusiawas most those This conclusion could seeing be reachedby just how some other institutions. (IESA), of Andalusia and of Statistics the Institute for Advanced by the Institute des Social Studies opinion over conducted - twodeca surveys thepast relatedaspects toit. To dothis Iwill datafrom use process important ofchange andsomeofthemost to examine how the Andalusian people perceive this . Onewaytoincorporate complexities these is environment andexisting longstanding issuesintert- ced, thedifferences toour westill havewithrespect in whichthemodernization thatwehaveexperien- from thecoexistence ofgenerations andsituations society today. Complexity anduniqueness resulting account theunique complexity oftheAndalusian change in Andalusiansociety isonethattakes into that aninteresting framework for understanding Andalusia and Andalusian people, 2004) I argued Barometer ofAndalusia(BOPA) elaborated byIESA, sity ofchange in recentdecades. The Public Opinion 1. Anintensebutchange unfinished The Andalusian peoplehaveperceived theinten- 2003 included several questions onthis sub- of theshortcomings thatalways existed in as theymaintain historical thebest memory Andalusia. Itisvirtually unchanged accor ding toother variables suchaseducation ject, withthefollowing results. Just over half oftheAndalusians(55%)thought then that in the last decade manyor then thatindecade thelast there hadbeenfewornochanges. quite a lot of changes hadoccurred in Andalusia. (25%)belie Aquarter - less than one fifth (16%) thought ved there hadonly beenafewand In addition, theAndalusianpublic above, something easily explained have anopinion onthe subject, because onlybecause asmallminority people 60years ofage and (4.5%) said theydid not know tothink. what The slightly stronger among perception ofchange is - 93 Statistical Information of Andalusia / The Company 94 Statistical Information of Andalusia / The Company has been established aboutouridentity,has beenestablished ourpolitical In theseyears in ofawarenessAndalusia aclimate lusians and onrelations betweenthem. Agreat majority ofanda- been established ouridentity, about ourpolitical system yearsIn these in Andalusiaaclimate ofawarenesshas 2. Politics andpublic policy of Andalusia. importantpatternsmost thatdefine thepolitical culture haveconsolidatedlable twodecades datathelast the society isthatofpolitical culture. According toallavai- positive thatreflect aspects theprogress ofAndalusian directly in other expressions ofpublic opinion. Among the which still hassomewaytogo emerges moreorless slightly higher among living those in larger cities. overthose 60, increases witheducation but level andisalso of Europe. This viewlesspronounced issomewhat among developedstill regions haveandtocatchupwiththemost a lotofchanges tobecarried tosolvetheproblems out we that things havechanged saythatthere aremanyorquite Indeed, say who moreAndalusianpeople(83%)thanthose of anunfinished changemuchremains because tobedone. entrepreneur (5.74). Government (6.22), theeducation (5.96)and system of 0to10), municipalities (6.4)andtheSpanish this order, theJunta ofAndalusia (6.82 onascale age. These changes areattributedtotheaction of, in Andalusians, regardless oftheircharacteristics, except position. It is therefore a cross-perception of of most level, size ofmunicipality ofresidence orideological (Assignment ofpolitical responsibilities bythe citizens),elaboratedin in thestudyAtribución ciudadanaderesponsabilidades políticas can beseen 2. Thevaluationof thevariousregional governments 1. BOPAs 1997,2001and2005. among Andalusiansfor yearsof (57%)ofastrong sense This ontheaffirmation isbased whichhasbeenpresent (over 85%)andfeel asAndalusian asSpanish (76.7%). This perception thatweareasociety in progress but According todatafrom this survey, this perception is system andonrelationsbetween them. 1 think ofAndalusiaasaregion andnotasanation control politics andtheirown inhibition in public affairs, the inability thecitizens saythey feel toinfluence and judicial system, thelow valuation ofpoliticaland parties to manyaspects, in thedistrust equaltreatmentbythe behind thelow valuation ofthespecific legitimacy extends litates thereduction ofinequalities (55%). The discontent tribution) andespecially in theview thatdemocracy faci- very values ofdemocracy (freedom, rule oflawandredis- regional democracy works like national democracy. very muchlike ours. Two thirds ofAndalusianssaythat ofSpain,to therest performance whose webelieve looks result in alow passmark onascaleof0to10. Similar cific legitimacy) ofdemocracy in ourregion, whichwould are very or fairly satisfied running with the present (spe- between fortyandfifty percent tobelieve tended thatthey intical system comparison withothers. Atthesametime, Andalusians (over 85percent) believe poli itisthebest - low tomedium specific legitimacy. The vast majority of ofSpain,rest ahigh general ordiffuse legitimacy and politics, which cannot be developed here. all aspects scene andhasimplications for Andalusiansociety and role inAndalusia withaparticular thenational political political culture, unique in Spain, which has provided and efficiency in management than thegovernment ofSpain in terms oftransparency ficial andjudgethegovernment oftheCommunity better of Andalusiansconsider hasbeenbene- thattheautonomy nomy (between40and50%). Moreover, twothirds almost lesser extent, would prefer- Andalusiatohavemoreauto with Autonomousstate Communities (76.8%)andtoa character not reactive to other regions (63%). belonging notnationalistic, toAndalusiabut withitsown Galician Schoolof PublicAdministration. Research),(Center forSociological PiandSunyer foundationandthe Country, through acollaborationagreement betweentheIESA, CIS 2007 inAndalusia,Castilla-Leon,Catalonia, GaliciaandtheBasque The overall legitimacy isfounded onthebelief in the Democracy hasreachedin Andalusia, asin just the Andalusians think model isthecurrent thatthebest 2 . Itisawidely established democracy inSpain.Acitizen audit).Barcelona, Ariel.2010 de lademocraciaen España.Unaauditoríaciudadana (Qualityof B., Palacios,I.Perez Yruela,M.andVargas Machuca,R. Calidad research project. Forthe overallresults atSpanish level seeGomez, conducted in2007bytheCSR(and theIESAincontextofa democracy are from theSurveyonQualityofDemocracyinSpain thelegitimacyandfunctioning of 3. Allthesedataconcerning in whichtheyareuninterested verylittle andparticipate these figuresthese were 43and41%respectively. Between government valued versus 31%who itbadly andin 2009 somewhat. In1996, 48%appreciated thework ofthe poorly, however thedistancebetweentwohasfallen government positively ishigher value who thanthose it valueof Andalusians who the labour of their regional data available from theBOPA ofIESA)thepercentage the evolution of major public policies. Since 1996(first value positively thelabourofsuccessive governments and should be noted. However, within thespecific legitimacy, Andalusians 3 , Photo:: Antonio Gaga buted toparents(8.4),buted themselves (7.6), thestudents deterioration, measuredonascaleofonetotenisattri- believed byhalfofAndalusians. Responsibility for this hasgotsystem) rather in ormuchworse recentyears, that theeducation ofyoung people(nottheeducation thought it was bad. More agreement exists in the idea one third thoughtitwasregular and one-quarter (38%) believed that the education situation was good, However, alsoin 2009, over onethird ofAndalusia another thought it had remained 26% who unchanged. believed33% versus 26%who ithad improved and 2009, tooktheviewwere who ithadworsened those think who than those ithasimproved. Specifically, in education hasbeensince hasworsened 2005higher ofitsimportance,Because comment. further itdeserves also received morenegative thanpositive valuations. issues.of these The nonuniversity education policy has negative, moreasareflection oftheproblematic nature stantial. subjects, In these policy valuation is clearly or immigration whichhavebeen, orare, morecircum- Andalusian problems suchasunemployment, housing Andalusians, regardless of their differences valuation sowidely shared, cross-cutting, between the unchanged exceeds byfar50%. Itis, therefore, apublic think who and those theyhaveimproved orremained isratherhave worsened low (between10and20%) the number ofAndalusiansfeeling thatthepolicies R&D programmes ortourism policies. fields Inallthese the elderly, environmental protection, universities and infrastructure andpublic works, healthcare, carefor few believe theyhaveworsened. The sameapplies to improving continuously orhaveremained stable. Very that since 1997themain public policies havebeen even reaching 60%. 1997 and2007thepositive valuation exceeded 50%, 5. Onthe evolutionofeducation seeBOPA IESA, 2009. data usedinthiswork. tópicos (Andalusia withouttopics),Almuzara,2010.In it canbeseen evolution inPOBAs, authorsB.GomezL.Cabeza,Andalucía sin two researchers attheIESAhavepublishedananalysis ofthedata through theseriesofBOPAs IESAfrom 1996to2009. Recently, 4. Theevolutionofthevaluationpublic policiescanbefollowed The proportionconsider ofAndalusianswho that The exceptions arethepolicies related totraditional As for public policy, Andalusiansconsider most 4 . 95 Statistical Information of Andalusia / The Company 96 Statistical Information of Andalusia / The Company pared than the rest ofSpain ofthecrisispared thantherest togetout Andalusians (51.5%)believe pre- thatweareworse in ourselvesandour possibilities. Just over halfof to overcome thecrisis wearein, reflecting confidence pment is also reflected in the valuation of our ability of Spain.the rest There is still a way to go. has improved,self esteem not enough to feel but like that wearestill worse. We thegap; haveclosed our a slightly higher proportion andstill verywide (43%) forty percent believed that we were equalorbetter and reaching 24.2and15.5%respectively. Inother words believed itwas “equal” or “higher” hadrisen, less, but “lower” hadrisen to43%. Also, theproportion who thoughtitwasabit who had fallento6.5%andthose thoughtthatthedevelopment was who “much lower” in 20076, this opinion hadchanged significantly. Those “equal” andonly 7%was “higher”. Thirty years later, the viewsed that it was a bit “lower”, 19% it was “much lower” thanthatofSpain. 24%expres About - ved that the economic development of Andalusia was by theCSRonAndalusia, 40%ofAndalusiansbelie- ofSpain.rest In1978, oneofthefirstStudies made ment level oftheCommunity, in comparison withthe in the valuation by Andalusians on the develop made - previous sectionhasaparticularly relevant expression 3. Development, andwork merit and Andalusiansbelieve isaresponsability a problemabout that the Andalusian society recognizes teachers (5.3). Inthis case, isreflected what isconcern television (7.2), the education administration (6.7) and 6. BOPA IESA,2007. that there areissuesin whichwecannotbesopositive. cular, havecontributed tothis change. werecognize But politics,of what in general andpublic policy,- in parti of.we arepart We value positively alargeproportion with specific featureswithin thenational context which concernedparties share. This ambivalent ofourlevel assessment ofdevelo- The counterpoint totheperception ofchange in the In summary, wearein anestablished democracy, 5 thatall access employment, coupled with social but relation- nity andtradition. Itrecognizes thevalue ofmerit to mattersAndalusians onthese isamixture ofmoder for Andalusians,. discarded, have always circulated onthevalue ofwork this haschanged. Inaddition, clichés be whichmust tionships prevailed, Andalusiansbelieve thattoday Although in bygone dayspatronage andfamily rela- always, therefore, beenastrong concern ofAndalusia. and still remains sotoday. Accesstoemploymenthas for along time. Itwasduring ofthe20thcentury most demonstrating the weight of this problem. been above 15%, except in the years 2005to2007 Unemployment rates in Andalusiasince 1990have tries and, morerecently, immigration andhousing. them are drugs, crime and insecurity, lack of indus- named byapproximately 30% ofcitizens. Among considered andthird, second atbest, theyhavebeen the main problem in Andalusiahas, others havebeen to 40%. A remarkable distance from theweight that other years the weight of unemployment has fallen sometimes terrorism wasatthetopoflist andin economic crisis. InSpain, this hasalsobeentrue, but and hasreached85%ormoreduring theyears of citizens, always above 60%andgenerally over 70% problem, recognized assuchbyahigh number of unemployment has alwaysimportant beenthemost data onthemajorissuesofAndalusia(CSR, 1978), the Andalusians. From thetime wehavesurvey when the region, unemployment is the greatest problem for rate of pessimists (50%). nomy in thecoming years, against aslightly higher (45%) areoptimistic theevolution about oftheeco- even in atime ofcrisis, nearly halfofAndalusians more optimistic thanthecentre-right. Nevertheless, or better prepared. Centre-leftcitizens areslightly overand just one third (36%) feel that we are equally 7. Datafrom theEconomicallyActivePopulation Survey. According tothefollowing data, theopinion of Work hasbeenascarce commodity in Andalusia Within theeconomyandgeneral situation in - Table 1. Agreement or disagreement with the following statements (%)

Agree Disagree Don´t know Social relations are more influential than personal merit for finding employment and 68.9 25.5 5.7 progressing in the workplace. Andalusians do not appreciate effort and hard work enough. 30.2 64.4 5.6 Andalusians can be reluctant to innovation and change. 38.3 53.1 8.6 Andalusians spend too much time organizing pilgrimages, processions and festivals. 45.4 50.7 3.9 When taking the initiative on economic issues we are quite entrepreneurial. 57.7 31.7 10.5

Andalusia is sufficiently prepared to cope with problems and the changing world. 56.8 30.8 12.4

Source: Public Opinion Barometer of Andalusia, Institute for Advanced Social Studies, 2002 Photo:: Antonio Gaga Photo::

97 98 Statistical Information of Andalusia / The Company education andeasyaccesstotheuniversity have The universalization of primary and secondary andsecondary The universalization ofprimary brought far-reaching changestooursociety.. effort, werecognize but thatwespendtoomuchtime ships. We theclichés reject onthevalue ofwork and emerged. howcan beseen other these moremodern values have a meritocratic, innovative andmodern culture. it But thatdonotfitpractices andattitudes completely with ves as innovators and entrepreneurs. on activities notprecisely related toit. We oursel- see In thelight ofprevious datathere arestill some

Photo:: B. Moreno 10. Onthepolitical culture inAndalusiacanbe seenNavarro Yáñez, BOPA IESA,2004. importance levelin brackets ismeasured ona scaleof0to10.Seealso 9. SampleAndalusian dataoftheEuropean Social Survey2003.The Society ),Cordoba, IESA. E. andPérez Yruela,M.,ed.,(2002)Lasociedadandaluza(Andalusian valuesinAndalusiansociety”) in Moyano, and post-modern modern enlasociedadandaluza(“Traditional, yposmodernos modernos 8. Thisconclusionisdrawnfrom Bericat,E.,“Valores tradicionales, peared. In 2009 with theSpanish society. Illiteracy hasvirtually disap- opportunities. have had those others who between somegenerations (peopleover 50years) and society theeducation because level isverydissimilar tunities. Meanwhile, in asense, wewill remain adual generations educational havehadthebest oppor who will beevengreater over theyears withthematurity of beperceived, canalready Although theeffects they ty havebrought far-reaching changes tooursociety. educationsecondary andeasyaccesstotheuniversi- iseducation.seen The universalization ofprimary and Andalusian societyidea of what is today. of Andalusiansonamosaictopicsthatgive aclear In this sectionI will explain some changes and opinions 4. Citizens andSociety with theSpanish toso-calledmodern withrespect important than the differences that still separate us. Spanish average, theconvergence but hasbeenmore education westill haveaslight difference withthe (19.65% Andalusiaand23.38%Spain). Inhigher Spain) and also three points lower in higher education educationsecondary (17.8%Andalusiaand20.07% two points below the Spanish average in stage second cation wasthesamein (29%). bothcases Andalusiais year, theratio hadcompletedprimary who ofthose edu- been increasingly mirroring thatofSpain. That same level ofeducation accomplished bytheAndalusianshas hadfewopportunitiestoaccesseducation.who The teracy thatstillin persist Andalusiain theolder cohorts Spain, a difference that is explained by the rates of illi- years andover was4.30%in Andalusiaand2.32%in schoolingpeople without among thepopulation aged16 The education level attained hasbeenstandardized The biggest change, in myopinion, Andalusianshave Andalusian cultureisslightly behind in comparison 7 the percentage of illiterate people and - high expectations in them willingness toengage in public islow affairs our despite from different sources. Ourinterest in politics andour of preferences. These with others data are consistent ge (4.74)whichalsohasaverylow weight onthescale are lessinterested in politics thantheEuropean avera- European average (4.89and4.63respectively). Andwe ofSpainwhole (4.76and5.55respectively) andthe interest in religion andvoluntary associations thanthe believe in modern and posmodern ascribe totraditional values under andthose thatage older Andalusians(around orover 50years ofage) features social polarization oncultural change, asthe secularism, moralandparticipation). autonomy Italso values (modern familism, tolerance, permissiveness, (5 16)andpolitics (3.73) (8.33), leisure(8.22), voluntarywork (5.96), religion interested in thefamily (9.67), friends (8.47), work the Spanish andmanyEuropeans. We areparticularly similarde to that experienced in education. from 24% to 33% from 1996 to 2009 self locatedinAndalusians who thatposition hasgrown are continuously increasing. Indeed, theproportion of self-located in the centre (5), on a scale of 0 to 10, to 2009. This isacentre-leftposition who wherethose values contained in theIESAbarometers from 1996 between 4.44and4.86, themaximum and minimum have beenself-locating themselves several years now ve ofthechurch intervening in thepolitical debate, morethanhalfofAndalusians(68%)disapprofact - never go tochurch orreligious acts. Inspite ofthis majority (83%)areCatholic, although 40%ofthem Andalucía sintópicos (Andalusiawithouttopics).Andalucíasintópicos BOPAs11. View IESA,1996-2009andChapter Voftheop.cit. Andalusian Studies). Spain andEurope). Sevilla, de EstudiosAndaluces(Centre for ofEurope.corner Comparativeanalysis ofsocialcapitalinAndalusia, comparado delcapitalsocialenAndalucía, EspañayEuropa. (From the Also, seeAndreu, J.,ed.(2005),DesdelaesquinadeEuropa. Análisis in Andalusia),Moyano,E.andPérez Yruela,M.,ed.,(2002),op. cit. C. andPérez Yruela,M.,CulturapolíticaenAndalucía(Political Culture The Andalusianshavethesamepreference scaleas From anideological standpoint, theAndalusians Andalusians are interested in religion and a large 10 . 9 . We differ in ourgreater 8 values. This is a divi- 11 . 99 Statistical Information of Andalusia / The Company 100 Statistical Information of Andalusia / The Company that itwould notbeeasytoovercome this distancein The point starting wasdifficult. Itcould beanticipated peared completely arestill present. theireffects because that, althoughtheyare being leftbehind havenotdisap- dalusia isgrowing through theremains ofold problems expressions andspaces ofrepresentation. Amodern An- same time, eachwiththeiractors, characters, symbolic several different Andalusians areliving together atthe two decades, continues contrastsbecause but topresent Andalusia haschanged andmodernized over thepast 5. Inconclusion the church to be lower by the state (48%) rity ofCatholics (61%)andwould like thefunding Conference the opinion do not represent ofthe majo- taking the view that the positions of the Episcopal 14. Datafor2003and 2009comefrom theEuropean SocialSurvey. satisfaction ondifferent issues. more detailed informationcanbeobtainedon Andalusianssubjective 13. SurveyonQuality oflifeinAndalusia.IESA,1998.Inthis survey 12. SeePOBAIESA,2007 satisfaction withtheirpersonal life. Onascaleof a society withahigh average level ofsubjective faction oftheAndalusiansover recentyears reflect Finally, thedatawehaveonsubjectivesatis- 12 . processes andactivities thatconcern us. inded allareas, toimprove thequality andrigor of all quences, toaddressthe qualitative changes thatarenee- the knowledge society down settle - with alltheirconse which theimportantthing will bethatthemodern and inmay beseen afewyears. isopening Anewphase in inwhen reality it isanongoing results process whose This mixture produces ofanunfinished asense process, transformation. Infact, there arestill issuespending. able protagonism tohavethenecessary todrive this the twentyyears thattheAndalusiansociety hasbeen in 1998 0 to10, satisfaction withpersonal life wasof7.12 (7.69). (7.94), Norway(7, 89), (7.86)andHolland Sweden belowbut others suchasDenmark (8.54), Finland France (6.35), Germany (6.95)andEngland (7.08), are verysimilar. We areaheadofcountries like year,past datafrom AndalusiaandSpain (7.31) 13 and 2003 and 7.41 in 2009

14 . For the

Photo:: B. Moreno Andalusian women lead the new jobs

ne of the most interesting pleted their secondary education versus 8 and in that the declining importance of unskilled aspects of the behaviour of the 21% respectively of men. Women are mainly occupations is higher among women (falls to O female workforce in Andalusia engaged in the service sector (72%) while 75%) than men (increases to 61%) despite over the last 10 years is related to the incorpo- men were in agriculture, industry and cons- male employment now being more balanced ration of women into the labour market. truction (64%). Despite these better educatio- between services and other sectors. In 2001, the profile of women who, being nal credentials, the predominant occupations These data lead us to think that the renewal economically inactive or unemployed the pre- among women were unqualified in a much of the Andalusian production model towards vious year, were then employed was described higher rate than men (88% vs. 59%). more knowledge intensive activities counts favourably in comparison with men, in the level In 2010 women who have taken up employ- on a valuable asset, the human capital of of educational attainment, but unfavourable ment1 in the past 12 months have much better Andalusian women that is not only growing with respect to employment. Indeed, 19% of educational credentials in higher education but is projected in new jobs. Hopefully, those women had higher education and 27% com- than men (31% vs. 18%) and this is reflected expectations will be met.

Cecilia Castaño Collado, Professor of Applied Economics. University Complutense Profiles of access to employment in Andalusia. Woman Man Woman Man Economically Active Population Survey 2nd Quarter (%) 2001 2001 2010 2010 Educacional attainment Primary Education 54 71 46 61 Secondary Education (Secondary and Vocational 27 21 22 21 Training 1) Higher education (University and Vocational 19 8 31 18 Training 2) Activity Services sector 72 36 85 48 Others (Agriculture, Industry, Construction) 28 64 16 52 Qualification Non manual highly skilled jobs 8 10 22 13 (directors, professional people and support tech- nicians) Non manual low skilled jobs 46 13 43 18 (Administrative staff, qualified service personnel) Manual highly skilled jobs 4 31 3 26 (Qualified personnel in agriculture, industry and construction) Manual low skilled jobs 42 46 32 43 (Non qualified workers)

Source: INE Economically Active Population Survey Statistical Information of Andalusia / The Company 1. People with new or renewed contract whose duration is equal to or less than one year 101 Public services

Education

Percentage distribution of population by highest educational attainment

Population of 16 years and over 1990 2009 Women Secondary education 27.7 44.5 Higher education 5.3 19.8 Men Secondary education 32.2 49.4 Higher education 6.9 19.6

Education indicators

Teachers and Students Enrolled 1990 2009 Primary and Secondary Education Teachers 66,197 99,438 Primary and Secondary Education Students 1,511,016 1,284,357 University Professors 7,891 17,271 University Students 160,377 222,672 Students/teachers ratio Primary and secondary education 22.8 12.9 University 20.3 12.9 Health Life expectancy at birth for men has increa- sed from 72.5 to 76.9 and for women has risen from 79.5 to 83.0.

The gross infant mortality rate has gone down from 8.9 per 1,000 live births to 3.9.

Average Length of Stay per Hospital Admission in Andalusia has fallen from 8.7 days in 1992 to 6.3 in 2008. Health Indicators

1990 2009 Doctors per 1000 population 3,36 3,94 Registered nurses per 1000 population 3,51 4,21 Primary health care centres 165 1.506 Education and education services: balance and future challenges

Antonio Bolívar Botía Professor of Didactics and School Organization. University of Granada

tion, in 2010, in a knowledge society facing an economic ummarily we will present, first, the unprecedented crisis, the challenges for Andalusian education, as stated transformation in education, excluding the uni- in the preamble of the LOE, are different:, a higher qua- versity that Andalusia has experienced in the two S lity education for all generations, with higher professional decades analyzed. Second, the insufficiencies, the existing qualifications and Higher Secondary Education. problems presented in comparison with other communities and, above all, to achieve European objectives. Finally, In March 2006 the Regional future challenges in education, development and imple- Government Ministry of Education mentation of the Education Law of Andalusia (ELA) in published the document the context of a knowledge society. Andalusia in late 1982 was given the responsibilities with respect to Education from the State Administration. A year earlier the Statute of Autonomy was approved. Since then, an effort to modernize has, undoubtedly, allowed society to overcome some historical deficiencies through a sustained growth process, as we shall describe. With the inevitable constraints of family background and socioeconomic status, education in these decades has no longer been a privilege of the wealthy, allowing access to the entire population aged from three to sixteen years. ServicesThe Public The 20-year period we analyzed, in education, began with the enactment in 1990 of the Law for the General Organization of the Education System (LOGSE), which regulated the structure and organization of the non-uni- versity education system, rising the compulsory school age to 16. The development of this law affected two decades of education development in Andalusia. Also the difficul- ties arising from its implementation, many of them due to social changes marked its repeal and replacement in 2006 with the Organic Law on Education (LOE). In 1990 the challenge was to provide schooling for the entire popula- IStatistical Information of Andalusia /

llustration: B. Moreno llustration: B. 103 104 Statistical Information of Andalusia / The Public Services when draggingwhen majordeficits. For example, between etc..) illustrate the, in somecases, astounding increase, services and special programmes, scholarships, funding, (educational offer, pupils by level, teachers, support decades. Anycomparative indicator taken into account and economic development in Spain over two these of theAndalusianpopulation, in tunewiththesocial nal services andtheeducational andcultural level development inhas hadaspectacular botheducatio- Education in Andalusiain20years in thelast general 1. Ahighly positive balance first improve the education system. (Educational EffortofAndalusia), ofmeasuresto aset decade, asreflected in therecently launched “Esfuerza” countries within theEuropean for objectivesset thenext are now toreachtheaverage level ofEuropean Union ved schooling for allpeopleuptotheageof16, thetargets ment of theLEAmarks horizon. the future Having achie- ofAutonomythe newStatute andLOE. The develop- of Andalusia(LEA), approved in December 2007, under will serve, in turn, for asthebase thenewEducation Law shortcomings oftheAndalusianeducation which system munity todiscuss andtakeoftheachievements stock and mitment for asabasisfor thefuture theeducational com- “Education in Andalusia: Asharedcommitment”, acom- Source: Instituteof Statistics of Andalusia (Trinidad andCanton2008: 162) according toeducationalattainment(1991-2006) Figure 1.EvolutionoftheAndalusianpopulation16yearsormore 100% 25% 50% 75% Illiterate andwithoutschooling 0% 30% 33% 31% 6% 1991

PrimaryEducation 26% 27% 39% 1996 8% by 107%(Figure 1). In2006, 13%ofthepopulation has increasedentering by70%andthose theuniversity centage over 16years coming education tosecondary and university).(secondary Thus, thepopulation per Canton (2008:161-2)meanincreases in higher levels first levels ofeducation, aspointed by out Trinidad and education half. toabout These proportions lost in the with noschooling only who haveprimary andthose reduced theproportion ofpopulation over 16years of schooling totheentireschoolpopulation. Ithas out, hasbeenachieved, ensuring tencourses atleast as the preamble to the Education Law in Andalusia set education.compulsory What hadlong been autopia, that achievements include practically total universal nal transformation in Andalusiaitshould bestressed teacher ratio.student increase ofimmigrants. Nevertheless, this hasimproved duetothedecliningsed rate only birth bythe offset to 120,000). Only- hasdecrea thenumber ofstudents number of teachers has grown by 50% (from 80,000 to expand Obligatory Education Secondary andthe more than10,000)hasdoubled in theeffort 1990 and2010thenumber ofschools(from 4,255to Secondary Education At theoutset, withanoverall lookatthis educatio- 23% 22% 44% 11% 2001 Universityand others 2006 17% 18% 52% 13% - llel to thesituation in Spain, bothin their accessto progress ofwomenin Andalusianeducation, in para- the European average and45%oftheOECDaverage. training in Spain is39%, from afarcry the51% of table, thegraduation rate for intermediate vocational graduates in general programmes (BA)isquiteaccep- to European Union countries, while the percentage of intermediate training cycles (a quarter). In relation for high over ofstudents) school(three-quarters the instatus recentdecades, there isstill apreference significantly enhancedtheirattractiveness andsocial offered being filled in June. However, having despite nomic crisis, hasresultedinoftheplaces most increased in few years of the eco- because the last teachers andschoolsnetwork. Higher cycledemand, in parallel, increase of asubstantial hasdemanded grated into thelabourandproductive market, but, Higher Cycle, hasenabled this education tobeinte- Intermediate Cycleandmainly duetoitsnovelty, Training, derived from theLOGSE, withthe lly, up to age 14. it includes because all students is explained firstly bythehigh rate and, birth especia- (then calledGBE-General BasicEducation) in 1990 years. The high number ofpupils in Primary School schools,state wheregrowth in isobserved recent indecades reference and tothenumber ofstudents in the2010-2011academic year, allchildren almost old Andalusianchildren were enrolled inschool nursery level. Similarly, ifin 1991-1992, only 13%of3year the. attainment in recentyears hasensuredthat52.1%of over studies, 16years hadtertiary theeducational but Also, the impressive itisimportanttoemphasise Moreover, thedevelopment ofnew Vocational Table 1makes asignificant comparison between Andalusians have completed secondary educationAndalusians havecompletedsecondary Source: Ministry of Education Instituteof Statistics of Andalusia. RegionalGovernment Table 1.Schoolsandstudentsintwodecades(1990-2010)

2000/2001 1990/1991 2010/2011 Education Students 374,166 188,591 210,357 Infant centres 1,993 2,257 1,961 State Education Primary outperforming boys. cessful in theeducation system, bothin accessandin (Fernández Enguita et al., 2010), girls are more suc- the teaching profession. Moreover, as is well known sity, catching upwithorexceeding malerates, asin different educational levels, particularly theuniver the canteenservice. The service transport issubject late rooms offering other activities in theafternoon or The is togrow, tendency either asearly morning oras recentlythe most createdand hastripled in five years. ning ofthecentres(usually hours 7.30amto20.00), increase in recent years hasbeentheextension ofope- Schools and other entities). academic year 2010/11rose to6694(with Boarding port. in the students Alsoschoolsresidences whose room andextracurricular activities) andschooltrans- new services in scholarcentres(canteen, early morning it possible toreconcile work andfamily life suchasthe in particular, contributetoequality for women, making them free, to compensate disadvantaged and, students government responsibility for social services, some of These haveledtoagradual decades assumption of services and support 2. Additionaleducational cational infrastructure and services. increase in thenumber ofteachers andincreased edu- All this hasmeantachange in theschoolnetwork, an though wearefarfrom achieving European objectives. (pre-university andtraining cycles)hasincreased, even mentioned, schooling thepost-compulsory population of this ageareenrolled in schools. Inparallel, as Students 547,006 556,645 997,643 As shown in Table 2, the service with the highest centres 2,209 State 876 584 Secondary Education Students 665,869 582,783 431,574 - 105 Statistical Information of Andalusia / The Public Services 106 Statistical Information of Andalusia / The Public Services rimental basis, thePlanfor Reinforcement, Guidance add, during the 2004–2005schoolyear onanexpe- the classroom. as well as a digital(173,595 students) blackboard in of Primary of 5thand 6th course Educationstudents personal computerhasbeen given freeof charge toall willstudents benefit. Inparallel, since the2009-10a the 2008-09academic year. In2010-11over 940,000 ted. The measurehasbecomemorewidespread since state-subsidized centresisanother service implemen- Primary Education, andSecondary inand bothstate during 2010-11). Free textbooks for allpupils in in 2009-10and9,500 (3,697students students course tion ofhigh schoolor intermediate vocational training school year, soastofacilitate permanency in educa- “Scholarship 6000” waslaunchedduring the2009-10 the rate established bytheEuropean Union (10%), highest in Spain) andlower thedifferential with are in extreme social difficulty andatrisk of exclusion. and havenoschoolbusatmidday andfor who those morning and afternoon commute must schedules who free mealsareguaranteed withsplit toallstudents to 50%depending onfamily income arealsoset, while inset allschoolcanteensandsubsidies offrom 10% Plan for scholar centres. Each year a uniform price is in a decade, integrated in Opening the Extended Hours more. Moreover canteenfacilities doubled havealmost educationsecondary explaining ithasnotfallen why education,pulsory has been extended to primary and recent years, theservice, previously limited tocom- placeofresidence.nearer thestudent´s However, in the number ofroutes, schoolsareincreasingly because to upsanddowns, withacleardownward but trendin To theabove mentioned programmes weshould To reduceearly schoolleaving rates (38%, the and School Council of Andalusia. Byauthors Source: Ministryof Education Ministryof Education andScience,RegionalGovernment Table 2.Evolutionofthenumberschoolsandeducational services School year 1999-2000 2004-2005 2009-2010 2010-2011 Canteen 1,190 1,448 1,524 878 Education services centres. been increasing ashasthenumber ofparticipating improvement programmes for academic successhas experimentalthese programmes. The budgetofthese Education.Secondary Growth hasbeenthetrendof andReinforcementand theSupport Programme for Programmes in Primary Education andSecondary of social exclusion, materializing in SchoolAssistance aims toensureattention togroups withahigher risk financed communities. bytheautonomous The Plan the Ministry ofEducation andScience and50%co- (PROA)and Support waslaunched, promoted by for theadvisability ofreducing theearly leaving rate to Presidency (June 2010) oftheEuropean Union, called nities of Spain. in the north Andalusian education, withhigher figures thancommu- T 3. Problems andFuture Challenges wo problems ordeficiencies in canbedetected Transport The strategy Europe under 2020passed theSpanish Vocationallevel Training. complete Bachillerato (Pre-University) orIntermediate Education, Secondary complete Compulsory continue and the number ofyoung people, oncetheysuccessfully who is aprime target, whichhasaveraged 38%, increasing regard, toreducethelevel ofearly leaving andfailure rates having completedUpperEducation. Secondary Inthis to below 10%, while achieving 85%ofyouth (22years) remains aserious problem. This the early set leaving rate and Training 2010”), known as the Lisbon Strategy European education commitments of 2010 (“Education [1] To along wayfrom thedecade haveended reaching the 1,064 1,044 1,562 1,529 Extension ofschool opening hours 1,993 2,080 691 --- 10 points behind the EU average. Training, wherein number ofgraduates wearesituated rules) and, above all, promoting Intermediate Vocational making itmoreflexible (asisnow permitted bythe the possibility ofdoing Bachillerato beenhanced, must abandonedtheirtraining.who For bothcircumstances Education and on the other, “repechage” many those of thousandsyoung people, after Obligatory Secondary curb the exodus Education of Secondary from Institutes political “pact” –meanstowork, ontheonehand, to -a question ofState, apriority objectiveofanypossible “inverted schoolpyramid.” To meetEuropean objectives age thatEurope hasset. This hasbeencalled iswhat terms ofHigher Education wehavereachedthepercent- while wearestill veryfarfrom thefirstgoal, however, in of the Spanish situation and especially Andalusia is that completed Higher Education orequivalent. Paradoxes centage ofpopulation (between30and34years) who 10% orlessandincrease to, at least, 40% or the per the past fivethe past years ithasmaintained anupwardtrendthat rate therefore isthat, rather thangradually reducing over and furthermore rising. The oftheschoolfailure worst overpersistence decade, thelast tobeingrained itseems being term ofshort year, naturein aparticular after its of agroup are generated. Moreover, this problem farfrom the statistics, non integration, exclusion ormarginalization ing rates increase, other typesofinequality, according to fail Educationstudents Secondary graduation. Asschool- sal education hashaditsdownside: morethanonethird of [2] Inlate-modern societies, thegoaluniver ofcompulsory - - achieving them. Andalusia. The provide LEAmust aninstrument for active citizenship ‘ These are also challenges for training” and “promote equity, social cohesion and ve thequality andeffectivenessofeducation and objectives for 2010to2020, thedecade “to impro- Training 2020”), establishes among the strategic the fields ofeducation andtraining (“Education & strategic framework for European cooperation in disadvantagedmost isamajorchallenge. The new quality education thatequitably system benefits the countries westill are, below average. To achieve a remind useverythreeyears how farfrom thebest for International reports Assessment) Student suffered, in aglobalized era, thePISA(Programme centennial arrears thatAndalusiahashistorically the new challenges of today’s society. measures toimprove theeducation andtackle system skills. of essential set This initiative latest gathers 80 academic success,” ensuring thateveryone achieves a as the “ Esfuerza “ initiative states, “universal school Mancha) is to achieve “academic success for all” or, other regional laws(, Catalonia, Castilla-La in agreement withthemottoofEuropean policies and If these two decades haveledtosettling twodecades If these the Among the challenges that the LEA is proposing, academic year the percentage rose to 34 percent. did notcompletetheESOin Andalusiain the2005/2006 at theendof1999/2000academic year 26.7percent has beenunstoppable(Fernández Enguita etal., 2010). If 107 Statistical Information of Andalusia / The Public Services Joining forces to multiply results

n the last twenty years, Andalusia has and production model, as called for now, or The mission of our campus project experienced substantial growth in all to raise the level of training, expertise and of international excellence is to attract, Iperformance indicators that measure knowledge of our students, as will always integrate and develop talents creating an the evolution of training, research and be required, this process of transformation ecosystem for generating knowledge and innovation processes. From the 160,377 is not enough. innovation, committed to society that will students enrolled in college in 1990, we Compliance us indifferent, con- raise the level of excellence in teaching and reached 222,672 in 2009. This evolutio- tradiction makes us productive and effecti- research activities, using an open, universal, nary and transformation process of our ve, said Goethe. sustainable scientific-technological campus Autonomous Community has also resulted In the commitment for productive model. in from the 2,198 companies that had efficiency, the Universities of Malaga and We are contemplating a university clo- innovative activities in 2000 we have gone Seville, have decided to join forces to mul- sely linked to the productive environment to 4,850 in 2008. And the 4,177 euros tiply results in agent aggregation processes and their companies and entrepreneurial gross disposable income per capita in to create a campus of international exce- activities. 1990, reached 11,889 euros in 2007. llence “Andalusia Tech,” which has been In a world where the economy is glo- These and other figures offer a macros- recognized by the Ministry of Education. bal, there is freedom of movement for copic vision of the evolution process expe- This campus seeks to be a model in the workers and capital, the decentralization of rienced by this region in the last twenty process of change: a global university, a companies and the globalization of culture years, which leads us to state conclusively unique international campus to attract and knowledge has happened, universities that there has been a substantial change talent and an opportunity to overcome the have to come together to be, in addition to in all areas of activity of our society, redu- crisis by changing the production model of sources of knowledge, elements of cohesion cing the primary sector and multiplying our country, to support it in the bases of and structuring of society, opinion leaders exponentially the so called service sector, knowledge and transfer of research results and, above all, key players in the systems of making it a more modern community and to companies with the aim of promoting training and employment, research-transfer above all more efficient. However, for a uni- innovation. and economic and social development. versity student with leadership responsibili- The university, like culture, is an orna- Join forces to multiply results. In ties and, above all, a researcher who works ment in prosperity and a refuge in adver- Andalusia we need more joint projects. Let at the University and believes that the main sity, but will always be the engine for eco- us use knowledge for the society benefit. objective of this academic institution is to nomic and social model change and, above use knowledge for the benefit of society, all, the agent that brings greater enhanced either contributing to change the economic knowledge. Adelaida de la Calle Martín Chancellor of the University of Malaga Statistical Information of Andalusia / The Public ServicesThe Public Statistical Information of Andalusia /

108 Some data on universities

0 years ago in Andalusia the The adoption of an easily understandable and At current prices, budget expenses state- university offered 117 academic comparable degree system. ment has grown from less than 315 million The adoption of a system based on three cycles titles out of which 5 were higher euros in 1990 to exceed 1,775 million in 2 (bachelor, master and Doctor ) technical education, 18 technical education, 2008, with the following evolution of the 29 diploma courses and 65 degrees. At The use of ECTS (European Credit Transfer System) to measure student achievement. distribution by chapters: present, the 10 Andalusian universities The promotion of students, teachers and offer 984 official academic titles of which administrative staff mobility and services. Expenditure 1990 (%) 2008 (%) 405 are bachelor and 579 official masters. Personnel 68.48 57.13 The first decade saw the expansion and This enormous process of expansion and Operating 14.26 12.47 consolidation of the Andalusian university transformation has been made possible by Investments 16.48 23.70 system with the creation of the Universities the main resource of any university, that is, of Almeria, Huelva, Jaen (1993), the Rest 0.80 6.70 the staff along with the growth of all budget International University de Andalusia Total 100.00 100.00 (1994) and Pablo de Olavide (1997), along items. CWith these resources, the number of with the increase and diversification of Since 1990 when the Andalusian universi- people who obtained a university degree supply in the Universities of Cadiz, Cordoba, ties had 7,891 teachers, the teaching staff, rose in 2008 to 33,420, of which 20,774 support teachers and research staff have Granada, Malaga and Seville. In this period (62.2%) were women. the number of university students increased grown to reach in 2008/09 a total of 26,244 from 160,337 during 1989/90 to 273,106 professionals, with the distribution shown in José Luis Pino Mejías in the 1999/2000 academic year. the following table: Former Director General of Universities and During the second decade, the Andalusian Research of the Junta of Andalusia universities have carried out the profound Women Men Total transformation required to build the Teaching staff 6,001 11,270 17,271 European Higher Education Area (EHEA) Administrative and initiated with the Bologna Declaration of services 4,974 3,999 8,973 1999, which leads to: personnel Total 10,975 15,269 26,244 The Public ServicesStatistical Information of Andalusia / The Public Photo:: Antonio Gaga Antonio Photo:: 109 110 Statistical Information of Andalusia / The Public Services health services lation, 14.97%. now they constitute over 65accountedfor 11.72%oftheAndalusianpopu- singly importantsector, soifin theearly 90’s, people the 39.04 today and which the elderly occupy an increa - which theaverage agehasrisen from 34.29in 1990to to advance datafor 2010, 8,353,843. Apopulation in 1990 of 7,100,060 inhabitants and currently, according to 3.93 in 2009. This evolution is no stranger to mortality rate has gone down from 8.93 ‰ in 1990 ratedeath little has seen change, the gross infant Information of Andalusia, System while the gross 79.5 to82.9years. Asshown in theDemographic expectancy is76.9while women haveincreased from availablelatest data from 2008, indicates that life forat birth menwas72.5years in Andalusia andthe has improved considerably. In 1990 life expectancy Throughout this period, thehealthofourpopulation 1. Improving health O and theirhealthstatus. Apopulation in rous changes in theAndalusianpopulation ver 20years there thepast havebeennume- Population health and inAndalusia Dean oftheFaculty ofMedicine Felicidad RodríguezSánchez (1990-2010) University ofCadiz (1990: 820, 2009:56), Mumps(1990: 9025, 2009: ofeachdisease.the status For example: Brucellosis Government Ministry of Health, offers an image on Statistical Yearbook ofAndalusiaandtheRegional ofnotifiable cases reported diseases, according tothe special mention. Ontheother hand, theevolution of to thecurrent process ofglobalization a deserve of them. Emerging infectious agentsclosely linked schedule hasresultedin elimination avirtual ofmany of various infectious diseasesin theimmunization Genetics PlanofAndalusia. Moreover, theinclusion cases, ascanbederived from datacontained in the a decisive in step progressing towards identifying the ofrarecauses diseasesandhow tocopewiththem, while there isalsoincreasing interest in knowing the has given rise toapathology inherent in the elderly, quality oflife ofthepopulation, andhealthstatus life expectancy, linked totheimprovement ofthe have gained importance. Logically, theincrease in dropped dramatically, while other different disorders care. Morbimortality duetospecific diseases has the improvement in thequality oflife and health In 1986theAndalusian HealthService wascreated, Health Insurance and various benefit mutual societies. and countycouncils coexisted withtheCompulsory (INSALUD) and benefits managed by municipalities ces were managed by theNational HealthInstitute very different fromweknow what today. servi - Most rred, theorganization ofhealthmanagementwas When, in 1984, medical competenceswere transfe- 2. Changes intheorganization Source: Ministryof Health. Vital Instituteof Statisticsof Andalusia, RegionalGovernment StatisticsUnit. Table ClassificationofDiseases(ICD-10)(2008). 1.DeathsbymaindiseasesoftheInternational percases 100,000population wasinitially observed. tuberculosis reaching cases an incidence 35 of about 1990 were 901, in 20091,118. Arise in reported 2009: 207). For tuberculosis notified thecases in (2001: 133, 2009: 134), HepatitisC(2001: 235, Hepatitis A(2001: 143, 2009: 758), HepatitisB prevalence ofhepatitisin recentyears hasbeen: 76), Pertussis (1990: 4,153; 2009: 44), while the Endocrine, nutritionalandmetabolicdiseases certain disordersinvolvingtheimmunemechanism D Neoplasms Certain infectiousandparasiticdiseases External causesofmorbidityandmortality laboratory findings,notelsewhereclassified Symptoms, signsandabnormalclinical chromosomal abnormalities Congenital malformations,deformationsand Certain conditionsoriginatingintheperinatalperiod Pregnancy, childbirthandthepuerperium Diseases ofthegenitourinarysystem connective tissue D Diseases oftheskinandsubcutaneoustissue Diseases ofthedigestivesystem Diseases oftherespiratorysystem Diseases ofthecirculatorysystem Diseases ofthenervoussystem Mental andbehaviouraldisorders iseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and iseases ofthebloodandblood-formingorgans iseases of the musculoskeletal system and iseases ofthemusculoskeletalsystemand Almeria 1,132 1,369 126 257 234 574 130 241 213 118 24 95 15 23 46 11 - Cadiz 2,386 2,865 267 283 390 356 237 557 232 202 914 33 37 77 50 21 2 agreements with them and with various private health and the Ministry of Defence, keeping partnership exception assigned ofthose totheMinistry ofJustice ges allpublic healthresources andservices, withthe Currently, theAutonomous Community directly mana- municipal hospitalsandSeveral RedCross hospitals. Health withtheold psychiatric hospitals, several on councils,dependent the competences in Mental grating INSALUDcentres, the8general hospitals thatshould covera structure elements, allthese inte- 1997, during which it peaked at 164.05. in 2010is14.45, withanincrease between1993- rate per million population was 69.39, the incidence of immigration. In regard to AIDS, in when 1990 the hepatitis, althoughanincreasein wasobserved areas 100,000 population, ofHIV- withadecrease related the incidence per 17cases ratetoabout decreased After the starting Tuberculosis Control Programme, Cordoba 1,738 2,396 265 126 247 290 274 454 849 238 191 17 20 59 25 21 1 Granada 1,785 2,546 250 149 396 329 228 450 826 169 307 16 28 63 31 21 1 Huelva 1,097 1,622 164 150 143 124 242 119 411 15 83 12 36 19 58 1 8 Jaen 2,028 1,415 245 253 254 225 197 437 737 156 22 93 26 16 73 13 - Malaga 3,000 4,319 1,211 229 333 280 272 281 481 531 681 20 40 37 69 23 4 Sevilla 3,842 1,440 5,708 483 206 355 369 539 802 270 591 110 33 55 54 54 1 Andalusia 16,395 22,853 1,247 2,036 2,689 1,730 1,624 3,857 6,962 2,654 2,110 168 230 226 533 216 10 111 Statistical Information of Andalusia / The Public Services 112 Statistical Information of Andalusia / The Public Services

Illustration: B. Moreno development, among others. the accreditation ofexpertise andprofessional career culates thenewmodel ofClinical ManagementUnits, inSAS presented 1997itsStrategic Plan,- whicharti Blood Transfusion Centres, among other services. The Transplant Coordination Network in Andalusiaandthe Care, Specialist Care, theMentalHealthNetwork, the portfolioHealth Service (SAS)whose covers Primary have also been created. The first is theAndalusian ring healthservices withahigh level ofautonomy, under theRegional Government Ministry, administe- Administration. During years these agencies, although rectly, budgetvolume thelargest ofAutonomous is theregional thatmanages, body directly orindi- ped .The Regional Government Ministry of Health II (2000-04and2005-08)havealsobeendevelo- the Quality PlansofthePublic Iand HealthSystem Plan IandIIofAndalusia(2003-072008-12), During this period theComprehensive MentalHealth 2003-08. was established Itsprecursor in 1994. the AndalusianHealth Plan, theexisting Third Plan services. The main instrument ofhealthpolicy is for Health Technology of Andalusia. Assessment Health Quality AgencyofAndalusia)andthe Calidadde Sanitaria Andalucía de Foundation (the Salud Foundation (HealthandProgress), Agencia of Public Health, AVANTE Foundation, Progreso y Integration oftheMentally Ill, theAndalusianSchool health services: theAndalusianFoundation for Social cialized functions different from thedirectprovision of other areadded these subsidiaries thatperform spe- Public HealthCompanyoftheBajoGuadalquivir. To Poniente,de theHospital andthe Emergency, del Sol, theHospitalCosta theHospital Health System: thePublic Companyfor Health The SASisadding other agencies under thePublic daily consultations per professional from decreased 51.92 performed in itscentres. InGeneral Medicine, theaverage toring of theprogression in thenumber ofconsultations forSystem Primary CareManagementenables themoni - increased itsportfolio ofleading services. DataInformation Network andthegreater availability ofresources havealso available for 2008. The extension ofthePrimary Care with 20,694professionals, according data tothelatest Primary Health Centres for a population of 8,302,923, tion of 7,236,459 inhabitants, in 2009 there were 1506 with 14,711Primary Carepersonnel apopula- toserve was approved, in 1998, thenumber ofCentreswas1,006, Health CareDistricts. When theAndalusianHealthLaw Andalusia, grouping thebasichealthareasinto Primary has beendeveloped, drawing the health caremap of ting that generates it. history, regardless of the professional- or healthcare set integrate alluser information in asingle digital medical Management andInformation for System healthcareto less. Anexample istheimplementation oftheIntegrated changes in healthservices andresources havenotbeen ture ofpublic healthhaschanged substantially, the ifduringBut 20years, thelast - themanagementstruc resources 3. improvementThe and in healthservices With regard toPrimary Care, HealthCentrenetwork SOURCE: Andalusian HealthService Ministryof Source:Health Companies. HealthServiceandRegionalGovernment Andalusian Table 2.Andalusianpublichealthsystemcentres, 2009(datatoDecember31st). vices that, over 20 years, these have been developed in communities (14) was structured. day hospitals(14), inpatient units (19)andtherapeutic adolescent mentalhealth(14), rehabilitation units (9), community mental healthunits (77today)child and new model consisting ofanetwork ofcentres including Following thedismantling ofpsychiatric hospitals, a mation in 20years hasbeen Mental Health. the last Table 3.Evolutionofthenumberpublichealthcare systemcentres ofAndalusia. growing andin 2009has83hospitals, ofwhich45are in 2008. The hospitalcarenetwork hasbeenprogressively of professionals in 1998was57,364androse to67,848 increased from 64 in 1998 to 81 in 2009, while the number Care, wherethenumber ofPublic Centreshas System from 25.54 to 29.51 and Social Work from 5.03 to 6.16. from 28.13 to 24.76. in 1993to43.53in 2009, nursing consultations havegone PRIMARY CARE Specialist care Primary care SPECIALIST CARE - Healthcarecentres - Localsurgeries - Auxiliarysurgeries - Specialistexternaloutpatientclinics - Hospitals Companies andotherformsofmanagement) Other Hospitals(HospitalsrunbyPublic - - HighResolutionHospitalsC.H.A.R.E On the other hand, there have been also many ser One service thathasundergone amajor transfor The transformation ofservicesin isalsoseen Specialist By contrast, handledin thecases Paediatrics increased 1998 1,006 64 1999 1,016 71 2000 1,424 Almeria 66 100 229 34 95 5 1 2 1 1 2001 1,451 64 Cadiz 127 53 49 25 14 9 5 2002 1,460 - - Cordoba 66 140 39 30 71 which datesback totheearly 90s, Integral Oncology such astheAndalusian Accident andEmergency Plan, Sectoral Tissue Banks. Action plans have been developed created anditsRegional Centresmake up, since 1997, The Blood Transfusion Centresnetwork oftheSASwas solid organ transplants, in 2009there were 667in 2009. Community wascreatedandifin 1996 there were 375 the Coordination of Transplants for the Autonomous Sexually Transmitted Infections Centres, etc.).. In1991 the inpatient areas (Dialysis and outpatient Centres, 4,259,570.673,455 and stays Health System, in 2008, thenumber ofadmissions was the efficiency ofstrategies andforecasts. For thePublic average admissions andstays, and theiradequacy toassess 2008 (4,787). tocorrelate Itisessential allthatdatawith increase in bedsin private hospitalsfrom 1995(4,319)to tals, indicate 14,719and4,787, respectively, with aslight number ofbedsin operation in thepublic andprivate hospi- hospitals, while dataavailable thelatest (2008)onthe public. Inthatyear, there were 22,209bedsin Andalusian 8 2 3 1 2 2003 1,461 65 Granada 328 162 116 50 10 5 4 1 2004 1,475 67 Huelva 124 29 66 29 4 1 3 2005 1,475 71 Jaen 196 40 87 69 11 5 1 2 3 2006 1,491 71 Malaga 179 63 75 41 10 3 1 1 5 2007 1,497 80 Sevilla 183 82 89 12 19 10 1 4 4 2008 1,502 74 Andalusia 1,506 390 699 417 2009 1,506 36 29 81 11 5 81 113 Statistical Information of Andalusia / The Public Services 114 Statistical Information of Andalusia / The Public Services of Registered data, Doctors the number of registered public healthsystem. According to recent Organization noted thatregistration isnotrequiredtowork in the the previous year, 2008(35,120), althoughitshould be registered and34,947in nurses 2009, decreasing from 32,740 in 2009, while in 1994there were 27,854 registered physicians in 1994were 25,907, reaching other institutions. centres havebeencreated, some, in partnershipwith then biomedical research, within its framework research Research, Development andInnovation Plan,- tostreng have also been developed; mention should of the be made such asadvances in telemedicine. Several strategic plans Food Security, orinitiatives onnewtechnologies, based dren, theactions onEpidemiological Surveillance and have alsobeendeveloped, suchasDentalCare for chil- Health Plan, among others. Various action programmes Care Planfor pain, theAndalusianEnvironmental Care Planfor peoplewithrare diseases, theAndalusian Plan, theComprehensive Childhood ObesityPlan, the Diabetes PlanIandII, Care theComprehensive Heart Plan IandII, Palliative Care Plan, theComprehensive Human resources playakey role in healthcare. The tinue to face over the next 20 years. are andalways will be, majorchallenges wewill allcon- ment, weareallawarethatin evenwhen healththere health improvement hasbeenparallel tothatdevelop- quantum leapin itshealthservices andourpopulation years, theCommunity ofAndalusiahasexperienced a to make previsions. the necessary depth, taking studies, into account age structure in order vents expansion onthis aspect, betreatedin whichmust provincial distribution. The concision pre- of this article resources, tospecialties withrespect andrural orurban changes in observed thedistribution human ofthese of the Spanishwhole territory, refers to the prominent OECD for thesameperiod. Another issue, commontothe although bothabove theEUaverage (3)indicated bythe in 2007, below somewhat thenational average (3.8), in Andalusiawas3.63perdoctors 1000population We that, canassert andfor 20 asawhole thepast

Statistical Annex Andalusia 1990 2000 2009 GDP at market prices (millions of current euros) 41,132.5 86,216.0 146,622.1 GDP at market prices (chained volume index) 73.5 100.0 125.9 GDP per capita (euros) 5,793 11,538 17,485

Development by sector (percentage) GVA Employmen GVA Employmen GVA Employmen Agriculture 8.5 15.4 7.8 11.0 4.6 7.4 Industry and Energy 23.1 15.4 13.8 12.6 10.4 9.4 Construction 11.4 12.3 9.2 12.2 11.4 9.8 Services 57.0 56.9 69.2 64.2 73.6 73.4

Exports to foreign countries (millions of euros) 3,388 10,208 14,334 Foreign imports (millions of euros) 3,921 12,130 18,009 Labour market: population aged 16 to 64 years Total employed people (thousands) 1,874.4 2,273.7 2,904.1 Total activity rate 57.4 62.2 70.4 Total employment rate 42.6 47.1 52.5 Total unemployment rate 25.7 24.2 25.4

Labour market: population 16 to 64 years. Data by gender Men Women Men Women Men Women Thousands of employed people 1.364.2 510.2 1,525.6 748.1 1,700.3 1,203.8 Activity rate 78.2 36.6 76.8 47.4 80.1 60.4 Employment rate 62.1 23.2 63.1 31.1 60.8 44.0 Unemployment rate 20.5 36.7 17.9 34.5 24.1 27.2

Number of people covered by Social Security (thousands) 1,972.3 2,379.5 2,906.1 Foreign born people employed (percent) 0.2 2.2 10.3 Number of companies in Andalusia nd 344,420 508,285 Total trading companies created in the year 7,225 17,076 12,843 Number of tourists (millions) nd 18,5 22,1 Overnight stays in accommodation (millions) 17.1 34.5 40.6 Resources for R&D to GDP (percent) 0.46 0.65 1.10 Expenditure on R&D in total (percentage) 33.41 33.05 31.90 Expenditure on R&D in higher education as a percentage of the total 41.61 47.94 43.32 Expenditure on R&D in the public administration as a percentage of the total 24.98 19.01 24.78 Companies involved in innovation activities nd 2,198 3,307

Population structure by areas of Spatial Plan of Andalusia (***) Regional centres (percent) 54.9 55.4 55.2 Rural centres (percent) 6.4 5.7 5.0 Interior medium sized towns (percent) 26.8 25.5 24.2 Medium sized coastal towns (percent) 11.9 13.4 15.6 Population density (inhabitants per sq km) (*) 81.05 83.79 95.37 Vehicle fleet (millions) 2.3 3.7 5.3 Motorway, highway and dual carriageway (km) 689 1,911 2,609 Sea transport of goods (million tonnes) 55.9 83.3 97.9 Air passenger traffic (millions) 7.4 13.5 18.6 Protected natural areas (sq km) 14,811 15,847 17,011 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Statistical annex Final energy consumption (thousand tonnes equivalent oil) (**) nd 11,631 15,214 116 Andalusia 1990 2000 2009 Treatment of municipal solid waste (**) Compost (percent) 29.5 55.6 56.9 Landfill (percent) 27.5 39.8 35.0 Uncontrolled dumping (percent) 42.6 4.6 1.3 Recycling (percent) 0.0 0.0 6.8 Incineration (percent) 0.4 0.0 0.0

Total Population (*) 7,100,060 7,340,052 8,353,843 Male Population (*) 3,501,308 3,609,412 4,137,125 Female Population (*) 3,598,752 3,730,640 4,216,718 Population under 15 (percent) (*)(****) 22.8 17.7 16.2 Population over 64 (percent) (*)(****) 11.7 14.3 15.0 Average age of population (*) 34.2 37.3 39.0 Foreign born population (*) (****) 61,985 128,916 698,375 Foreign born population as percentage of the total (*) (****) 0.89 1.76 8.36 Average number of children per woman 1.7 1.4 1.5 Number of births per 1000 population 12.9 11.1 11.5 Average age at first child (female) 26.1 28.1 29.0 Births out of wedlock 8.33 16.24 31.49

Life expectancy (**) Men Women Men Women Men Women at birth 72.5 79.5 74.9 81.4 76.9 82.9 to 65 years 14.6 18.3 15.7 19.3 16.9 20.6 Average age at first marriage 27.0 24.9 29.3 27.4 31.2 29.3

Ageing index (number of persons 65 years old and over 49.74 80.88 89.58 per hundred persons under age15)

Primary and secondary students 1,511,016 1,312,536 1,284,357 University students 160,377 271,919 222,672 Infant Teachers 6,868 8,910 14,643 Primary and secondary teachers 66,197 82,920 99,438 University professors 7,891 16,586 17,271 Gross infant mortality rate (‰) 8.9 5.0 3.9 Percentage of persons over 74 years old living alone 15.64 22.34 23.32 Registered physicians 23,883 28,857 32,740 Registered nurses 24,916 32,178 34,947 Primary health care centres 165 1,424 1,506 Specialist health care centres 50 66 81 Stays in hospitals in the Andalusian Public Health System (**) 4,712,902 4.375.182 4.259.570 Average stay per hospital admission (**)(****) 8.7 7.0 6.3

(*) Latest data for the advance of 2010 that were available at the time of elaboration of the journal. On December 23nd final data have been published: total population in Andalusia 8,370,955 people (male: 4,144,856; female: 4,226,119). (**) Latest data for 2008. (***) The first data corresponds to 1991 and the second to 2001. (****) The first data are for 1991 except for the average stay per hospital admission that are to 1992. nd: no data Statistical Information of Andalusia / Statistical annex 117 118 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Brief review of the authors in national and international journals, on to the ontothe journals, in nationalandinternational twenty booksand overonehundred articles ded research works. Hehaspublishedover or teammember, inascore ofpubliclyfun- of Granada.Hehasparticipatedas adirector Didactics andSchoolOrganization, University Doctor inEducationalSciences.Professor of Bolívar Botía, Antonio on demographicsandmathematics. 2002. Heistheauthorofarticlesandbooks after theapproval ofthelawin1989,until Assistant Director there from itsinception, of StatisticsAndalusia,beingTechnical of AndalusiaandthelaunchInstitute the elaborationoffirstLawonStatistics He waspartoftheteamthatparticipatedin Demographic StatisticsandPublicStatistics. among others,heteachesthesubjects in NumericalAnalysisandStatistics.Currently, the JuntaofAndalusia.Hehasgivenlectures Servant oftheCorpsTertiary Graduatesof Accounting oftheSocialSecurityandCivil Work; CivilServantoftheCorpsforAuditand the SocialServicesforHealthandSafetyat Graduates, StatisticsandInformationareas of Seville. CivilServantoftheCorpsTertiary and OperationalResearch, Universityof Doctor inMathematics.Professor ofStatistics Arroyo Pérez, Andrés Promotion ofTalent Talentia. Andalusia andthecompanySocietyfor for InnovationandTechnology Transfer of BodyoftheCentre institutes; Governing Councils ofseveralresearch centres and Junta ofAndalusia.MembertheGoverning Commission onResearch Incentivesofthe Research PlanandSecretary ofthe the EvaluationCommissionofAndalusian Affairs, UniversityofGranada;Secretary of forStudents She hasbeenVice-Chancellor of thesameentity. Committee onCorporateSocialResponsibility Bank ofGranada)andChairwomanthe BodyofCajadeGranada(Saving Governing of theDoñanaParticipationCounciland Arab FoundationofHigherStudies;Member is currently ExecutiveSecretary oftheEuro- Ibero-American AcademyofPharmacy. She University ofGranada,membertheRoyal Doctor inPharmacy. Professor ofPhysiology, Aranda Ramírez, Pilar Brief overview oftheauthors overview Brief distantes (The gender digital divide: lovers and distantes (Thegender digitaldivide:loversand 2010), Labrecha digitaldegénero: amantesy ticas (Presence, positionandpolitics)(UOC, gender andICTof:Presencia, posiciónypolí- of Andalusia.Sheistheauthorin area of Advisory Board oftheInstituteStatistics the InformationSociety. Shebelongstothe 2008-2011 andtheGenderEquality Planfor ofSpain Plan forEqualityoftheGovernment Berkeley. Sheparticipated intheStrategic of Technology at andUniversityofCalifornia at Harvard University, MassachusettsInstitute of SocialSciences.Sheisvisitingresearcher Master onGenderEqualityinthePerspective of Catalonia,UOC);Co-Director oftheUCM Interdisciplinary Institute,IN3,OpenUniversity and ICTresearch programme (Internet of Madrid(UCM);Director oftheGender Applied Economics,UniversityComplutense Doctor inPoliticalScience.Professor of Castaño Collado, Cecilia University ofSeville. director oftheRegionalDevelopmentInstitute, Social CouncilofSpainandresearch projects a specialistconsultantintheEconomicand her teachingandresearch workshehasbeen nomy, especiallyinAndalusia.Inadditionto different aspectsoftheworkingseco- Her research hasfocusedmainlyonstudying Statistics ofAndalusia. Studies andcollaboratorintheInstituteof the EditorialBoardofRegional oftheJournal Trade oftheJuntaAndalusia;Member Programme of theInternship forDomestic of theAndalusianCouncilTrade; Director Council ofAndalusiaasanexpertmember currently AdvisertotheEconomicandSocial Economics, UniversityofSeville.Sheis Administration. Professor ofApplied Doctor inEconomicsandBusiness Campayo Rodríguez, Cristina relevant ineducation. scientificjournals is amemberoftheeditorialboards ofseveral Curriculum andTeacher Training He Journal.) Formación delProfesorado» (Teaching Staff. «Profesorado. journal RevistadeCurrículumy phical-narrative research. Heiseditorofthe ment, organizationaldevelopmentandbiogra- training, innovationandcurriculumdevelop- hip education,curriculumadviceandteacher following linesofworkandresearch: citizens- Secretary ofStateforInfrastructure). Secretary-General ofInfrastructure and of Territorial PlanningandCoordination and between 2004and2009(Director-General intheMinistryofDevelopment Government, and UrbanDevelopment);inthe Spanish General andSecretary-General ofPlanning in Andalusiafrom 1995to2004(Director- various positionsofpoliticalresponsibility urban andterritorialpolicies).Shehasheld territorial impactofpublicpolicies(agrarian, rural andurbanpopulationaswellthe tred invariousareas: thegeographyof Andalusia. Herresearch activitiesare cen- of PublicWorks andHousingoftheJunta She iscurrentlyMinister RegionalGovernment Geography, University ofSeville. Doctor inGeography. Professor ofHuman Villalón,JosefinaCruz specialized insmallarea estimation. term analysis.Intheoretical statisticshehas business, tourismandterritorialshort- Economics are: industry, trade, international university. Hisfieldsofresearch inApplied econometrics andofficial statisticsinthe and Infrastructure. Hehastaughtstatistics, later Director-General ofStatisticalProcesses joined theINEasAdvisortoPresident and Statistics ofCatalonia(Idescat).In2008he of EconomicsStatisticstheInstitute 1990 hewasDeputyDirector ofProduction Technical Office, UniversityofBarcelona. From Statistics Institute).HewasHeadofthe Dissemination ofStatistics,INE(National General ofPlanning,Coordination and School ofCatalonia).Heiscurrently Director School) andEAPC(PublicAdministration Administration atESADE(LawandBusiness Diploma inManagementFunctionsandPublic (on leave)inthearea ofAppliedEconomics; Central ofBarcelona. AssociateProfessor Doctor inEconomics,from theUniversidad Costa SáenzdeSanPedro, Alex logy) (Alianza,2005). información (Women andinformationtechno- 2008), Lasmujeres ylastecnologíasdela brecha digital(Seconddivide)(Cátedra, (Institute forWomen, 2009),Lasegunda mico (Women andeconomicempowerment) distant) (FD,2009),Mujeres ypodereconó- School of Economics and Political Science; School ofEconomics andPoliticalScience; and DoctorinEconomics from theLondon Econometrics andMathematicalEconomics from theUniversityofBarcelona. M.Scin Degree inEconomicsandBusinessstudies García Villar,Jaume Luxembourg, inEurostat. Agency OECDandforthirteenyears,in Energy Electric, theninParis,theInternational in theNuclearEnergyDivisionofGeneral Abroad hehasworkedinSanJose() and DeputyDirector GeneralofDissemination. tics, hasbeenresponsible fortheDataBank Institute, INE,inthearea ofshorttermstatis- Statistics. HeworkedintheNationalStatistics He belongstotheHigherCorpsofState Methodology andDissemination,Eurostat. and Director ofInformationTechnology, He hasbeenDirector ofBusinessStatistics of theEuropean Commission(Eurostat). Regional StatisticsoftheStatisticalOffice University). Currently Director ofSectoraland Economics from UNED(DistanceLearning University ofEdinburghandaBAin Complutense ofMadrid,MPhilStatistics, BA inMathematicsfrom theUniversidad Díaz Muñoz, Pedro drug addiction. gating thecentralnervoussysteminrelation to Institute inMadridandleadsagroup investi- Karolinska InstituteinStockholmandtheCajal institutions, thePasteurInstituteofParis, borated with,amongotherworld’s leading and 2003.Intheresearch fieldshehascolla- Research, UniversityofMalagabetween1994 Chancellorof of Sciences(1994)andVice Malaga (1990-92);DeputyDeanoftheFaculty forResearch,Vice-Chancellor Universityof other academicpositions,shehasbeen Andalusian CouncilofUniversities.Among Corporation ofAndalusiaonbehalfthe versities) andmemberoftheTechnological Universia (networkofSpanishAmericanuni- Spanish Universities(CRUE);Advisorof Committee oftheRectorsConference of (AUPA); President Vice oftheStanding Association ofPublicUniversitiesAndalusia of Malagasince2004;President ofthe She hasbeenChancelloroftheUniversity Biology, UniversityofMalaga. Doctor inBiologicalSciences.Professor ofCell De laCalleMartín, Adelaida General-Secretary oftheTechnical Department Degree in Mathematics.Heiscurrently deAgarMartín y Valverde, Rafael Planning. JuntaofAndalusia) Andalusia) (DepartmentofHousing andSpatial Observatory andArchive ofthelandscapes Archivo delospaisajesAndalucía(The of theCityGranada);ElObservatorioy city ofGranada)(UrbanPlanningDepartment (A studyofthepopulationandhousingin ción ylaviviendaenelmunicipiodeGranada Environment ofFrance);Estudiodelapobla- durable en Europe local du Sud (Ministry of the valorisation danslecadre d’undeveloppement Les paysagesdel’arbre horsforêt:multi- surroundings), (MinistryofEnvironment); of theSierraNevadaNationalParkandits no (Historicaldevelopmentofthelandscapes Parque NacionaldeSierraNevadaysuentor are: Evoluciónhistóricadelospaisajesdel recent research projects shehasdirected and sustainablelocaldevelopment.Among analysis andmanagement,spatialplanning research activitiesare related tolandscape Spatial PlanningandLocalDevelopment.)Her Territorial yDesarrollo Local»,(Landscape, PAIDI Research Group «Paisaje,Planificación Regional Developmentattheuniversityand Granada. Shecurrently headstheInstituteof and PhysicalGeography,Universityof Department ofRegionalGeographicAnalysis Doctor inGeography. Professor inthe Olivencia,Jiménez Yolanda Treasury), amongothers. Hacienda PúblicaEspañola(SpanishPublic ofAppliedEconomics), Aplicada (Journal (Economic Research), RevistadeEconomía Regional Studies,InvestigacionesEconómicas Housing Economics,Applied of ofSportsEconomics,Journal Journal Oxford BulletinofEconomicsandStatistics, Health Economics,Empirical JCRand papers inacademicjournals: economics. Hehaspublishedresearch analysis onthehousingmarketandsport are: microeconometrics, laboureconomics, University ofBarcelona. Hisareas ofexpertise University ofBarcelona andtheAutonomous he developedhisprofessional career atthe the NationalStatisticsInstitute.Previously, Fabra University. Heiscurrently President of Professor ofAppliedEconomics,Pompeu - Cooperation Office inAsuncion(Paraguay)and evaluator. Director oftheSpanish Technical project Advisory Commissionandexternal sultant memberoftheScientificand Technical Seville. Intheresearch fieldhehasbeencon- the AssociationofMunicipalCompanies of Water President CompanyofSeville;Vice of Institute ofAndalusia;CEOtheMetropolitan Director ofDevelopmentthe Utility Environmental ManagementCompany; Agency ofAndalusia;CEOthePublic PresidentGovernment; oftheEnvironment General oftheEnvironment oftheSpanish public andprivatesector. FormerDirector- developed hisprofessional career inthe of .Inthelastthirtyyearshehas Secretary ofManagementSustainability Observatory ofAndalusiaandGeneral- He iscurrently President oftheEnvironmental Salcedo,Martínez Fernando nomic history. have focusedonregional economicsandeco- Environment ofAndalusia.Hispublications and theAcademyofEconomics Academy ofMoralandPoliticalSciences Andalusia. AcademicmemberoftheRoyal oftheAutonomousCommunity Viagas Granada. Research Award PlácidoFernández Regional DevelopmentInstitute,Universityof Studies Society(Eseca)andDirector ofthe Granada. Hewaspresident oftheAndalusia Professor ofAppliedEconomics,University Rodríguez,Martín Manuel Institute ofCartographyAndalusia. Social CommunicationandDirector ofthe Gaming andLeisure oftheDirectorate for later Director-General ofPublicEntertainment, Institute ofStatisticsAndalusia.Hewas Ministry ofthePresidency andDirector ofthe General-Secretary oftheRegionalGovernment Information Technology. HehasbeenTechnical launching theAndalusianCentre forHealth has workedinthearea ofnewtechnologies, of theUniversity. Intheadministrationhe team thatlaunchedthefirstComputingCentre Technology, where hewasamemberofthe Statistics, NumericalAnalysisandInformation of Seville,asaprofessor for10years,of the PublicAdministrationandUniversity He hasdevelopedhisprofessional career in Works andHousingoftheJuntaAndalusia. MinistryofPublic of theRegionalGovernment 119 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Brief review of the authors 120 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Brief review of the authors Geography, UniversityofSeville.Heis Doctor inGeography. Professor ofPhysical Ojeda Zújar, José rences onregional economicsectors. as rapporteurinvariouscoursesand confe- divulgation publications.Shehasparticipated research projects, aswelltechnicaland economic analysis,shehasworkedinvarious conducted. Asanexpertinlocalandregional mation anddocumentationfortheresearch Andalusia, where shecoordinates theinfor 1998 sheworkedforEconomicAnalystsof Economics AnalystsofAndalusia.From Responsible forEconomicStatisticsof History Department,UniversityofMalaga; Malaga. Professor ofEconomicTheoryand BA inEconomicsfrom theUniversityof Nieto Lobo, Esperanza to theevaluationofEnvironment. new spatialinformationtechnologiesapplied 30 booksand50articlesontopicsrelated to 100 projects. Heistheauthorofmore than tems, havingparticipatedinordirected over Teledetection andgeographic informationsys- Evaluation Service.Hisresearch focuseson Head oftheInformationandEnvironmental of EvaluationNaturalResources and Andalusia hehasbeenHeadofDepartment of University ofSeville.IntheGovernment Photo Interpretation andSoilErosion atthe He hasbeenprofessor ofCartographyand Information Systems(LUIS). Environmental Agency)onLandUseand the Telematic Centre oftheAEMA(Spanish National Teledetection Plan andamemberof of Andalusia,developmentprojects and Andalusia fortheSIOSE,LandUseSystem of Andalusia(REDIAM).HeisCoordinator in and theEnvironmental InformationNetwork Information SystemofAndalusia(SinambA) He isresponsible fortheEnvironmental Environment oftheJuntaAndalusia. Ministryofthe Regional Government Development andEnvironmental Information, General Directorate forSustainable the University ofSeville.GeneralCoordinator of Doctor inPhysicalGeographyfrom the Moreira Madueño, José Manuel Engineering FoundationEOI. Technical Director ofMastersEnvironmental - and Complutense universities of Madrid and and Complutense universitiesofMadridand Andalusia. Hetrained inthePolytechnic for AdvancedSocialStudiesbased in was director (1991to2009)oftheInstitute Higher CouncilofScientificResearch. He Doctor. Professor ofSociologicalResearch, PérezManuel Yruela, of Andalusia. five universitiesandtheInstituteofAcademies twelve books.Hehasreceived goldmedalsat hed more thansixtyscientificpapersand undergraduate dissertations.Hehaspublis- dozen doctoraldissertationsandnumerous seventy projects and/orcontractsforR&D,a Foundation. Hehasdirected more than Foundation, Antares FoundationandIberdrola (Three Cultures oftheMediterranean),Aneca Tres CulturasdelMediterráneoFoundation a trusteeoftheExecutiveCommittee of ScienceandTechnology ofSpain.Heis the UniversityCouncilandGeneral Presidentof theJuntaAndalusia;Vice of and ScienceIndustry, Trade andTourism MinisterofEducation Regional Government Director-General ofUniversitiesandResearch; Andalusian EmployersConfederation.Hewas Commission ofInstitutionalRelationsthe and theEnvironment ofAndalusiaandthe President oftheAcademySocialSciences Andalusian Centre ofProspective Studies; of Seville.Heiscurrently Director ofthe and OperationalResearch, University Doctor inMathematics.Professor ofStatistics Pascual Acosta, Antonio andcoastalgeomorphology.the Internet dissemination ofgeographicinformationon territorial management;mapping,accessand environment forenvironmental, urbanand analysis andevaluationofphysicalnatural cations anddesignofgeographicdatabases; Geographical InformationTechnology appli- than 100scientificpublicationsfocusedon: and EarthSciences-ITC).Hehaswrittenmore InstituteforAerospace (International Survey URA French-910) andtheNetherlands States (UniversityofDelaware), France(CNRS of Aberdeen andUniversityofUlster),United the UK(UniversityofNottingham,University research staysincentres anduniversitiesin Technologies.” Hehasdoneteachingand Management andTerritorial Information Director ofResearch Group PAIDI “Coastal universities; “Infanta Cristina” Economics Prize universities; “Infanta Cristina”EconomicsPrize of regional modelling,involving18Spanish sity; President oftheHISPALINK network Project Director on thefuture oftheuniver (Centre ofEconomicForecasting); UNIVNOVA of Madrid;Director-General ofCEPREDE Econometrics, UniversidadAutónoma in Statistics.Professor Emeritusof Doctor inEconomicScienceanddegree Pulido SanRomán, Antonio Evaluation CommissionofResearch Activity). Science andTechnology andCNEAI(National of UniversityCouncil,GeneralCouncil Administration hehasbeenamember and Research. IntheGeneralGovernment Plan andDirector GeneralofUniversities Service; Secretary oftheAndalusianResearch Universities, ChiefofUniversityCoordination was: Secretary oftheAndalusianCouncil Bodies offiveuniversities.InAndalusiahe He hasbeenChairmanoftheinitialGoverning ties oftheInstituteStatisticsAndalusia. and coordinates theadvisoryplanningactivi- Education InstitutionsManagementCourse of R&D&I;DirectorHigher oftheInternational Master Planning,EvaluationandManagement Centre forProspective Studies;Director of Mancha; General-Secretary ofAndalusian Research (CEIC),UniversityofCastilla-La Chairman ofSpanishCentre forCorean luación» (QuantitativeMethodsinEvaluation); group PAIDI of«Métodoscuantitativoseneva- Seville. Heiscurrently Director oftheresearch and OperationalResearch, Universityof Doctor inMathematics.Professor ofStatistics Pino Mejías, José Luis Federation ofSociology. Andalusia. HewasChairmanoftheSpanish nion anddemocracy, withspecialreference to democraticsocietiesandpublicopi- modern lopmental sociology;corporatisttheoryof immigration andsocialpolicy),ruraldeve- of democracy),thewelfare state(poverty, political sociology(politicalculture andquality Relating tohisresearch workthefocusison: and aboutfiftypaperstechnicalreports. academicjournals and articlesininternational publications includingbooks,bookchapters been disseminatedinmore thanahundred Foundation. Theresult ofhisresearch have England withagrantfrom theJuanMarch in LancasterandBrunelWest Londonin - (Bank of Spain). He has been Manager of the (Bank ofSpain).He hasbeenManagerofthe General ofRegulation oftheBancodeEspaña of MadridCommunity;Deputytothe Director- Member oftheEconomicandSocial Council Alarcon (LandofPozuelodeAlarcon) (Madrid); Body ofthePublicUtilitySuelode Pozuelode Carlos III.HeisamemberoftheGoverning of thePascualMadozInstitute,University Urbanística» (LandandTown PlanningPolicy) Professor oftheMaster«PolíticaTerritorial y member oftheHigherCouncilStatistics, mist oftheBankSpainHeiscurrently a Statistician (INE)onleaveandseniorecono- Complutense ofMadrid.SeniorState Doctor inEconomicsfrom theUniversity Rodríguez López, Julio Tourism, Trade andSport. of Andalusiaattherequest oftheMinistry elaborated thefirstTourism SatelliteAccounts he collaboratedinthepioneeringproject that of Provincial Accounts,amongothers.In2000 Administration Accountsandthepilotproject collaborated intheelaborationofPublic Annual RegionalAccounts(CRA).Healso and thedesignimplementationof the InputOutputTables of Andalusia(TIOAN) been memberofteamsthathaveelaborated inception andalmostuninterruptedly. Hehas Institute ofStatisticsAndalusiasinceits statistical institutes,butaboveall,withthe He hascollaboratedwithvariousregional Input OutputTables. of investigationistheNationalAccountsand Economics, UniversityofMalaga.Hismainline Economic Sciences.Professor ofApplied Doctor inEconomics.Degree inLawand Robles Teigeiro,Luis with publicandprivateinstitutions. He currently leads12research projects signed 33 booksandhundreds ofarticlesandworks. European economicmodelling.Heisauthorof HERMES andEURENnetworksofglobal of Castilla-LaMancha;memberLINK, ANECA; AdvisertotheInstituteofStatistics and LawoftheTeacher EvaluationProgramme Chairman oftheCommitteeSocialSciences Committee oftheProgramme ACADEMIAand Studies, EEA;MemberoftheAdvisory Director ofAppliedEconomic oftheJournal R. Klein/StoneCenter, UAM(1981-2010); the EconomicForecasting InstituteLawrence of CastillaandLeon.HehasbeenDirector of been AssociateDean forResearch atthe where he teachesWorld Economy. Hehas Economics Department,University ofGranada Secretary andSpanish oftheInternational Business Institute.HeisProfessor and AMP (AdvancedManagementProgramme), from theUniversityofAlcaláandDiplomain a specialistinEuropean UnionEconomics Business from theUniversityofValencia; of Granada.Degree inEconomicsand Doctor inEconomicsfrom theUniversity Sáez Fernández, Francisco Javier works. European andLatinAmericanacademicnet- a memberofseveralscientificsocietiesand the Ibero-American KnowledgeSpace.Sheis sultancies andreports onthedevelopmentof She hascarriedoutvariousmissions,con- Cooperation. Spanish AgencyforInternational European CommissionProgrammes andthe and Accreditation (ANECA);Evaluatorofthe National AgencyforQualityAssessment the European ConvergenceGroup ofSpanish Compostela Group ofUniversities.Member Relationsandmemberofthe International of theSpanishUniversityCommitteeon University ofCadiz;ExecutiveSecretary Relations, RectorofInternational been Vice of Medicine,UniversityCadiz.Shehas of Cadiz.Iscurrently DeanoftheFaculty Royal AcademyofMedicineandSurgery Arts andHumanities,electedmemberofthe Academy ofHispanicAmericanSciences, University ofCadiz.MembertheRoyal of AnatomyandHumanEmbryology, Doctor inMedicineandSurgery. Professor Rodríguez Sánchez, Felicidad de Economía(PapersinEconomics). ofEconomicInformation)orPapeles (Journal deInformaciónEconómica Cuadernos ofFinanceHousing), (SpanishJournal Vivienda Spain), RevistaEspañoladeFinanciaciónala de España(EconomicStudiesoftheBank nals suchasEstudiosEconómicosdelBanco works onhousinginSpainpublishedjour other positions.Heistheauthorofimportant and IndustryoftheJuntaAndalusiaamong MinisterofEconomy Regional Government de España(MortgageBankofSpain)and Granada; President oftheBancoHipotecario the CajaGeneraldeAhorros (savingsbank)of University ofAlcaládeHenares; President of - particular. regional economy andthetourismsectorin written different publications andarticleson the AndalusianSchoolofEconomics. Hehas and memberoftheAdvisoryCommittee of of theEconomicObservatoryAndalusia the RegionalScienceAssociation; member Economic AnalystsofAndalusia;member of Economic StudiesofAndalusia;Founder tant; FounderandDirector oftheSociety Andalusia; Advisorandbusinessconsul- St.Telmo). IsCEOofEconomicAnalysts Institute Generating Institutions(International Management (IESE).DiplomainSocialWealth Doctor inEconomics.DiplomaBusiness Villalba Cabello, Francisco the MinistryofLabour. Institute, theNationalEmploymentInstituteor cies suchastheSpanishNationalStatistics agen- over theyears,withvariousgovernment rous expertscommittees.Hecollaboratedalso stand out.Hehasbeenamemberofnume- tion withtheInstituteofStatisticsAndalusia the labourmarketandhisextensivecollabora- regardWith toAndalusia,numerous studieson theses. 98 articles.Heisadirector ofninedoctoral published in32books,48bookchaptersand bodieswhoseresults international havebeen the European Unionandothernational R&D FrameworkProgramme forR&Din research projects, fundedbytheNational He hascarriedoutnumerous academic Analysis, UniversityofAlcaládeHenares. is Professor ofFoundationsEconomic at theUniversityofMontreal (Canada).He of Madrid.Demographicstudiesconducted of EconomicsattheAutonomousUniversity Institute ofTechnology (MIT), USA.Bachelor Doctor ineconomicsfrom theMassachusetts Toharia Cortés, Luis Leicester andUniversityCollegeLondon. London SchoolofEconomics,University abroad. Professor HehasbeenVisiting atthe books andbookchapters,bothinSpain economy. Hehaspublishednumerous articles, regional andurbaneconomicssocial financial system,naturalresource economics, research focusesonthefieldsofmonetaryand Business SchoolFoundationofAndalusia.His of GranadaandDeputyDirector ofthe School ofEconomicsandBusiness,University 121 Statistical Information of Andalusia / Brief review of the authors