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Vietnam Country Assessment October 2002

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Vietnam Country Assessment October 2002 China, April 2003 CHINA COUNTRY ASSESSMENT April 2003 COUNTRY INFORMATION & POLICY UNIT IMMIGRATION & NATIONALITY DIRECTORATE HOME OFFICE, UNITED KINGDOM China, April 2003 China, April 2003 CONTENTS 1. Scope of Document 1.1. - 1.4. 2. Geography 2.1. - 2.12. Geographical Area 2.1. -2.2. Population 2.3. Names, surnames and clan names 2.4. - 2.5. Naming conventions 2.6. Languages 2.7. - 2.11. Regional language in Fujian Province 2.12. 3. Economy 3.1. - 3.26. General overview 3.1. Economic restructuring 3.2. - 3.7. Current economic problems 3.8. [ Note detailed information in Extended Bulletin 3/2003 (Industrial Unrest and Protest)] Chinese currency 3.10. Crime and corruption 3.11. Official corruption 3.12. - 3.21. Criminal activity 3.22. Extortion 3.23. Triads 3.24. - 3.26. 4. History 4.1. - 4.17. Revolutionary China 1949-66 4.1. - 4.2. The Cultural Revolution 1966-76 4.3. - 4.5. 1978-1989 and economic reform 4.6. - 4.9. Tiananmen Square 1989 4.10. - 4.12. Post-Tiananmen 4.13. - 4.14. Current situation overview 4.15. - 4.17. 5. State Structures 5.1. - 5.175. The Constitution 5.1 - 5.2. Citizenship and Nationality 5.3. Political System 5.4. - 5.7. Grassroots political activity in China 5.8. - 5.12. Village Committee system 5.13. - 5.21. Neighbourhood Committees 5.22. Democracy and representation in China 5.23. - 5.36. Judiciary 5.37. - 5.41. [ Note detailed Legal Rights/Detention 5.42. - 5.48. information in Arrest warrants and arrest posters 5.49. - 5.52. Extended Bulletin State Compensation Law 5.53. - 5.58. 2/2003 (Legal Land law 5.59. - 5.61. System)] Rangeland issues relating to land law 5.62. - 5.72. Death penalty 5.73. - 5.76. Internal Security 5.77. - 5.90. [ Note detailed Community policing 5.81. - 5.83. information in Terrorism 5.84. - 5.90. Extended Bulletin Prisons and Prison Conditions 5.91. - 5.99. 1/2003 (Double Jeopardy)] The prison system 5.94. - 5.95. Re-education Through Labour 5.96. - 5.98. Psychiatric institutions 5.99. Military 5.100. - 5.103. Conscientious Objectors & Deserters 5.101. - 5.103. China, April 2003 China, April 2003 Medical Services 5.104. - 5.156. Current situation (referring to SARS) 5.104. General 5.105. - 5.107. Rural healthcare 5.108. - 5.110. Urban healthcare 5.111. - 5.114. Health insurance 5.115. - 5.116. Pharmaceutical products 5.117. - 5.120. Medical profession and associated 5.121. - 5.122. organisations Healthcare: specific conditions 5.123. - 5.156. AIDS / HIV 5.123. - 5.138. Wenlou village scandal 5.124. - 5.126. Experts outside PRC 5.127. Internal debate 5.128. - 5.130. First National Conference 5.131. Statistics 5.132. - 5.134. Treatment 5.135. - 5.138. Strategy 5.139. Tuberculosis 5.140. Mental illness 5.141. - 5.147. Heart Transplants 5.148. Iodine Deficiency Disorder (IDD) 5.149. Health Promotion Initiatives 5.150. People with disabilities 5.151. - 5.154. Organ removal 5.155. - 5.156. Educational System 5.157. - 5.158. Social societies in China 5.159. - 5.175. 6.A Human Rights Issues 6.A.1. - 6.A.338. Overview 6.A.1. Torture 6.A.5. - 6.A.7. Freedom of Speech and the Media 6.A.8. - 6.A.13. Journalists 6.A.14. Freedom of Religion 6.A.15. - 6.A.22. The role of religion in the state 6.A.23. - 6.A.26. Religious Groups 6.A.27. - 6.A.156. Christians 6.A.27. - 6.A.68. General 6.A.27. - 6.A.31. Protestant Christians 6.A.32. - 6.A.39. Catholic Christians 6.A.40. - 6.A.48 Christian influenced groups 6.A.49. - 6.A.68. General background 6.A.49. - 6.A.51. The Shouters (Huhan Pai) 6.A.52. - 6.A.55. Born Again Movement (Cong Sheng). Also 6.A.56. - 6.A.61. known as New Birth; Total Church; Holistic Church (Quanfanwei Jiao) and the Crying Faction (Ku Pai) The Blood and Water Holy Spirit 6.A.60. Spirit Church (Lingling Jiao) 6.A.61. Wilderness Narrow Door (Kuangye Zhaimen) 6.A.62. Disciples Association (Mentu Hui) 6.A.63. Oriental Lightning (Dongfang Shandian) 6.A.64. - 6.A.65. Elijah Church (Yiliya Jiao) 6.A.66. Fangcheng Church 6.A.67. South China Church 6.A.68. China, April 2003 China, April 2003 Sects 6.A.69. - 6.A.70. Falun Gong 6.A.71. - 6.A.121. [ Note detailed Overview of belief and practice 6.A.71. - 6.A.75. information in Overview of organisation 6.A.76. - 6.A.85. document Key Events in the history of the Falun Gong 6.A.86. - 6.A.89. Revolution of the nd movement Wheel, 2 edition ] Demonstrations 6.A.90. - 6.A.91. Arrests 6.A.92. - 6.A.98. Trials and sentences 6.A.99. - 6.A.101. Prison camps, torture and deaths in custody 6.A.102. - 6.A.107. Other qigong groups 6.A.108. - 6.A.116. Traditional, registered qi-gong 6.A.108. - 6.A.109. Zhong Gong 6.A.110. - 6.A.111. Other unregistered qigong groups 6.A.112. - 6.A.118. Asylum issues 6.A.119. - 6.A.122. Update: April to September 2002 6.A.123. Update: October 2002 to March 2003 6.A.125. Muslims 6.A.126. - 6.A.137. Numbers 6.A.126. Identity - 1. "Official" identity. 6.A.127. Identity - 2. Ethnic identity. 6.A.128. - 6.A.130. Identity - 3. Religious identity. 6.A.131. Practice and levels of commitment 6.A.132. - 6.A.137. Buddhists 6.A.138. - 6.A.140. Tian Dao 6.A.141. - 6.A.142. Taoists 6.A.143. - 6.A.159. General Background 6.A.143. - 6.A.144. Taoism - beliefs and practice 6.A.145. - 6.A.147. Taoism in modern PRC 6.A.148. - 6.A.152. Religious activity in Fujian Province 6.A.153. - 6.A.155. Other unregistered religious groups 6.A.156. - 6.A.159. Freedom of Assembly & Association 6.A.160. - 6.A.182. Political Activists 6.A.165. - 6.A.170. Dissident organisations 6.A.171. - 6.A.173. China Democratic Party 6.A.174. - 6.A.182. Employment Rights 6.A.183. - 6.A.185. People Trafficking 6.A.186. Freedom of Movement 6.A.187. - 6.A.. Hukou system 6.A.187. - 6.A.190. Hukou (residency status documentation) 6.A.191. - 6.A.193. The mechanism of nongzhuanfei 6.A.194. - 6.A.196. Temporary residence certificate 6.A.197. - 6.A.198. Citizen identity card 6.A.199. Residency permits 6.A.200. - 6.A.201. Employment Record 6.A.202. Changes in nongzhuanfei policy 6.A.203. Households with "self-supplied food grain" in 6.A.204. towns Sales of hukou and "blue seal" status 6.A.205. - 6.A.207. Hukou reform in market towns 6.A.208. - 6.A.209. The Floating Population 6.A.210. - 6.A.215. Chinese Migration Issues 6.A.216. - [ Note detailed 6.A.241. information in Extended Bulletin Introduction: Cases and Journalists' 6.A.216. - 6.A.230. 4/2002 Investigations (Snakeheads)] China, April 2003 China, April 2003 The deaths in Dover, 19 June 2000 6.A.219. - 6.A.221. The Golden Venture 6.A.222. - 6.A.223. Pacific Coast cases, 1999 6.A.224. - 6.A.225. The Cape May case of 2001 6.A.226. The Alpert interviews 6.A.227. The resulting perceptions from media reports 6.A.228. - 6.A.230. The Pattern of Chinese Emigration 6.A.231. - 6.A.246. General information on Chinese emigration 6.A.231. - 6.A.241. patterns Legal Chinese Emigration 6.A.242. - 6.A.245. Illegal Chinese Emigration 6.A.246. The China side of snakehead operations 6.A.247. - 6.A.262. The Snakeheads in Fujian 6.A.247. - 6.A.253. Motivations 6.A.254. - 6.A.255. Remittances and financial success 6.A.254. - 6.A.258. Family pride and status 6.A.259. - 6.A.261. Profiles of Fujian emigrants 6.A.262. Snakehead exploitation of motivations 6.A.263. - 6.A.288. Development of trust 6.A.263 - 6.A.269. Cultural manipulations 6.A.270. - 6.A.271. Financing the trip 6.A.272. Connections with organised crime 6.A.273. - 6.A.276. Relations with the PRC authorities 6.A.277. - 6.A.282. Documentation 6.A.283. - 6.A.288. Wider snakehead operations 6.A.289. - 6.A.306. Routes out of PRC 6.A.289. 'Europe' and beyond 6.A.291. - 6.A.293. Snakehead gang members outside PRC 6.A.294. - 6.A.302. On the journey 6.A.294. - 6.A.297. On and after arrival 6.A.298. - 6.A.302. Asylum claims 6.A.303. - 6.A.306. Official Responses 6.A.307. - 6.A.. Chinese Government responses 6.A.307. - 6.A.313. Other governments' responses 6.A.314. - 6.A.318. Pieke / Skelton recommendations 6.A.319. - 6.A.322. Returns 6.A.323. - 6.A.339. Returnees 6.A.327. - 6.A.339. 6.B Human Rights - Specific 6.B.1. - 6.B.164. Groups Ethnic Groups 6.B.1. Specific groups: general information 6.B.2. Zhuang / Chuang 6.B.3 - 6.B.5. Miao (Hmong) 6.B.6. - 6.B.7. Manchu 6.B.8 - 6.B.9. Mongols 6.B.10. - 6.B.13. Uighurs 6.B.14. - 6.B.28.
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