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Botrytis Cinerea/Botrytis Pseudocinerea Saad Azeddine

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Botrytis Cinerea/Botrytis Pseudocinerea Saad Azeddine Résistance au fenhexamid dans le complexe d’espèces Botrytis cinerea/Botrytis pseudocinerea Saad Azeddine To cite this version: Saad Azeddine. Résistance au fenhexamid dans le complexe d’espèces Botrytis cinerea/Botrytis pseu- docinerea. Sciences du Vivant [q-bio]. Université Paris Sud - Paris 11, 2014. Français. tel-02799828 HAL Id: tel-02799828 https://hal.inrae.fr/tel-02799828 Submitted on 5 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE PARIS-SUD ÉCOLE DOCTORALE : SCIENCES DU VÉGÉTAL Laboratoire INRA UMR 1290 BIOGER-CPP DISCIPLINE : BIOLOGIE THÈSE DE DOCTORAT Soutenue le 11/06/2014 par SAAD AZEDDINE Résistance au Fenhexamid dans le complexe d'espèces Botrytis cinerea/ Botrytis pseudocinerea études génétiques et moléculaires Directeur de thèse : Sabine Fillinger Directrice de Recherches (INRA Versailles-Grignon) Composition du jury : Président du jury : Jacqui Shykoff Directrice de Recherches (CNRS, Université Paris Sud) Rapporteurs : Marc Bardin Chargé de Recherches (Chargé de Recherches) Florence Chapeland-Leclerc Maître de Conférence (Université Paris-Descartes) Examinateurs : Jean-Marc Nicaud Directeur de Recherches (INRA Jouy-en-Josas) Renaud Ioos Chef d’unité (Anses, Malzéville) Membre invité : Annie Micoud Chef d’unité (Anses, Lyon) ; co-encadrante Introduction générale Remerciements Ce travail a été réalisé dans le cadre d’une collaboration entre l’équipe antiFongiQues modes d’action et résistance (AMAR) de l’unité BIOGER-CPP 1290 et l’unité résistante aux produits phytosanitaires (URPP) de l’anses de Lyon. En premier lieu, je tiens à remercier ma directrice de thèse Sabine Fillinger, pour la conFiance Qu’elle m’a accordée en acceptant de m’encadrer le long de cette thèse. Pour ses multiples conseils et pour toutes les heures Qu’elle a consacrées à diriger cette thèse. J’aimerais lui dire à Quel point j’ai apprécié sa grande disponibilité à m’écouter, à m’apprendre la bonne méthode de rédaction scientiFiQue et son respect sans Faille des délais très serrés de relecture et de correction des documents Que je lui ai adressés. EnFin, j’ai été ému par ses Qualités humaines et de compréhension tout au long de cette thèse. “On ne conduit le peuple qu'en lui montrant un avenir ; un chef est un marchand d'espérance” Napoléon Bonaparte Je remercie également, ma co-encadrante de thèse, Annie Micoud, de m’avoir soutenu et conseillé tout au long de cette thèse. Merci pour ton accueil chaleureux à Lyon, pour tes explications et tes corrections pédagogiques, pour avoir toujours répondu présente et mille merci pour ta conFiance en moi. Je remercie Danièle Debieu pour ses remarQues et ses corrections minitieuses, pour ses Qualités humaines et sa grande gentillesse. Grâce à toi j’ai appris plein de choses dans le domaine de la biochimie. Merci de ton soutient, de ta disponibilité. A Séverine Fontaine, merci de me Faire découvrir le monde des outils moléculaires, merci pour le temps Que tu m’as accordé, pour tes remarQues pédagogiQues et pour ta disponibilité à m’écouter et à m’encourager. J’adresse mes remerciments à Monsieur Marc-Henri Lebrun pour m’avoir accueilli au sein de l’unité Biologie, gestion des risQues en agriculture/ champignons pathogènes des plantes (BIOGER-CPP). Je remercie JacQui ShykoFF, Marc Bardin, Florence Chapeland-Leclerc, Jean-Marc Nicaud,Renaud Ioos d’avoir accepté de Faire partie mon jury. Mais aussi, Thomas Guillemette et Daniele Werck pour avoir participé aux comités de thèse. Un grand merci à l’éQuipe AFGB et Valerie Laval pour nos diverses discussions et pour avoir critiQué ce travail. Je remercie tous les membres de BIOGER, en particulier l’éQuipe AMAR, vous étiez ma deuxième Famille, à Anne Sophie Walker (j’ai apprécié ta franchise et ton raisonnement scientiFiQue), à Colette Audeon, Jocelyne Bach et Christiane Auclair pour leurs aides techniques. Merci à Anaïs Lalève de répondre toujours présente et à Patrick que j’ai eu l’honneur d’encadrer pour la partie HydR2. Merci au membre du laboratoire de l’anses de Lyon, en particulier, l’unité RPP pour m’avoir accueilli pendant 2 mois, pour votre soutien, votre encouragement et pour la belle ambiance au sein de l’unité. 2 Introduction générale Mille merci à Virginie Collin Qui m’a beaucoup aidé dans les tâches administratives et de résoudre mes problèmes de carte de séjour. Merci à mes collègues de bureau 100 (Elisabetta, Clémentine et Sandrine, Julie et Romain), merci à mes amis, David, Stéphane, Martin, Ahmed et sa Femme, Hakim et sa Femme, Karim, Tarik et Abdessamad pour votre soutiens et vos encouragements. Je remercie mon coatch de karaté karim Bouchekal Qui a accepté de m’entrainer en France, Merci à tous mes coatch de karaté au Maroc ainsi Que mes co-équipiers Mocaad et Issam. Un grand merci à Sara, pour la patience et le soutien dont elle a fait preuve pendant toute la durée de cette thèse, et de m’avoir supporter surtout pendant la rédaction de a la thèse. Et enFin je remercie ma Famille de me soutenir depuis ma naissance, en particulier ma mère et mon père (vous êtes les meilleurs parents du monde) Qui ont tout sacriFié aFin Que je réalise mon rêve. Merci à mon pet it frère d’être toujours présent à mes côtés, je te souhaite bon courage pour la Fin de tes études. Un grand merci à mes cousins et mes cousines. 3 Introduction générale Tables des matières IntroduCtion générale ................................................................................................................. 12 1. Contexte général de la tHèse. ............................................................................................ 13 2. La pourriture grise. .............................................................................................................. 14 2.1. Symptômes et impaCt éConomique. ............................................................................ 14 2.2. Conditions environnementales favorables à la mise en place du cycle infeCtieux. ........................................................................................................................................ 18 3. PHylogénie et taxonomie du genre Botrytis ................................................................. 19 3.1. Définition de l’espèCe. ..................................................................................................... 19 3.2. Critères d’espèCe. .............................................................................................................. 19 3.3. Les modes de spéCiation CHez les CHampignons. .................................................... 21 3.4. La spéciation est la conséquence d’un isolement reproducteur ? ............................. 22 4. Le genre Botrytis. .................................................................................................................. 23 4.1. Adaptation à l’hôte chez le genre Botrytis. ............................................................... 26 4.2. Les nouvelles espèCes du genre Botrytis. .................................................................. 29 5. Cycle biologique de Botrytis cinerea : ................................................................................. 43 6. MéCanismes moléCulaires de l’infeCtion ....................................................................... 46 6.1. Dégradation et pénétration de la paroi cellulaire. ........................................................ 46 6.2. Les toxines fongiques ...................................................................................................... 48 6.3. La produCtion des espèCes réaCtives de l’oxygène (ROS). ................................... 48 6.4. Signalisation moléculaire impliquée dans l’infection. ................................................ 49 7. La lutte Contre la pourriture grise. ................................................................................. 53 7.1. Lutte non-chimique ............................................................................................................. 53 7.1.1. Mesures propHylaCtiques : ......................................................................................... 53 7.1.2. La lutte biologique : ...................................................................................................... 54 7.1.3. Stimulation des défenses de la plante : Agent non-biologie (Composés organiques, minéraux). .............................................................................................................. 59 7.2. La lutte chimique : ............................................................................................................ 61 7.3. Les fongiCides : ................................................................................................................... 61 7.3.1. Les fongiCides multi-sites : ......................................................................................... 62 7.3.2. Les fongiCides uni-sites : ............................................................................................. 62 7.3.2.1. Les fongiCides affeCtant la respiration : ............................................................
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