REPORT ON STAGE 4 SALVAGE EXCAVATION OF THE SERENA SITE (AhGx-274) ALLISON ESTATES, SUBDIVISION (25T-91014), CITY OF HAMILTON, REGIONAL MUNICIPALITY OF HAMILTON, ONTARIO
Submitted to
Urbex Engineering Limited Ontario Ministry of Culture 161 Rebecca Street 400 University Avenue, 4th Floor Hamilton, Ontario L8R 1B9 Toronto, Ontario M7A 2R9 Tel: (905) 522-3328 Tel: (416) 314-7100
Prepared by
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SERVICES INC. 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, Ontario M5S 2P9 Tel: (416) 966-1069 Fax: (416) 966-9723 Email: [email protected] Website: www.archaeologicalservices.on.ca
Edited by
Ronald F. Williamson
Licence #95-020, #96-019, #97-017, and #98-014 ASI File #97UR-02
June 2004 SECRETS IN THE SOIL
The soil carries secrets of people long ago, the way they lived, the way they died and the types of crops they’d grow. You can see the change of colors as you shovel shine the dirt, a firepit, some pottery, or a piece of Erie chert. You can see how dark the stains are of the posts that stood so strong, once keeping out the enemy, relationships gone wrong. On moonlit nights, I hear the sounds, of the village long ago, where native people lived and died and watched their children grow. I hear sounds from the fire as it cooks the hunters catch, in pots that carry on their clay, a decorators etch. I hear the sounds of children, as they laugh so heartily, while they try to make a pipe, some beads, or piece of pottery. I hear the chipping of the chert, by hands so skilled and strong, I hear the drums, the calls, the cries and sometimes, even their song. Oh, how I long to go back in time, when these people shared the land, But, I must be content to see, their remnants in my hand. For beneath the cool, moist, darkened soil, these secrets they do lay, to be uncovered by strained hands, in the archaeologists’ day.
-Heidi Scarfone 1997
Dedicated to Bruce, Jack, and Shaun and the other devoted archaeologists from the Serena Site. With much thanks and appreciation. The knowledge that you shared with my children and myself, has helped us to appreciate even more, the richness of our local history.
i Project Personnel
Project Director: Dr. Ronald F. Williamson
Field Directors: Dr. Shaun J. Austin Dr. Bruce M. Welsh
Field Archaeologists: Mr. Andrew Allan Ms. Jane Cottrill Ms. April DeLaurier Ms. Eva MacDonald Mr. Rob MacDonald Dr. Stephen Monckton Mr. David Robertson Ms. Deborah Steiss Mr. Rob Von Bitter
Gradall Operator: Mr. Jack Rooney
Report Preparation: Ms. Caroline Theriault Ms. Irena Miklavcic
Artifact Processing: Ms. Monicke Thibeault
Artifact Photography: Mr. Rob Pihl Ms. Keli Watson
Graphics: Mr. Andrew Allan Mr. Andrew Clish
ii Table of Contents
Secrets in the Soil...... i Project Personnel ...... ii Table of Contents...... iii List of Figures ...... vi List of Tables...... vi List of Plates ...... vii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Shaun J. Austin and Bruce M. Welsh PROJECT BACKGROUND AND REPORT ORGANIZATION ...... 1 PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS AT THE SERENA SITE (AhGx-274) ...... 1 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ...... 3 RESEARCH METHODS ...... 3
CHAPTER 2 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS Shaun J. Austin and Ronald F. Williamson INTRODUCTION ...... 6 VILLAGE PLAN ...... 6 HOUSE 1 ...... 7 HOUSE 2 ...... 9 HOUSE 3 ...... 12 HOUSE 4 ...... 15 HOUSE 5 ...... 19 HOUSE 6 ...... 21 EXTERIOR FENCES ...... 23 EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREAS ...... 23 EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 1 (MIDDEN 1) ...... 23 EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 2 ...... 23 EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 3 ...... 24 EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 4 ...... 24 EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 5 ...... 25 EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 6 ...... 25 EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 7 ...... 26 EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 8 ...... 26 EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 9 ...... 26 EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 10 ...... 27 EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 11 ...... 27
CHAPTER 3 CERAMIC ARTIFACTS
SECTION 1 CERAMIC VESSELS Robert H. Pihl and Shaun J. Austin INTRODUCTION ...... 28 VESSEL RIMS ...... 28 DESCRIPTIONS ...... 29
iii Table of Contents (cont'd.)
SECTION 1 CERAMIC VESSELS (cont’d.) TRADITIONAL TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ...... 32 CERAMIC CHRONOLOGY SUMMARY ...... 34 SURFACE TREATMENT ...... 34 CERAMICS WITH APPLIED PIGMENT ...... 34 CASTELLATIONS ...... 35 JUVENILE CERAMICS ...... 35
SECTION 2 CERAMIC PIPES Eva M. MacDonald DISCUSSION ...... 36
CHAPTER 4 LITHIC ARTIFACTS
SECTION 1 FLAKED STONE Shaun J. Austin INTRODUCTION ...... 38 RAW MATERIALS ...... 38 FORMAL FLAKED STONE TOOLS Projectile Points ...... 38 Drills ...... 41 Gravers...... 41 Spokeshaves...... 41 Wedges...... 42 Burins...... 42 Scrapers...... 42 Crude Bifaces ...... 42 FLAKES AND FLAKE FRAGMENTS Primary Thinning, Secondary Knapping, Secondary Retouch, Bipolar and Shatter . . . 43 Utilized and Retouched Flakes ...... 43 CORES ...... 44 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION ...... 44 THERMAL ALTERATION ...... 44 FLAKED STONE SUMMARY ...... 46
SECTION 2 GROUND STONE AND EXPEDIENT TOOLS Shaun J. Austin DISCUSSION ...... 47
CHAPTER 5 FLORAL ANALYSIS Stephen G. Monckton INTRODUCTION ...... 48 ANALYTICAL METHODS ...... 48 RESULTS ...... 48 WOOD CHARCOAL ...... 52
iv Table of Contents (cont'd.)
CHAPTER 6 FAUNAL REMAINS AND WORKED BONE Bev J. Garner DISCUSSION ...... 53
CHAPTER 7 CREMATED HUMAN REMAINS Deborah Merritt INTRODUCTION ...... 55 NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS ...... 56 AGE-AT-DEATH ...... 56 SEX DETERMINATION ...... 56 CREMATION CONDITIONS ...... 57 CONCLUSIONS ...... 58
CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Shaun J. Austin and Ronald F. Williamson THE LOCAL AND REGIONAL CONTEXT OF THE SERENA SITE ...... 59
REFERENCES CITED ...... 62
PLATES ...... 65
APPENDIX A1: CERAMICS CATALOGUE
APPENDIX A2: CERAMIC VESSELS INVENTORY
APPENDIX B: PIPES CATALOGUE
APPENDIX C1: CHIPPED LITHICS CATALOGUE
APPENDIX C2: GROUND STONE AND EXPEDIENT TOOLS CATALOGUE
APPENDIX D: FAUNAL REMAINS INVENTORY AND BONE TOOL CATALOGUE
APPENDIX E: CREMATED HUMAN REMAINS INVENTORY
v LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Location of Study Area ...... 2 Figure 2 Serena (AhGx-274) - Site Plan ...... 5 Figure 3 House 1 ...... 8 Figure 4 House 2 ...... 10 Figure 5 House 3 ...... 13 Figure 6 House 4 ...... 16 Figure 7 Feature 210 ...... 17 Figure 8 Feature 221 ...... 18 Figure 9 Houses 5 and 6 ...... 20 Figure 10 Feature 230 ...... 22
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Serena Site Artifact Assemblage ...... 4 Table 2 Serena Site House Variability ...... 6 Table 3 House 1 Summary Description of Features ...... 9 Table 4 House 2 Summary Description of Features ...... 11 Table 5 House 3 Summary Description of Features ...... 14 Table 6 House 4 Summary Description of Features ...... 19 Table 7 House 5 Summary Description of Features ...... 21 Table 8 House 6 Summary Description of Features ...... 23 Table 9 Exterior Activity Area 2 Summary Description of Features ...... 24 Table 10 Exterior Activity Area 3 Summary Description of Features ...... 24 Table 11 Exterior Activity Area 4 Summary Description of Features ...... 24 Table 12 Exterior Activity Area 5 Summary Description of Features ...... 25 Table 13 Exterior Activity Area 6 Summary Description of Features ...... 25 Table 14 Exterior Activity Area 7 Summary Description of Features ...... 26 Table 15 Exterior Activity Area 8 Summary Description of Features ...... 26 Table 16 Exterior Activity Area 9 Summary Description of Features ...... 27 Table 17 Exterior Activity Area 10 Summary Description of Features ...... 27 Table 18 Exterior Activity Area 11 Summary Description of Features ...... 27 Table 19 Ceramic Vessel Rims ...... 29 Table 20 Ceramic Vessel Types ...... 32 Table 21 Ceramic Typology by Provenience Unit...... 33 Table 22 Chipped Lithic Assemblage Classifications ...... 40 Table 23 Raw Materials Used for Chipped Stone Artifacts ...... 41 Table 24 Thermal Alteration by Artifact Type and Provenience ...... 44 Table 25 Plant Remains: Sample Components ...... 49 Table 26 Seed Numbers ...... 50 Table 27 Wood Charcoal ...... 52 Table 28 Weight of Skeletal Remains...... 55
vi LIST OF PLATES
Plates 1, 2 Ontario Horizontal Rims ...... 65 Plate 3 Middleport Oblique Rims ...... 66 Plate 4 Black Necked, Pound Necked and Iroquois Linear Rims ...... 66 Plates 5, 6 Pipes...... 67 Plate 7 Flaked Stone Artifacts...... 68 Plate 8 Ground Stone Artifacts ...... 68 Plate 9 Bone Artifacts ...... 69
vii CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Shaun J. Austin and Bruce M. Welsh
PROJECT BACKGROUND AND REPORT ORGANIZATION
Archaeological Services Inc. was contracted by Urbex Engineering Limited of Hamilton, Ontario, to conduct a Stage 4 salvage excavation of the Serena site (AhGx-274), situated on the Allison Estates subdivision (25T- 91014), City of Hamilton, Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth. All work was conducted in accordance with the Ontario Heritage Act (1980) under archaeological consulting licences (95-020, 96-019, 97-017, and 98-014) issued to Archaeological Services Inc.
This document constitutes the final report on the Serena site salvage excavation. The report is divided into seven chapters, the first of which summarizes previous archaeological research and environmental conditions at the site, and includes a discussion of the research methods employed to investigate the site. The second chapter constitutes a thorough description of the site's unusual settlement pattern while the third and fourth chapters provide summaries of the recovered ceramic and lithic assemblages. The fifth and sixth chapters outline the subsistence practices and local environment of the village while the seventh chapter reports on a unique feature encountered on the site. The final chapter provides a synopsis and concluding statements regarding the site’s occupation.
PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS AT THE SERENA SITE
The Serena site was first discovered in 1993 during a Stage 2 heritage resource assessment of Part Lot 7, Concession 1, formerly in the Township of Glanford, now in the City of Hamilton (Figure 1). At that time one ceramic vessel neck sherd, and eight chert artifacts were recovered. The neck sherd displayed incised verticals, typical of the Late Woodland period (A.D. 800-1600). The diagnostic lithics include a Late Archaic "Small Point" resembling the "Ace of Spades" point type (ca. 1400 B.C.), an Early Woodland Meadowood point (ca. 800 B.C.-400 B.C.), and a Late Woodland triangular point (ca. A.D. 800-1600) (Archaeological Services Inc. 1993).
In order to delineate the extent of the site, the subsequent Stage 3 investigation (Archaeological Services Inc. 1993) began with a controlled surface collection in which an additional 453 flaked stone artifacts, two groundstone tools and four ceramic vessel fragments were recovered. None of the lithics recovered during Stage 3 could be considered temporally or culturally diagnostic. Two of the ceramic body sherds, however, displayed a ribbed paddled surface treatment, indicative of the Early/Middle Iroquoian periods (A.D. 800- 1300).
To facilitate the controlled surface collection, four temporary datum stakes were established throughout the area of the surface scatter of artifacts. The site was then surveyed at a transect interval of 1m and all artifacts were flagged. These flags were recorded as individual stations. Using a tape measure and theodolite transit, distance and angle measurements were obtained from the nearest datum stake outward to each artifact and a map was produced of the surface distribution of the artifacts. This surface distribution provided a reasonable approximation of the extent of the site (Archaeological Services Inc. 1993: Figure 3).
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Figure 1: Location of Study Area
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In preparation for the Stage 4 salvage excavation, 30 hand-excavated test units were placed across the site area. As with the individual artifacts, the location of each square was recorded relative to the nearest datum stake. This activity revealed a small, unusually situated refuse deposit, referred to as Midden 1.
ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
The site, located immediately southwest of the intersection of Rymal Road East and Upper Wellington Street in the City of Hamilton, was situated on the crest of a till moraine at the north edge of the Haldimand Clay Plain on top of the Niagara escarpment (Chapman and Putnam 1984:255). As with most of the Haldimand Clay Plain, the soils of the site area consist chiefly of clay loams.
Although the western boundary of the site is not clearly demarcated by topographic features, the northern, southern and eastern perimeters correspond to contour changes. On the northern and eastern sides, the land slopes away gradually, while to the south there is a more marked break-in-slope leading down to a tributary of Redhill Creek.
RESEARCH METHODS
During 1995, 1996 and 1998, the topsoil/plough zone (approximately 30cm) covering the site was removed by Gradall. The subsurface settlement features thus exposed were delineated more precisely by shovel shining and by trowelling. An area comprising approximately 1.25 hectares was exposed in this manner.
Using a transit and the existing site datums, a 5m grid was established over the excavation area, thereby facilitating the recording of feature and post mould locations by means of triangulation. Prior to triangulation, post moulds and features were further defined by trowelling, and square plans were drawn. As conditions warranted, and as the soil dried out due to exposure to sun and wind, water was used to enhance the visibility of the features. The location and diameter of each post mould was recorded on pre-printed forms. Post moulds were sectioned only in order to distinguish large support posts from small pits.
Features were recorded by triangulation to a centre point and were drawn on pre-printed forms. Locational information and other attributes were also recorded. Features were excavated by trowel and shovel. Feature fill was screened through 6mm mesh to facilitate the recovery of small artifacts. All features were sectioned along their central long axis so that the longest profile could be recorded. Large complex features were further sectioned and excavated by quadrants. Where necessary, photographs were taken to supplement feature plans and profiles. Flotation samples were taken from a variety of feature contexts in order to recover small-scale floral and faunal material.
These activities resulted in the documentation of six longhouses, and 112 subsurface cultural features, both inside the houses and within 11 exterior activity areas (Figure 2). A midden, excavated in one metre square units and covering approximately 100m2, was discovered at the north-central end of the site in Exterior Activity Area 1. One of the outdoor loci, situated between Houses 1 and 3, contained a short length of curved fencing, while a 140m-long fence or palisade wall was documented extending from the southern wall of House 1, across House 1, to the northeastern edge of Midden 1.
Approximately 13,500 artifacts were recovered during the salvage excavation and were analyzed at the offices and laboratories of Archaeological Services Inc. in Toronto (Table 1). Analytical data were entered directly into computer database files which were used to generate both artifact catalogues and attribute analyses. On-
Archaeological Services Inc. Salvage Excavation of the Serena Site (AhGx-274): Introduction Page 4 line data systems were available to aid in the analysis of the ceramic and lithic artifacts, faunal and floral remains, and settlement pattern data.
TABLE 1: SERENA SITE ARTIFACT ASSEMBLAGE Artifact Class Frequency Percentage Ceramics 1,801 13.32% Analyzable Rims (Following Vessel Reconstruction) 26 Unanalyzable Rim Fragments 110 Neck/Shoulder Sherds 112 Body Sherds 1,501 Juvenile Vessels 12 Unidentified Clay Lumps 3 Pipes (One of Limestone) 37 Lithics 11,699 86.56% Formal Flaked Stone Tools 83 Crude Bifaces 44 Utilized/Retouched Flakes 456 Bipolar Flakes/Cores 329 Random Cores 64 Primary Thinning Flakes 101 Secondary Knapping Flakes 1,715 Secondary Retouch Flakes 2,100 Shatter 6,807 Expedient Tools 3 Worked Bone 16 0.12% Awls 4 Beads 12 Total 13,516 100.00%
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CHAPTER 2
SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
Shaun J. Austin and Ronald F. Williamson
INTRODUCTION
Excavation of the site resulted in the documentation of a 140m-long enigmatic palsade-fence, a 100m2 midden/activity area and six well-defined longhouses. A number of the longhouses display considerable repair work while others had been either enlarged or contracted (Figure 2). A poorly defined oval pattern of posts overlapping with the western end of House 5 may represent a seventh structure.
The following constitutes an analysis of the above-mentioned settlement features, providing both general observations and detailed descriptions. Metric attributes for each house are summarized in Table 2.
VILLAGE PLAN
The fence line and four of the six longhouses houses were oriented parallel to the break-in-slope, which overlooks a small tributary of Redhill Creek. Given that Houses 1, 3, 4 and 5 had undergone large-scale changes through time, and that the fence line cross-cuts House 1, the site must have been occupied for a considerable length of time, long enough to have warranted at least two major building phases. The ceramic analysis presented in Chapter 3 suggests that the entire span of village occupancy fell within the Middle Iroquoian period (ca. A.D. 1350).
The most realistic scenario of building phases is as follows. First, Houses 1 and 2 were erected. Sometime later, House 1 was rebuilt (see discussion below). In the second major building phase, House 1 was likely dismantled, the fence line was constructed, and Houses 3, 4, 5 and 6 were built. The expansion/contraction of House 5, the possible overlapping structure at the western end of House 5 and the extensive rebuilding of Houses 3 and 4 all suggest a considerable length of occupation to the second phase. It is also possible that House 2 was concomitantly used during the second phase of occupation.
TABLE 2: SERENA SITE HOUSE VARIABILITY House 1A/1B House 2 House 3A/3B House 4 House 5A/5B House 6 Length 25m/40m 43m 67m/68m 35.6m (projected) 23m+/27+ 24m+ Width 7m/8m 8m 7.3m/7.6m 7.5m 7m/7.5m 7m Orientation 93o 79o 75o 11o 304o 52o East of North Area 175m2/320m2 344m2 489m2/517m2 263m2 161m2+/203m2+ 168m2+
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HOUSE 1
Both manifestations of House 1 were oriented at an angle of 93E east of north (Figure 3). The smaller or inner structure (House 1A) measured 25m in length by 7m in width, providing for an enclosed area of approximately 175m2. The western end wall of House 1A was gently rounded. The eastern end wall was rounded as well, but appears not to have extended beyond a central hearth (Feature 55). The northeastern side wall of House 1A extends eastward for another 5m with no indication of an inward turn, perhaps indicating the presence of a windbreak and a 3.8m wide east end. Given the proximity of Feature 55 to the end wall of House 1A, it likely post-dates the endwall indicating that House 1 was expanded rather than contracted. It is also unlikely that a second smaller structure could be easily constructed within an earlier pre-existing house.
The south end of a 140m-long line of single-row posts cross-cuts both versions of House 1 from southwest to northeast (see Figure 2). These posts were part of a fence that is unlikely to have been contemporaneous with either manifestation of House 1.
The walls of House 1A were formed primarily by single-row and paired posts. There was a greater density of posts in the south-central wall, likely reflecting periodic structural maintenance in that area. At some point, a longer and wider longhouse (House 1B) was erected around the first version of House 1. This later structure increased the width of House 1A by metre and expanded its overall length by 15m. The enclosed area of House 1B was approximately 320m2, almost twice the area of the former structure. The western end wall of House 1B was symmetrically bevelled while the eastern end wall was somewhat more rounded and asymmetrical. A 2.3m-long fence extended in a southerly direction from the southeastern end of House 1B. This wall may have functioned as an entrance windbreak, although no clear post mould gap could be discerned. It may have served, therefore, as a fenced activity area related to the features in Exterior Activity Area 6. There was a 3m long fence/windbreak extending from the northwest end of the house.
The walls of House 1B were also formed primarily by single-row and paired posts. There was a greater number of posts along the southern wall of House 1B, just as there had been with House 1A suggesting a prevailing southerly direction of wind at the time the structure was occupied. The only discernable entrance(s) to House 1B is the 80cm-wide gap along the south wall southeast of Feature 53.
As feature and post mould activity in House 1A overlapped with that from House 1B, it is difficult to isolate the internal arrangements that belonged exclusively to the first version of House 1. On the other hand, several observations may be made regarding the later manifestation of House 1 in the areas that did not overlap. For example, with the exception of two refuse pits (Features 52 and 59), the house-end sections of House 1B were sterile and may have been used for above-ground storage. In addition, with the exception of one refuse pit (Feature 11), the side walls of House 1B exhibited a culturally sterile bunkline. In the southeast, this bunkline was approximately 1.6m wide.
Most feature and post mould activity throughout both versions of House 1 was confined to the central corridor. This area included three refuse pits (Features 8 and 12), one hearth (Feature 55) and two features from which human burials had likely been disinterred by the site inhabitants (Features 9 and 10, as indicated by scattered human bones) (Table 3). The side wall/bunkline and house-end areas of both versions of House 1 contained only six other refuse pits (Features 51, 53, 56, 58 and 59).
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Numerous interior posts were recorded in the vicinity of the central features. In all likelihood, such post mould patterns were produced through the repeated implanting of stakes around the fires to facilitate cooking and/or for other food processing activities. While only one hearth was noted (Feature 55), fired soil layers are often very thin and faint, and it is not unusual for them to be partially or even completely removed from the subsoil as a result of deep ploughing.
TABLE 3: HOUSE 1 SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF FEATURES Feat. Feat. Dimensions (cm) Plan/Profile Location Contents. Fill Composition No. Type l w d Shape 8 Pit 74 74 8 Oval/Shallow Basin H1A/B Centre Bone, Chert. Mottled Subsoil, Ash and Charcoal 9 Possible 150 99 64 Oval/Shallow Basin H1A/B Centre A Few Human Bones, Ceramics, Chert. Layer 1: Dark Former Brown-Gray Mottled with Light Soil, Charcoal. Layer 2: Dark Human Soil and Ash Mottled with Subsoil and Charcoal with FCR. Burial Layer 3: Subsoil Mottled with Gray Soil and Charcoal. Human Bone was in Layer 3 with Red Ochre. 10 Possible 74 74 8 Oval/Shallow Basin H1A/B Centre Bone, Chert. Mottled Subsoil, Ash and Charcoal Former Human Burial 11 Pit 40 18 8 Oval/Shallow Basin H1B Bunk Dark Gray-Brown Mottled with Subsoil 12 Pit 55 45 7 Oval/Shallow Basin H1A/B Centre Chert. Subsoil Mottled with Dark Soil. Support Post Intersected Feature 51 Pit 85 82 23 Oval/Shallow Basin H1A/B End Ceramics, Chert. Subsoil Mottled with Dark Gray-Brown Soil and Big Pieces of Charcoal. Also FCR. 52 Pit 26 25 9 Circular/Skewed H1A End Subsoil Mottled with Charcoal 53 Pit 82 26 – Oval/Not Recorded H1A Bunk/ Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil and Charcoal H2 Centre 55 Hearth 80 50 11 Oval/Shallow Basin H1B Centre Fired Soil Mottled with Dark Soil and Yellow-Brown Subsoil 56 Pit 130 79 15 Oval/Shallow Basin H1A/B Bunk Chert. Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil and Charcoal. Predates One Post 58 Pit 29 29 18 Oval/Deep Basin H1A/B Bunk Chert. Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil and Charcoal. Also FCR 59 Pit 28 28 5 Circular/Shallow H1B End Ash Mottled with Dark Soil and Charcoal Basin
HOUSE 2
House 2 was oriented 79E east of north. It had a length of 43m and a width of 8m, providing for an enclosed space of approximately 344m2 (Figure 4). The western end wall of this structure was gently rounded, with the northwestern end wall slightly overlapping the southwestern end wall. The gap between these two walls was approximately 60cm in width and likely formed an entrance opening. The opposite end of the house was tapered and had a possible entrance opening of approximately one metre. Other wall gaps include one approximately 2.6m wide near the centre of the northern side wall, and smaller gaps along the southern side wall. One other large gap, measuring 2.5m, was located at the southeast corner of the house. The opening was bounded on the south by a cluster of posts and a feature (Exterior Activity Area 4), and on the north by a possible corridor looking into the interior of the house as defined by at least one line of posts south of Feature 90. There was a distinct swale located just beyond the excavated area at the eastern end of House 2.
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The walls of House 2 were formed primarily by single-row and irregularly clustered posts. The distribution of interior posts and features indicates the presence of largely sterile bunklines approximately 1.5m in width, as well as house-end storage cubicles. A partition wall, approximately 2.6m in length, partially demarcated the storage cubicle at the western end of House 2. The southern bunkline area contained one refuse pit (Feature 73), while Features 71, 76, 77 and 81 were situated directly along the south infrastructure wall. Two refuse pits (Features 69 and 83) extended through the house wall. Feature 69 had been excavated prior to the construction of House 2, while Feature 83 post-dated the house (Table 4).
Two central hearths were encountered toward the eastern end of House 2 (Features 45 and 90), but neither was related to an extensive post mould cluster. The central corridor also contained five refuse pits (Features 41, 42, 46 and 78) and one ash pit (Features 79) (Table 4).
TABLE 4: HOUSE 2 SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF FEATURES Feat. Feat. Dimensions (cm) Plan/Profile Location Contents. Fill Composition No. Type l w d Shape 41 Pit 60 42 13 Irregular/Conical H2 Centre Dark Brown Soil Mottled with Charcoal 42 Pit 52 50 8 Circular/Shallow H2 Centre Mottled Dark Soil and Charcoal Basin 45 Hearth 67 47 6 Irregular/Shallow H2 Centre Subsoil Mottled with Dark Soil, Fired Soil and Charcoal Basin 46 Pit 189 89 42 Irregular/ H2 Centre Ceramics, Chert. Mottled Dark Soil, Subsoil, Fired Soil and Irregular Charcoal 69 Pit 160 100 14 Oval/Shallow Basin H2 Bunk/ Chert. Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil, Ash, Fired Soil and Side Wall Charcoal. House 2 Wall Posts Were Visible on feature surface. Therefore, the feature predated H2 71 Pit 35 30 14 Oval/Deep Basin H2 Bunk Wall Chert, Ceramics. Dark Gray-Brown Soil Mottled with Subsoil and Charcoal 73 Pit 104 48 12 Oblong/ H2 Bunk Chert, Ceramics, Ground stones. Layer 1: Brown Subsoil Irregular Mixed with Darker Soil and Charcoal. Layer 2: Fired Soil and Charcoal. 76 Pit 30 30 10 Circular/Deep Basin H2 Bunk Wall Chert. Dark Brown Soil Mottled with Subsoil and Charcoal 77 Pit H2 Bunk Wall 78 Pit 40 36 12 Oval/Deep Basin H2 Centre Chert, Ceramics. Mottled Dark Soil, Subsoil, Ash and Charcoal 79 Ash Pit 24 24 8 Circular/Deep Basin H2 Bunk Wall Chert, Ceramics. Mottled Ash and Charcoal 81 Pit 66 65 23 Oval/Deep Basin H2 Bunk Wall Chert. Mottled Very Dark Gray-Brown and Subsoil 83 Pit 68 50 18 Oval/Deep Basin H2 West Entrance Chert, Ceramics. Homogeneous Fired Soil Lens Surrounded by Very Dark Gray-Brown Soil Mottled with Light Soil and Ash. Featured Postdated Two H2 End wall Posts 90 Hearth 92 45 13 Oval/Irregular H2 End Mottled Reddish Yellow Soil
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HOUSE 3
This house was oriented 75E east of north (Figure 5). It would appear that the extensive changes made to House 3 took the form of extensive repair work to the northern side and end walls rather than a major expansion or contraction. The space between the south wall and the inner north wall is referred to as House 3A. This version is 67m long and 7.3m wide and has an area of 489m2. The space between the south wall and the outer north wall is labelled House 3B. This manifestation of House 3 has a length of 68m, a width of 7.6m and an area of 517m2.
The northwestern end wall of House 3A was constricted and exhibited a distinctly rounded curve. The entire southern wall, which was weakly defined, was constricted at the western end but did not continue around to meet the opposite end wall. The resulting post mould gap was approximately 3m wide. The walls were formed by widely spaced, single-row posts. There were no soil characteristics in this area precluding the definition of post molds.
Once the house was widened through reconstruction of the north wall, the width of the western end wall post mould gap was larger by approximately 1.3m. The reconstructed wall of House 3B, like the walls of House 3A, was formed by widely spaced, single-row posts. The internal distribution of features preclude their assignment to the two house construction phases. In addition to the gap at the west end of the house, numerous other gaps were noted including several along the south wall and one in the southeastern end wall, some of which may have functioned as entrances.
Both ends of House 3 maintained feature and post-free spaces. The bunklines along the side walls were relatively culturally sterile as well, and contained only two refuse pits (Features 34 and 35) and one ash pit (Feature 36) (Table 5). Most features were recorded in the central corridor of the house, including 17 refuse pits (Features 17-19, 22, 25, 92 and 93, 110, 114, 115, 118-120, 122, and 124-126), two ash pits (Features 26 and 94) and two central hearths (Features 111 and 123) (Table 5). Since both documented hearths are placed in the centres of circular post patterns and were associated with other features, it is likely that hearths were formerly present in the post pattern east of Feature 124 and in the westernmost feature cluster. An additional oval pattern of posts adjacent to Feature 126 may either pre- or post-date the house given their apparent association with other posts and features in Exterior Activity Area 7.
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TABLE 5: HOUSE 3 SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF FEATURES Feat. Feat. Dimensions (cm) Plan/Profile Location Contents. Fill Composition No. Type l w d Shape 17 Pit 35 30 9 Circular/Shallow H3A/B Centre Ceramics, Chert. Dark Gray-Brown Mottled with Charcoal and Basin Ash 18 Pit 59 56 28 Circular/Deep Basin H3A/B Centre Ceramics, Bone. Very dark Gray-Brown Mottled with Charcoal, Ash and Fired Soil 19 Pit 12 9 5 Oval/Shallow Basin H3A/B Centre Ceramics. Dark Gray Mottled with Ash and Charcoal 22 Pit 37 39 12 Circular/Deep Basin H3A/B Centre Chert. Very dark Gray-Brown Mottled with Charcoal and Ash 24 Pit 104 90 24 Oval/Irregular H3A Centre Bone, Chert, Ceramics. Dark Gray-Brown Mottled with Charcoal and Ash. Predated Feature 26 25 Pit 40 34 3 Circular/Shallow H3A/B Centre Ash Mottled with Dark Soil, Charcoal and Subsoil Basin 26 Ash Pit 49 49 18 Oval/Shallow H3A/B Centre Bone, Chert, Ceramics. Ash Mottled with Dark Soil and Charcoal. Postdated Feature 24 34 Pit 58 38 13 Oval/Shallow Basin H3A/B Bunk Chert. Dark Soil Mottled with Charcoal, Subsoil and Ash 35 Pit 84 64 8 Irregular/Shallow H3A/B Bunk Ceramics, Chert. Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil, Ash and Basin Charcoal 36 Ash Pit 83 57 15 Oval/Shallow Basin H3A/B Bunk Chert, Ceramics. Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil, Charcoal and Ash. Postdates Two Interior Posts 92 Pit 138 72 42 Oval/Shallow Basin H3A/B Centre Dark Soil Mottled with Charcoal. Underlain/Predated by Feature 93 and One Post. 93 Pit 115 62 34 Oval/Shallow Basin H3A/B Layer 1: Light Soil Mottled with Dark Soil, Subsoil and Centre Charcoal. Layer 2: Dark Soil Mottled with Charcoal and Subsoil. Predated Feature 92 94 Ash Pit 48 34 7 Oval/Shallow Basin H3A/B Centre Microsherd. Ash Mottled with Dark Soil, Subsoil and Charcoal 110 Pit 67 60 7 Circular/Shallow H3A/B Centre Ceramic, Chert, FCR. Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil, Ash, Basin Charcoal. Post in pit 111 Hearth 68 48 1 Oval/Flat H3A/B Centre Fired Soil Mottled with Subsoil. Basal Hearth 114 Pit 26 26 16 Circular/Deep Basin H3A/B Centre Chert. Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil, Ash, Charcoal 115 Pit 25 25 7 Circular/Shallow H3A/B Centre Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil, Ash, Charcoal Basin 118 Pit 24 24 14 Circular/Deep Basin H3A/B Centre Ceramic, Chert. Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil, Ash, Charcoal 119 Pit 74 30 15 Irregular/Irregular H3A/B Centre Chert. Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil, Charcoal 120 Pit 33 31 7 Circular/Shallow H3A/B Centre Chert, Bone. Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil, Charcoal Basin 122 Pit 34 31 28 Circular/Deep Basin H3A/B Centre Bone, Ceramic, Chert. Layer 1: Brown Soil Mottled with Subsoil, Fired Soil, Charcoal, FCR. Float. Layer 2: Homogeneous Dark Brown with Charcoal Flecks 123 Hearth 55 50 7 Circular/Shallow H3A/B Centre Fired Soil Mottled with Dark Soil, Charcoal Basin 124 Pit 12 12 12 Circular/Deep Basin H3A/B Centre Pit Completely Defined by a Small Pot. Rim and Neck Sheared off. Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil 125 Pit 28 28 19 Circular/Deep Basin H3A/B Centre Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil, Fired Soil, Ash, Charcoal 126 Pit 22 22 14 Circular/Deep Basin H3A/B Centre Mottled Dark Soil, Subsoil, Ash, Charcoal
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HOUSE 4
House 4 was oriented 11E east of north (Figure 6). Extensive repair work had been undertaken on the western side wall. The walls were formed by both tightly spaced single-row posts and irregularly clustered posts. No evidence of the southern end wall survived, and only a portion of the gently rounded northern end wall persisted. The projected length, width and area of this building are 35.6m, 7.5m and 263m2. It is not clear if any of the openings in the wall were intentional entrances although the gaps in the northeastern end wall and in the central west wall may have served that purpose.
A largely sterile bunk-line measuring 1.4m in width was present along both side walls. Only three features were observed in this space (Features 205, 210, 212, 221) (Table 6). Feature 205 was a hearth, but given its dangerous location, it is possible that this feature was not contemporaneous with House 4. Features 210 and 221 were sweat lodges.
Feature 210 was an interior sweatlodge lodge oriented parallel to the house wall (Figure 7). It measured 2.62m in length, 1.51m in width and 0.19m in depth. As with most sweat lodges, Feature 210 had a keyhole plan shape and a flat bottomed profile. But, unlike other such features, there was a dense concentration of bone and fire-cracked rock in the centre of the living floor (see Chapter 6).
Feature 221 had been appended to House 4, and was oriented perpendicular to the side wall (Figure 8). It measured 3.56m in length, 2.78m in width and 0.5m in depth, and had a keyhole plan shape with a flat bottomed profile. House wall post moulds were visible across the neck/ramp of Feature 221, indicating that the feature had fallen into disuse and was backfilled prior to the abandonment of House 4. The four layers of this feature yielded ceramics and chert. There was a considerable quantity of fire-cracked rock in the middle two levels of fill.
The remaining House 4 features were recorded in the central corridor of the house, including seven refuse pits (Features 201, 203, 207, 208, 209, 211, 212), and one hearth (Feature 202) (Table 6).
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TABLE 6: HOUSE 4 SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF FEATURES Feat. Feat. Dimensions (cm) Plan/Profile Location Contents. Fill Composition No. Type l w d Shape 201 Pit 44 33 7 Irregular/Shallow H4 Centre Chert. Dark Brown Soil Mottled with Subsoil and Charcoal Basin 202 Hearth 110 86 11 Irregular/Shallow H4 Centre Fired Soil Basin 203 Pit 30 27 17 Circular/Irregular H4 Centre Support Post Predates Feature. Dark Soil with Subsoil and Charcoal Mottled 205 Hearth 45 30 17 Circular/Conical H4 Bunk Mottled Subsoil, Fired Soil Ash and Charcoal 207 Pit 153 135 36 Irregular/Irregular H4 Centre Ceramics, Chert. Three Lenses. Layer 1: Brownish-Yellow. Deep Basin Layer 2: Very Dark Greyish-Brown. Layer 3: Yellowish-Brown Mottled with Charcoal, Ash and Subsoil 208 Pit 50 33 19 Oval/Irregular H4 Centre Dark Yellowish-Brown with Charcoal Flecks 209 Pit 23 23 13 Circular/Deep Basin H4 Centre Chert. Mottled Dark Soil, Subsoil and Charcoal 210 Sweat 262 151 19 Keyhole/Flat Bottom H4 Bunk Dense Bone and FCR in Centre of L2. Bottom to Top. Layer 1: Lodge Ash Mottled with Charcoal and Subsoil. Layer 2: Charcoal and Ash Mottled with Subsoil. Living Floor Layer 3: Subsoil Mottled with Charcoal 211 Pit 20 20 11 Round/Deep Basin H4 Centre Chert. Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil and 212 Pit 26 26 10 Round/Deep Basin H4 Centre Chert, Ceramics. Dark Soil Mottled with Charcoal Subsoil and Charcoal 221 Sweat 356 278 50 Keyhole/Flat Bottom H4 Bunk Ceramics, Chert (with Scraper on Surface). Much FCR in Layer Lodge 3 and 4. Bottom to Top. Layer 1: Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil, Charcoal and Fired Soil. Layer 2: Subsoil Mottled with Dark Soil and Charcoal. Layer 3: Subsoil Mottled with Dark Soil. Layer 4: Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil, Charcoal and Ash. Layer 4 Contains Two Subsoil Lenses
HOUSE 5
House 5 was oriented 304E east of north (Figure 9). At some point, this house had either been expanded or contracted by approximately 4m, from 23m+ to 27m+, or vice versa. The width remained the same at 7.5m, for a respective total area of 161m2+ or 203m2+. The smaller version is referred to as House 5a, and the larger version as House 5b. Although the eastern end(s) of the house could not be traced, likely because they had been removed by deep ploughing, both of the western ends were gently rounded. The walls of House 5a and 5b were comprised of fairly evenly spaced single-row posts. As with House 4, it is not clear if any of the spaces in the walls were deliberate entrances.
The west end of House 5 overlaps with a series of posts that appear to form a small oval structure perpendicular to the long axis of the house (see also Exterior Activity Area 10). The phasing of these two structures is uncertain as is the extent to which they overlap. Indeed, the exterior structure may simply have been appended to the southwestern end of House 5.
There are no features exclusive to the larger version of House 5 (House 5b), so it is largely impossible to relate specific features to either House 5a or 5b. With the exception of Feature 230, the 1.5m-wide bunk-lines of Houses 5a and 5b were culturally sterile (Table 7).
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TABLE 7: HOUSE 5 SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF FEATURES Feat. Feat. Dimensions (cm) Plan/Profile Location Contents. Fill Composition No. Type l w d Shape 216 Cremation 51 36 14 Oval/Shallow Basin H5 Centre Three posts precede the Feature. Bottom to Top. Layer 1: Dark Pit Greyish-Brown. Layer 2: Yellowish-Brown. Layer 3: Homogeneous Dark Soil with Charcoal and Lots of Calcined Mammal Bone 228 Hearth 46 29 5 Oval/Shallow Basin H5 Centre Chert. Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil, Fired Soil and Charcoal 229 Pit 23 23 10 Oval/Deep Basin H5 Centre Ceramics. Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil and Charcoal 230 Sweat 260 200 30 Keyhole/Flat Bottom H5 Bunk H6 Wall Posts Do Not Appear to Cross the Neck of this Feature. Lodge Chert (and Projectile Points), Bone, Ceramic. Bottom to Top. Layer 1 Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil and Charcoal (Living Floor). Layer 2: Subsoil Mottled with Dark Soil and Charcoal Concentrations/Lenses. Layer 3: Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil and Charcoal
Feature 230 was a sweat lodge that had been appended to the side walls of House 5a and 5b, perpendicular to the long axis of the house (Figure 10). This lodge measured 2.6m in length, 2m in width and 0.3m in depth. It had a keyhole plan shape and a flat bottomed profile. As neither House 5a nor House 5b wall posts appeared to cross the neck/ramp of this feature, it may be inferred that Feature 230 remained in use throughout both phases of House 5. Chert flakes, projectile points, bone and ceramics were recovered from the three levels of this feature.
The centre of House 5 contained three features (Features 216, 228 and 229) (Table 7). Feature 229 was a refuse pit and Feature 228 was a hearth. Feature 216 was a relatively large, but shallow, pit that contained a great deal of calcined animal and human bone and charcoal in the uppermost of its three layers (see Chapter 7). Although this feature, which seems to have functioned as a cremation pit, was ostensibly located at the western end of House 5, it may not be coeval with this house. Rather, it may have been associated with the possible overlapping structure. There are three posts at the base of Feature 216 that predate the feature.
HOUSE 6
This house was oriented 52E east of north (Figure 9). Most of the southwestern end of House 6 could not be discerned, presumably due to deep ploughing and erosion given the house’s location with its southwestern and immediately adjacent to the break-in-slope. Enough post moulds survived, however, to determine that the overall length, width and area of the house were at least 24m, 7m and 168m2.
The walls of House 6 were constructed of fairly evenly spaced single-row posts. The interior of House 6 contained few post moulds and only three refuse pits (Table 8). Two were located within two metres of the side walls (Features 222 and 223), and one was found at the end of the house (Feature 226). The latter intersects Feature 227 of Exterior Activity Area 9 (see below), suggesting that two features either predate or postdate the occupation of the house.
A 4m-long curving line of post moulds at the eastern end of House 6 appears to have constituted an interior partition wall.
Given the relative paucity of interior activity in House 6, it may not have served as a residential structure.
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TABLE 8: HOUSE 6 SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF FEATURES Feat. Feat. Dimensions (cm) Plan/Profile Location Contents. Fill Composition No. Type l w d Shape 222 Pit 120 42 8 Irregular/Shallow H6 Bunk Dark Soil Mottled with Basin Charcoal and Subsoil 223 Pit 23 23 7 Circular/Deep Basin H6 Bunk Chert. Mottled Dark Soil Subsoil and Charcoal 226 Pit 112 22 20 Irregular/Shallow H6 End Intersects F227 of EA9. Layer 1: Soil Mottled with Subsoil and Basin Fired Soil with Charcoal Flecks. Layer 2: Fired Soil Mottled with Subsoil and Dark Soil. Layer 3: Same as Layer 1
EXTERIOR FENCES
Although the majority of exterior posts did not appear to form coherent patterns, a 140m-long linear arrangement of single-row post moulds, identified as a palisade-fence, originated at the southern wall of House 1, extends to the northeast, parallel to the ravine, and terminating to the northeast of the midden. These posts were all comparable in size to the wall posts elsewhere on the site. It is suggested that Houses 1 and 2 were part of an early stage of village development, and that Houses 3-6, the palisade-fence and Midden 1 were all established during Building Phase 2.
EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREAS
Excluding Midden 1, 52 features (42.5% of all features) were recorded in open-air contexts within at least ten discrete exterior activity venues. The fact that so many routine tasks seem to have been performed both in and out of houses suggests that the site was occupied year-round.
EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 1 (MIDDEN 1)
Exterior Activity Area 1 is comprised of a small refuse pit (Midden 1) roughly centred on Square 200-490, approximately 15m northwest of House 4. Midden 1 was discovered and delineated in the fall of 1994 when 30 test units were strategically placed throughout the site area. As with all test units, those placed in the vicinity of Midden 1 were hand-excavated to subsoil, with the soil fills being screened through 6mm mesh in order to maximize the recovery of small artifacts. The floors of each square were carefully examined for evidence of features or post moulds, and stratigraphic profiles were documented. This excavation programme established that Midden 1 covers an area of approximately 100m2 and contained rich artifact deposits up to 50cm in depth (see Appendices A1, C1 and D1). Indeed, 82% and 44% of the site lithic and ceramic assemblages, respectively, were recovered from Midden 1. No other middens were discovered on the site.
EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 2
Exterior Activity Area 2 refers to a fairly discrete grouping of post moulds, six refuse pits (Features 6, 37-39, 49 and 50) and one hearth (Feature 1) located at the western end of House 1 (Table 9). One of these refuse pits (Feature 49) must have postdated the construction and use of House 1B, as end wall posts of this structure were only visible beneath the feature. Exterior Activity Area 2 may have been the scene of extensive use of tobacco: a complete pipe had been buried in Feature 49 and Feature 38 yielded most of the charred plant seeds from the site (see Chapter 5) including the vast majority of Nicotiana rustica.
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TABLE 9: EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 2 SUMMARY OF FEATURES Feat. Feat. Dimensions (cm) Plan/Profile Contents. Fill Composition No. Type l w d Shape 1 Hearth 92 41 5 Oval/Shallow Basin Fired Soil Mottled with Dark Soil, Subsoil and Charcoal 6 Pit 51 27 13 Oval/Shallow Basin Very Dark Gray Mottled with Subsoil. Float Sample 37 Pit 254 144 9 Irregular/Flat Chert, Ceramics. Gray-Brown Mottled with Subsoil and Reddish Soil. Float Sample 38 Pit 155 83 24 Oblong/Deep Basin Chert, Bone. Layer 1: Dark Gray-Brown Mottled Basin with Reddish Soil and Charcoal. Lens of Ashy Subsoil. Layer 2: Very Dark Gray Mottled with Charcoal. Float Sample, Large Quantity of Tobacco 39 Pit 51 51 12 Circular/Shallow Basin Brown-Gray Mottled with Charcoal 49 Pit 211 153 8 Irregular/Shallow Basin Complete Pipe. Very Dark Gray. Wall Posts Beneath Feature Establish Feature Postdated House 1B (Outer Walling) 50 Pit 52 26 6 Oval/Shallow Basin Dark Brown Mottled with Subsoil and Charcoal. May be a Plough Scar
EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 3
Exterior Activity Area 3 alludes to a cluster of post moulds and refuse pits (Features 77, 80, 82 and 84) at the southwestern end of House 2 (Table 10). Given the proximity of this activity locus to the House 2 wall, it is suggested that this area was probably used by the occupants of House 2.
TABLE 10: EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 3 SUMMARY OF FEATURES Feat. Feat. Dimensions (cm) Plan/Profile Contents. Fill Composition No. Type l w d Shape 77 Pit 50 32 13 Oblong/Irregular Ceramics, Chert. Layer 1: Gray-Brown Soil Mottled with Charcoal. Layer 2: Brown Soil Mottled with Subsoil 80 Pit 40 32 13 Oval/Deep Basin Brown Soil Mottled with Subsoil and Charcoal. Lens of Fired Soil 82 Pit 25 25 9 Circular/Shallow Basin Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil, and Lots of Charcoal 84 Pit 77 47 12 Oval/Shallow Basin Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil, Ash and Charcoal
EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 4
As with Exterior Activity Area 3, this area may have been associated with the occupants of House 2. This venue consisted of several scattered post moulds and three widely spaced refuse pits (Features 85, 86 and 91) at the eastern end of House 2 (Table 11).
TABLE 11: EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 4 SUMMARY OF FEATURES Feat. Feat. Dimensions (cm) Plan/Profile Contents. Fill Composition No. Type l w d Shape 85 Pit 163 169 38 Ovate/Skewed Mottled Dark Soil and Subsoil 86 Pit 175 60 6 Irregular/Irregular Mottled Dark Soil Subsoil, Ash and Charcoal 91 Pit 145 85 35 Oval/Deep Basin Layer 1: Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil. Layer 2: Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil. Layer 3: Dark Soil Mottled with Charcoal and Subsoil
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EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 5
Exterior Activity Area 5 was situated to the south of the eastern end of House 1. Along with a 2.3m long curved fence, extending from the east end of the house, the area included seven refuse pits (Features 27-31, 112 and 113) and one hearth (Feature 14) (Table 12). Feature 14 is unlikely to have been co-terminus with House 1, suggesting that some of these features may have been used subsequent to the first occupational phase of the site.
TABLE 12: EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 5 SUMMARY OF FEATURES Feat. Feat. Dimensions (cm) Plan/Profile Contents. Fill Composition No. Type l w d Shape 14 Hearth 168 50 10 Oval/Shallow Basin Chert. Dark Brown Mottled with Charcoal and Ash 27 Pit 80 55 11 Oval/Shallow Basin Chert. Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil, Charcoal and Ash. Feature Filled with Rocks 28 Pit 63 35 5 Oval/Shallow Basin Chert, Ceramics. Subsoil Mottled with Dark Soil, Ash and Charcoal 29 Pit 66 47 4 Oval/Shallow Basin Chert. Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil and Charcoal 30 Pit 94 85 3 Irregular/Not Recorded Chert, Ceramics. Dark Soil Mottled with Charcoal, Ash and Subsoil 31 Pit 52 34 14 Oval/Deep Basin Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil, Charcoal and Ash 112 Pit 135 110 34 Irregular/Conical Layer 1: Dark Gray Clay. Layer 2: Dark Brown Mottled with Subsoil, Ash, Charcoal. Float. Layer 3: Biface, Chert. Brown Soil Mottled with Subsoil, Ash, Charcoal. Float 113 Pit 80 35 14 Oval/Irregular Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil
EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 6
Exterior Activity Area 6, located to the north of the eastern end of House 1, was roughly bisected by the palisade wall discussed above suggesting that this group of features was associated with the occupation of House 1. The features include five refuse pits (Features 60, 63, 65, 96 and 115) and a hearth (Feature 95) as well as a number of isolated post moulds (Table 13).
TABLE 13: EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 6 SUMMARY OF FEATURES Feat. Feat. Dimensions (cm) Plan/Profile Contents. Fill Composition No. Type l w d Shape 60 Pit 130 83 39 Irregular/Shallow Basin Chert, Ceramics. Layer 1: Ash Mottled with Subsoil and Charcoal. Layer 2: Ash Mottled with Dark Soil and Charcoal. Layer 3: Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil. Layer 4: Fired Soil Mottled with Dark Soil. Float Sample 63 Pit 52 33 10 Oval/Shallow Basin Ceramics. Homogeneous Dark Soil with Charcoal Flecks 65 Pit 184 82 10 Oval/Shallow Basin Mottled Dark Soil, Subsoil and Charcoal 95 Hearth 109 100 8 Circular/Shallow Basin Fired Soil with Subsoil and Charcoal 96 Former 345 156 12 Irregular/Basin Ceramics, Chert, Bone. Dark Soil Mottled with Fired Soil, Subsoil and Human Charcoal Burial 115 Pit 25 25 7 Circular/Shallow Basin Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil, Ash, Charcoal
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EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 7
Exterior Activity Area 7 includes a concentration of post moulds and seven refuse pits (Features 128, 130, 134, 135, 136, 137 and 139) as well as one hearth (Feature 127) situated north of House 3 (Table 14).
TABLE 14: EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 7 SUMMARY OF FEATURES Feat. Feat. Dimensions (cm) Plan/Profile Contents. Fill Composition No. Type l w d Shape 127 Hearth 48 34 10 Irregular/Shallow Basin Mottled Fired Soil, Subsoil, Charcoal and Dark Soil 128 Pit 180 70 12 Irregular/Shallow Basin Dark Soil Mottled with Charcoal, Ash 130 Pit 80 40 13 Oval/Shallow Basin Chert. Dark Soil Mottled with Charcoal, Ash 134 Pit 104 51 8 Oval/Shallow Basin Brown-Grey Soil Mottled with Subsoil and Charcoal Flecks 135 Pit 101 40 31 Oval/Deep Basin Pipe Fragment. Dark Soil Mottled Ash, Charcoal 136 Pit 145 65 30 Irregular/Deep Basin Chert, Ceramics. Bottom to Top L1) Very Dark Gray-Brown Mottled with Subsoil and Charcoal L2) Very Dark Grey Mottled with Subsoil and Charcoal L3) Very Dark Grey-Brown Mottled with Subsoil and Charcoal 137 Pit 41 40 11 Circular/Deep Basin Grey-Brown and Ashy Mottled with Subsoil 139 Pit 173 80 21 Oval/Shallow Basin Dark Soil Mottled with Charcoal and Ash. Fire-Cracked Rock
EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 8
Exterior Activity Area 8 refers to a fairly discrete grouping of post moulds and three refuse pits (Features 200, 213 and 215) located between the northern ends of Houses 4 and 5 (Table 15).
TABLE 15: EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 8 SUMMARY OF FEATURES Feat. Feat. Dimensions (cm) Plan/Profile Contents. Fill Composition No. Type l w d Shape 200 Pit 220 118 47 Irregular/Conical Black, Organic Loamy Soil with Sand Lenses 213 Pit 64 45 20 Oval/Conical Ceramics, Lithics. Bottom to Top L1) Dark Gray-Brown Mottled with Subsoil, Iron, Charcoal 215 Pit 145 65 30 Irregular/Deep Basin Chert, Ceramics. Bottom to Top L1) Very Dark Gray-Brown Mottled with Subsoil and Charcoal L2) Very Dark Grey Mottled with Subsoil and Charcoal L3) Very Dark Grey-Brown Mottled with Subsoil and Charcoal
EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 9
Exterior Activity Area 9 represents a cluster of three refuse pits (Features 224, 225 and 227) located between Houses 4 and 6 (Table 16). Because Feature 227 is intersected by Feature 226 situated immediately adjacent to the end wall of House 6, it follows that the use of at least those two features was not co-terminous with the occupation of House 6.
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TABLE 16: EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 9 SUMMARY OF FEATURES Feat. Feat. Dimensions (cm) Plan/Profile Contents. Fill Composition No. Type l w d Shape 224 Pit 151 118 12 Oval/Shallow Basin Ceramics, Bone, Chert. Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil and Charcoal 225 Pit 210 74 13 Irregular/Shallow Basin Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil, Charcoal Flecks and Fired Soil 227 Pit 243 45 19 Irregular/Shallow Basin Predates F226 in H6. Dark Soil Mottled with Subsoil, Fired Soil with Charcoal Flecks
EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 10
Exterior Activity Area 10 encompasses the faint outline of a circular or oval configuration of post moulds overlapping with the northern end of House 5. This post mould pattern may represent a structure with a diameter of approximately 8m. One refuse pit (Feature 217) lay within the bounds of this possible enclosure (Table 17). In addition, a possible cremation pit (Feature 216) in House 5 was situated in the section of the house that overlaps with the possible structure. Despite the presence of three truncated posts at the base of this feature, its association remains unclear.
TABLE 17: EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 10 SUMMARY OF FEATURES Feat. Feat. Dimensions (cm) Plan/Profile Contents. Fill Composition No. Type l w d Shape 217 Pit 116 33 15 Ovate/Irregular Dark Soil Mottled with Charcoal and Subsoil
EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 11
Exterior Activity Area 11 contained only one refuse pit (Feature 220) and a few posts immediately south of the sweat lodge (Feature 230) projecting out from House 5 (Table 18).
TABLE 18: EXTERIOR ACTIVITY AREA 11 SUMMARY OF FEATURES Feat. Feat. Dimensions (cm) Plan/Profile Contents. Fill Composition No. Type l w d Shape 220 Pit 88 40 14 Oval/Shallow Basin Subsoil Mottled with Dark Soil and Charcoal
Archaeological Services Inc CHAPTER 3
CERAMIC ARTIFACTS
SECTION 1 CERAMIC VESSELS
Robert H. Pihl and Shaun J. Austin
INTRODUCTION
A total of 1,764 sherds forming portions of vessel rims, necks, shoulders, and bodies, individually or in various combinations, constitute the ceramic vessel assemblage (Appendix A1). There are 136 rims and rim fragments (including seven castellations), 112 neck/shoulder sherds, and 1,501 body sherds.
In addition, the ceramic vessel assemblage contains 12 juvenile vessel fragments, and three unidentified lumps of clay. Ceramic smoking pipes are discussed in Section 2 below.
VESSEL RIMS
One hundred and thirty-six rims and rim fragments were recovered, forming portions of 26 identifiable vessels (Appendix A2). Rims are considered analyzable when they exhibit both interior and exterior surfaces, the lip and sufficient exterior collar-neck area to ascertain decorative styles and attributes.
Analytical data were entered directly into a database file that was used to generate both an artifact catalogue and an attribute analysis. This system was developed at Archaeological Services Inc. by Mr. Stephen Cox Thomas and consists of seven attribute fields, recording the nature of the specimen, portion, shape or form of the portions, metrics, vessel zone decoration (area, motifs and techniques), and castellation decoration (area, motifs and techniques).
Analysis of the ceramic assemblage resulted in the identification of four decorative motifs and four decorative techniques from which all variations were derived:
Design Motifs a) Simple: These motifs consist of one or more horizontal bands of oblique or vertical lines executed in the same direction. b) Opposed: These motifs consist of two or more alternating bands of simples that change direction. c) Horizontals: These motifs are characterized by one or more horizontal lines.
Archaeological Services Inc. The Serena Site (AhGx-274): Ceramic Artifacts Page 29 d) Plain: These lack any decorative motifs.
Design Techniques a) Incising: This is a technique accomplished by drawing a sharp pointed object across wet clay. b) Trailing: A variation of incising in which the stylus is held at an oblique angle to the clay, thus forming a wider line (ie., >5mm wide). c) Linear Stamping: In this technique, elongated impressions are created by pressing a linear object into wet clay. d) Linear Punctate: These impressions are created by punching the clay using a linear object and are often used for notching collar edges.
DESCRIPTIONS
Both attribute and typological analyses were conducted on the 26 vessel rims. Summary descriptive statistics of individual attributes and metrics are presented in Table 19.
TABLE 19: CERAMIC VESSEL RIMS DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND METRIC ATTRIBUTES n % RIM FORM (n=26) Incipient Collared 19 73.1 Collared 5 19.2 Uncollared 27.7 LIP FORM (n=26) Flat 26 100.0 ANGLE OF LIP TO INTERIOR (n=26) Acute 13 50.0 Obtuse 7 26.9 Right 6 23.1 RIM ORIENTATION (n=26) Outflaring 24 92.3 Vertical 13.8 Insloping 13.8 INTERIOR PROFILE (n=26) Concave 16 61.5 Straight 9 34.6 Convex 13.8 EXTERIOR PROFILE (n=26)
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TABLE 19: CERAMIC VESSEL RIMS DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND METRIC ATTRIBUTES n % Convex 16 61.5 Straight 10 38.5 COLLAR BASE SHAPE (n=24) Rounded 19 79.2 Angular 5 20.8 COLLAR HEIGHT (n=24) Mean 21.9 mm Range 11.7-47.7 mm LIP THICKNESS (n=26) Mean 7.3 mm Range 4.1-10.9 mm UPPER RIM THICKNESS (n=26) Mean 10.4 mm Range 6.4-16.6 mm COLLAR MOTIFS (n=26) Horizontals over Simples (Obliques or Verticals) 9 34.6 Obliques over Horizontals over Obliques 6 23.1 Obliques over Horizontals 4 15.4 Obliques over Obliques 2 7.7 Horizontals 27.7 Opposed 27.7 Obliques over discontinuous Horizontals over Obliques 1 3.8 COLLAR TECHNIQUE (n=26) Incised over Incised 6 23.1 Incised over Linear Stamped 6 23.1 Linear Stamped over Incised over Linear Stamped 5 19.2 Linear Stamped over Incised 2 7.7 Incised 27.7 Dragged Stamp 13.8 Linear Stamped over Trailed over Linear Stamped 1 3.8 Trailed 13.8 Linear Stamped over Trailed 1 3.8 Linear Stamped over Linear Stamped over Linear Stamped 1 3.8 NECK MOTIF (n=26) Undecorated 20 76.9 Horizontals 4 15.4 Filled, Opposed Triangles 2 7.7 NECK TECHNIQUE (n=26) Undecorated 20 76.9 Incised 4 15.4 Linear Stamped 13.8 Trailed 13.8 INTERIOR MOTIF (n=26) Undecorated 22 84.6 Obliques (at lip junction) 4 15.4 INTERIOR TECHNIQUE (n=26)
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TABLE 19: CERAMIC VESSEL RIMS DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND METRIC ATTRIBUTES n % Undecorated 22 84.6 Linear Stamped 4 15.4 LIP MOTIF (n=26) Undecorated 15 57.7 Horizontal Line 6 23.1 Obliques 4 15.4 Verticals 13.8 LIP TECHNIQUE (n=26) Undecorated 15 57.7 Incised 7 26.9 Linear Stamped 27.7 Dragged Stamped 1 3.8 Linear Punctate 13.8
Most of the vessels in this assemblage have either poorly defined collars (73.1%), or are uncollared (7.69%). Rims with well-developed collars constitute only 19.2% of the assemblage. Lip forms are exclusively flat (100%). The angle of the lip to the interior is predominately acute (50%), and less often either obtuse (26.9%) or a right angle (23.1%). Rim orientation is usually outflaring (92.3%), with only 3.8% being vertical, and 3.8% being insloping.
The proportions of concave, straight and convex interior collar profiles are 61.5%, 34.6%, and 3.8%, respectively. The exterior profiles of the vessel collars are either convex (61.5%) or straight (38.5%). Collar base shapes are primarily rounded (79.2%), although 20.8% are angular.
Collar heights in this assemblage range between 11.7 mm and 47.7 mm, with a mean of 21.9 mm. Lip thicknesses range between 4.1 mm and 10.9 mm with a mean of 7.3 mm. Upper rim thicknesses range between 6.4 mm and 16.6 mm with a mean of 10.4 mm.
The three most common collar decorative motifs consist of horizontals over obliques or verticals (34.6%), obliques over horizontals over obliques (23.1%), and obliques over horizontals (15.4%). In decreasing order, the remaining exterior collar motifs are obliques over obliques (7.7%), horizontals (7.7%), opposed (7.7%), and obliques over discontinuous horizontals over obliques (3.8%).
Alone or in combination, incising/trailing and linear stamping account for 96.2% of the exterior collar decorative techniques observed. The only other technique used was dragged stamping (3.8%).
Necks are predominately undecorated (76.9%). Four display decorations characterized by horizontals (15.4%), while two exhibit filled, opposed triangles (7.7%).
The techniques used to decorate necks are: incising (15.4%), linear stamping (3.8%) and trailing (3.8%).
Most vessel interiors are undecorated (84.6%). Linear stamped obliques (at lip junction) are found on 15.4% of the sample.
The majority of lips are also plain (57.7%). Six lips (23.1%) display an encircling line. Obliques are found on four specimens (15.4%), and verticals are present on one (3.8%).
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Lip decoration was accomplished through incising (26.9%), linear stamping (7.7%), dragged stamping (3.8%) and linear punctates (3.8%).
TRADITIONAL TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Following the type definitions established by MacNeish (1952), Table 20 presents the frequencies and percentages of specific ceramic types recovered from the Serena site.
TABLE 20: CERAMIC VESSEL TYPES Frequency Percentage Ontario Horizontal (Plate 1, 2) 12 46.2 Middleport Oblique (Plate 3) 7 26.9 Black Necked (Plate 4) 3 11.5 Pound Necked (Plate 4) 3 11.5 Iroquois Linear (Plate 4) 1 3.8 TOTAL 26 99.9
The five ceramic types identified at the Serena site may be briefly defined as follows:
Ontario Horizontal The Ontario Horizontal type (Plates 1 and 2) is characterized by horizontal line motifs on relatively short, channelled collars (MacNeish 1952: 16-17). Early decorative variations include short oblique or vertical incised lines or gashes above and/or below the horizontals. These designs may extend just beneath the collar (see Dodd et al. 1990: Figure 10.4). Lips may feature a single horizontal line and castellations are rare.
Vessels 2, 3, 7, 8, 12, 13, 15, 19, 20, 24, 25 and 26 may be classified as Ontario Horizontal. Although relatively short gashes are present above the horizontals on four of these rims (Vessels 15, 20, 24 and 26), and Vessels 12 and 13 have nicks on the lip at the exterior-lip junction, the horizontal elements remain the dominant decorative motif.
Middleport Oblique These slightly outflaring vessels have poorly defined collars and are characterized by incised obliques or gashes on the upper rim with horizontals on the lower rim and neck. Often there is a single incised line in the middle of the flattened lip (Plate 3).
Of the seven recovered examples from the Serena site, only Vessels 1, 14, 16 and 17 closely conform to the type definition. The others, Vessels 10, 21 and 23, are variants of the Middleport Oblique type.
Vessel 10 has an outflaring, collarless rim and an incipient castellation. The upper rim is decorated with incised right oblique lines over a single horizontal line. Although the necks of Middleport Oblique vessels are usually undecorated, Vessel 10 displays a band of tall right oblique incised lines, separated from the upper rim motif by a undecorated zone.
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The poorly developed collars on Vessel 21 and 23 are both decorated with linear stamped obliques over a single horizontal element over linear stamped obliques. They differ in that the incised horizontal on Vessel 21 is continuous, while the linear stamped horizontal on Vessel 23 is discontinuous.
Black Necked Collars generally have straight to convex interior profiles and are often decorated on the exterior with simples, horizontals, or oblique lines crossed with a continuous or discontinuous horizontal line (Plate 4:a-c). Notches may occur at the top or bottom of the collar. The neck is always decorated with opposed triangles filled with obliques or horizontals. Shoulder decoration includes oblique gashes, horizontals or both. Castellations are frequently of the pointed variety (MacNeish 1952: 36-37).
Vessels 4 and 5 conform closely to the type definition of Black Necked. Vessel 6 represents a variant of this type. It has a poorly developed collar that is both rounded and channelled collar. The flat lip displays incised obliques. Exterior decoration includes incised horizontals on the collar and incised obliques lines on the neck. It is likely that a larger rim segment would have demonstrated that this vessel had a neck decorative motif consisting of infilled triangles similar to those noted on Vessels 4 and 5.
Pound Necked Neck decoration always appears on this rim type, consisting of a series of incised horizontals with or without notches under them. The poorly defined, channelled collars are invariably decorated as well, usually with simples or bands of parallel lines (Plate 4:d-f).
Vessels 9, 18 and 22 conform quite closely to this type definition, except that Vessels 9 and 18 have moderately to well developed collars. The collar of Vessel 9 is undecorated, but the neck displays incised horizontals, as does the lip. The decoration on Vessel 18 consists of linear stamped opposed on the collar, some of which seems to have been smoothed over, and incised horizontals on the neck. The interior has faint linear stamps near the interior-lip junction. The poorly developed collar on Vessel 22 exhibits trailed horizontals extending down onto the neck. The interior has nicks at the interior-lip junction, while the lip itself is undecorated.
Iroquois Linear This type is defined by rims with poorly defined, short to medium high collars and horizontal line motifs (Plate 4:g) executed with dragged linear stamps or punctates. Basal collars or upper neck areas are rarely decorated. MacNeish noted that on earlier versions, the decorating tool was shorter and wider (1952: 18-19). The Serena example (Vessel 11) has a short, poorly developed collar, decorated with three rows of dragged, oval punctates. Although incomplete, the collar motif appears to be superimposed with right oblique lines extending to the neck. The lip decoration consists of vertical lines of dragged punctates.
Table 21 lists the proveniences from which all ceramic types were recovered.
TABLE 21: CERAMIC TYPOLOGY BY PROVENIENCE UNIT Feature House/Ext. Act. Area Ceramic Type (MacNeish 1952) • PM House 1 • 1 Middleport Oblique (Vessel 1, Plate 3a) • 9 • 1 Ontario Horizontal (Vessel 2, Plate 1a) • 48 House 2 • 1 Pound Necked (Vessel 9, Plate 4d) • Sq. 120-435 House 3 • 2 Ontario Horizontal (Vessels 3, 8, Plate 1b, d ) • 30 • 1 Black Necked (Vessel 5, Plate 4b)
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TABLE 21: CERAMIC TYPOLOGY BY PROVENIENCE UNIT Feature House/Ext. Act. Area Ceramic Type (MacNeish 1952) • 207, 210, 221 House 4 • 3 Ontario Horizontal (Vessels 15, 19, 25, Plate 1g, h, 2c) • 207, 210 • 3 Middleport Oblique (Vessels 14, 16, 17, Plate 3c, d, e) • 221 • 1 Pound Necked (Vessel 18, Plate 4e) • 228 House 5 • 1 Pound Necked (Vessel 22, Plate 4f) • 230, PM • 2 Ontario Horizontal (Vessels 24, 26, Plate 2a, 2d) • 230 • 1 Middleport Oblique variant (Vessel 23, Plate 3g) • Sq. 200-474 Midden 1 • 1 Iroquois Linear (Vessel 11, Plate 4g) • 132, Sq. 200-476 • 2 Ontario Horizontal (Vessels 12, 13, Plate 1e, f) • 28 Exterior Activity Area 5 • 1 Black Necked (Vessel 4, Plate 4a) • 60 Exterior Activity Area 6 • 1 Black Necked (Vessel 6, Plate 4c) • 63 • 1 Ontario Horizontal (Vessel 7, Plate 1c) • 224 Exterior Activity Area 9 • 1 Ontario Horizontal (Vessel 20, Plate 2b) • 225 • 1 Middleport Oblique (Vessel 21, Plate 3f) • – Backdirt • 1 Middleport Oblique (Vessel 10, Plate 3b)
CERAMIC CHRONOLOGY SUMMARY
It has already been argued that there were two major occupation periods at the site. The earlier period is represented by Houses 1 and 2, and the later phase by the palisade-fence, Houses 3, 4, 5 and 6, and the midden. The lack of a clear correlation between "early" ceramic types in the areas defined as belonging to Building Phase 1 and "late" ceramics in the areas attributed to Phase 2 indicates that there was only a very brief hiatus between these two phases. A larger sample would have been helpful in this regard.
Given that the combined frequency of Ontario Horizontal and Middleport Oblique is 73.1%, the Serena ceramics may be said to represent a typical Middle Iroquoian sample (Wright 1966:61). The relatively low frequencies of interior and lip decoration support this conclusion. The substantial presence of Pound Necked and Black Necked pottery (23%) means that the site is unlikely to date to the early Middle Iroquoian period (Dodd et al 1990: 337). Nor does it fall within the final years of the period, as indicated by the near absence of collared vessels. In other words, the ceramics from the Serena site indicate that both major building phases occurred during the mid-14th-century (ca. 1350).
SURFACE TREATMENT
By far, most vessel sherd surfaces are smooth. Surface treatment is evident on 10.6% of the sample (187 sherds), principally on vessel bodies (n=176/11.7%), but also on neck-shoulder sections (n=9/8%) and rims (n=2/1.5%). The forms of surface treatment observed include ribbed paddling (n=96), smoothed-over cord (n=87), and check stamping (n=4).
CERAMICS WITH APPLIED PIGMENT
An interesting aspect of this collection is that several vessels were given a slipped or painted exterior. A slip glaze or wash is a thin coating comprised of a mixture of clay and pigment applied to the surface of a pot both as a decorative treatment and to decrease the porosity of the vessel.
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White pigment is evident on three body sherds from Feature 229 (House 5) and on one neck sherd from Square 885-830 (House 5). Five body sherds, one neck sherd, three shoulder sherds and three rim sherds (Vessels 19, 20 and 26) exhibit traces of black pigment. The proveniences where black painted ceramics were found are as follows: Features 17 (House 3), 24 (House 3), 221 (House 4), 224 (Exterior Activity Area 9) and Square 880-830 (House 5).
Because "painted" ceramics are rarely observed on contemporaneous Iroquoian sites in southern Ontario, this attribute may reflect a regional Middle Iroquoian decorative tradition. Another possible contemporary regional focus of painted ceramics was the Oshawa area. The McLeod site, situated at the crossroads of Thornton and Rossland Roads yielded six ceramic sherds decorated with pigment (Reed 1993:15). Three have a red colouration on the interior, two have bands of a dark brown on the exterior, and one has an exterior that features brownish pigment forming three concentric circles bisected by two parallel lines. Some 5.5km to the east, the Grandview site (AlGr-59) (Archaeological Services Inc. 1998) yielded two Pound Necked rims with applied red ochre slips.
CASTELLATIONS
Among the rim fragments are seven castellations. Four are pointed, two are incipient pointed and one is rounded.
JUVENILE CERAMICS
The 12 juvenile vessel sherds in this sample comprise 10 rims and rim fragments, one neck sherd and one body sherd. Three of the five undecorated rims are plain, while the other is scarified. The other five rims are plain and decorated. Rims with distinguishable decorative motifs and techniques include one with incised chevrons, one with dragged annular punctates, and one with incised horizontals on the collar and incised obliques on the interior. The only juvenile body sherd recovered is plain and undecorated. The neck sherd is decorated with dentate stamps.
Archaeological Services Inc. SECTION 2 CERAMIC PIPES
Eva M. MacDonald
DISCUSSION
One limestone and 36 ceramic pipe fragments were recovered from the site (see Appendix B). Wherever possible, fragments were mended together prior to analysis, reducing the minimum number of bowls to six. One bowl (3080, 3090) was partially reconstructed by cross-mending sherds from two sub-squares excavated three metres apart in Midden 1.
While the assemblage is small, it exhibits attributes characteristic of both the Early and Middle Ontario Iroquoian time periods. The stem of the complete pipe (3000), for example, is short relative to the size of the bowl, and the stem cross-section is D-shaped due to a flattened ventral surface. The bowl meets the stem at an obtuse angle and the specimen is well-made and undecorated (Plate 5a). A second stem fragment with complete mouthpiece (0228) is also D-shaped, and bears traces of a red wash on its surface (Plate 5b). One stem fragment (3061) is decorated with small annular punctates that have been placed in zones encircling the mouthpiece and along two sides of the stem. These three specimens resemble ceramic pipes found on Early Ontario Iroquoian sites (Williamson 1990:299).
During the transition to the Middle Ontario Iroquoian period, stems meet the bowls at a right angle and the bowls include barrel and conical forms (Dodd et al 1990:330). At the Serena site, one barrel-shaped bowl (3010) with a narrow lip is incised with opposed vertical and horizontal elements. A second, partially reconstructed, barrel form (3080, 3090) is also incised with opposed vertical and horizontal elements, however, it is from a larger specimen (Plate 6b). Its flat lip measures 10.3 mm in width and it is angled towards the centre of the bowl; the overall height of the bowl is 47.5 mm. One plain bowl (3030) reconstructed from four fragments is a conical form (Plate 6a). The flat lip of this bowl is 8 mm thick. The shapes of the remaining bowl fragments cannot be determined, however, two fragments are plain (3060, 3031) and one is incised with opposed triangular zones (3050).
Three of the stem fragments possess intact mouthpieces, one of which is tapered (3040), one is lightly flared (3070), and the third has been ground into a rounded shape (0191). All of these stems are plain, however, their form cannot be determined due to the size of the fragments. It is interesting to note that a mid-stem fragment of a ground limestone pipe was recovered from a midden sub-square (Plate 5c). Its cross-section is ovoid and its surface is greatly smoothed but undecorated. Stone pipes are reported for Early Middle Ontario Iroquoian sites although they are rare (Dodd et al 1990:332)
In comparing the Serena pipe assemblage to those from sites in the general vicinity, it is not unlike the Uren site assemblage reported by Wright (1986:45-47). Twenty pipe fragments were excavated at the Uren site in 1977, including a stone pipe, and D-shaped stems and obtuse and right-angled elbow forms. No ceramic pipes were reported for the Wade site (ASI 1989), and only one incised bowl fragment of undetermined form was reported for the Olmstead site (ASI 1994:25).
In terms of provenience, 31 fragments came from Midden 1, five came from features, and one came from an interior post mould in House 4. No other artifacts in addition to the complete pipe were recovered from Feature 49, raising the question of whether or not the feature represents the deliberate ritual burial of a functional pipe. It is interesting to note that nearby Feature 38 yielded the vast majority of Nicotiana rustica seeds identified in the analyzed sample of plant remains. While this might imply that the external venue in which both features were located (Exterior Activity Area 2) was a locale of activities that involved the use
Archaeological Services Inc. The Serena Site (AhGx-274): Ceramic Artifacts Page 37 of tobacco, it is also true that Feature 38 contained substantial quantities of all plant remains (seeds) and may simply represent a pit into which one or more plant processing episodes from elsewhere were placed.
Archaeological Services Inc. CHAPTER 4
LITHIC ARTIFACTS
SECTION 1 FLAKED STONE
Shaun J. Austin
INTRODUCTION
The 11,694 flaked stone artifacts in this assemblage include, in whole or in part, 60 projectile points, two drills, two gravers, seven spokeshaves, one wedge, one burin, five formal scrapers, 44 crude bifaces, 456 utilized or retouched flakes, 127 bipolar flakes, 202 bipolar cores, 64 random percussion cores, 101 primary thinning flakes, 1,715 secondary knapping flakes, 2,100 secondary retouch flakes, and 6,807 shatter fragments (Table 22). As a complete, experimentally verified, functional attribute analysis is beyond the scope of the present report, only typological and descriptive data are presented, including identifications of chert type and measurements of length, width, and thickness per formal tool. The frequencies and percentages of the various flaked stone artifact types identified are presented below per provenience unit.
RAW MATERIALS
The vast majority of flaked stone artifacts are of Onondaga chert. In descending order, the remainder of identified raw materials are: Haldimand chert, Ancaster chert, Bois Blanc chert, Selkirk chert, Kettle Point chert, Collingwood chert, Quartzite, Trent Valley chert, Upper Mercer chert and Balsam Lake chert (Table 23).
FORMAL FLAKED STONE TOOLS
Projectile Points
Sixty projectile points and projectile point fragments were uncovered. House 1 (Feature 9) yielded a partial side-notched point base of Onondaga chert (Cat. 0320). This point fragment could not be classified in terms of temporal or cultural affiliation. An Onondaga projectile point tip recovered from Feature 76 in House 2 (Cat. 0860), and an Onondaga chert projectile point base encountered in House 3, (Cat. 1662) were similarly unclassifiable.
House 4 produced evidence of six projectile points. A Late Woodland triangular point preform of thermally altered Selkirk chert with a straight, thinned base and slightly convex sides (Cat. 2210) (Plate 7a) was encountered. This point is 42mm long, 18mm wide and 7mm thick. Feature 210 yielded a basal fragment from a side-notched Onondaga chert projectile point (Cat. 2010) with a width of 19mm and a thickness of 4mm. The same feature contained a small projectile point fragment of Onondaga chert. A side-notched projectile point of Onondaga chert (Cat. 2050) (Plate 7b) was found in Feature 212. This specimen measures 40mm in length, 14mm in width, and 5mm in thickness. An expanding stemmed projectile point basal fragment was recovered from Feature 221 (Cat. 2130). It has a width of 16mm and a thickness of 5mm. Feature 221 also contained an Onondaga chert juvenile point with a slight stem (Cat. 2170). This point measures 33mm in length, 22mm in width, and 6mm in thickness.
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A further four Onondaga chert projectile points were represented in Feature 230 of House 5, including: a 3mm-thick tip fragment, a complete Late Woodland triangular point with a slight tang on one of the basal corners (Cat. 2290) (Plate 7c), a Late Woodland side-notched point missing its tip, but with convex sides and a thinned base (Cat. 2291) (Plate 7d), and a thermally altered fragment of a unifacially worked projectile point (Cat. 2297). The complete Late Woodland triangular point measures 29mm in length, 19mm in width, and 5mm in thickness. The nearly complete Late Woodland side-notched point has a blade width of 17mm, a thickness of 5mm, a notch width of 9mm, and a base width of 14mm.
Thirty-nine complete and partial projectile points were recovered from Midden 1. Thirty-five are base, medial and tip fragments, 11 of which are thermally altered. None of the fragmentary specimens is classifiable in terms of cultural or temporal affiliation. Regarding the four complete projectile points recovered from Midden 1, the first is a side-notched point basal fragment of Onondaga chert with a width of 20mm, a thickness of 2mm, and a notch width of 10mm (Cat. 1063). The second is a side to corner-notched Late Woodland point manufactured from Bois Blanc chert (Cat. 1160) (Plate 7e). It has a thinned concave base and a straight to concave blade. The length, width, thickness and notch width are 21mm, 14mm, 4mm and 8mm, respectively. Both of the aforementioned points are characteristic of the Middle Iroquoian period (A.D. 1280-1400). The third projectile point is manufactured from Onondaga chert (Cat. 1714) (Plate 7f). It measures 34mm in length, 14mm in width, and 4mm in thickness, but is unclassifiable because a corner section is missing due to a potlid spall. The fourth specimen (Cat. 1906) (Plate 7g) may indicate Iroquoian use of a Late Archaic period tool as it bears strong affinities to the Innes point type, of the Small Point Horizon or Terminal Archaic period (3500-2800 B.P/1500-800 B.C.). This Ononadga chert point measures 30mm in length, 19mm in width, and 5mm in thickness. It has a stem width of 10mm, and a base width of 11mm.
Two of the five projectile points from Exterior Activity Area 2 may be considered culturally and temporally diagnostic. One is a corner-notched point of Selkirk chert encountered in Square 109-389 (Cat. 0150) (Plate 7h). This specimen has a straight base and blade with drooping shoulders. It measures 28mm in length, 19mm in width, and 4mm in thickness. The notch width is 8mm. The second diagnostic projectile point from Exterior Activity Area 2 was contained in Feature 37. This specimen exhibits a thinned, concave base with tanged corners (Cat. 0163) (Plate 7i). Missing only its tip, this point was manufactured from Trent Valley chert. Elsewhere in Exterior Activity Area 2, three unclassifiable Onondaga chert projectile point fragments were recovered from Features 38, and Squares 110-389 and 119-370. The two tip fragments from Feature 38 and Square 119-370 both measure 4mm in thickness. The unidentified projectile point portion from Square 110-389 measures 27mm in width, and 4mm in thickness.
Two projectile points of Onondaga chert were recovered from Exterior Activity Area 6. A small stem fragment measuring 11mm in width, and 4mm in thickness (Cat. 1484) was found in the subsoil of Square 144-424, within Feature 110. A Late Woodland triangular point measuring 38mm in length, 16mm in width an 5mm in thickness (Cat. 1330) (Plate 7j). All three sides of this specimen are slightly concave, indicating that the tool was extensively re-sharpened.
Finally, a crudely fashioned side-notched point fragment of Onondaga chert was recovered from the backdirt (Cat. 0101) (Plate 7k). The lower base and tip are missing. It measures 22mm in width by 5mm in thickness.
Archaeological Services Inc. The Serena Site (AhGx-274): Lithic Artifacts Page 40 11 1331 1846 5631 9545 1/02/0 1 3 4 6 4 9 127/202 64 101 1715 2100 6807 11694 21622736 3 12 1 2 20 0/1 0/3 1 21 2 17 45 TABLE 22: FLAKED LITHIC ASSEMBLAGE CLASSIFICATIONS Mid 1392261PROVH1 23635768/1532448 H2H3 PPH4H5 DRH6 1 GRMid 1EA2 1 SSEA3 6EA4 4 WEEA5EA6 BU 5EA8 SCEA9 EA10 CB 2 URF 1 BPF/C 9 RC 1 PTF 1 7/3 SKF SRF 1 1 FF 3 2 TOTAL 14 22 46 15 44 2/20 1/4 6 32/11 1 193 1 1 8 11 1/2 307 3 25 2 3 4/3 10 1 5 114 12 62 7 22 9/1 26 47 126 60 128 236 8 1 25 16 363 11 189 397 79 2 17 15 130 18 176 39 30 187 113 65 189 151 BackdirtTotal6022711544456 Legend 1PPDRGRSS projectile point drillWE graverBUSC spokeshave wedge burin scraper URF 1 utilized/retouch flake CB 6 PTF crude biface BPF/C RC bipolar flake/core flake thinning primary 0/2 random core SKF flake knapping secondary SRT SH flake retouch secondary shatter 3 9 51 73
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TABLE 23: RAW MATERIALS USED FOR FLAKED STONE ARTIFACTS Raw Material Frequency Percentage Onondaga 10,996 94% Haldimand 287 2.5% Ancaster 250 2.1% Bois Blanc 118 1% Selkirk 26 0.2% Kettle Point 6 0.05% Collingwood 4 0.04% Quartzite 3 0.02% Trent Valley 1 0.009% Upper Mercer 1 0.009% Balsam Lake 1 0.009% Unidentified 1 0.009% Total 11,694 99.9%
Drills
Two drills were recovered from Midden 1. Square 201-477 produced an unidentified drill fragment of thermally altered Onondaga chert measuring 3mm in thickness (Cat. 1212). In addition, a nearly complete drill of Onondaga chert was found in Square 200-479 (Cat. 1170) (Plate 7l). This latter artifact, which has a ground hafting element and is missing its tip, measures 45mm in length, 19mm in width, and 6mm in thickness.
Gravers
Two gravers of Onondaga chert were recovered from Midden 1 (Squares 202-476 and 202-478) (Cat. 1235, 1888). The first specimen is a complete tool with a small, lightly ground spur. The longitudinal ridges along the blade portion of this tool have been unifacially retouched on alternate edges. The edges of the hafting element are also alternately retouched as well, but the pattern is the reverse of that used on the blade. This artifact measures 17mm in length, 5mm in width, and 2mm in thickness. Specimen 2 had been made from the basal portion of a broken biface. The spur has a smoothed tip and is 8mm in length. The whole tool measures 22mm in length, 14mm in width, and 6mm in thickness.
Spokeshaves
Seven spokeshaves were recovered: six from Midden 1 and one from Exterior Activity Area 2. Except for one specimen of Ancaster chert from Midden 1, all are made of Onondaga chert. Three were obtained from Square 199-477 in Midden 1 (Cat. 1123). The first measures 23mm in length, 16mm in width, and 4mm in thickness. The second measures 13mm in length, 13mm in width, and 3mm in thickness. The third measures 10mm in length, 9mm in width, and 2mm in thickness. In addition, Square 200-478 in Midden 1 produced a spokeshave manufactured from a bipolar core (Cat. 1198). This tool has a length of 28mm, a width of 21mm and a thickness of 6mm. Two more spokeshaves were recovered from Square 205-475 in Midden 1. One is of Ancaster chert and measures 36mm in length, 15mm in width, and 5mm in thickness (Cat.1740).
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The other measures 40mm in length, 27mm in width, and 4mm in thickness (Cat.1741). The final spokeshave came from Square 115-370 in Exterior Activity Area 2 (Cat. 0240). It is 26mm long, 21mm wide and 4mm thick.
Wedges
One thin, flat, rectangular wedge of Onondaga chert was recovered from Square 199-475 in Midden 1 (Cat. 1785) (Plate 7m). This tool measures 33mm in length, 31 mm in width, and 11mm in thickness.
Burins
One burin fashioned from a secondary knapping flake was recovered from Square 130-450 in Midden 1. This artifact displays a dark organic encrustation and measures 48mm in length, 34mm in width, and 6mm in thickness.
Scrapers
Two formal scrapers of Onondaga chert were recovered from Midden 1. The first, from Square 198-476, is a flake scraper measuring 20mm in length, 14mm in width, and 4mm in thickness (Cat. 1066) (Plate 7n). The second is an end scraper from Square 200-476 measuring 24mm in length, 21mm in width, and 7mm in thickness (Cat. 1153).
Square 114-424 in Exterior Activity Area 5 yielded a flake scraper with a length of 24mm, a width of 21mm and a thickness of 4mm (Cat. 0234) (Plate 7o). Feature 110 in Exterior Activity Area 6 contained a bifacially worked scraper with a square planview and plano-convex profile. This artifact measures 25mm in length, 22mm in width, and 7mm in thickness (Cat.1480). A hafted end scraper of Onondaga chert was also recovered from Feature 221 in House 4 (Cat. 2180) (Plate 7p). This specimen measures 48mm in length, 28mm in width and 10mm in thickness.
Crude Bifaces
A total of 44 crude biface fragments was recovered from five separate proveniences. All are of Onondaga chert unless noted otherwise. House 1 yielded a small biface fragment with a thickness of 3mm (Cat. 0682). House 3 contained three crude bifaces: a triangular preform of Ancaster chert (Cat. 1590) measuring 38mm in length, 22mm in width, and 9mm in thickness, a rounded basal fragment with a width of 23mm and a thickness of 8mm from Feature 122 (Cat. 1661), and a crude biface fragment with a width of 18mm and a thickness of 4mm (Cat.1510).
Thirty-six crude biface fragments of Onondaga chert were recovered from Midden 1. Three are from Square 198-476 (Cat. 1062) and range between 16-28mm in length, 14-21mm in width, and 4-7mm in thickness. Square 198-477 yielded a single crude biface fragment with a thickness of 5mm (Cat. 1088), while Square 198-479 contained both a crude biface tip (Cat. 1092) and a base (Cat. 1093). The former is thermally altered and measures 8mm in thickness, the latter measures 32mm in width, and 8mm in thickness. Square 199-475 produced a very small thermally altered biface fragment (Cat. 1109) measuring 7mm in thickness. Also recovered was a bifacially retouched secondary knapping flake (Cat. 1108) measuring 24mm in length, 15mm in width, and 5mm in thickness. Two thermally altered crude biface fragments were recovered from Square
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199-477 (Cat.1125). They range between 30-40mm in length, 17-20mm in width, and 5-7mm in thickness. Three crude bifaces, two of which are thermally altered, were recovered from Square 199-478 (Cat. 1132). They range from 14-25mm in length, 8-16mm in width, and 3-5mm in thickness. Square 200-478 contained two thermally altered crude biface fragments (Cat. 1204) with measurements ranging from 18-21mm in width, and 4-5mm in thickness. Square 201-476 yielded two thermally altered crude biface fragments, both of which are 3mm thick (Cat. 1186). The same square provided a triangular preform measuring 30mm in length, 23mm in width, and 7mm in thickness. One crude biface fragment with a thickness of 5mm was recovered from Square 200-476 (Cat. 1363). Square 196-479 contained one crude biface manufactured from a large secondary knapping flake (Cat. 1460). This specimen measures 38mm in length, 19mm in width, and 4mm in thickness. Square 200-480 yielded one crude biface fragment with a width of 17mm and a thickness of 8mm (Cat. 1859). One crude biface fragment with a thickness of 5mm was recovered from Square 196-477 (Cat. 1833). Square 203-476 contained one crude biface measuring 39mm in length, 31mm in width, and 11mm in thickness (Cat. 1813). Square 199-473 yielded one crude biface fragment with a width of 21mm and a thickness of 6mm (Cat. 1786). Square 201-474 contained four crude bifaces. Of the two complete specimens, one measures 20mm in width, and 7mm in thickness (Cat. 1761), while the other has a width of 19mm and a thickness of 4mm (Cat. 1763). The two incomplete crude bifaces measure 40mm by 22mm by 5mm (Cat.1760), and 35mm by 15mm by 5mm (Cat. 1762). Square 202-478 yielded one crude biface fragment with a thickness of 7mm (Cat. 1889). Two complete crude bifaces were encountered in Square 203- 475 (Cat. 1902). These artifacts have an average length, width, and thickness of 35mm, 21mm, and 8mm. Square 202-479 contained two crude bifaces, one fragmentary (Cat. 1910), the other complete (Cat. 1922). The former has a width of 22mm, and a thickness of 6mm, while the latter has a length of 50mm, a width of 30mm, and a thickness of 9mm. Finally, three crude bifaces were recovered from Square 202-476. The first is a fragmentary specimen measuring 3mm in thickness. The second is a thermally altered biface tip with a thickness of 3mm. The third is a rounded biface base with a plano-convex cross-section. The width, and thickness of this specimen are 17mm and 5mm, respectively.
Exterior Activity Area 6 yielded three biface fragments: a base measuring 40mm in width and 9mm in thickness, an unidentified section measuring 6mm in thickness, and a bipointed specimen with a scraping edge measuring 78mm in length, 37mm in width, and 11mm in thickness.
Finally, a tear-drop shaped biface was recovered from the backdirt (Cat. 0100). It measures 32mm in length by 15mm in width by 6mm in thickness.
FLAKES AND FLAKE FRAGMENTS
Primary Thinning, Secondary Knapping, Secondary Retouch, Bipolar and Shatter
Only 101 unmodified primary thinning flakes were recovered. The balance of unmodified flakes and fragments are classified as either secondary knapping (n=1,715), secondary retouch (n=2,100), bipolar (n=127), or shatter (n=6,807). These data suggest a clear emphasis on the latter stages of lithic reduction at the site.
Utilized and Retouched Flakes
Utilized flakes are flakes of informal shape which exhibit modification of one or more edges. The edge modification - either flake scars or polish - can arise as the result of deliberate working and shaping of the edge, or it can be edge damage arising from its use as a tool. Distinctions were made between utilization and retouch on the basis of gross macroscopic characteristics of the flake scars such as their uniformity, interval
Archaeological Services Inc. The Serena Site (AhGx-274): Lithic Artifacts Page 44 and size. It is acknowledged, however, that minor utilization, classified here as casual use-wear, may have originated through natural progression as a result of platform preparation during the knapping process.
Four hundred and fifty-six examples of flake modification, ranging from casual use-wear to deliberate unifacial retouch, are identified among the flakes and shatter.
CORES
Of the 266 cores recovered, only 64 (24%) exhibit evidence of percussion flake detachment through random rotation of the core. The remaining 202 may be considered bipolar cores (see Table 18). Using the bipolar technique, chert cobbles were reduced through wedging initiation (compression stress) rather than through random percussion (conchoidal initiation). Many researchers contend that bipolar technology predominated in areas distant from natural chert beds, where chert was more difficult to obtain. This is because chert cobble nuclei could be reduced, or "exhausted," more efficiently through the bipolar technique. The relatively small size of the bipolar cores versus the size of the rotated cores from the Serena site would seem to support this notion.
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION
Exterior activity areas accounted for approximately 87.6% of the flaked lithic assemblage, with approximately 81.6% being derived from Midden 1/Exterior Activity Area 1. In addition, only 17 of the 121 identified formal tools were recovered from house interiors.
THERMAL ALTERATION
Thermal alteration is apparent on 3,429 flaked lithic artifacts, or 29.3% of the flaked lithic assemblage. The artifact types and proveniences involved are detailed in Table 24.
TABLE 24: THERMAL ALTERATION BY ARTIFACT TYPE AND PROVENIENCE Locus Artifact Types Frequency/Percentage House 1 • 6 Secondary Knapping Flakes 67/1.9% • 1 Secondary Retouch Flake • 60 Shatter House 2 • 1 Secondary Knapping Flake 30/0.9% • 1 Secondary Retouch Flake • 28 Shatter House 3 • 2 Unifacially Retouched Flakes 99/2.9% • 1 Bipolar Core • 8 Secondary Knapping Flakes • 4 Secondary Retouch Flakes • 84 Shatter
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TABLE 24: THERMAL ALTERATION BY ARTIFACT TYPE AND PROVENIENCE Locus Artifact Types Frequency/Percentage House 4 • 2 Projectile Points 63/1.8% • 1 Bipolar Flake • 1 Random Core • 12 Secondary Knapping Flakes • 2 Secondary Retouch Flakes • 6 Primary Thinning Flakes • 50 Shatter House 5 • 1 Projectile Point 54/1.6% • 14 Secondary Knapping Flakes • 3 Secondary Retouch Flakes • 36 Shatter House 6 • 1 Secondary Knapping Flake 1/0.03% Midden 1 • 11 Projectile Points 2,953/86.1% • 11 Bifaces • 9 Utilized Flakes • 10 Unifacially Retouched Flakes • 2 Bipolar Flakes • 8 Bipolar Cores • 2 Primary Thinning Flakes • 215 Secondary Knapping Flakes • 391 Secondary Retouch Flakes • 2,294 Shatter Exterior Activity Area 2 • 1 Projectile Point 61/1.8% • 1 Unifacially Retouched Flake • 3 Secondary Knapping Flakes • 3 Secondary Retouch Flakes • 53 Shatter Exterior Activity Area 3 • 3 Shatter 3/0.09% Exterior Activity Area 4 • 1 Secondary Retouch Flake 8/0.2% • 7 Shatter Exterior Activity Area 5 • 1 Utilized Flake 44/1.3% • 1 Secondary Knapping Flake • 42 Shatter Exterior Activity Area 6 • 2 Bifaces 21/0.6% • 13 Shatter • 1 Primary Thinning Flake • 3 Secondary Knapping Flakes • 2 Secondary Retouch Flakes Exterior Activity Area 8 • 1 Secondary Knapping Flake 2/0.06% • 1 Shatter Exterior Activity Area 9 • 4 Secondary Knapping Flakes 10/0.3% • 6 Shatter Exterior Activity Area 10 • 1 Shatter 1/0.03% Backdirt • 12 Shatter 12/0.3% Total 3,429/99.91%
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FLAKED STONE SUMMARY
The flaked lithic assemblage, which is dominated by Onondaga chert, reflects a general conservation of raw materials. This is most obviously reflected in the extensive use of bipolar technology, but also in the relatively low frequencies of discarded or lost formal tools, and the relatively high frequencies of utilized and retouched flakes and shatter. The highest frequencies of flaked stone tools and debitage were found in Midden 1 and the other Exterior Activity Areas. Although the primary function of Midden 1 was clearly related to refuse disposal, both this locus and the other five exterior activity areas may have periodically served as chert knapping stations.
Archaeological Services Inc. SECTION 2 GROUND STONE AND EXPEDIENT TOOLS
Shaun J. Austin
DISCUSSION
Three ground stone artifacts were recovered, all expedient tools of sandstone: an anvilstone, a combined hammerstone/abrader and a hammerstone. The hammerstone was recovered from Feature 207 in the centre of House 4. Both of the other tools were derived from Feature 210, a sweat lodge located along the bunkline of House 4.
The hammerstone (Cat. 4000) (Plate 8a) measures 73.3mm in length, 59.8mm in width and 17.5mm in thickness. Pitting is largely confined to the edges of the stone, but does extend onto its flat surface as well. In addition, some concentrated pitting is visible in centre of one face.
The hammerstone/abrader (Cat. 4020) (Plate 8b) measures 62.8mm in length, 49.2mm in width and 13.5mm in thickness. It is broken at one end and naturally rounded at the other. Concentrated pitting is observed on one flat surface, and in one location along the edge. Multi-directional striations can also be seen on the same flat surface as the pitting.
The anvilstone (Cat. 4010) (Plate 8c) measures 109.3mm in length, 87.3mm in width and 26.1mm in thickness. Deep pecking is evident in the centre of both flat surfaces. Some concentrated pecking is also found toward the edge of one flat surface. A minor amount of pecking is in several places along the edge. One end is broken off and missing. A small portion of the opposite end is also broken off leaving behind several step fractures.
Archaeological Services Inc. CHAPTER 5
PLANT REMAINS
Stephen G. Monckton
INTRODUCTION
Samples were collected from most exposed features. These were all subjected to the double bucket method of flotation using a 0.425mm screen. Light and heavy fractions were stored for future analysis at Archaeological Services Inc. Of these samples, 11 were analysed. These samples consist of both longhouse and midden features. It was considered important to represent as many recognized feature types from the site as possible by at least one sample.
ANALYTICAL METHODS
Light and heavy fractions were passed through screens, which aided in the sorting of material. Light fractions were generally small enough to warrant the use of only 2mm and 0.3mm screens. Material above 2mm was divided into wood charcoal and other plant parts while material smaller than this was sorted for seeds only (Monckton 1992). Additional plant material was recovered manually. This was examined, counted and weighed separately.
Whenever possible, a sample of 25-30 wood charcoal fragments were taken at random from each feature. Each fragment was broken in half in order to examine the wood structure. All identifications were made using a ST-300 stereo dissection microscope at 7 - 40X magnifications.
RESULTS
In addition to a large quantity of wood charcoal, 1,385 seeds were recovered from 164 litres of soil (Table 25). Seed frequencies ranged from 7 - 700 seeds/litre. Maize was the single most abundant cultigen (Table 26), represented by both kernel and cob fragments. Maize kernels were generally comminuted and their numbers had to be estimated on the basis of their weights. Although there were no measurable cob fragments, general observations indicate that the cultigen grown by Serena peoples was Eastern eight-row maize. Seven complete maize kernels were recovered manually. Their lengths, widths and thicknesses were measured. Kernel length ranged from 6.0 - 8.0mm, with an average of 7.1mm. Widths ranged from 9.0 - 11.0mm, with an average of 9.9mm. Thickness ranged from 5.0 - 7.0mm, with an average of 5.8mm. These measurements are within the range of variability for protohistoric kernel populations (Monckton 1992).
Other cultigens recovered include sunflower (Helianthus annuus), cucurbit (Cucurbita pepo), and tobacco (Nicotiana rustica). Cucurbit (pumpkin or squash) is typically under-represented in Iroquoian sites, and is represented here by only one complete seed. It is not surprising that bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), which may have been subject to the same factors of differential preservation as cucurbit (see Monckton 1992), is also represented by only a few specimens.
The under-representation of bean may also be related to its homogeneous structure, which makes it difficult to distinguish from other materials when very fragmented. For example, distinctions between the homogeneous tissues of small nut meat fragments and bean would probably require SEM analysis. Among
Archaeological Services Inc. The Serena Site (AhGx-274): Plant Remains Page 49 10.01 Total Total 2 0.01 151 0.03 0.018 0.01 1 0.01 93 0.02 5.03 6 5.09 25 0.01 27 0.02 Material Unidentifiable Nut 1 04 2 0.1 4.18 84 29.39 4 0.11 16 12 4.18 13.02 29.55 24 13.29 Wt. N Wt. N Wt. N Wt. N Wt. N Wt. No. (g) Wt. Juglans Carya Acorn Meat Nut Unidentifiable Cotyledone TABLE 25: PLANT REMAINS - SAMPLE COMPONENTS Maize Cupulee Bean 3101031010 0.0323.1343.16 40.16613.471213.63 Feat. Square924 120-40526 120-430 Volume37 (g) Wt. 120-43538 6 110-38546 7 N 110-38551 5 145-390 Wt.73 6 115-39096 4 10 21.3 135-375 N200 4 Wt. 22.7 140-430208 5 12 43 N 105210 4 10 880-780 0.01 0.25 35.9 Wt.210 6 0.76 L- 875-785 338 0.3 232 N 215 L- 875-785 1 9 39.6 4.57 1 0.01 17 10 0.01217 2.68 0.06 890-800 37.8 7 720 5221 Fill 885-815 5.76 8.37 99221 0.66 L- 885-790 5 1 5 32.7224 3.1 L- 885-790 2 0.01 14225 870-795 4.97 20.9 0.01 5226 4 1 870-790 0.01227 4.18 13. 0.09 87 43 870-795 3 1 6 0.01 18.9230 1.42 870-795 1.34 1 0.06 1 8230 1 0.02 1 880-830 0.26 0.01 10 69230 L- 880-830 1 9 0 11 0.16 0.78 7Total 0 29.2 0.01 L-1 880-830 10 12% 0.1 12.1 8 11 4.04 0.11 4 32.6 15 0.06 12.8 27.7 0.25 8 16.3 164 62 39 8 0.27 0.38 77 1.59 0.16 1 3 0.11 9 1.9 28 419 0.12 0.01 92 1.02 0.2 2 1073 101 1.13 14.79 0.01 1 3 1139 2 9.63 0.3 30 0.01 0.12 18 0.14 5 31.18 0.02 58 0.42 55 10 4.94 1 46 155 33.10 24.33 1.56 3.22 0.01 0 0.3 0.15 0.86 394 1111 0.14 9 18 1.34 0.12 0.52 27.79 11.76 0.2 38 0.26 0.45 0.04 1 5 133 1.10 21 7 12 0.15 0.19 22.77 1 0.12 0 0.19 0.03 0.00 0 102 4.74 266 163 10 20.08 0.68 24.61 2.02 28.10 32.85 204 967 90.31 35 22 4 270.12 20 0.36 21.27 0.32 100 3441 0 199 5 32.94 214 35 299.11 31.16 100 0.05 58 0.48 19.9 12.74 398 1 22 63 428 33.01 116 34.62 0.26 4.72 23.49 13.37 44 126 2 33.45 5.4 0.26
Archaeological Services Inc. The Serena Site (AhGx-274): Plant Remains Page 50 2 1 Total Seeds Seeds Unknown 937 19 3 23 Seeds Cattail Unidentifiable Small Grass Foot Goose weed 6614 Sumac Knot- Night Shade thorn Haw- berry Elder- berry TABLE 26: SEED NUMBERS Cucurbit Bramble Straw- flower Bean Tobacco Sun- Estimate (N) 924 120-40526 120-43037 120-43538 110-38546 110-38551 145-390 173 115-390 296 135-375 7200 42 140-430208 25 7 880-780210 0 7 L- 875-785 210 0 L- 875-785 4215 610 1 890-800217 16 1 Fill 885-815 221 L- 885-790 221 1 2 1 L- 885-790 224 0 1 1 870-795225 6 870-790226 1 1 3 6 24 870-795227 14 84 870-795230 0 8 39 880-830230 L- 880-830 230 1 2 3 L-1 880-830 Total 4 1 1% 0 1 4 16 4 1 30 1 2 32 3 3 6 28 10 56 5 4 1 4 4 1 1 27 172 2 3 24 1 10.84 1 1.51 1 620 24 39.09 1 1 1.01 16 32 16 1 0.13 1 2 68 1 6 2 16.77 4 1 4 1 2 7.25 8 266 2 0.63 5 13 115 0.63 14 0.25 10 2 2 9.90 10 1 2 0.25 6 2 2 0.38 4 0.13 2 157 106 803 0.50 12 2 21 1 1 88 4 2 4 10 8 6 8.20 5 8 1 2 2.52 4 10 2 2 8 1 23 100 2 18 2 24 130 1 5 2 6 22 4 20 38 40 4 8 4 2 74 1586 2 66 92 22 56 50 9 Feat. Square Maize Kernel
Archaeological Services Inc. The Serena Site (AhGx-274): Plant Remains Page 51 the manually collected remains, two complete bean cotyledons were identified and measured. Their respective lengths and widths are 10.5mm by 6.0mm, and 12.0mm by 7.0mm. The broken specimen's width is 7.0mm. These are also very close to average length and width measurements taken from protohistoric Huron villages (ie., average length=12.0mm, average width=7.1mm).
Only the Historic Huron Auger site has produced substantial quantities of bean (recognized in complete or substantially complete specimens), and this has been interpreted as fortuitous preservation by a conflagration (Latta 1985; Monckton 1992). Current thinking still favours the hypothesis that food preparation is fundamentally responsible for the under-representation of beans at most sites. Sunflower, on the other hand, is easily recognized, even when severely comminuted. This enhanced archaeological visibility suggests that its relatively low frequency is not due to archaeological bias. However, cultural factors may still have affected its representation in charred form.
This analysis did reveal tobacco seeds in four features (37, 38, 224 and 226). Feature 38 contained the vast majority of them, and the figure on Table 26 is a conservative estimate. As mentioned in Chapter 3, a complete pipe was recovered from the nearby Feature 49. Many of the tobacco seeds in Feature 38 were clumped and impossible to count. Quantities of this taxon in Iroquoian sites are difficult to evaluate because the seeds are frequently very unevenly distributed. The majority of tobacco from the tobacco rich Auger and Myers Road sites, for example, was recovered from single features (Monckton 1992, 1998). Given the ritual significance of tobacco, it is not surprising that its archaeological distribution frequently seems to reflect routine, spatially focussed activities.
Non-cultigens recovered from Serena include a wide range of fleshy fruits and other plant taxa (Table 26). Of the fleshy fruits, bramble is the most abundant, and this is typical of virtually all Iroquoian sites. Other taxa within this category include hawthorn (Crataegus sp.), elderberry (Sambucus sp.), strawberry (Fragaria sp.) and nightshade (Solanum nigrum/americanum). These taxa are also quite commonly represented in Iroquoian villages, and more detailed discussions of them can be found in Monckton (1992). Of particular interest is the coincidence of tobacco with relatively large quantities of strawberry and bramble. While bramble is available during most of the summer, strawberry is generally restricted to early summer (June). This may indicate the seasonality of the activity involving tobacco in Feature 38. In a recent study of Huron plant remains, the author discusses the potential significance of archaeological tobacco:
References to the use of tobacco during various social occasions and ritual ceremonies pervade the ethnohistoric literature (Thwaites 1896-1901; 3: 117; 5: 113; 7: 137, 139; 17: 81-83, 127; 18: 187; 20: 187; 32: 229; 38: 253). In addition to smoking tobacco in pipes, frequently tobacco would be thrown on the fire (Thwaites 1896-1901; 10: 159; 13: 209; 23: 55). In order to ensure a good harvest of maize, this plant would be sacrificed in the fire with the invocation: " Listen, O sky! Taste my tobacco; have pity on us" (Thwaites 1896-1901; 23: 55). Occasionally, references are made to "cakes of tobacco" (pains de petun) being cast into fires to persuade spirits of people's good intentions and in payment for good treatment by them (Thwaites 1896-1901; 13: 259; 19: 87). It is not clear from these references, however, exactly how the cakes were made, or whether they included parts of other plants. Yarnell (1964: 85-86) suggests that several other plants were probably mixed with tobacco." (Monckton 1992: 41).
Other plant taxa observed include sumac (Rhus typhina), knotweed (Polygonum sp.), and goose foot or chenopod (Chenopodium sp.). Both flotation and the manual collection of material revealed the remains of butternut (Juglans cinerea) and hickory (Carya cordiformis) nutshell. Most of these taxa thrive in disturbed habitats today and would have been available to the people in forest edge areas with less competition for light.
Archaeological Services Inc. The Serena Site (AhGx-274): Plant Remains Page 52
WOOD CHARCOAL
Tree taxa represented by wood charcoal include maple (Acer saccharum), beech (Fagus grandifolia), elm (Ulmus americana), ash (Fraxinus sp.), ironwood (Ostrya virginiana), and red oak (Quercus rubra) (Table 27). The assemblage is clearly dominated by maple and beech, which is typical of the region.
TABLE 27: WOOD CHARCOAL Feat. Square Maple Beech Ash Elm Oak Ironwood Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Total Deciduous Wood Seeds 9 120-405 3 17 2 2 1 2 27 24 120-430 0 26 120-435 13 3 1 1 5 2 25 37 110-385 3 1 5 8 1 18 38 110-385 8 10 2 5 25 46 145-390 3 1 1 5 51 115-390 1 21 3 25 73 135-375 1 7 2 5 5 7 27 96 140-430 1 3 3 1 11 19 200 4 14 7 4 29 208 880-780 1 11 2 14 210 875-785 L- 18371 1 425 210 875-785 L- 1 10 5 5 2 3 26 215 890-800 5 5 11 1 4 26 217 885-815 Fill 7 4 2 3 16 221 885-790 L- 3 16 1 2 1 23 221 885-790 L- 2 3 5 224 870-795 10491 125 225 870-790 27721 3 3 227 226 870-795 7 4 11 227 870-795 24 3 27 230 880-830 9 7 5 2 2 25 230 880-830 L- 8 14 2 1 1 26 230 880-830 L-1 6 11 3 2 1 4 1 28 Total 117 165 63 39 11 8 54 47 504 % 23.21 32.74 12.5 7.74 2.18 1.59 10.71 9.33 100
Archaeological Services Inc. CHAPTER 6
FAUNAL REMAINS
SECTION 1 FAUNAL REMAINS AND WORKED BONE
Bev Garner
DISCUSSION
The faunal inventory of the site (see Appendix D1) was undertaken in the laboratory of Archaeological Services Inc without the aid of a reference collection. Reference texts were consulted when warranted. Although this collection contains 1,888 items, almost all are fragmentary and therefore cannot easily be identified beyond the class level. Mammals represent 73.94% of the sample; birds, 11.38%; fish, 9.59%, turtles, 3.65%, and shell, 0.48%. The remainder cannot be identified to class.
Nineteen clam shells were recovered in various site proveniences. None had been modified, but since shells such as these are sometimes found at the bottoms of post moulds, it is speculated that they may have been used to facilitate digging activities.
Sixty-nine bone fragments are identified as turtle. All of these are either carapace or plastron fragments. One major portion of a turtle plastron was recovered from the central corridor of House 4. Features 9 and 10 contained a total of 26.09% (n=18) of all turtle elements. Turtle meat was eaten and the shells were sometimes fastened together and used to manufacture rattles, although no such evidence for the latter use was found here.
The fish sample from the site is represented by 181 fragments, most of which are vertebrae or scales. It would seem that both large and small fish were being eaten, but there is no obvious pattern inherent in the distribution of the fish remains.
In total, there are 215 bird bone fragments, with longbone fragments accounting for the majority of the bird bone assemblage. As evidenced by eight tubular beads and one awl (Plate 9) , birds not only provided a food source for the villagers, but also supplied raw materials for the manufacture of bone tools and ornaments.
In all portions of the site, mammals dominate the assemblage. Most of the mammal elements that have been identified are either deer or human, although smaller animals, such as raccoons, dogs, and rodents are also present. While it would not be surprising if many of the smaller rodents represent recent intrusions into the archaeological context, there are precedents for the exploitation of small to medium size fur-bearers at a number of Iroquoian sites in southern Ontario, including Keffer, Nodwell and Wiacek (Stewart 1991:106).
Venison was evidently a major source of food in this village, but as with birds, deer long bones were also used to manufacture tools and ornaments. Thus, mammal bones (usually deer) were used by the inhabitants of the site to produce eight awls, three beads, five perforated phalanges, and five unidentified polished fragments.
Almost 25% of the mammal bone from this site was recovered from Feature 210, a sweat lodge located along the interior of the eastern wall of House 4. Primarily in the centre of the living floor, this single feature contained 24.64% (n=344) of all mammal remains, 8.84% (n=19) of all birds, 2.21% (n=4) of all fish, 1.45% (n=3) of all turtle, and 15.79% (n=3) of all shell. This feature also yielded two of the five perforated deer
Archaeological Services Inc. The Serena Site (AhGx-274): Faunal Analysis Page 54 phalanges recovered from the site, two of the eight bird bone beads, one of the three mammal bone awls, and one of the three mammal bone beads.
Scattered human skeletal material was recovered from Features 9 (n=25) and 10 (n=65) in the centre of House 1, from Feature 96 (n=1) in Exterior Activity Area 6 (north of House 1, near the palisade wall) , from a post mould at the western end of House 3 (n=1), and from Feature 216 in House 5 (n=72). While Features 9, 10 and 96 may reflect incomplete disinterments, Feature 216 appears to have involved a human cremation. This feature is discussed in detail in Chapter 7.
Archaeological Services Inc. CHAPTER 7
CREMATED HUMAN REMAINS
Deborah Merrett
INTRODUCTION
Seven bags of cremated skeletal remains from Feature 216, House 5, were examined. The total weight of human skeletal material is 1056 grams. Three calcined fragments (6 grams) of deer ribs were also present.
All fragments were sorted according to bone group TABLE 28: WEIGHT OF SKELETAL REMAINS and weighed (Table 28). To facilitate the skeletal Bone Group Weight (g) analysis, bone fragments were pieced with water- Vertebrae 46.5 soluble glue where good fits were found. The Skull 259.2 number of bones represented, colour of the skeletal fragments and the side of the body was recorded Ribs, Scapula, Clavicle 58.7 (Appendix D2). Pelvis 49.4 Ulna 12.4 The pattern of breakage varied among the skeletal Radius 22.2 elements. Curved and straight transverse fracture Humerus 7.5 lines were observed. All of the human remains Carpals 5.5 present appear to be adult. The colour of the bone Metacarpals 12.4 fragments ranges from light brown through greys and black to white calcined bone. The fragments Femur 86.1 were scrutinized for cut marks but none were Tibia 31.0 observed. All major parts of the skeleton are Patellae 9.6 represented in the Serena material. The identifiable Long Bone Fragments 326.0 skeletal elements are consistent with contemporary Tarsals 49.2 cremation observations (Warren and Maples 1997). Metatarsals 1.5 Notable is the absence of the basilar and lateral Phalanges 4.5 portions of the occipital bone, the superior regions of the facial skeleton and the paucity of vertebral Unidentifiable Fragments 74.0 and pelvic elements.
Portions of the ectocranial surface of both calvariae and the periosteal surface of some of the nonspecific long bone fragments were stained light green and one calvarial fragment was blue. Copper (II) ions exhibit a series of absorption bands between 600 and 900 mµ - the blue and green range of the spectrum - and copper (II) carbonates can range from green to blue (Cotton and Wilkinson 1966). Post-depositional exposure to copper (II) carbonate may have formed as a result of the corrosion of copper, that was in close association with some of the remains, by carbonic acid in the ground water. Exposure of the cremains to carbonic acid is consistent with the predominance of limestone in the Hamilton region. If the green colour were the result of exposure to existing copper (II) carbonate in the ground water of the Serena site, a generalized staining of all of the cremains and on all surfaces of the bone would have been expected. This suggests that the cremated remains were post-depositionally in close association with a copper artifact that may have been included with the human remains at the time of burial.
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NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS
Duplicate elements from the same side of the body indicate that more than one adult individual is represented in the remains analyzed. Two elements are present for the following bones or bone fragments: transverse sinus of the occipital bone, frontal crest, atlas, left patella, and right petrous portion of the temporal bone. The calvarial fragments could be distinguished by colour. Among all calvarial bones, fits were found only among fragments of the same colour. The observed colour patterns among elements and the fact that no more than two were found of any skeletal element suggest that two individuals are represented. In contemporary crematoria, a cremated adult human cadaver weighs between 876 grams and 3784 grams, with weights of less than 1887 grams being definitely female and greater than 2750 grams being male (Warren and Maples 1997). A total skeletal weight of only 1056 grams recovered from the Serena site for a minimum of two adult individuals indicates a loss of considerable skeletal material between the prehistoric cremation and the interment event(s).
AGE-AT-DEATH
Epiphyseal fusion of all extant long bone ends, including a radial head, a femoral head and distal humerus, is complete. This suggests that the individual(s) were at least 18 years of age (Ubelaker 1989). Tooth sockets present in the fragments of anterior maxillary and mandibular alveolar processes show that tooth root formation is complete. Characteristics noted for the one fragmentary auricular surface of the ilium are coarse granularity, some densification along the posterior margin and an absence of billowing of the superior demiface. Based on the criteria of Lovejoy and co-workers (1985), the morphology is estimated to be Phase 4-5 and suggests an age-at-death of the individual of 30 to 40 years, or middle adult. One small calvarial fragment with an ectocranial suture visible, has complete obliteration of the endocranial suture. If this calvarial fragment is from the same individual as the ilium, it is in concordance with the age estimation from the auricular surface of middle adult (Todd and Lyon 1924, 1925). If the two bones are from different individuals, their ages-at-death are in the same age category. There are no indications of advanced age apparent on any elements.
SEX DETERMINATION
None of the cranial landmarks used in sex determination, such as the mastoid processes, are present. Reconstruction of the nuchal crest region of the occipital and the glabella of the frontal bones sufficient for sex determination was not possible. Articulated fragments of the right ilium and ischium of one individual are present. The greater sciatic notch is wide and a pre-auricular sulcus is present. However, the auricular surface is not raised, and the terminal portion of the ischial spine is absent. Following the criteria of Ubelaker (1989), the sex of the individual represented by the pelvis is probably but not definitely female.
Maximum diameter of the one femoral head present is 39.3 millimetres. Both Maltby's and Parsons' studies of sexual dimorphism of the femur head in cadaveral samples of individuals from the second decade of the twentieth century (cited in Krogman and Işcan 1986) suggest that a measurement of less than 44 millimetres indicates that an individual is female. Analysis of American white and black cadavers (Işcan and Miller- Shavitz 1984, cited in Krogman and Işcan 1986) suggests that females have femoral head diameters of less than 45 millimetres, regardless of population affinity. Shrinkage of bones occurs during cremation when temperatures exceed 600oC. A maximum of 5 per cent and 10 per cent shrinkage have been observed by various authors (Buikstra and Swegle 1989; Dokládal 1971, cited in Krogman and Işcan 1986). Assuming the maximum of 10 per cent shrinkage (which is improbable - see below), the femoral head recovered from
Archaeological Services Inc. The Serena Site (AhGx-274): Faunal Analysis Page 57 the Serena site would have had a maximum pre-cremation diameter of 43.6 millimetres. Mean femoral head diameters observed in a contemporary Florida cremated cadaveral sample are 44.2 millimetres for males and 38.2 millimetres for females (Warren and Maples 1997). If thirteenth century Iroquoians have sexual dimorphism of the femoral head diameter similar to that of twentieth century Americans, the sex of the Serena site individual represented by the femoral head is female. All of the fragments are of approximately the same rugosity and original dimensions. Assuming that they represent two commingled adults, both may have been female.
CREMATION CONDITIONS
The colour of cremated bone varies with the intensity and duration of the fire, the condition of the body prior to cremation and the position of the body relative to the heat source (Buikstra and Swegle 1989; Krogman and Işcan 1986; Ubelaker 1989; Warren and Maples 1997). Bone that is light brown in colour may indicate low heat (below 800oC), and incomplete combustion of the organic component of the bone (Ubelaker 1989). In addition, a light brown/tan colour may indicate that the bones were dry prior to incineration, but without substantial loss of collagen content (Buikstra and Swegle 1989). Short exposure to high temperature results in blue-grey colour, and white cremains suggest longer exposure to high temperature (Ubelaker 1989). Colour variation including regions of brown/tan, blue/black and white bone suggests a small localized fire (Binford 1972; Ubelaker 1989). The colour variability of the Serena site cremains suggests a small fire with regional temperature variation over each body and a relatively short duration of incineration.
The distribution of colour changes among the skeletal elements and the extent of cortical bone exfoliation may indicate the position of body(s) relative to the fire. The absence of a substantial portion of the internal periosteal surface of the pelvic bone, the white colour of the remaining internal periosteal surface, the absence of the pubis, and the brown/black dorsal surface of the ischium and ilium suggest that the source of heat was on the ventral surface of the trunk of the body. The white colour of the exposed trabeculae and the exfoliation of the internal periosteal surface suggests that the bone was either fresh or fleshed at the time of cremation (Buikstra and Swegle 1989).
The presence of flesh on bone during cremation may result in a shiny black periosteal bone surface (Skinner and Lazenby n.d.). The endocranial surface of one of the calvariae varied in colour from dull red-brown to shiny black. The presence of soft tissue within portions of at least one of the calvariae is indicated by the shiny black regions of the endocranial surface.
Although some authors (Binford 1972; Ubelaker 1989) have suggested that incineration of fleshed or fresh bone results in warping and distortion of skeletal remains, others (Buikstra and Swegle 1989) do not consider distortion to be a reliable indicator of the pre-cremation condition of the human remains. No distortion or structural alteration of any of the skeletal elements was observed in the Serena material.
Two femoral shafts are present in the Serena site remains. One is light brown, indicating that the bone was dry when cremated (Buikstra and Swegle 1989) and/or that the temperature of incineration was low (Ubelaker 1989). The second femoral shaft ranges from grey to white with considerable exfoliation. The presence of exfoliation and variation in colour within a single skeletal element suggests that the femur was cremated fresh and possibly fleshed (Buikstra and Swegle 1989) and that the temperature of incineration was low. Because dry and green (fresh or fleshed) bone can not be present simultaneously in the remains of a single individual, the two femoral shafts probably represent different people.
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The uniform light brown colour of the head of the left radius, the anterior portion of the olecranon process and the radial facet of the left ulna, and the left distal humerus suggests that they were exposed to similar duration and intensity of heat. If these bones are from the same individual, they were probably in articulation at the time of cremation. If the uniform colour indicates that the bones were cremated dry, then the articulation was probably maintained by the presence of dried ligaments. Conversely, if the colour indicates that they were cremated fresh or fleshed, then they were probably subjected to lower temperature than other regions of the fleshed skeleton.
CONCLUSIONS
Analysis of the cremated human skeletal remains from the site suggests that the cremains contain a minimum of two middle-aged adult individuals, of overall similar size and skeletal rugosity. The total weight of 1056 grams for at least two adults indicates that not all of the remains were transferred from the crematorium to the burial site. This is consistent with the under-representation of the vertebrae, the facial skeleton, the cranial base and the pelvis. Morphological evidence from the pelvic bone and metric evidence from the femoral head suggests that at least one and perhaps both of the individuals were female. The differing colours of the two femoral shafts and the two calvariae, the presence of both curved and straight transverse fracture lines and the pattern of cortical exfoliation suggest that the two bodies may have been in different stages of decomposition at the time of cremation: one fresh or partially fleshed, and one skeletonized. At least one joint, the left elbow, was in articulation at the time of cremation. Preservation of both atlas' and one axis, when so little other vertebral material is extant, suggests that the heads of the individuals were still attached to the trunks, and thus protected from heat destruction by the neck muscles and/or ligaments. The colour variability within single skeletal elements is consistent with cremation of short duration in a low temperature fire. The distribution of the exfoliation is consistent with the fire localized on the ventral surface of the abdomen of one of the bodies. No evidence of dismemberment (cut marks) was observed. The green and blue colour of the external surfaces of some of the bone suggests that, after cremation, the Serena site remains were exposed to a localized copper source (artifact?).
Archaeological Services Inc. CHAPTER 8
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Shaun J. Austin and Ronald F. Williamson
THE LOCAL AND REGIONAL CONTEXT OF THE SERENA SITE
The existing database of nearby Early and Middle Iroquoian sites was consulted in an effort to identify one or more early 14th-century Iroquoian sites from which the Serena population may have been directly descended, and one or more late 14th-century Iroquoian sites where the Serena population may have relocated. Before doing this, however, it is necessary to define how many years villages such as the Serena site were typically occupied, and the average distance such a community may have travelled when a new village location was required.
Prior to sustained contact with Europeans (ca. A.D. 1615), Iroquoian villages lasted on average for 25 years, but might occasionally have persisted for as long as 40 years, or be abandoned after only 10 years (Warrick 1990:294). Usually, after a generation or so, it was necessary for a community to move to a new location as firewood, game, and soil fertility become depleted within a reasonable walking distance (5-10km radius) of the old site. The average distance between old and new village sites varied widely, but a new village site had to be placed toward the edge of, or beyond, the resource-depleted "catchment radius" of the old village, generally 2-3km. It is thought that most often, new villages were established between 2-5km from old villages.
A total of eight Iroquoian villages and special purpose camps have been documented within 9km of the Serena site. All of these components appear to pre-date the Serena site. The Early Iroquoian period is represented at the Pergentile (AhGw-2) site, which dates to the 11th century. The transition from Early to Middle Iroquoian is reflected at the King's Forest Park (AhGw-1), Clish (AhGx-95), Wade (AhGx-19) and Springbrook (AhGx-110) sites, all of which date to between A.D. 1250 and 1300. The early Middle Iroquoian period (A.D. 1280-1320) includes the Chedoke Falls (AhGx-265), Olmstead (AhGx-32) and Redeemer College (AhGx-114)sites, which date to between A.D. 1200 and 1350. Only King’s Forest Park, Pergentile, Clish, Wade and Olmstead have been extensively excavated.
The most distant, and earliest, of the Early Iroquoian sites mentioned above is Pergentile. Situated east of Red Hill Creek at the base of the Niagara escarpment, the Pergentile site seems to represent an 11th-century component (William Fox: personal communication).
On the western bank of Redhill Creek, approximately 7.2km east of Serena, is the King’s Forest Park site, a 13th century Early Iroquoian component. King’s Forest Park was first investigated in the spring of 1963 by the Ontario Archaeological Society (Donaldson 1965). Subsequent excavations of a partially undisturbed midden were conducted by William Fox (1967), who suggested that King’s Forest Park represents a summer and fall camp dating to between A.D. 1200 and 1250. Radiocarbon dates have confirmed that the site was occupied during the 13th century (Daniel Robert: personal communication). The site has recently been subject to extensive excavations (ASI 2003).
Another Early Iroquoian component, the Clish site, is a 0.4-ha, late 13th-century special purpose camp located 3.6km northwest of Serena. Salvage excavation by ASI in 1996 revealed a single house, several small features and a modicum of subsistence remains. On this basis, it was determined that the Clish site was probably briefly occupied by a small family-based group in order to conduct various economic pursuits–a resource procurement pattern typical for the Early Iroquoian period (Williamson 1990b).
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The late 13th-century Wade site, situated 6.1km northwest of Serena, was located on a tributary of Tiffany Creek in the Town of Ancaster near a rich, environmentally sensitive wetland complex (ASI 1989:40). This site was first documented by Art Howey in 1974 and was subsequently excavated by ASI in the fall of 1987 (ASI 1989). Like Clish, the Wade site appears to have functioned as a special-purpose camp, and to have been occupied by a small group in the spring and fall to fish, hunt deer, and perhaps to exploit other naturally- occurring resources. Interestingly, 11 of 38 ceramic vessels from the site exhibit an extra band of clay on the exterior upper rim creating a projection that resembles a second lip. Similar rims are present in the Pergentile and King’s Forest Park ceramic collections as well, according to Dan Robert (Personal Communication).
The Springbrook site (AhGx-110) appears to date to the late 13th century as well, based on the recovered diagnostics. Situated on an extensive terrace overlooking a branch of Tiffany Creek, approximately 5.75km northwest of Serena, the Springbrook site was first documented by Art Howey in 1987. An outlying portion of this village site was excavated by ASI in 1989, at which time only a few posts were documented.
The Chedoke Falls site (AhGx-265), attributed to the late 13th and/or early 14th century, was documented by ASI (1989) during an assessment of the Chedoke Estate, an Ontario Heritage Foundation property situated on the brow of the escarpment approximately 5.2km north of the Serena site. The recovered artifact assemblage includes three rim sherds and one triangular spurred projectile point.
Dating to the same time span as the Chedoke Falls site, the 2.55ha Olmstead site (AhGx-32) is located only 650m north of Serena on a substantial plateau. Like Serena, Olmstead overlooks one of the headwater tributaries of Redhill Creek. The Olmstead site was first discovered in 1983 during archaeological investigations conducted by Mr. George Parkin. The site was relocated during an archaeological assessment conducted by ASI in 1987 (ASI 1988). Salvage excavations were subsequently carried out on the extreme northeast corner of the site, revealing a portion of three rows of palisade, the ends of two longhouses, a longhouse extension, an exterior fence, and 12 cultural features, including a semi-subterranean sweat lodge and a human interment. The recovered assemblage includes projectile points, scrapers, bifaces and other chipped lithic tools, groundstone fragments, pottery and pipe fragments, and human bone (Welsh and Williamson 1996).
Given their close proximity, it is virtually certain that the Serena and Olmstead sites were closely related in some way. Based on ceramic seriations, the Olmstead site likely preceded the Serena site, but there are at least two good reasons why it seems unlikely that Olmstead was the direct antecedent of Serena.
First, the notion that a 2.55ha village, like Olmstead, gave rise to a 1.25ha village, like Serena, runs contrary to the generally acknowledged pattern of increasing community size during the Middle Iroquoian period.
Secondly, it is difficult to imagine that the residents of Olmstead would select a new village location that was well within the catchment area of the old settlement. It is doubtful if Serena would even have been sustainable if it was occupied immediately after Olmstead. If, however, the population of Olmstead moved to one or two more distant villages before a portion of them returned to the Serena area, there would have been adequate time for soil regeneration and the replenishment of floral and faunal resources.
One possible village where the residents of Olmstead may have settled is the Redeemer College site (AhGx- 114). Located 5.85km west of Olmstead and 6km west of Serena, Redeemer College has been dated to between A.D. 1300-1350.
On the other hand, although the site appears to have been occupied on a year-round basis, the nature of the site, and the fact that only a few houses may have been occupied simultaneously, at least initially, suggests it may not have functioned as a village, but as a satellite settlement of some sort, perhaps during the late
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Olmstead through Redeemer College occupations. The variability among Middle Iroquoian settlements at this time is now well-documented (Robertson and Williamson 2002).
In sum, it can only be concluded that the Serena site was occupied sometime during the early to mid-14th century. The site inhabitants were involved in both hunting and fishing, as well as in growing, or at least consuming, maize, sunflower, squash or pumpkin, beans, and tobacco, at least through two major building phases.
Archaeological Services Inc. REFERENCES CITED
Archaeological Services Inc. 1988 "An Archaeological Resource Assessment of Cloverleaf Village, Town of Ancaster, Ontario, Phase 1 Survey Report," Unpublished report submitted to the Ontario Ministry of Citizenship, Culture and Recreation
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Archaeological Services Inc. PLATES
Plate 1: Ontario Horizontal Rims
Plate 2: Ontario Horizontal Rims (cont'd.)
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Plate 3: Middleport Oblique Rims
Plate 4: Black Necked Rims (a-c), Pound Necked Rims (d-f), Iroquois Linear Rim (g)
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Plate 5: Selected Pipes
Plate 6: Selected Pipes
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Plate 7: Selected Chipped Stone Artifacts
Plate 8: Selected Ground Stone Artifacts
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Plate 9: Bone Artifacts
Archaeological Services Inc. APPENDIX A1: CERAMICS CATALOGUE PROVENIENCE CAT. TYPE DESCRIPTION PERIOD GENERAL SITE 109-389 1 3 body sherds --plain, undecorated 110-385: Feature 37-- 2 4 body sherds --smoothed-over cord-marked (SC), undecorated southwest quad 3 8 body sherds --plain, undecorated 110-385: Feature 37--west 136 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated quad 110-385: Feature 38 137 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 138 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 4 neck-shoulder sherd --ribbed paddle (RP) shoulder area only, undecorated 5 4 neck sherds --plain, undecorated 6 9 body sherds --SC, plain --most have interior carbon encrustation 7 20 body sherds --plain, undecorated 110-389 139 body sherd --plain, decorated 8 4 body sherds --plain, undecorated 115-390 9 body sherd --plain exterior and interior surfaces, undecorated 115-400: Post #24 10 neck sherd --plain, undecorated 11 body sherd --SC exterior and interior surfaces, undecorated 12 5 body sherds --plain, undecorated 115-400: Post #44 141 rim sherd --plain exterior and interior surfaces --Vessel 1 --poorly developed, rounded collar with flat lip –Middleport Oblique --decoration: exterior--obliques (OB) over (>) horizontal (HO) incised lines (collar) > HO lines (collar extending to neck); interior and lip--undecorated --metrics: lip thickness--7.7 mm; upper rim thickness-- 10.7 mm; upper rim thickness--7 mm; collar height-- 11.7 mm 13 2 body sherds --plain, undecorated 120-405: Feature 9--level 142 rim sherd --plain exterior and interior surfaces --Vessel 2 1-2 --high but poorly developed, slightly angular collar --Ontario Horizontal with flat lip --decoration: exterior--HO incised lines (collar) > OB incised lines (basal collar); interior--undecorated; lip-- single HO incised line --metrics: lip thickness--5.6 mm; upper rim thickness-- 7.5 mm; collar height--38.9 mm; neck thickness--7.0 mm 143 fragmentary rim sherd --incipient pointed castellation fragment --plain, decorated 144 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 14 body sherd --plain, undecorated 15 9 body sherds --plain, undecorated 143 2 body sherds --plain, undecorated 120-405: Feature 10 140 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 120-405: Feature 10 16 5 body sherds --plain, undecorated (continued) 120-405: Post #36 24 body sherd --RP, undecorated 120-430: Feature 18 17 2 body sherds --plain, undecorated --sherds highly exfoliated 18 29 body sherds --plain, undecorated 120-430: Feature 24 146 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 19 neck-shoulder sherd --RP shoulder area only, undecorated 20 4 body sherds --SC, undecorated --several have interior carbon encrustations 21 2 body sherds --RP, undecorated --note exterior black --one sherd has a black stripe approximately 10 mm painting wide painted across it 22 body sherd --plain, undecorated 23 13 body sherds --plain, undecorated PROVENIENCE CAT. TYPE DESCRIPTION PERIOD 120-430: Feature 17 25 lump of clay --smoothed, temper-less lump of clay which appears to be slightly worked 26 body sherd --SC, undecorated 27 2 body sherds --plain, undecorated --note exterior black --one larger sherd with sloughed interior has a black, painting 5.7 mm wide stripe painted across it 120-430: Post #55 28 body sherd --RP, undecorated --finger anvil marks on interior 29 2 body sherds --plain, undecorated 120-435: surface 30 2 body sherds --RP, undecorated 120-435: Feature 26 147 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 120-435: Post mould--1 m 148 shoulder sherd --plain, decorated east of Feature 26 120-435: Post--fill 149 rim sherd --upper rim fragment with lip --Vessel 3 --plain exterior and interior surfaces --Ontario Horizontal --no collar development evident; flat lip --decoration: exterior--HO incised lines > short OB gashes (upper rim) > undecorated (neck); interior and lip--incised HO --metrics: lip thickness--6.2 mm; upper rim thickness-- 11.5; neck thickness--13.1 mm 31 neck sherd --plain, undecorated 124-450 32 body sherd --plain, undecorated 125-360: Feature 83--east 33 4 body sherds --plain, undecorated & west quads 150 2 body sherds --plain, undecorated 125-365: Feature 78 40 body sherd --RP, undecorated 125-415: Post #16 34 shoulder sherd --plain, undecorated 35 3 body sherds --RP, undecorated 36 2 body sherds --SC, undecorated 37 15 body sherds --plain, undecorated 125-430: Feature 28 151 rim sherd --plain exterior and interior surfaces --Vessel 4 --well developed, angular collar with flat lip --Black Necked --decoration: exterior--vertical (VE) (or slightly RO) incised lines (collar) > OB incised lines > opposed triangular incised lines (neck); interior and lip-- undecorated --metrics: lip thickness--5.7 mm; upper rim thickness-- 10.5 mm; collar height--15.6 mm; neck thickness--6.7 mm 125-430: Feature 30-- 152 rim sherd --plain exterior and interior surfaces --Vessel 5 surface --well developed, angular collar with flat lip; --Black Necked crenellated shoulder --decoration: exterior--incised OB (collar) > incised OB > opposed triangular incised lines superimposed with VE incised lines (neck) > undecorated (shoulder); interior and lip--undecorated --metrics: lip thickness--6.5 mm; upper rim thickness-- 10.6 mm; collar height--16.4 mm; neck thickness--6.5 mm; shoulder thickness--8.4 mm; body thickness--5.7 mm; vessel diameter--12.0 cm 125-435: Feature 35 38 7 body sherds --plain, undecorated 125-440: Post #22 39 body sherd --check-stamped, undecorated 130-375: Feature 77--fill 41 body sherd --SC, undecorated 42 lump of clay --untempered 43 8 body sherds --plain, undecorated 153 2 body sherds --plain, undecorated PROVENIENCE CAT. TYPE DESCRIPTION PERIOD 130-420: Feature 60 154 rim sherd --rim with possible castellation --Vessel 6 --plain exterior and interior surfaces interior carbon --Black Necked encrustation --poorly developed, rounded but channelled collar with flat lip; profile change suggests castellation development --decoration: exterior--HO incised lines (collar) > OB incised lines (neck); interior--undecorated; lip--OB incised lines --metrics: lip thickness--4.1 mm; upper rim thickness-- 6.5 mm; collar height--18.5 mm; neck thickness--5.8 mm; body thickness--4.5 mm 155 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 156 2 fragmentary rim --plain, decorated sherd 157 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 44 body sherd --RP, undecorated 45 body sherd --plain, undecorated 158 body sherd --RP, undecorated 46 11 body sherds --mostly exfoliated fragments with evidence of RP surfaces, undecorated 130-425: Feature 63 159 rim sherd --upper rim fragment with lip --Vessel 7 --plain exterior and interior surfaces --Ontario Horizontal --poorly developed, rounded collar with evidence of castellation; flat lip --decoration: exterior--HO incised lines > short VE gashes (collar); interior and lip--undecorated --metrics: lip thickness--7.2 mm; upper rim thickness-- 11.1 mm; collar height--21.9 mm 160 fragmentary rim sherd --upper rim with lip --plain exterior and interior surfaces; slightly gritty texture --no collar development evident; flat lip --decoration: exterior--OB incised lines > single HO incised line (upper rim); interior--undecorated; lip--two HO incised lines --metrics: lip thickness--6.6 mm; upper rim thickness-- 6.4 mm 161 juvenile rim fragment --plain, decorated with dragged annular punctates 162 body sherd --plain, decorated 47 5 body sherds --plain, undecorated 163 body sherd --plain, undecorated 130-435 164 body sherd --decorated 130-435: Feature 112 172 body sherd --plain, undecorated 130-445: Feature 110 176 rim sherd --plain exterior and interior surfaces; slightly gritty --Vessel 8 texture --Ontario Horizontal --poorly developed, rounded collar with flat lip --decoration: exterior--HO incised lines (collar) > HO incised lines > OB incised lines (neck); interior and lip--undecorated --metrics: lip thickness--6.9 mm; upper rim thickness-- 10.5 mm; collar height--17.6 mm; neck thickness--6.5 mm 134-440 48 3 body sherds --plain, undecorated 135-375: Feature 73--fill 49 body sherd --plain, undecorated 135-375: Feature 76--fill 50 juvenile sherd --plain, undecorated 135-380: Feature 71 51 body sherd --RP, undecorated 52 3 body sherds --plain, undecorated 135-430: Feature 112 173 body sherd --plain, decorated 174 2 body sherds --one is decorated with dentate stamps 135-445: Post #4--fill 175 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 135-445: Feature 118 177 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated PROVENIENCE CAT. TYPE DESCRIPTION PERIOD 135-455: Level 2 180 3 body sherds --plain, undecorated 135-455: Post #11 181 3 body sherds --plain, undecorated 135-455: Post #13 179 neck sherd --plain, decorated 135-455: Post #18 182 body sherd --plain, undecorated 135-455: Feature 122--L1- 183 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 2 140-430: Feature 96 165 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 53 body sherd --SC, undecorated 166 body sherd --decorated with incised lines 54 7 body sherds --some are large sloughed fragments 140-435 259 body sherd --plain, undecorated 140-455 167 neck sherd --plain, decorated 145-384 168 body sherd --decorated with incised lines 145-385: Post #38 55 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 145-395: Feature 48--root 169 rim sherd --upper rim fragment with lip --Vessel 9 burn --plain exterior and interior surfaces --Pound Necked --well developed, angular collar with flat lip --decoration: exterior--undecorated (collar) > HO incised lines (neck); interior--undecorated; lip--single HO incised line --metrics: lip thickness--7.7 mm; upper rim thickness-- 12.5 mm; collar height--13.0 mm 170 shoulder sherd --plain, undecorated 56 3 body sherds --plain, undecorated 145-390: Feature 46 57 body sherd --plain, undecorated 145-451 258 body sherd --decorated with incised lines 145-460: Feature 124 184 23 body sherds --RP, undecorated 185 22 body sherds --plain, undecorated 150-385: Feature 85 58 2 body sherds --plain, undecorated 150-390: Post #5--west 59 body sherd --plain, undecorated half (4 glued sherds) 200-500 252 2 body sherds --plain, undecorated 200-506 253 9 body sherds --one has a flat lip edge --several are decorated with incised lines 203-505 250 body sherd --plain, undecorated 204-505 249 fragmentary rim sherd --small upper rim fragment 247 2 body sherds --plain, undecorated 205-509 248 2 body sherds --plain, undecorated Post #11 244 4 body sherds --plain, undecorated Backdirt from Gradall 245 rim sherd --RP exterior and plain interior surfaces; gritty texture --Vessel 10 --no collar development evident; incipient pointed --Middleport Oblique castellation with flat lip --decoration: exterior--OB incised lines > single HO incised line (upper rim) > undecorated > OB incised lines (neck); interior--undecorated; lip--single HO incised line --metrics: lip thickness--7.8 mm; upper rim thickness-- 11.7 mm; neck thickness--13.3 mm; shoulder thickness- -7.9 mm 246 fragmentary rim sherd --RP, undecorated 247 2 body sherds --RP, undecorated Surface 134 juvenile sherd --plain, decorated with incised lines in chevron motif MIDDEN 1 196-477 196 body sherd --plain, decorated 197 2 body sherds --SC exterior, undecorated 198 2 body sherds --plain, undecorated 199 7 body sherds --plain, undecorated 196-479 256 body sherd --plain, undecorated PROVENIENCE CAT. TYPE DESCRIPTION PERIOD 257 18 body sherds --one is decorated with incised lines 197-477 186 2 body sherds --plain, decorated 187 body sherd --plain, undecorated 188 8 body sherds --plain, undecorated 198-477 171 2 body sherds --decorated with incised lines 60 3 body sherds --plain, undecorated 198-476 61 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 62 4 fragmentary rim --plain, most are decorated sherds 63 3 body sherds --plain, undecorated 64 body sherd --SC, undecorated 65 8 body sherds --some fragments have SC exterior surfaces 198-477 66 18 body sherds --plain, undecorated 198-479 67 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 68 3 fragmentary rim --plain, decorated sherds 69 shoulder sherd --plain, undecorated 70 body sherd --plain, undecorated 71 30 body sherds --plain, undecorated 199-472 189 body sherd --plain, undecorated 190 2 body sherds --plain, undecorated 199-473 192 9 body sherds --at least one is decorated with incised lines 199-474 193 neck sherd --plain, undecorated 194 body sherd --SC, undecorated 195 3 body sherds --plain, undecorated 199-475 72 17 body sherds --at least one has incised lines 199-476 73 castellation --incipient pointed castellation fragment --plain exterior and interior surfaces --no collar development evident --decoration: exterior--two rows of OB incised lines; interior and lip--undecorated --metrics: lip thickness (castellation)--9.5 mm 74 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 75 3 fragmentary rim --plain, decorated sherds 76 juvenile sherd --untempered, worked sherd, possibly from rim area --decoration: exterior and interior--undecorated 77 2 body sherds --plain, undecorated 78 51 body sherds --some have incised lines 199-477 79 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 80 neck sherd --plain, decorated 81 3 fragmentary rim --plain, decorated sherds 82 3 body sherds --plain, undecorated 82a body sherd --RP, undecorated 83 30 body sherds --plain, undecorated 199-478 84 fragmentary rim sherd --plain decorated 85 fragmentary rim sherd --exfoliated exterior and plain interior surfaces, decorated with punctates 86 2 fragmentary rim --plain, decorated sherds 87 2 body sherds --plain, decorated 88 5 body sherds --plain, undecorated 89 20 body sherds --plain, undecorated PROVENIENCE CAT. TYPE DESCRIPTION PERIOD 200-474 200 rim sherd --upper rim fragment --Vessel 11 --plain exterior and interior surfaces --Iroquois Linear --poorly developed, rounded collar with flat lip --decoration: exterior--opposed HO and OB dragged circular punctates (upper rim to neck); interior-- undecorated; lip--VE dragged stamps --metrics: lip thickness--8.2 mm; upper rim thickness-- 9.3 mm; collar height--20.3 mm; neck thickness--10 mm 201 fragmentary rim sherd --sloughed exterior and plain interior, undecorated interior 202 body sherd --SC, undecorated 203 2 body sherds --plain, undecorated 200-475 90 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, undecorated 91 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 92 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 93 36 body sherds --plain, undecorated 200-475: Feature 132 204 rim sherd --upper rim fragment --Vessel 12 --plain exterior and interior surfaces; slightly gritty --Ontario Horizontal texture --poorly developed, rounded collar with flat lip --decoration: exterior--HO incised lines > OB LS gashes (basal collar); interior--undecorated; lip--short OB gashes at exterior/lip junction --metrics: lip thickness--8.7 mm; upper rim thickness-- 10.3 mm; neck thickness--9.5 mm; collar height--18.7 mm 205 body sherd --RP, undecorated 206 2 body sherds --plain, undecorated 200-476 94 rim sherd --plain exterior and interior surfaces; slightly gritty --Vessel 13 texture --Ontario Horizontal --poorly developed, rounded collar with flat lip --decoration: exterior--HO incised lines > OB LS gashes (basal collar); interior--undecorated; lip--OB incised lines at exterior/lip junction --metrics: lip thickness--8.6 mm; upper rim thickness-- 9.8 mm; collar height--19.0 mm; neck thickness--8.3 mm 95 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 253 body sherd --SC, undecorated 254 body sherd --plain, undecorated 96 16 body sherds --plain, undecorated 255 17 body sherds --plain, undecorated 200-477 97 2 fragmentary rim --plain, decorated sherds 98 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 99 5 body sherds --plain, undecorated 100 29 body sherds --plain, undecorated 200-478 101 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 102 2 body sherds --combed or SC, undecorated 103 15 body sherds --plain, undecorated 200-479 104 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, undecorated 105 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 106 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 107 33 body sherds --plain, undecorated 200-480 207 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 208 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 209 body sherd --RP, undecorated 210 body sherd --plain, undecorated 211 5 body sherds --plain, undecorated PROVENIENCE CAT. TYPE DESCRIPTION PERIOD 200-481 212 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 213 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 214 body sherd --RP, undecorated 215 16 body sherds --plain, undecorated 201-474 216 7 body sherds --plain, undecorated 201-475 108 fragmentary rim sherd --incipient pointed castellation fragment --plain, decorated--poorly developed, rounded collar with flat lip 109 fragmentary rim sherd --upper rim fragment with portion of castellation --plain, decorated --poorly defined, rounded collar 110 shoulder sherd --plain, decorated 111 2 body sherds --SC, undecorated 112 7 body sherds --plain, undecorated 113 21 body sherds --plain, undecorated 201-476 114 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 115 fragmentary rim sherd --exfoliated exterior and plain interior, undecorated interior 116 neck sherd --plain, undecorated 117 2 body sherds --plain, undecorated 118 4 body sherds --one has HO incised lines 201-476 119 9 body sherds --one has oblique incised lines 201-477 120 juvenile vessel --plain, decorated with horizontal incised lines (collar) > undecorated (neck); interior--OB incised lines; lip-- OB incised lines 121 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 122 3 body sherds --plain, decorated 123 7 body sherds --plain, undecorated 124 fragmentary rim sherd --flat, undecorated lip portion; 7.1 mm thick 125 2 body sherds --plain, undecorated 126 43 body sherds --plain, undecorated 201-479 220 fragmentary rim sherd --SC, decorated 221 2 body sherds --plain, undecorated 222 10 body sherds --plain, undecorated 202-474 223 5 body sherds --plain, undecorated 231 body sherds --SC, undecorated 232 body sherd --plain, undecorated 233 20 body sherds --plain, undecorated 202-475 127 2 fragmentary rim --plain, decorated sherds 128 juvenile sherd --plain, decorated 129 body sherd --plain, undecorated 130 23 body sherds --some have incised lines 202-476 131 fragmentary rim sherd --plain exterior and SC interior surfaces, undecorated 132 4 body sherds --WI exterior, decorated 133 42 body sherds --plain, undecorated 202-477 224 fragmentary rim sherd --castellation fragment --plain, decorated --well developed, angular collar; flat lip 226 13 body sherds --plain, undecorated 202-478 227 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 228 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 230 10 body sherds --plain, undecorated 203-474 235 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 236 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 237 17 body sherds --plain, undecorated PROVENIENCE CAT. TYPE DESCRIPTION PERIOD 203-476 238 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 203-476 239 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated 240 body sherd --RP, undecorated 241 body sherd --plain, undecorated 204-475 242 7 body sherds --plain, undecorated 205-475 243 2 body sherds --decorated with incised lines Midden 1 135 fragmentary rim sherd --plain, decorated GENERAL SITE Feature 200 500 6 fragmentary rims --plain, decorated sherds 501 5 neck sherds --plain, undecorated 502 12 body sherds --plain, undecorated 510 32 body sherds --plain, undecorated 511 2 body sherds --RP, undecorated 512 body sherd --SC, undecorated Feature 203 520 body sherd --plain, undecorated Feature 207 530 rim sherd --plain exterior and interior surfaces; gritty texture --Vessel 14 --poorly developed, rounded collar with flat lip --Middleport Oblique --decoration: exterior--OB linear stamps (LS) > incised HO lines > OB LS gashes (basal collar); interior--undecorated; lip--undecorated --metrics: lip thickness--7.4 mm; upper rim thickness-- 9.7 mm; collar height--23.3 mm; neck thickness--9.8 mm 531 rim sherd, castellation --pointed castellation --Vessel 15 --WI exterior and plain interior surfaces; smooth --Ontario Horizontal texture --lip slightly inrolled --poorly developed, rounded collar with flat lip --decoration: exterior--OB linear stamps (LS) > 2 incised HO lines > OB LS gashes (basal collar); interior--undecorated; lip--linear punctates --metrics: lip thickness--7.0 mm; upper rim thickness-- 9.0 mm; collar height--16.2 mm; neck thickness--7.1 mm 532 neck --plain, decorated 533 3 body --plain, decorated Feature 207 540 7 body --plain, undecorated 541 body --plain, decorated 542 body --SC, undecorated Feature 209 550 neck --plain, undecorated 551 2 body --plain, undecorated Feature 208 560 body --plain, undecorated Feature 210: L 2 Quad 1 570 body --SC, undecorated 571 body --RP, undecorated Feature 210: Quad 1 and 2 580 neck --SC, undecorated 581 9 body --plain, undecorated 582 7 neck --plain, undecorated 583 2 juvenile rim --1 plain, decorated, 1 plain, undecorated fragments 584 1 castellation --plain, decorated; rounded 590 6 body --smoothed over RP, undecorated 591 body --SC, undecorated 592 body --RP, plain 593 body --plain, undecorated Feature 210: L 2 Quad 2 600 6 body --plain, undecorated 601 body --smoothed over RP, undecorated 602 rim fragment --plain, decorated PROVENIENCE CAT. TYPE DESCRIPTION PERIOD 603 rim --plain exterior and plain interior surfaces; smooth --Vessel 16 texture --Middleport Oblique --poorly developed, rounded collar with flat lip --decoration: exterior--OB LS > 4 incised HO lines > OB LS gashes (basal collar); interior--undecorated; lip- -undecorated --metrics: lip thickness--6.7 mm; upper rim thickness-- 10.0 mm; collar height--25 mm; neck thickness--9.0 mm 604 2 rims --plain exterior and plain interior surfaces; smooth Vessel 17 texture --Middleport Oblique --poorly developed, rounded collar with flat lip --decoration: exterior--OB LS > 4 incised HO lines > OB LS gashes (basal collar); interior--undecorated; lip- -undecorated --metrics: lip thickness--8.3 mm; upper rim thickness-- 10.3 mm; collar height--21.3 mm; neck thickness--10.1 mm Feature 210: Quad 3, L2 605 2 body --smoothed over RP, undecorated 606 7 body --plain, undecorated Feature 210: Quad 4, L2 607 neck --plain, undecorated (LS gashes at basal collar) Feature 210: L3 608 3 neck --plain, undecorated 609 3 body --plain, undecorated 610 2 body --RP, undecorated 611 2 neck-shoulder --plain, decorated 612 2 neck-shoulder --plain, undecorated Feature 210: L3 620 10 body --plain, undecorated (3 exfoliated) 621 body --RP, undecorated 622 body --SC, undecorated Feature 212 630 body --plain, undecorated Feature 213 640 4 body --plain, undecorated (2 exfoliated) 641 neck --smoothed over RP, undecorated 642 neck --SC, undecorated Feature 215 650 4 rim fragments --plain, decorated 651 neck --plain, undecorated 660 5 body --plain, undecorated 661 7 body --SC, undecorated 662 body --RP, undecorated Feature 221: Quad 1, L2-3 670 juvenile rim --scarified, undecorated 671 juvenile neck --plain, decorated (dentate stamp) 672 body --SC, undecorated 673 body --plain, undecorated 674 body --smoothed over RP, undecorated 675 4 neck --plain, undecorated 676 neck --smoothed over RP, undecorated 677 neck --plain, decorated Feature 221: Quad 1 L4 680 2 reconstructed rim --plain, decorated fragment with 2 pointed castellations 681 incipient pointed --plain, decorated (star shaped punctates) castellation 682 rim fragment --plain, decorated 683 rim --plain exterior and plain interior surfaces Vessel 18 --moderately well developed collar with flat lip --Pound Necked --decoration: exterior--OP LS on collar (partially smoothed over); incised HO on neck; interior--faint LS near lip; lip--undecorated --metrics: lip thickness--8.7 mm; upper rim thickness-- 10 mm; collar height--17.4 mm; neck thickness--7.8 mm PROVENIENCE CAT. TYPE DESCRIPTION PERIOD 684 juvenile rim fragment --plain, decorated 685 4 neck --plain, undecorated (3 sloughed) 686 3 neck --plain, decorated 687 4 body --plain, undecorated (2 sloughed) Feature 221: Quad 1, L4 690 12 body --plain, undecorated 691 2 body --check stamped, undecorated 692 5 body --RP, undecorated (2 smoothed over) Feature 221: Quad 2, All 700 6 neck --plain, undecorated Levels 701 4 body --plain, undecorated 702 4 rim fragments with --plain, decorated one pointed castellation 703 neck-shoulder --smoothed over RP, undecorated 704 juvenile body --plain, undecorated 710 9 body --SC, undecorated 711 9 body --plain, undecorated 712 body --RP, undecorated Feature 221: Quad 3, L1 720 neck --plain, undecorated Feature 221: Quad 3, L2 730 rim fragment --plain, decorated and 3 Feature 221: Quad 3, L4 740 4 rim fragments --plain, decorated 741 6 neck --plain, undecorated 742 2 body --plain, undecorated --note black painted lines 750 9 body --plain, undecorated 751 10 body --SC, undecorated 752 body --plain, undecorated --note black paint 753 body --RP, undecorated 754 body --check stamped, undecorated Feature 221: Quad 4 760 rim --plain exterior and plain interior surfaces Vessel 19 --poorly developed collar with flat lip --Ontario Horizontal --decoration: exterior--11 incised HO on collar; band --note black paint on of LS OB on basal collar; interior--undecorated; lip-- exterior. May be incised line; neck--band of LS OB Lalonde High Collar --metrics: lip thickness--7.4 mm; upper rim thickness-- 6.4mm; collar height--47.7 mm; neck thickness--7.8 mm 761 lump of clay 762 8 rim fragments (1 --plain, decorated partial pointed castellation) 763 13 neck-shoulder --plain, undecorated 764 3 neck-shoulder --SC, undecorated 765 3 body --plain, undecorated 766 neck --plain, decorated 767 neck --plain, undecorated Feature 221: Quad 4 770 9 body --plain, undecorated 771 3 body --SC, undecorated 772 1 body --RP, undecorated Feature 224: Quad 1 780 3 rims --plain exterior and plain interior surfaces Vessel 20 --poorly developed collar with flat lip --Ontario Horizontal --decoration: exterior--OB LS > 3 trailed HO; band of --note traces of black LS OB on basal collar; interior--undecorated; lip-- paint on collar undecorated; neck--undecorated exterior --metrics: lip thickness--7 mm; upper rim thickness-- 8.7 mm; collar height--26.8 mm; neck thickness--8.6 mm 781 rim fragment plain, decorated PROVENIENCE CAT. TYPE DESCRIPTION PERIOD 782 3 neck plain, undecorated --note black paint on 1 783 neck plain, decorated 784 10 shoulder plain, undecorated --note black paint on 3 Feature 224 790 28 body plain, undecorated Feature 225 800 rim --plain exterior and plain interior surfaces; interior Vessel 21 encrusted --Middleport Oblique --poorly developed collar with flat lip --decoration: exterior--OB LS > 1 incised HO > OB LS; interior--undecorated; lip--undecorated; neck-- undecorated --metrics: lip thickness--6.3 mm; upper rim thickness-- 10.7 mm; collar height--24.2 mm; neck thickness--6.6 mm 801 2 body plain, undecorated Feature 229 810 3 body plain, undecorated --note white wash/paint Feature 230: Quad 1 820 rim fragment plain, deocrated 821 2 body RP, undecorated (1 smoothed over) 822 2 body plain, undecorated Feature 228 830 rim --plain exterior and plain interior surfaces Vessel 22 --poorly developed collar with flat lip --Pound Necked --decoration: exterior--2 trailed HO; interior--nicks at lip; lip--undecorated; neck--trailed HO --metrics: lip thickness--10.9 mm; upper rim thickness- -11.4 mm; collar height--22.4 mm; neck thickness-- 11.2 mm Feature 230: Quad 2, L2 840 body RP, undecorated 841 2 neck plain, undecorated Feature 230: Quad 2, L3 850 body plain, undecorated 851 2 body RP, undecorated 870-780: PM 28 860 2 body SC, undecorated Feature 230: Quad 3 870 4 body RP, undecorated 871 2 body SC, undecorated --note white paint, slip 872 2 body plain, undecorated Feature 230: Quad 4, L2 880 body smoothed over RP, undecorated 881 shoulder plain, undecorated Feature 230 890 rim V23--plain exterior and plain interior surfaces Vessel 23 --poorly developed collar with flat lip --Middleport Oblique --decoration: exterior--LS OB > discontinuous LS HO; LS OB at collar base interior--undecorated; lip-- undecorated; neck--undecorated --metrics: lip thickness--8.9 mm; upper rim thickness-- 10.7 mm; collar height--21 mm; neck thickness--8.9 mm Feature 230: Quad 4, L3 900 body smoothed over SC, undecorated Feature 230: Quad 3 910 rim (plus neck and --plain exterior and plain interior surfaces Vessel 24 shoulder) --poorly developed collar with flat lip --Ontario Horizontal --decoration: exterior--LS OB > 4 incised HO, (1 at collar base); interior--faint nicks at lip; lip-- undecorated; neck--undecorated; body--RP --metrics: lip thickness--8 mm; upper rim thickness-- 16.6 mm; collar height--33.7 mm; neck thickness--10 mm 911 body smoothed over RP, undecorated 912 neck-shoulder plain, undecorated PROVENIENCE CAT. TYPE DESCRIPTION PERIOD 875-780: PM 20 920 rim --plain exterior and plain interior surfaces Vessel 25 --moderately well developed collar with flat lip --Ontario Horizontal --decoration: exterior--5 incised HO > LS OB; interior--undecorated; lip--undecorated; neck-- undecorated --metrics: lip thickness--5 mm; upper rim thickness-- 12.4 mm; collar height--29.9 mm; neck thickness--10.8 mm 921 2 rim fragment plain, undecorated 922 2 neck plain, decorated 880-830: PM 3 and 4 930 rim --plain exterior and plain interior surfaces Vessel 26 --poorly developed collar with flat lip --Ontario Horizontal --decoration: exterior--LS OB > 3 trailed HO; interior- --note black paint -nicks at lip; lip--undecorated; neck--undecorated --metrics: lip thickness--8 mm; upper rim thickness-- 12.4 mm; collar height--27.9 mm; neck thickness--7.7 mm 885-780: PM 45 940 rim fragment plain, decorated
941 body plain, undecorated 870-785: House 4 PM 950 body plain, undecorated 885-785: PM 4 960 body plain, undecorated Feature 230: Quad 4, L 1 970 neck plain, undecorated 971 body plain, undecorated 890-820: PM 8 980 body plain, undecorated --note white paint/slip 885-830: PM 17 990 neck plain, undecorated 885-830: PM 19 1000 rim fragment plain, decorated 1001 body plain, undecorated 870-805 1010 body plain, undecorated 1011 neck plain, decorated 875-780: PM 20 1020 2 body smoothed over RP, undecorated 870-780: PM 35 1030 body plain, undecorated APPENDIX A2: CERAMIC VESSELS INVENTORY V# Rim Lip Angle of Rim Interior/Exterior Exterior Collar or Upper Rim Interior Decoration Lip Neck Decoration Lip Upper Collar Neck Form Form Lip to Orient. Profile Decoration Motif/Tech Motif/Tech Decoration Motif/ Tech Th Rim Th Heigh Th mm Interior Motif/Tech mm mm t mm 1 Incipient Flat Obtuse Outflaring Straight/Straight OB>HO/LS>incised Undecorated Undecorated Undecorated 7.7 10.7 11.7 -- 2 Incipient Flat Acute Vertical Concave/Straight HO>OB/incised>incised Undecorated 1 HO/incisedUndecorated 5.6 7.5 38.9 7 3 Uncoll Flat Acute Outflaring Concave/Convex HO>OB gashes/incised>LS Undecorated 1 HO/incised Undecorated 6.2 11.5 -- 13.1 4 Collared Flat Right Outflaring Straight/Straight OB>OB at collar Undecorated Undecorated Filled Opposed 5.7 10.5 15.6 6.7 base/incised>incised triangles/incised 5 Collared Flat Right Outflaring Straight/Straight OB>OB at collar Undecorated Undecorated Filled Opposed 6.5 10.6 16.4 6.5 base/incised>incised triangles/ incised; Crenel- lated shoulder/ incised 6 Incipient Flat Acute Outflaring Concave/Convex HO>OB/incised>incised Undecorated OB/incised Undecorated 4.1 6.5 18.5 5.8 7 Incipient Flat Acute Insloping Concave/Convex HO>vertical gashes at collar base Undecorated Undecorated Undecorated 7.2 11.1 21.9 -- /incised>LS 8 Incipient Flat Right Outflaring Straight/Convex HO>OB at collar Undecorated Undecorated Undecorated 6.9 10.5 17.6 6.5 base/incised>incised 9 Collared Flat Acute Outflaring Concave/Straight 3 HO/incised at collar base Undecorated 1 HO/incised 1 HO/incised 7.7 12.5 13 -- 10 Uncol- Flat Obtuse Outflaring Convex/Straight OB>single HO /incised>incised Undecorated 1 HO/incised OB/incised 7.8 11.7 -- 13.3 lared 11 Incipient Flat Acute Outflaring Concave/Convex Opposed HO and OB/dragged stamp Undecorated Verticals/ Undecorated 8.2 9.3 20.3 10 dragged stamp 12 Incipient Flat Acute Outflaring Concave/Convex HO>OB/incised>LS Undecorated OB gashes (at Undecorated 8.7 10.3 18.7 9.6 exterior junction)/LS 13 Incipient Flat Right Outflaring Concave/Convex HO>OB/incised>LS Undecorated OB gashes (at Undecorated 8.6 9.8 19 8.3 lip junction)/LS 14 Incipient Flat Obtuse Outflaring Concave/Convex OB>4 HO> OB/LS>incised>LS Undecorated Undecorated Undecorated 7.4 9.7 23.3 9.8 15 Incipient Flat Acute Outflaring Concave/Convex OB>2 HO>OB/LS>incised>LS Undecorated OB/Linear Undecorated 7 9 16.2 7.1 Punctates 16 Incipient Flat Right Outflaring Straight/Straight OB>4 HO>OB (basal collar)/LS Undecorated Undecorated Undecorated 6.7 10 25 9 >incised> LS gashes 17 Incipient Flat Obtuse Outflaring Concave/Convex OB>4 HO> OB (basal collar)/LS Undecorated Undecorated Undecorated 8.3 10.1 21.3 10.1 >incised/ LS 18 Collared Flat Right Outflaring Concave/Convex Opposed/incised OB (at lip HO/incised Undecorated 8.7 10 17.4 7.8 junction)/LS 19 Incipient Flat Acute Outflaring Concave/Convex 11 HO>OB/incised>LS Undecorated HO/incised OB/LS 7.4 6.4 47.7 7.8 20 Incipient Flat Acute Outflaring Concave/Convex OB>3 HO>OB (on basal collar)/LS> Undecorated Undecorated Undecorated 7 8.7 26.8 8.6 trailed>LS 21 Incipient Flat Acute Outflaring Straight/Straight OB>1 HO>OB/LS>incised> LS Undecorated Undecorated Undecorated 6.3 10.7 24.2 6.6 22 Incipient Flat Acute Outflaring Concave/Convex 2 HO/trailed OB/LS (at lip Undecorated HO/trailed 10.9 11.4 22.4 11.2 junction) V# Rim Lip Angle of Rim Interior/Exterior Exterior Collar or Upper Rim Interior Decoration Lip Neck Decoration Lip Upper Collar Neck Form Form Lip to Orient. Profile Decoration Motif/Tech Motif/Tech Decoration Motif/ Tech Th Rim Th Heigh Th mm Interior Motif/Tech mm mm t mm 23 Incipient Flat Acute Outflaring Concave/Convex OB> discontinuous HO>OB (at Undecorated Undecorated Undecorated 8.9 10.7 21 8.9 collar base)/LS>LS>LS 24 Incipient Flat Obtuse Outflaring Straight/Straight OB>4 HO (1 at collar OB/LS (at lip Undecorated Undecorated 8 16.6 33.7 10 base)/LS>incised junction) 25 Collared Flat Obtuse Outflaring Straight/Convex 5 HO>OB/incised>LS Undecorated Undecorated Undecorated 5 12.4 29.9 10.8 26 Incipient Flat Obtuse Outflaring Straight/Straight OB>3 HO/LS>trailed OB (at lip Undecorated Undecorated 8 12.4 27.9 7.7 junction)/LS Tot. I=19 Flat A=13 O=24 Cc/Cv=14 OB>HO=4 (LS>incised=2) Undecorated=22 Undecor=15 Undecor=20 7.3 10.4 21.9 8.8 C=5 R=6 I=1 S/S=7 HO>OB=8 (incised>incised=6) OB (at lip HO=6 Filled Opposed U=2 O=7 V=1 Cc/S=2 (incised>LS=4) OB>OB=2 HO>VE junction)=4 incised=7 Triangles=2 Cv/S=1 gashes (incised>LS=2) HO=2 LS=4 OB=4 Incised=4 S/Cv=2 (incised=2) Opp HO&OB (DR LS=2 HO=2 ST=1) OB>HO>OB=6 VE=1 OB=2 (LS>inc>LS=5) Opp (LS>TR>LS) DS=1 LS=1 (TR) (LS>TR) OB>discon HO>OB LP=1 TR=1 (LS>LS>LS) APPENDIX B: PIPE CATALOGUE Cat. # Qty. North East Feat. Post Quad Strat. Comp. Juv. Mini Int Lip Bowl Elbow Stem Mouth Ui Lipf Bwlf Mthf Stmf Stem Lipmet Bwlmet Bwlmet2 Stmmet Bormet Bwlmot Bwlmotn Bwltech Burnt Sherds Comment Dec 3000 1 110 390 049 Y N N Y Y Y Y Y Y N FL BA TP DS N 4.6 20.8 28.0 42.8 5.5 PL PL N Stem-bowl meet at obtuse angle; surface smoothed 3060 1 201 477 PZ N N N Y Y Y N N N N FL UI 0.0 PL PL N 3061 1 201 477 PZ N N N Y N N N Y Y N UI UI Y 0.0 N Incomp. X-sect.;annular punctate zones side, mouth 3040 1 200 475 PZ N N N Y N N N N Y N TP N 4.6 N 3050 1 200 477 PZ N N N Y N Y N N N N UI OP 1 INC N Large grit temper in fabric 3010 1 130 365 079 N N N Y Y Y N N N N FL BA 3.4 OPVEH 1/1 INC/LP N Punctates are below the horizontals O/OPL U P 3020 1 198 476 PZ N N N Y N N N Y N N UI N N 3070 1 202 475 PZ N N N Y N N N Y Y N FL UI N 4.1 N Part of exterior is thermally altered 3030 4 199 478 PZ N N N Y Y Y N N N N FL CO 8.4 34.9 PL PL N Major portion recon. Bowl, heavily charred int. 3031 1 199 478 PZ N N N Y N Y N N N N UI PL PL N Heavily charred interior 3090 4 199 477 PZ N N N Y Y Y Y N N N FL BA UI UI N 10.3 47.5 LP/OP 1/1 LPU/IN N 3080 Partially reconstructed VEHO C 3080 1 202 476 PZ N N N Y Y Y N N N N FL BA N 0.0 /OPVE /1 /INC N 3090 Portion of bowl ext below lip is missing HO 0191 1 199 472 PZ N N N Y N N N Y Y N RG UI N N 0225 1 202 477 PZ N N N N N N Y Y N N N N 0228 1 202 478 PZ N N N Y N N N Y Y N TP DS N 5.0 N 0234 1 202 474 PZ N N N Y N N N Y N N UI N N 3100 1 155 465 135 W N N N Y Y Y N N N N FL UI 6.7 HO 16 INC N 1/2 3160 1 203 505 PZ N N N Y N N N Y Y N TP OV N 3.2 N 3110 1 135 455 122 N N N N N N N N N Y N Plain exterior, interior exfoliated 0246 1 205 506 PZ N N N Y N N N Y N N UI N N 3170 1 865 780 5 N N N Y N N N Y N N UI N N 3180 1 880 830 230 N N N Y N N N Y N N N N 3071 1 202 475 PZ N N N N N N N Y N N N Y 3032 1 199 478 PZ N N N Y N N N Y N N UI N N 3120 1 197 477 PZ N N N Y N Y Y Y Y N UI TG UI N N Incomplete cross-section 3130 1 199 474 PZ N N N Y N N N Y Y N TG RO N 1.8 N 3131 1 199 474 PZ N N N Y N Y N N N N UI N 3150 1 201 478 PZ N Y N Y N N Y N N N N N 3140 1 201 474 PZ N N N Y N N N Y N N N N Limestone pipe stem broken at elbow, oval shape 3142 1 201 474 PZ N N N N N N N N N Y N Undecorated fragment, exfoliated interior 3141 1 201 474 PZ N N N Y N Y N N N N N APPENDIX C1: FLAKED LITHICS CATALOGUE Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould 0100 1 Backdirt Plough Zone Refined Biface N/A Teardrop Shaped Biface. Onondaga 0 32 15 0101 1 Backdirt Plough Zone Projectile Point-e N/A Probable Meadowood. Side-notched. Crudely Onondaga 0 22 Fashioned. Lower Base and Tip Are Missing. Notch Width=15mm 0102 7 Backdirt Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 0103 1 Backdirt Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0104 1 Backdirt Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 35 35 18 0105 1 Backdirt Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 0106 5 Backdirt Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 0150 1 109 389 EA2 Plough Zone Projectile Point-g N/A Corner-notched Middleport. Straight Base and Selkirk 0 28 19 4 Blade, Drooping Shoulders. Notch Width=8mm 0151 28 109 389 EA2 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=26 7 Haldimand=2 0152 3 109 389 EA2 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0160 20 110 385 EA2 37 W1/2 Shatter N/A Onondaga 11 0161 3 110 385 EA2 37 W1/2 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0162 1 110 385 EA2 37 W1/2 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 1 0163 1 110 385 EA2 37 W1/2 Projectile Point-f N/A Thinned Concave Base with Tanged Corners. Trent Valley 0 35 15 3 Tip Missing 0170 20 110 385 EA2 38 Shatter N/A Onondaga 12 0171 4 110 385 EA2 38 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 0172 1 110 385 EA2 38 Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 38 30 16 0173 3 110 385 EA2 38 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 0174 3 110 385 EA2 38 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 2 0175 2 110 385 EA2 38 N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 0176 1 110 385 EA2 38 Projectile Point-t N/A Projectile Point Tip Onondaga 1 4 0180 27 110 385 EA2 38 W1/2 1 Shatter N/A Onondaga 18 0181 4 110 385 EA2 38 W1/2 1 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 0182 1 110 385 EA2 38 W1/2 1 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 1 0183 4 110 385 EA2 38 W1/2 1 Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 1 0190 2 110 385 EA2 38 3 Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 0191 4 110 385 EA2 38 3 Shatter N/A Onondaga=3 2 Haldimand=1 0200 1 110 385 EA2 39 Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 0210 2 110 389 EA2 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Specimen 2=31mm X 24mm X 17mm Onondaga 0 36 24 21 0211 2 110 389 EA2 Plough Zone N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 0212 1 110 389 EA2 Plough Zone Projectile Point-z N/A Projectile Point Fragment Onondaga 0 27 4 0213 23 110 389 EA2 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=19 9 Haldimand=3 Ancaster=1 0214 5 110 389 EA2 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0215 5 110 389 EA2 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 1 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould 0220 1 110 390 EA2 49 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0230 32 114 424 EA5 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga 9 0231 10 114 424 EA5 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0232 3 114 424 EA5 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 0233 3 114 424 EA5 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 0234 1 114 424 EA5 Plough Zone Flake Scraper N/A Scraping Edge on a Flake Onondaga 0 24 21 4 0240 1 115 370 EA2 Plough Zone Spoke-shave N/A Steep Unifacial Retouch on Concave Working Onondaga 0 26 21 4 Edge 0241 1 115 370 EA2 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0242 1 115 370 EA2 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 0243 4 115 370 EA2 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga 1 0250 1 115 390 H1 51 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 0260 1 115 400 H1 PM24 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 0261 1 115 400 H1 PM24 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 0270 1 115 400 H1 PM N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 0271 2 115 400 H1 PM Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 0272 1 115 400 H1 PM Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 0280 19 117 414 EA5 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga 5 0281 1 117 414 EA5 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Ancaster 0 0282 10 117 414 EA5 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0283 4 117 414 EA5 Plough Zone N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 0284 2 117 414 EA5 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Haldimand=1 0 Onondaga=1 0290 1 119 370 EA2 Plough Zone Projectile Point-t N/A Projectile Point Tip Onondaga 0 4 0291 2 119 370 EA2 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 1 0292 3 119 370 EA2 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Ononadaga=1 0 Ancaster=1 0300 1 120 400 H1 8 Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 0301 2 120 400 H1 8 Shatter N/A Onondaga 1 0310 1 119 425 EA5 Plough Zone Misc Core N/A Onondaga 0 42 37 12 0311 57 119 425 EA5 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=52 26 Ancaster=5 2 0312 19 119 425 EA5 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0313 4 119 425 EA5 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga=3 1 Haldimand=1 0314 1 119 425 EA5 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 0315 7 119 425 EA5 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=6 1 Haldimand=1 0316 4 119 425 EA5 Plough Zone N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 0320 1 120 405 H1 9 12 Projectile Point-z N/A Partial Side-notched Projectile Point Base. Onondaga 0 0 2 Unclassified 0321 51 120 405 H1 9 12 Shatter N/A Onondaga 20 0322 6 120 405 H1 9 12 N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould 0323 2 120 405 H1 9 12 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 0324 8 120 405 H1 9 12 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 1 0325 11 120 405 H1 9 12 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 1 0330 4 120 405 H1 10 Fi Shatter N/A Onondaga 1 0331 2 120 405 H1 10 Fi N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0340 6 120 405 H1 9 Shatter N/A Onondaga 2 0341 1 120 405 H1 9 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0350 1 120 405 H1 10 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 0351 1 120 405 H1 10 Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 0352 1 120 405 H1 10 N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 0353 3 120 405 H1 10 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0354 5 120 405 H1 10 Shatter N/A Onondaga 2 0355 1 120 405 H1 10 Bipolar Core N/A Ancaster 0 28 20 10 0360 1 120 380 EA2 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Ancaster 0 0370 1 120 395 H1 PM24 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 0371 1 120 395 H1 PM24 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 0380 1 120 405 H1 PM5 Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 0381 1 120 405 H1 PM5 Shatter N/A Onondaga 1 0390 3 120 405 H1 PM35 Shatter N/A Onondaga=2 0 Haldimand=1 0400 1 120 410 H1 12 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 0410 1 120 420 EA5 14 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 0411 2 120 420 EA5 14 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 0420 1 120 430 H3 17 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 0430 1 120 430 H3 18 Bipolar Core N/A Ancaster 0 36 24 10 0431 3 120 430 H3 18 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0432 5 120 430 H3 18 Shatter N/A Onondaga 3 0440 2 120 430 H3 22 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 0441 3 120 430 H3 22 Shatter N/A Onondaga 2 0442 1 120 430 H3 22 Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 34 22 8 0450 24 120 430 H3 24 Shatter N/A Onondaga=22 9 Selkirk=1 0451 6 120 430 H3 24 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 1 0452 6 120 430 H3 24 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0453 1 120 430 H3 24 Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 25 11 7 0460 6 120 430 H3 PM Shatter N/A Onondaga 1 0461 2 120 430 H3 PM N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0462 2 120 430 H3 PM Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 0470 2 120 430 H3 PM2 Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga=1 0 22188 Haldimand=1 0471 1 120 430 H3 PM2 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 0472 4 120 430 H3 PM2 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould 0480 3 120 430 H3 PM55 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 0490 6 120 434 H3 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 0491 37 120 434 H3 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=34 14 Haldimand=3 0492 4 120 434 H3 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0493 13 120 434 H3 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=12 2 Haldimand=1 0494 2 120 434 H3 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 19 14 4 0500 8 120 435 H3 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=7 0 Ancaster=1 0501 1 120 435 H3 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 0502 4 120 435 H3 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 0503 1 120 435 H3 Plough Zone N/A Primary Thinning From a Cobble Core Onondaga 0 0504 3 120 435 H3 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 47 19 8 0510 1 120 435 H3 26 Refined Biface N/A Onondaga 0 18 4 0511 16 120 435 H3 26 Shatter N/A Onondaga 13 0512 4 120 435 H3 26 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 1 0513 1 120 435 H3 26 Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 1 0514 2 120 435 H3 26 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 2 0515 1 120 435 H3 26 Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 1 30 12 11 0520 2 120 435 H3 26 Shatter N/A Onondaga 1 0530 2 120 435 H3 PM N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0531 1 120 435 H3 PM Shatter N/A Onondaga 1 0540 1 120 440 H3 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 52 33 16 0540 1 120 440 H3 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 52 33 16 0550 29 124 450 H3 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=25 6 Haldimand=4 0551 3 124 450 H3 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 0552 1 124 450 H3 Plough Zone N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 0553 1 124 450 H3 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 30 17 10 0554 2 124 450 H3 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0555 2 124 450 H3 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 0560 43 124 425 H1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga 2 0561 13 124 425 H1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=12 0 Haldimand=1 0562 2 124 425 H1 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 0563 1 124 425 H1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 0564 1 124 425 H1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 25 11 6 0565 1 124 425 H1 Plough Zone Misc Core N/A Onondaga 0 62 44 22 0570 3 125 360 H2 83 E&w Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 0571 2 125 360 H2 83 E&w Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 0572 1 125 360 H2 83 E&w Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 37 27 14 0580 1 125 415 H1 PM2 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould 0590 44 125 415 H1 56 Shatter N/A Onondaga 13 0591 15 125 415 H1 56 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 2 0592 8 125 415 H1 56 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0600 1 125 415 H1 58 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 0610 1 125 430 EA5 28 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 0620 1 125 430 EA5 27 Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 0621 1 125 430 EA5 27 N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 0622 1 125 430 EA5 27 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 0630 1 125 430 EA5 30 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 0631 1 125 430 EA5 30 Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 22 18 5 0640 2 125 435 H3 34 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0650 6 125 435 H3 35 Shatter N/A Onondaga=3 2 Ancaster=3 0651 1 125 435 H3 35 Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 23 8 6 0652 1 125 435 H3 35 Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 0653 1 125 435 H3 35 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 0660 1 125 430 EA5 29 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 B 0670 1 125 435 H3 36 L1 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 0680 26 125 417 H1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga 18 0681 19 125 417 H1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=18 3 Haldimand=1 0682 1 125 417 H1 Plough Zone Refined Biface N/A Onondaga 0 3 0683 6 125 417 H1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0684 1 125 417 H1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 31 27 12 0685 2 125 417 H1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 0690 1 125 440 H3 93 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=1 Haldimand=1 0700 1 125 440 H3 PM22 Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 0710 1 130 365 H2 78 Shatter N/A Onondaga 1 0720 1 130 365 H2 79 Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 16 13 4 0721 1 130 365 H2 79 Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 0730 1 130 370 H2 81 N/A Secondary Knapping Bois Blanc 0 0740 1 130 370 H2 PM11 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 0750 4 130 375 EA3 77 Fi Shatter N/A Onondaga=3 3 Facetted Quartz=1 0751 1 130 375 EA3 77 Fi N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 0752 1 130 375 EA3 77 Fi N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 0760 1 130 420 EA6 Plough Zone Refined Biface N/A Base of Biface Onondaga 0 40 9 0770 5 130 420 EA6 60 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 0771 4 130 420 EA6 60 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0772 1 130 420 EA6 60 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 0773 1 130 420 EA6 60 Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould 0774 1 130 420 EA6 60 Nodular Core N/A Nodular Core Onondaga 0 73 61 37 0775 8 130 420 EA6 60 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 0780 10 130 435 H3 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 3 0781 1 130 435 H3 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 0782 1 130 435 H3 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 0783 31 130 435 H3 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=28 12 Haldimand=2 Selkirk=1 0784 1 130 435 H3 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 32 13 8 0790 6 134 440 H3 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 2 0791 1 134 440 H3 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 19 8 5 0792 1 134 440 H3 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 0793 38 134 440 H3 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=35 13 Haldimand=3 0794 6 134 440 H3 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0800 2 130 420 EA6 60 2 Refined Biface N/A Onondaga 2 6 0810 1 130 420 EA6 60 4 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 0820 1 130 425 EA6 63 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 0821 1 130 425 EA6 63 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0830 4 130 440 H3 92 Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 0831 5 130 440 H3 92 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 0832 2 130 440 H3 92 Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 36 27 13 0833 1 130 440 H3 92 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0834 3 130 440 H3 92 Shatter N/A Onondaga=2 0 Haldimand=1 0840 1 135 365 H2 PM2 Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 28 25 16 0841 3 135 365 H2 PM2 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 0842 5 135 365 H2 PM2 Shatter N/A Onondaga 3 0843 1 135 365 H2 PM2 Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 0850 4 135 375 H2 73 Fi Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 0851 2 135 375 H2 73 Fi N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0852 1 135 375 H2 73 Fi N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 0853 1 135 375 H2 73 Fi Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 0860 1 135 375 H2 76 Fi Projectile Point-t N/A Projectile Point Tip Onondaga 0 6 0861 14 135 375 H2 76 Fi N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0862 5 135 375 H2 76 Fi N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 1 0863 5 135 375 H2 76 Fi Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 0870 1 135 375 H2 PM13 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 0880 5 135 380 H2 71 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 0881 4 135 380 H2 71 Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 0882 1 135 380 H2 71 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 0890 1 140 375 H2 69 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 0900 3 Backdirt Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=1 0 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould Bois Blanc=1 Haldimand=1 0901 8 Backdirt Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0902 1 Backdirt Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 33 17 7 0903 44 Backdirt Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=36 12 Haldimand=8 0910 34 145 384 H2 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=28 8 Haldimand=1 Ancaster=5 0911 1 145 384 H2 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 1 0912 2 145 384 H2 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 0913 1 145 384 H2 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Steep Retouch on All Sides, May Have Served Onondaga 0 22 8 4 as a Scraper 0920 1 145 385 H2 PM38 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 0921 1 145 385 H2 PM38 Misc Core N/A Onondaga 0 22 10 6 0930 1 145 390 H2 46 Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 0931 4 145 390 H2 46 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0932 14 145 390 H2 46 Shatter N/A Onondaga 5 0941 3 145 395 H2 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0942 18 145 395 H2 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=13 3 Haldimand=4 Bois Blanc=1 0950 15 149 382 H2 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=14 3 Ancaster=1 0951 1 149 382 H2 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 0952 1 149 382 H2 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 25 9 8 0953 2 149 382 H2 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 0960 1 149 387 H2 Plough Zone N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 0961 1 149 387 H2 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 0962 17 149 387 H2 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=15 5 Haldimand=2 0970 1 150 385 EA4 85 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 0980 1 130 425 EA6 65 Misc Core N/A Onondaga 0 71 49 41 0990 1 150 390 H2 PM1 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1000 2 150 390 H2 PM5 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 1010 2 150 390 H2 PM5 W1/2 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 1020 3 155 400 EA4 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1021 19 155 400 EA4 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=15 6 Bois Blanc=1 Haldimand=3 1022 2 155 400 EA4 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 1 1030 7 155 408 EA4 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=4 1 Haldimand=3 1031 3 155 408 EA4 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould 1032 1 155 408 EA4 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1040 1 199 477 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 1050 7 140 430 EA6 96 Shatter N/A Onondaga=1 1 Haldimand=1 1 Ancaster=5 1060 173 198 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=163 71 Selkirk=2 Ancaster=3 Haldimand=5 1061 4 198 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 3 1062 3 198 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Refined Biface N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 20 17 5 1063 1 198 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Projectile Point-g N/A Middleport Side?notched Base. Notch Onondaga 0 20 2 Width=10 1064 17 198 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 1 1065 11 198 476 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 1066 1 198 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Scraper Untrimmed N/A Onondaga 0 20 14 4 1067 8 198 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 1 39 24 12 1068 74 198 476 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=68 14 Haldimand=6 1069 33 198 476 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 2 1070 2 198 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Misc Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga=1 0 262320 Ancaster=1 1080 1 198 477 MID 1 Plough Zone Projectile Point-t N/A Projectile Point Tip Onondaga 0 3 1081 155 198 477 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=146 69 Ancaster=5 Haldimand=4 1082 11 198 477 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1083 3 198 477 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 1 36 29 11 1084 3 198 477 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1085 2 198 477 MID 1 Plough Zone Misc Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Ancaster 0 35 24 15 1086 88 198 477 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 85 28 Bois Blanc=2 Haldimand=1 1087 24 198 477 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=22 2 Selkirk=1 Bois Blanc=1 1088 1 198 477 MID 1 Plough Zone Refined Biface N/A Onondaga 0 5 1089 12 198 477 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 1 1090 225 198 479 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=213 105 Haldimand=10 Bois Blanc=1 Collingwood=1 1091 4 198 479 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 1 1092 1 198 479 MID 1 Plough Zone Refined Biface N/A Biface Tip Onondaga 1 8 1093 1 198 479 MID 1 Plough Zone Refined Biface N/A Biface Base Onondaga 0 32 8 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould 1094 10 198 479 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga=9 0 Bois Blanc=1 1095 8 198 479 MID 1 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 2 1096 6 198 479 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga=5 2 23149 Haldimand=1 1097 45 198 479 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 6 1098 97 198 479 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=93 19 Bois Blanc=1 Haldimand=3 Selkirk=1 1100 168 199 475 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=159 94 Bois Blanc=2 Ancaster=4 1101 6 199 475 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 32 16 8 1102 16 199 475 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=11 5 Haldimand=4 Ancaster=1 1103 54 199 475 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 17 1104 1 199 475 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 1105 2 199 475 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 1106 4 199 475 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1107 2 199 475 MID 1 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 1108 1 199 475 MID 1 Plough Zone Refined Biface N/A Bifacially Retouched Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 24 15 5 Flake 1109 1 199 475 MID 1 Plough Zone Refined Biface N/A Very Small Biface Fragment Onondaga 1 7 1110 199 199 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=197 82 Selkirk=2 1111 6 199 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 28 22 9 1112 87 199 476 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=82 19 Haldimand=5 1113 5 199 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 2 1114 36 199 476 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=29 6 Bois Blanc=2 Collingwood=1 Haldimand=4 1115 6 199 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 1120 161 199 477 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=149 69 Haldimand=7 Selkirk=1 Bois Blanc=4 Ancaster=4 1121 6 199 477 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1122 3 199 477 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 1123 3 199 477 MID 1 Plough Zone Spoke Shave N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 18 14 3 1124 6 199 477 MID 1 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga=3 0 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould Bois Blanc=3 1125 2 199 477 MID 1 Plough Zone Refined Biface N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 1 36 21 6 1126 1 199 477 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 1127 9 199 477 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga=6 0 26186 Haldimand=2 Bois Blanc=1 1128 72 199 477 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=68 17 Selkirk=1 Haldimand=2 Ancaster=1 1129 30 199 477 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onodaga=28 5 Bois Blanc=1 Haldimand=1 1130 199 199 478 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=184 86 Bois Blanc=5 Haldimand=3 Ancaster=7 1131 15 199 478 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga=13 0 Ancaster=2 1132 3 199 478 MID 1 Plough Zone Refined Biface N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 2 22 15 5 1133 5 199 478 MID 1 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 2 1134 69 199 478 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=67 24 Haldimand=1 Ancaster=1 1135 109 199 478 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=100 34 Bois Blanc=4 Haldimand=5 1136 4 199 478 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 1137 3 199 478 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga=2 1 423520 Haldimand=1 1140 143 200 475 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=136 70 Bois Blanc=3 Ancaster=3 Haldimand=3 1141 12 200 475 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1142 4 200 475 MID 1 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 1143 2 200 475 MID 1 Plough Zone Projectile Point-t N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 2 1144 53 200 475 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 12 1145 8 200 475 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga=7 0 291415 Ancaster=1 1146 53 200 475 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=49 13 Haldimand=4 1150 76 200 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga 43 1151 6 200 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1152 1 200 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 1 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould 1153 1 200 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Formal End N/A Formal End Scraper Onondaga 0 24 21 7 Scraper 1154 18 200 476 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=16 2 Bois Blanc=1 Haldimand=1 1155 48 200 476 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=47 3 Bois Blanc=1 1156 9 200 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 30 13 5 1160 1 200 477 MID 1 Plough Zone Projectile Point-g N/A Side to Corner?notched Middleport. Thinned Bois Blanc 0 21 14 4 Concave Base, Straight to Concave Blade. Notch Width=8. Rounded Shoulders and Base 1161 3 200 477 MID 1 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga=2 0 Ancaster=1 1162 14 200 477 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 2 1163 1 200 477 MID 1 Plough Zone Projectile Point-t N/A Projectile Point Tip Onondaga 1 3 1164 155 200 477 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=143 71 Bois Blanc=4 Haldimand=4 Ancaster=1 Selkirk=3 1165 7 200 477 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga=6 0 321411 Bois Blanc=1 1166 69 200 477 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=67 16 Haldimand=2 1167 46 200 477 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=42 7 Haldimand=4 1168 4 200 477 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 1170 1 200 479 MID 1 Plough Zone Pdp N/A Blunt, Ground Hafting Element, Tip of Onondaga 0 45 19 6 Working End Is Missing, Terminates with Step Fractures 1171 1 200 479 MID 1 Plough Zone Projectile Point-t N/A Projectile Point Tip Onondaga 0 3 1172 1 200 479 MID 1 Plough Zone Projectile Point-z N/A Medial Section of Projectile Point Onondaga 1 5 1173 141 200 479 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=137 73 Ancaster=1 Haldimand=3 1174 12 200 479 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1175 35 200 479 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=32 14 Haldimand=3 1176 5 200 479 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 26 16 10 1177 2 200 479 MID 1 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 1178 21 200 479 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=20 6 Haldimand=1 1179 4 200 479 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 1180 1 201 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Refined Biface N/A Triangular Preform Onondaga 0 30 23 7 1181 126 201 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=119 104 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould Ancaster=3 Bois Blanc=1 Quartzite=1 Haldimand=2 1182 98 201 476 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=96 29 Bois Blanc=2 1183 21 201 476 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 5 1184 7 201 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 30 10 5 1185 7 201 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1186 2 201 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Refined Biface N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 2 3 1187 3 201 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 1188 2 201 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Misc Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 36 19 12 1189 3 201 476 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 1190 173 200 478 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=155 84 Upper Mercer=1 Bois Blanc=6 2 Ancaster=8 Haldimand=2 Balsam Lake=1 1191 6 200 478 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1192 1 200 478 MID 1 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 1193 49 200 478 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=45 7 Bois Blanc=3 Haldimand=1 1194 22 200 478 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=19 3 Quartzite=1 Haldimand=2 1195 1 200 478 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 1 1196 6 200 478 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 1 29 18 6 1197 5 200 478 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 1198 1 200 478 MID 1 Plough Zone Spoke Shave N/A Spokeshave Onondaga Bipolar Core Onondaga 0 28 21 6 1200 2 201 475 MID 1 Plough Zone Projectile Point-t N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 1 2 3 1201 233 201 475 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=214 84 Bois Blanc=6 1 Ancaster=9 Haldimand=4 1202 10 200 478 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1203 2 200 478 MID 1 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 1204 2 200 478 MID 1 Plough Zone Refined Biface N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 2 20 5 1205 10 200 478 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga=9 0 27188 Haldimand=1 1206 1 200 478 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 1207 28 200 478 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 7 1208 89 200 478 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=85 17 Bois Blanc=1 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould Haldimand=3 1210 277 201 477 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=243 123 Bois Blanc=7 1 Collingwood=1 Haldimand=13 Ancaster=13 6 1211 11 201 477 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga=10 Haldimand=1 1212 1 201 477 MID 1 Plough Zone Pdz N/A Drill Fragment Onondaga 0 3 1213 5 201 477 MID 1 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 1 1214 6 201 477 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 27 19 7 1215 39 201 477 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=35 10 Haldimand=2 Bois Blanc=2 1 1216 88 201 477 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=75 23 Bois Blanc=11 Selkirk=2 1220 183 202 475 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=163 85 Ancaster=7 Haldimand=5 Selkirk=3 Bois Blanc=6 2 1221 11 202 475 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga=10 2 Haldimand=1 1222 1 202 475 MID 1 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 1223 1 202 475 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 1224 3 202 475 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga=2 0 291811 Haldimand=1 1225 37 202 475 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=34 6 Haldimand=1 Selkirk=1 Bois Blanc=1 1 1226 53 202 475 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=50 13 Haldimand=1 Selkirk=2 Bois Blanc=2 1 1230 217 202 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=208 101 Haldimand=7 Ancaster=2 1231 10 202 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 1 1232 1 202 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 1233 3 202 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Refined Biface N/A Spec 1=thermally Altered Biface Tip, Spec Onondaga 1 35 12 4 2=rounded Biface Base with Plano?convex?x- section, Spec 3=unidentified Fragment, Average Dimensions Given 1234 1 202 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Projectile Point-t N/A Projectile Point Tip Onondaga 1 3 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould 1235 1 202 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Graver N/A Haft Is Retouched on Two Alternate Sides. Onondaga 0 17 5 2 "Blade" Is Retouched on Opposite Alternate Sides. Tip Is Slightly Ground 1236 3 202 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 27 14 8 1237 2 202 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Misc Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 33 29 15 1238 25 202 476 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=23 4 Haldimand=2 1239 66 202 476 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=65 20 Haldimand=1 1240 1 207 499 MID 1 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 1241 8 207 499 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=7 2 Bois Blanc=1 1 1242 1 207 499 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1243 1 207 499 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 1250 2 209 495 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Ancaster 0 1251 6 209 495 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=5 2 Ancaster=1 1252 1 209 495 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1253 2 209 495 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 1254 1 209 495 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1260 1 140 435 EA6 Plough Zone Misc Core N/A Ancaster 0 48 25 23 1261 3 140 435 EA6 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga=2 0 Haldimand=1 1262 2 140 435 EA6 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 1263 8 140 435 EA6 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga 3 1264 3 140 435 EA6 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 3 1280 13 144 443 EA6 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=11 4 Ancaster=2 1281 3 144 443 EA6 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 1 1290 3 145 451 EA6 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 1291 2 145 451 EA6 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1292 9 145 451 EA6 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=6 3 Ancaster=3 1300 1 194 502 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 1301 4 194 502 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 2 1302 6 194 502 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=3 1 2 Ancaster=2 1 Haldimand=1 1310 1 192 455 MID 1 Plough Zone Random Core N/A Ancaster 0 40 28 18 1311 6 192 455 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=3 2 Ancaster=3 1312 3 192 455 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=1 0 Bois Blanc=1 Ancaster=1 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould 1320 2 197 451 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=1 0 Ancaster=1 1321 1 197 451 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Ancaster 0 1322 2 197 451 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=1 0 Bois Blanc=1 1323 1 197 451 MID 1 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Unifacial Retouch on 2 Transverse Margins Onondaga 0 1324 2 197 451 MID 1 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Unifacially Retouched Shatter. Onondaga=1, 0 Ancaster=1 1330 1 144 424 EA6 Plough Zone Projectile Point-h N/A A Late Woodland Triangular Point That Has Onondaga 0 38 16 5 Been Resharpened So That the Blade Sides Are Concave near the Concave Base 1331 2 144 424 EA6 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Ancaster 0 1340 1 202 495 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 1 21 14 5 1341 2 202 495 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Ancaster 0 1342 3 202 495 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1343 2 202 495 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1350 2 202 500 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 2 1351 6 202 500 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=5 2 Selkirk=1 1352 1 202 500 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Primary Thinning Ancaster 0 1353 1 202 500 MID 1 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 1354 1 202 500 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 17 14 6 1355 4 202 500 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga=3 0 Bois Blanc=1 1360 141 200 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=129 56 Ancaster=6 Haldimand=5 4 Bois Blanc=1 1361 1 200 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Misc Core N/A Ancaster 0 51 40 20 1362 5 200 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 34 20 9 1363 1 200 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Refined Biface N/A Onondaga 0 5 1364 2 200 476 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 1365 4 200 476 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga=3 0 Ancaster=1 1366 63 200 476 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 10 1367 39 200 476 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=37 10 Bois Blanc=1 Haldimand=1 1368 5 200 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1369 7 200 476 MID 1 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 1370 31 205 506 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=28 10 Ancaster=3 1371 2 205 506 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 30 12 8 1372 2 205 506 MID 1 Plough Zone Random Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Ancaster 0 45 31 15 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould 1373 5 205 506 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 2 1374 2 205 506 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1375 1 205 506 MID 1 Plough Zone Projectile Point-t N/A Possible Tip Fragment Onondaga 0 3 1376 3 205 506 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1377 1 205 506 MID 1 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 1380 1 204 506 MID 1 Plough Zone Projectile Point-t N/A Onondaga 1 25 6 1381 33 204 506 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=31 9 Haldimand=1 Bois Blanc=1 1382 13 204 506 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 3 1383 1 204 506 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1384 3 204 506 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 1385 2 204 506 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=1 0 Ancaster=1 1390 10 203 484 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga 4 1391 2 203 484 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 20 14 5 1392 1 203 484 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1393 4 203 484 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 1394 6 203 484 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1395 6 203 484 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 1400 29 205 509 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=21 9 Ancaster=3 Haldimand=4 Bois Blanc=1 1 1401 3 205 509 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 1 25 17 8 1402 1 205 509 MID 1 Plough Zone Projectile Point-j N/A Possible Juvenile Projectile Point Onondaga 0 20 11 3 Manufactured from a Secondary Knapping Flake 1403 7 205 509 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 2 1404 5 205 509 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 1405 1 205 509 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 1406 1 205 509 MID 1 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 1407 2 205 509 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1410 29 204 405 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=25 9 Ancaster=4 1411 1 204 505 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 1412 1 204 405 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Ancaster 0 37 12 8 1413 7 204 405 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=6 2 Kettle Point=1 1414 2 204 405 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 1415 3 204 405 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1416 1 204 405 MID 1 Plough Zone Random Core N/A Onondaga 0 34 25 12 1420 22 203 506 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=19 9 Haldimand=3 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould 1421 2 203 506 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 25 22 5 1422 2 203 506 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 1423 14 203 506 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 3 1424 1 203 506 MID 1 Plough Zone Random Core N/A Ancaster 0 47 32 16 1425 1 203 506 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Primary Thinning Ancaster 0 1426 2 203 506 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1427 3 203 506 MID 1 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 1 1430 37 200 506 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=24 10 Ancaster=11 Haldimand=2 1431 13 200 506 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 2 1432 3 200 506 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 1433 5 200 506 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 1434 2 200 506 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 1435 2 200 506 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 39 24 18 1440 29 203 505 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=26 13 Ancaster=3 1441 2 203 505 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown. One Has Use Onondaga 0 37 27 10 Wear 1442 12 203 505 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1443 1 203 505 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 1444 5 203 505 MID 1 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 1450 1 200 505 MID 1 Plough Zone Projectile Point-m N/A Unidentified Triangular Projectile Point Onondaga 0 36 19 7 1451 39 200 505 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=35 13 Ancaster=1 Haldimand=3 1452 12 200 505 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=11 1 Unidentified=1 1460 1 196 479 MID 1 Plough Zone Refined Biface N/A Biface Manufactured from a Large Secondary Onondaga 0 38 19 4 Knapping Flake 1461 47 196 479 MID 1 Plough Zone Shatter N/A Onondaga=40 9 Haldimand=4 Ancaster=3 1462 12 196 479 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=11 0 Haldimand=1 1463 1 196 479 MID 1 Plough Zone Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 20 11 4 1464 8 196 479 MID 1 Plough Zone N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 1465 2 196 479 MID 1 Plough Zone Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 1466 1 196 479 MID 1 Plough Zone Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1470 1 EA6 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 1480 1 130 445 EA6 110 Steep-edged N/A Bifacially Worked Plano?convex Scraper. Onondaga 0 25 22 7 Scraper Roughly Square 1481 7 130 445 EA6 110 Shatter N/A Onondaga 1 1482 8 130 445 EA6 110 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 1 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould 1483 5 130 445 EA6 110 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=4 0 Collingwood=1 1484 1 130 445 EA6 110 Projectile Point-t N/A Appears to Be Portion of a Projectile Point Onondaga 0 11 4 Stem 1490 21 130 435 EA6 112 Random Core N/A 11 Have Cortex, Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 51 31 22 1491 1 130 435 EA6 112 N/A Pr Onondaga 0 1492 3 130 435 EA6 112 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 1500 1 130 440 EA6 112 Refined Biface N/A Bi?pointed Refined Biface with Scraping Onondaga 0 78 37 11 Surface on One Lateral Margin 1510 1 130 445 EA6 114 Unifacial Retouch Primary Thinning 1 Retouched Margin with Burin?like Edge Onondaga 0 53 31 12 1511 1 130 445 EA6 114 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 1 1512 5 130 445 EA6 114 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=4 0 Ancaster=1 1513 4 130 445 EA6 114 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 1520 5 135 430 EA6 116 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 1521 3 135 430 EA6 116 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1530 1 135 450 H3 PM50 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1540 2 135 450 H3 118 Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 43 22 12 1541 3 135 450 H3 118 Shatter N/A Onondaga 1 1542 1 135 450 H3 118 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 1550 1 135 450 H3 119 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 1 1560 1 135 450 H3 120 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1570 1 130 450 H3 PM1 Pu N/A Burin Edge on Secondary Knapping Flake, Onondaga 0 48 34 6 Organic Encrustation 1580 4 135 445 H3 PM4 Shatter N/A Ancaster=2 0 Onondaga=2 1581 3 135 445 H3 PM4 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1582 2 135 445 H3 PM4 N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 1590 1 125 445 H3 PM6 Refined Biface N/A Triangular Projectile Point Preform Ancaster 0 38 22 9 1600 1 130 450 H3 PM15 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1610 1 130 450 H3 PM16 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 1620 7 130 445 H3 PM27 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1621 1 130 445 H3 PM27 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 1622 1 130 445 H3 PM27 Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 1 1623 6 130 445 H3 PM27 Shatter N/A Onondaga 1 1630 2 135 455 H3 122 2 N/A Secondary Retouch Levels 2 and 3 Onondaga 0 1631 4 135 455 H3 122 2 Shatter N/A Levels 2 and 3 Onondaga 3 1640 1 135 435 EA5 PM7 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1650 1 150 470 H3 PM9 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 1660 3 135 455 H3 122 L2 Shatter N/A Onondaga 2 1661 1 135 455 H3 122 L2 Refined Biface N/A Rounded Base Only Onondaga 0 23 8 1662 1 135 455 H3 122 2 Projectile Point-t N/A Very Small Portion of a Projectile Point Base Onondaga 0 3 1670 1 200 475 MID 1 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould 1680 1 150 465 H3 PM1 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 1690 1 150 475 H3 126 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 1700 1 200 475 MID 1 132 Projectile Point-s N/A Thin Stemmed Point, Tip Missing. Stem Onondaga 0 17 4 Width=10mm. Base Thinned 1701 5 200 475 MID 1 132 Shatter N/A Onondaga 2 1702 4 200 475 MID 1 132 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 1 1703 1 200 475 MID 1 132 N/A Secondary Retouch Bois Blanc 0 1710 107 201 478 MID 1 Shatter N/A Onondaga=104 32 Ancaster=3 1711 1 201 478 MID 1 Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1712 1 201 478 MID 1 N/A Spoke Shave Length of Spokeshave Concavity=15mm Onondaga 0 44 25 8 1713 1 201 478 MID 1 Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 1714 1 201 478 MID 1 Projectile Point-c N/A Roughly Teardrop Shaped. Small Corner of Onondaga 1 34 14 4 Base Missing, Due to Potlidspall? 1715 38 201 478 MID 1 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 8 1716 2 201 478 MID 1 Use Wear Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 1717 34 201 478 MID 1 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=33 2 Bois Blanc=1 1718 2 201 478 MID 1 Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 1719 2 201 478 MID 1 Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1720 4 201 478 MID 1 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga=3 1 Ancaster=1 1730 1 200 481 MID 1 Projectile Point-t N/A Onondaga 0 17 5 1731 1 200 481 MID 1 N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 1732 21 200 481 MID 1 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 3 1733 1 200 481 MID 1 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 1734 33 200 481 MID 1 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=32 1 Ancaster=1 1735 2 200 481 MID 1 Unifacial Retouch Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1736 66 200 481 MID 1 Shatter N/A Onondaga=58 30 Haldimand=2 Ancaster=6 1737 1 200 481 MID 1 Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 1738 2 200 481 MID 1 Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1739 1 200 481 MID 1 Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 34 21 5 1740 1 205 475 MID 1 Spoke Shave N/A Concavity Is 9mm Wide Ancaster 0 36 15 5 1741 1 205 475 MID 1 Spoke Shave N/A Concavity Is 15mm Wide Onondaga 0 27 20 4 1742 1 205 475 MID 1 Projectile Point-t N/A Projectile Point Tip Onondaga 0 9 3 1743 1 205 475 MID 1 Unifacial Retouch Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1744 30 205 475 MID 1 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 6 1745 28 205 475 MID 1 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=26 1 Haldimand=2 1746 1 205 475 MID 1 Unifacial Retouch Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould 1747 5 205 475 MID 1 Use Wear N/A Onondaga=4 0 Ancaster=1 1748 87 205 475 MID 1 Shatter N/A Onondaga=81 28 Bois Blanc=1 Ancaster=3 Haldimand=2 1749 1 205 475 MID 1 Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 19 14 7 1750 1 204 475 MID 1 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 1751 1 204 475 MID 1 Unifacial Retouch Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 1752 1 204 475 MID 1 Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 20 13 11 1753 27 204 475 MID 1 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=25 2 Ancaster=2 1754 17 204 475 MID 1 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=15 1 Ancaster=2 1755 2 204 475 MID 1 Use Wear Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1756 1 204 475 MID 1 Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1757 96 204 475 MID 1 Shatter N/A Onondaga=93 40 Ancaster=2 Haldimand=1 1758 2 204 475 MID 1 Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1760 1 201 474 MID 1 Refined Biface N/A Unidentified Portion of a Refined Biface Onondaga 0 40 22 5 1761 1 201 474 MID 1 Refined Biface N/A Mid?section and Tip of a Biface, Cruder than Onondaga 0 20 7 Cat. 1763 1762 1 201 474 MID 1 Refined Biface N/A Flat Base, Convex Blade Edges, Bi?convex in Onondaga 0 35 15 5 Cross?section 1763 1 201 474 MID 1 Refined Biface N/A Basal Section, Flat Base, Slightly Convex Onondaga 0 19 4 Blade Edges, Tip and Part of Mid?section Missing 1764 1 201 474 MID 1 Projectile Point-t N/A Tip of a Relatively Crude Projectile Point Onondaga 1 16 8 1765 42 201 474 MID 1 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=40 5 Kettle Point=1 Bois Blanc=1 1766 1 201 474 MID 1 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 1767 5 201 474 MID 1 Use Wear Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1768 49 201 474 MID 1 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=47 3 Haldimand=2 1 1769 3 201 474 MID 1 Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1770 147 201 474 MID 1 Shatter N/A Onondaga=141 47 Ancaster=6 1771 3 201 474 MID 1 Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 34 27 17 1780 1 199 473 MID 1 N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 1781 1 199 473 MID 1 Random Core N/A Onondaga 0 38 24 13 1782 1 199 473 MID 1 N/A Primary Thinning Haldimand 0 1783 20 199 473 MID 1 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=19 5 Haldimand=1 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould 1784 1 199 473 MID 1 Projectile Point-t N/A Projectile Point Tip Fragment Onondaga 0 8 3 1785 1 199 475 MID 1 Bipolar Core N/A Flat, Thin, Rectangular Wedge Onondaga 0 33 31 11 1786 1 199 473 MID 1 Refined Biface N/A Base of Preform Onondaga 0 21 6 1787 15 199 473 MID 1 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=14 0 Haldimand=1 1788 2 199 473 MID 1 Use Wear Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1789 80 199 473 MID 1 Shatter N/A Onondaga=79 25 Ancaster=1 1790 59 202 474 MID 1 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=58 4 Haldimand=1 1791 1 202 474 MID 1 Projectile Point-z N/A Possible Base Fragment Onondaga 1 21 4 1792 4 202 474 MID 1 Use Wear Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1793 1 202 474 MID 1 Projectile Point-b N/A Missing Tip, Crudely Fashioned, Resembles Onondaga 0 42 24 7 Brewerton Ear?notched Point of the Middle Archaic Period (Ca. 5000?4000 B.P./3000?2000 B.C.) 1794 1 202 474 MID 1 Projectile Point-z N/A Medial Section of Point Onondaga 1 25 5 1795 27 202 474 MID 1 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=23 3 Haldimand=3 Bois Blanc=1, 1796 3 202 474 MID 1 Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1797 112 202 474 MID 1 Shatter N/A Onondaga 41 1798 1 202 474 MID 1 Bipolar Core N/A Bipolar Core Onondaga 0 32 23 16 1799 1 202 474 MID 1 Random Core N/A Onondaga 0 39 29 21 1800 1 197 477 MID 1 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 1801 23 197 477 MID 1 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 4 1802 30 197 477 MID 1 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=29 4 Ancaster=1 1803 2 197 477 MID 1 Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 27 15 8 1804 123 197 477 MID 1 Shatter N/A Onondaga=122 32 Ancaster=1 1805 2 197 477 MID 1 Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1810 3 203 476 MID 1 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 1811 26 203 476 MID 1 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=24 5 Kettle Point=1 Haldimand=1 1812 2 203 476 MID 1 Use Wear Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1813 1 203 476 MID 1 Crude Biface N/A Crude Biface Fragment Onondaga 1 39 31 11 1814 128 203 476 MID 1 Shatter N/A Onondaga 41 1815 45 203 476 MID 1 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=43 7 Ancaster=1 Bois Blanc=1 1816 1 203 476 MID 1 Projectile Point-t N/A Projectile Point Tip Onondaga 1 11 3 1817 1 203 476 MID 1 Projectile Point-t N/A Projectile Point Tip Onondaga 0 12 2 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould 1818 1 203 476 MID 1 Projectile Point-t N/A Projectile Point Tip Onondaga 0 13 4 1819 1 203 476 MID 1 Projectile Point-z N/A Medial and Basal Portion of Unidentified Onondaga 0 16 4 Projectile Point 1820 1 203 476 MID 1 Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1821 2 203 476 MID 1 N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 1822 2 203 476 MID 1 Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 20 14 6 1830 3 196 477 MID 1 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 1831 1 196 477 MID 1 Projectile Point-h N/A Late Woodland Triangular Point Base, Slightly Onondaga 0 19 3 Concave Base 1832 1 196 477 MID 1 Projectile Point-h N/A Late Woodland Triangular Point, Straight Base Onondaga 0 25 21 4 and Sides 1833 1 196 477 MID 1 Refined Biface N/A Onondaga 0 39 31 11 1834 28 196 477 MID 1 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=27 3 Haldimand=1 1835 1 196 477 MID 1 Unifacial Retouch Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1836 2 196 477 MID 1 Use Wear Secondary Knapping Onondaga 1 1837 23 196 477 MID 1 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=22 3 Haldimand=1 1838 121 196 477 MID 1 Shatter N/A Onondaga=70 49 Haldimand=2 1839 1 196 477 MID 1 N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 1840 3 196 477 MID 1 Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1840 3 196 477 MID 1 Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 30 19 9 1841 2 196 477 MID 1 Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 1850 1 200 480 MID 1 Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 24 12 9 1851 3 200 480 MID 1 Random Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 41 34 28 1852 18 200 480 MID 1 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 1 1853 1 200 480 MID 1 Projectile Point-t N/A Projectile Point Tip Onondaga 0 14 5 1854 1 200 480 MID 1 Projectile Point-t N/A Projectile Point Tip Onondaga 0 11 3 1855 2 200 480 MID 1 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 1856 22 200 480 MID 1 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 1 1857 1 200 480 MID 1 Use Wear Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1858 88 200 480 MID 1 Shatter N/A Onondaga=86 24 Haldimand=2 1859 1 200 480 MID 1 Crude Biface N/A Crude Biface Fragment Onondaga 0 17 8 1860 1 200 480 MID 1 Projectile Point-h N/A Late Woodland Triangular Point Base, Slightly Onondaga 0 25 5 Concave Base 1871 76 199 472 MID 1 Shatter N/A Onondaga=72 27 Ancaster=3 Haldimand=1 1872 1 199 472 MID 1 Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1873 15 199 472 MID 1 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 1 1874 23 199 472 MID 1 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=22 4 Haldimand=1 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould 1875 1 199 472 MID 1 N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 1876 2 199 472 MID 1 Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 27 18 10 1880 45 202 478 MID 1 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 4 1881 1 202 478 MID 1 Random Core N/A Onondaga 0 45 44 14 1882 2 202 478 MID 1 Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga=1 0 201712 Ancaster=1 1883 20 202 478 MID 1 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 3 1884 136 202 478 MID 1 Shatter N/A Onondaga 30 1885 2 202 478 MID 1 Unifacial Retouch Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1886 2 202 478 MID 1 Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 1887 1 202 478 MID 1 Projectile Point-z N/A Base of a Thick Triangular Projectile Point Onondaga 0 21 6 1888 1 202 478 MID 1 Graver N/A Graver Made from Basal Portion of a Broken Onondaga 0 22 14 6 Biface. Graving Spur Is 8mm Long and Smoothed 1889 1 202 478 MID 1 Crude Biface N/A Small Portion of a Crude Biface Onondaga 0 7 1890 1 202 477 MID 1 Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 1891 2 202 477 MID 1 Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1892 47 202 477 MID 1 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 13 1893 5 202 477 MID 1 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 1894 13 202 477 MID 1 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 2 1895 121 202 477 MID 1 Shatter N/A Onondaga=120 46 Haldimand=1 1896 2 202 477 MID 1 Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 30 20 11 1897 1 202 477 MID 1 Random Core N/A Onondaga 0 57 23 23 1900 1 203 475 MID 1 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 1901 45 203 475 MID 1 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=40 5 Haldimand=3 Ancaster=1 Bois Blanc=1 1902 2 203 475 MID 1 Crude Biface N/A Crude Bifaces, Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 35 21 8 1903 12 203 475 MID 1 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=10 1 Haldimand=2 1904 1 203 475 MID 1 Projectile Point-g N/A Side?notched Middleport Projectile Point, Tip Onondaga 0 14 3 Missing. Notch Width=8mm, Base Width=14mm 1905 156 203 475 MID 1 Shatter N/A Onondaga=115 41 Haldimand=3 1906 1 203 475 MID 1 Projectile Point-i N/A Late Archaic Innes Point (3500?2800 Onondaga 1 30 19 5 B.P./1500?800 B.C.). Stem Width=10mm, Base Width=11mm 1907 2 203 475 MID 1 Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 1908 1 203 475 MID 1 Projectile Point-g N/A Small Basal Fragment of a Middleport Onondaga 0 3 Side?notched Projectile Point 1910 1 202 479 MID 1 Refined Biface N/A Tip and Mid?section of a Refined Biface Onondaga 0 22 6 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould 1911 6 202 479 MID 1 Unifacial Retouch Secondary Knapping Onondaga=5 0 Haldimand=1 1912 37 202 479 MID 1 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondgaga=36 14 Haldimand=1 1913 48 202 479 MID 1 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=45 5 Haldimand=2 Bois Blanc=1 1914 1 202 479 MID 1 Random Core N/A Onondaga 0 29 23 9 1915 3 202 479 MID 1 Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 26 15 15 1916 1 202 479 MID 1 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 1917 2 202 479 MID 1 Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 1918 151 202 479 MID 1 Shatter N/A Onondaga=147 69 Haldimand=2 Bois Blanc=2 1920 1 202 479 MID 1 Projectile Point-h N/A Base of a Late Woodland Triangular Projectile Onondaga 0 18 3 Point. Slightly Concave Base. Slight Spur 1921 1 202 479 MID 1 Projectile Point-h N/A Base of a Late Woodland Triangular Projectile Onondaga 0 20 4 Point. Concave Base 1922 1 202 479 MID 1 Crude Biface N/A Crude Preform Onondaga 0 50 30 9 1923 12 202 479 MID 1 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 5 1924 1 202 479 MID 1 Use Wear Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1925 41 202 479 MID 1 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=39 5 Bois Blanc=1 Haldimand=1 1926 1 202 479 MID 1 N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 1927 1 202 479 MID 1 Random Core N/A Onondaga 0 38 28 20 1928 2 202 479 MID 1 Bipolar Core N/A Average Dimensions Shown Onondaga 0 26 15 12 1928 2 202 479 MID 1 Use Wear N/A Onondaga 0 1929 100 202 479 MID 1 Shatter N/A Onondaga=97 27 Ancaster=2 Bois Blanc=1 1930 2 199 474 MID 1 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 1931 15 199 474 MID 1 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=13 3 Ancaster=1 Haldimand=1 1932 37 199 474 MID 1 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=36 2 Kettle Point=1 1933 1 199 474 MID 1 Use Wear Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1934 1 199 474 MID 1 Random Core N/A Onondaga 0 53 48 23 1935 94 199 474 MID 1 Shatter N/A Onondaga=91 28 Haldimand=2 Ancaster=1 1940 147 201 479 MID 1 Shatter N/A Onondaga=144 42 Haldimand=2 Bois Blanc=1 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould 1941 1 201 479 MID 1 Side Scraper N/A Side Scraper Onondaga 0 38 16 8 1942 3 201 479 MID 1 Unifacial Retouch Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1943 45 201 479 MID 1 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 6 1944 14 201 479 MID 1 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 5 1945 1 201 479 MID 1 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 1970 6 880 780 ? 207 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1971 3 880 780 ? 207 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 1972 4 880 780 ? 207 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 1973 1 880 780 ? 207 Random Core N/A Onondaga 0 1974 3 880 780 ? 207 N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 1980 2 880 780 ? 208 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 1981 1 880 780 ? 208 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 1 1982 2 880 780 ? 208 Shatter N/A Onondaga 1 1990 3 880 780 ? 209 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 1991 2 880 780 ? 209 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 1992 5 880 780 ? 209 Shatter N/A Onondaga 1 2000 1 875 785 ? 210 1 2 Shatter N/A Onondaga 1 2001 1 875 785 ? 210 1 2 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 2010 1 875 785 ? 210 1&2 Projectile Point-z N/A Basal Fragment of Point with Shallow Side Onondaga 0 19 4 Notches 2011 3 875 785 ? 210 1&2 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 1 2012 1 875 785 ? 210 1&2 N/A Secondary Knapping Haldimand 0 2013 1 875 785 ? 210 1&2 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 1 2014 1 875 785 ? 210 1&2 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 1 2015 3 875 785 ? 210 1&2 Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 2016 3 875 785 ? 210 1&2 Shatter N/A Onondaga=13 10 Haldimand=1 1 2017 14 875 785 ? 210 1&2 N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 2020 1 875 785 ? 210 2 2 Crude Biface N/A Onondaga 1 19 12 4 2030 1 875 785 ? 210 3 2 Unifacial Retouch Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 Flake 2031 3 875 785 ? 210 3 2 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 2032 2 875 785 ? 210 3 2 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 2040 1 875 785 ? 210 4 2 Random Core N/A Onondaga 1 32 17 16 2041 1 875 785 ? 210 4 2 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 1 Flake 2050 1 875 785 ? 210 3 Projectile Point-g N/A Onondaga 0 2051 4 875 785 ? 210 3 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=3 0 Kettle Point=1 2052 1 875 785 ? 210 3 Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 2053 5 875 785 ? 210 3 N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga=4 0 Haldimand=1 2054 6 875 785 ? 210 3 Shatter N/A Onondaga 2 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould 2055 1 875 785 ? 210 3 N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 1 2060 1 875 785 ? 211 N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 2070 1 875 785 ? 212 Random Core N/A Notched Middleport. Notch Width=9 Onondaga 1 40 14 5 2080 3 890 800 ? 213 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=2 10 Ancaster=1 2081 2 890 800 ? 213 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 2082 1 890 800 ? 213 N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 2090 1 890 820 ? 216 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 2091 2 890 820 ? 216 Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 2100 2 890 800 ? 215 Shatter N/A Ancaster 1 2101 1 890 800 ? 215 N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 2110 1 885 815 ? 217 Shatter N/A Onondaga 1 2120 2 885 790 ? 221 1 23 N/A Primary Thinning Haldimand=1 0 Ancaster=1 2121 2 885 790 ? 221 1 23 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=1 1 Ancaster=1 2122 1 885 790 ? 221 1 23 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 2123 1 885 790 ? 221 1 23 Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 1 2130 1 885 790 ? 221 1 4 Projectile Point-z N/A Expanding Stem Basal Fragment Haldimand 0 16 5 2131 2 885 790 ? 221 1 4 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga=1 0 Kettle Point=1 2132 23 885 790 ? 221 1 4 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=22 0 Haldimand=1 2133 1 885 790 ? 221 1 4 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 2134 16 885 790 ? 221 1 4 Shatter N/A Onondaga=12 2 Haldimand=2 Ancaster=2 2135 2 885 790 ? 221 1 4 Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 2136 3 885 790 ? 221 1 4 Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga=2 0 Haldimand=1 2137 3 885 790 ? 221 1 4 N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 2140 4 885 790 ? 221 2 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 2 2141 10 885 790 ? 221 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 1 2142 2 885 790 ? 221 2 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 2143 23 885 790 ? 221 2 Shatter N/A Onondaga=17 7 Bois Blanc=1 Haldimand=4 4 Ancaster=1 2144 1 885 790 ? 221 2 N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 2145 2 885 790 ? 221 2 Random Core N/A Onondaga 0 2146 3 885 790 ? 221 2 Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga=2 0 Bois Blanc=1 2150 2 885 790 ? 221 3 1 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 2 2151 3 885 790 ? 221 3 1 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould 2152 2 885 790 ? 221 3 1 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 2153 5 885 790 ? 221 3 1 Shatter N/A Onondaga 3 2154 1 885 790 ? 221 3 1 N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 2160 2 885 790 ? 221 3 23 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=1 0 Haldimand=1 2161 1 885 790 ? 221 3 23 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 2162 1 885 790 ? 221 3 23 Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 2163 3 885 790 ? 221 3 23 Shatter N/A Onondaga 2 2164 2 885 790 ? 221 3 23 N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 2170 1 885 790 ? 221 3 4 Projectile Point-j N/A Juvenile Point with Slight Stem Onondaga 0 33 22 6 2171 5 885 790 ? 221 3 4 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 2172 1 885 790 ? 221 3 4 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 2173 3 885 790 ? 221 3 4 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 1 2174 1 885 790 ? 221 3 4 Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 2175 8 880 790 ? 221 3 4 Shatter N/A Onondaga=7 4 Ancaster=1 2176 1 880 790 ? 221 3 4 N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 2180 1 885 790 ? 221 4 Stemmed End N/A Hafted End Scraper. Oval Scraper with Onondaga 0 48 28 10 Scraper Rounded, Contracting Stem 15mm Long 2181 3 885 790 ? 221 4 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga=1 0 Haldimand=2 2182 18 885 790 ? 221 4 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 6 2183 18 885 790 ? 221 4 Shatter N/A Onondaga=6 2 Ancaster=5 Haldimand=6 1 Bois Blanc=1 2184 3 885 790 ? 221 4 Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 2185 2 885 790 ? 221 4 Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 2186 3 885 790 ? 221 4 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=2 1 Haldimand=1 2190 1 880 810 ? 223 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 2191 3 880 810 ? 223 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 2192 2 880 810 ? 223 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 2200 19 870 790 ? 224 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=18 4 Haldimand=1 2201 2 870 790 ? 224 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 2202 14 870 790 ? 224 Shatter N/A Onondaga=11 4 Haldimand=2 1 Bois Blanc=1 2203 3 870 790 ? 224 Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga=2 0 Haldimand=1 2210 1 880 785 ? PM15 Projectile Point-h N/A Late Woodland Triangular Point. Straight, Selkirk 1 42 18 7 Thinned Base. Sides Slightly Convex 2211 2 880 785 ? PM15 Shatter N/A Onondaga 1 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould 2220 1 870 790 ? 225 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 2221 1 870 790 ? 225 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 2222 3 870 790 ? 225 Shatter N/A Onondaga 1 2230 1 870 795 ? 227 Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 2231 1 870 795 ? 227 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 2240 2 885 830 ? 228 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 1 2250 2 880 330 ? 230 Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga=1 0 Haldimand=1 2260 1 880 830 ? 230 2 1 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 2261 1 880 830 ? 230 2 1 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 2270 1 880 830 ? 230 1 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 2271 6 880 830 ? 230 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 1 2272 1 880 830 ? 230 1 Projectile Point-t N/A Projectile Point Tip Onondaga 0 3 2273 1 880 830 ? 230 1 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 1 2274 15 880 830 ? 230 1 Shatter N/A Onondaga 13 0 2280 1 880 830 ? 230 2 2 Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 2281 3 880 830 ? 230 2 2 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 1 2283 8 880 830 ? 230 2 2 Shatter N/A Onondaga 3 2284 3 880 830 ? 230 2 2 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 1 2290 1 880 330 ? 230 3 Projectile Point-h N/A Late Woodland Triangular Point. Slight Tang Onondaga 0 29 19 5 on One of the Basal Corners 2291 1 880 330 ? 230 3 Projectile Point-k N/A Late Woodland Side?n0tched Point. Convex Onondaga 0 17 5 Sides, Thinned Narrow Base. Tip Missing. Notch Width=9mm, Base Width=14mm 2292 3 880 330 ? 230 3 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 2293 19 880 330 ? 230 3 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=12 6 Haldimand=1 2294 8 880 330 ? 230 3 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga=7 0 Haldimand=1 2295 34 880 330 ? 230 3 Shatter N/A Onondaga=33 16 Haldimand=1 2296 2 880 330 ? 230 3 Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 2297 1 880 330 ? 230 3 Projectile Point-z N/A Thermally Altered Fragment of a Unifacely Onondaga 1 34 24 5 Worked Projectile Point or Biface 2300 6 880 830 ? 230 4 1 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=5 3 Selkirk=1 2301 4 880 830 ? 230 4 1 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 2302 1 880 830 ? 230 4 1 N/A Bipolar Flake Onondaga 0 2310 2 880 830 ? 230 4 2 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 2311 10 880 830 ? 230 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 2312 3 880 830 ? 230 4 2 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 1 2313 7 880 830 ? 230 4 2 Shatter N/A Onondaga=5 3 Haldimand=2 2320 1 870 780 ? PM1 Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould 2321 1 870 780 ? PM1 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 2330 1 880 780 ? PM1 Random Core N/A Onondaga 0 2331 1 880 780 ? PM1 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 2340 1 870 780 ? PM2 Bipolar Core N/A Onondaga 0 2341 5 870 780 ? PM2 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 2350 4 880 830 ? PM2&3 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=3 2 Bois Blanc=1 2351 1 880 830 ? PM3&4 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 2352 4 880 830 ? PM3&4 Shatter N/A Onondaga=2 1 Bois Blanc=2 2353 1 880 830 ? PM3&4 Unifacial Retouch N/A Bois Blanc 0 2360 1 870 785 ? N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 2370 1 885 785 ? N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 2371 1 885 785 ? Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 2380 2 865 780 ? PM5 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 2381 2 865 780 ? PM5 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 2390 6 880 780 ? PM5 Random Core N/A Onondaga 0 2400 2 870 800 ? PM8 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 2401 9 870 800 ? PM8 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=8 1 Bois Blanc=1 2402 1 870 800 ? PM8 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 2403 2 870 800 ? PM8 Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 2410 1 890 815 ? PM11 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 2411 1 890 815 ? PM11 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 2420 7 870 780 ? PM13 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 1 2421 1 870 780 ? PM13 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 2422 4 870 780 ? PM13 Shatter N/A Onondaga 1 2430 1 875 780 ? PM17 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 2430 1 875 780 ? PM17 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 2431 1 875 780 ? PM17 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 2431 1 875 780 ? PM17 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 2432 2 875 780 ? PM17 Shatter N/A Onondaga 2 2432 2 875 780 ? PM17 Shatter N/A Onondaga 1 2440 3 885 830 ? PM19 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 2441 3 885 830 ? PM19 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 2442 1 885 830 ? PM19 Random Core N/A Onondaga 0 2450 4 885 830 ? PM21 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 2460 1 885 835 ? PM27 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 2470 1 870 780 ? PM28 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 2471 3 870 780 ? PM28 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga=2 0 Selkirk=1 2472 1 870 780 ? PM28 N/A Secondary Retouch Onondaga 0 2473 1 870 780 ? PM28 Shatter N/A Onondaga 1 Cat. # Qty. Square H No. Ext Feat/quad/ Strata Artifact Type Flake Type Description Material TA L W T No. Loc No. post mould 2474 2 870 780 ? PM28 Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 2480 1 890 820 ? PM31 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 2481 1 890 820 ? PM31 Shatter N/A Onondaga 0 2490 2 870 780 ? PM35 N/A Secondary Knapping Haldimand 0 2491 4 870 780 ? PM35 Shatter N/A Onondaga=2 0 Haldimand=2 2500 3 885 780 ? PM45 N/A Primary Thinning Onondaga 0 2501 7 885 780 ? PM45 N/A Secondary Knapping Onondaga 0 2502 10 885 780 ? PM45 Shatter N/A Onondaga 1 2503 1 885 780 ? PM45 Unifacial Retouch N/A Onondaga 0 APPENDIX C2: GROUND STONE TOOLS CATALOGUE Cat. # Qty. Provenience Artifact Type L W T Comments (Portion) mm mm mm 4000 1 Feature 207 Hammerstone 73.3 59.8 17.5 sandstone; pitting is largely confined to (Plate 8a) edges but extends onto flat surface as well; some pitting in centre of one face 4020 1 Feature 210: Hammerstone/Abrader 62.8 49.2 13.5 sandstone; broken off rounded end of a (Plate 8b) Quad 3, Level 2 long, flat stone; concentrated pitting on one flat surface and in one location along the edge; multi-directional striations on the same flat surface as the pitting 4010 1 Feature 210: Anvilstone 109.3 87.3 26.1 sandstone; deep pecking in centre of (Plate 8c) Quads 1 and 2 both flat surfaces; some concentrated pecking also towards the edge of one flat surface, and a minor amount along several sections of the edge; one end is broken off and missing; a smaller portion of the opposite end is also broken off and exhibits step fractures APPENDIX D1: FAUNAL REMAINS INVENTORY Feat No Sq No/Quad/ Mammal Bird Fish Turtle Shell Unknown Level 8 120-400 9 120-405 12 human hand/toe bones 28 identifiable /All/L1-3 1 human talus 1 vertebra(e) 1 human hyoid 10 human? small fragment(s). 1 identifiable 2 unidentifiable
1 innominate 1 incisor squirrel size 5 unidentifiable 1 identifiable 1 unidentifiable - burnt 9 120-405 1 9 120-405 1 human toe bone proximal and distal end missing 5 /SE ½ 6 unidentifiable 1 unidentifiable 10 120-405 6 1 vertebra(e) 10 120-405 1 deer? carpal/tarsal complete 1 tibiotarsus? incomplete 7 /SE ½ 7 unidentifiable 4 unidentifiable 10 120-405 7 human includes 2 patella, foot bone, /SE ½ and vertebrae 10 120-405 58 human /NW ½ 17 120-430 2 unidentifiable 1 scale 1 possible caudal vertebra(e) 5 unidentifiable 18 120-430 1 innominate mid section incomplete 4 2 identifiable 8 unidentifiable 1 unidentifiable 24 120-430 1 calcaneum incomplete 1 unidentifiable 2 1 phalanx complete 1 vertebra(e) 1 deer tooth 3 deer? innominate fragment(s). Feat No Sq No/Quad/ Mammal Bird Fish Turtle Shell Unknown Level 13 unidentifiable 14 unidentifiable 26 120-435 1squirrel size right mandible major portion 1 long bone frag. bead 2 identifiable 1 squirrel size cranial frag. 2 unidentifiable 1 deer tooth 2 unidentifiable 1 deer antler frag. with green staining 1 rib 4 unidentifiable 19 unidentifiable 3 unidentifiable - burnt 37 110-385 1 identifiable 2 unidentifiable - burnt 38 110-385 1 rib 1 scale 38 110-385 1 squirrel size incisor 1 scale /W ½ 1 squirrel size right mandible major portion 1 squirrel size vertebra(e) 1 squirrel size humerus proximal and distal end missing 1 phalanx 39 110-385 1 unidentifiable 60 130-420 1 unidentifiable 96 140-430 1 deer tooth 1 human cranial frag. - burnt Post 120-435 1 vertebra(e) Support 135-365 1 unidentifiable Post #2 Post #2 120-430 1 unidentifiable 1 unidentifiable
PM5 120-405 1 vertebra(e) Support 2 unidentifiable Post Post #22 125-440 1 deer? carpal/tarsal 1 deer? metacarpal/metatarsal, distal end 4 identifiable (may be deer) 1 unidentifiable Post 35 120-405 1 unidentifiable Post 36 120-205 1 incisor Post 55 120-430 1 human? cranial fragment(s) 1 deer possible cut mark Feat No Sq No/Quad/ Mammal Bird Fish Turtle Shell Unknown Level 53 Post 115-400 2 unidentifiable Plough 109-389 1 unidentifiable Zone Plough 119-425 1 unidentifiable - burnt Zone Plough 120-434 2 unidentifiable Zone 1 unidentifiable - burnt Plough 124-450 1 unidentifiable Zone Plough 134-440 1 unidentifiable Zone Plough 140-455 1 unidentifiable Zone Plough 198-476 1 squirrel size tibia distal end present 3 vertebra(e) 1 Zone 1 atlas 1 tooth fragment(s) 1 cranial fragment(s) 3 identifiable 14 unidentifiable 1 mammal/bird? bead fragment(s) 1 unidentifiable - burnt 13 unidentifiable 198-477 1 deer tooth 1 distal long bone 1 fragment(s), 1 squirrel size astragalus 3 unidentifiable bead fragment(s). 1 squirrel size cranial fragment(s) 26 unidentifiable 5 identifiable 1 toe bone 9 unidentifiable 2 unidentifiable - burnt 198-479 1 deer antler artifact 1 femur fragment(s) with 7 vertebra(e) 2 2 cut mark 3 deer teeth 2 vertebra(e) 2 scales 1 small rodent tooth 4 unidentifiable 5 1 sternal fragment(s) 1 hand/foot bone 1unidentifiable - burnt 1 mandible/maxilla fragment(s) rodent? Feat No Sq No/Quad/ Mammal Bird Fish Turtle Shell Unknown Level 1 tibia distal end calcined 1 rib 2 cranial fragment(s). 2 identifiable 12 unidentifiable 1 identifiable 12 unidentifiable 5 unidentifiable - burnt 199-475 5 deer teeth fragment(s). 1 bead fragment(s) small 1 1 1 incisor small rodent 1 identifiable 1 incisor fragment(s) 2 unidentifiable 1 cranial fragment(s) 1 toe bone fragment(s) distal end 11 unidentifiable 12 unidentifiable 199-476 1 deer tooth 7 unidentifiable 8 vertebra(e) 1 1 2 toe bones large animal 1 proximal fragment(s) 1 5 distal fragment(s) 1 tooth 2 identifiable 8 unidentifiable 3 unidentifiable - burnt 199-477 1 astragalus small rodent size complete 1 carpometacarpus 4 vertebra(e) 1 1 tooth 1 coracoid 10 5 identifiable 1 unidentifiable 16 unidentifiable 19 unidentifiable 199-478 1 deer mandible 8 unidentifiable ? 2 vertebra(e) 2 2 deer teeth fragment(s) 1 rib 3 deer? toe bone fragment(s) 1 identifiable 2 toe bone fragment(s). 1 bone bead fragment(s) 1 radius proximal end present 7 scales 1 cranial fragment(s) 1 identifiable 18 unidentifiable large mammal 1 awl fragment(s) 1 identifiable 7 unidentifiable 6 4 unidentifiable - burnt Feat No Sq No/Quad/ Mammal Bird Fish Turtle Shell Unknown Level 200-475 1 femur proximal end 3 vertebra(e) 1 vertebra(e) caudal? 1 scale 1 deer tooth 1 deer toe bone 1 identifiable 9 unidentifiable 200-476 1 deer toe bone 1 vertebra(e) 1 deer tooth 1 scale 1 identifiable 4 unidentifiable 1 cranial fragment(s) - burnt 1 deer? toe bone - burnt 3 unidentifiable 200-477 2 deer teeth fragment(s). 2 identifiable? 1 vertebra(e) 1 1 squirrel size calcaneum 4 unidentifiable 4 vertebra(e) 1 toe bone? 1identifiable 16 unidentifiable, large mammal 3 unidentifiable 13 unidentifiable 5 unidentifiable - burnt 200-478 1 deer tooth 2 first phalanx 3 vertebra(e) 1 deer toe bone 4 unidentifiable 1 squirrel size calcaneum 1 vertebra(e) fragment(s) 1 rib fragment(s) 2 identifiable 1 unidentifiable chewed by a dog? 1 unidentifiable possible artifact 9 unidentifiable 1 identifiable 5 unidentifiable 1 unidentifiable - burnt 200-479 4 deer teeth fragment(s). 2 identifiable 4 vertebra(e) 1 complete deer tooth 3 unidentifiable 3 identifiable 1 rodent? incisor 1 tibia? distal end 15 unidentifiable small fragment(s). 9 unidentifiable 7 unidentifiable - burnt Feat No Sq No/Quad/ Mammal Bird Fish Turtle Shell Unknown Level 201-475 1 deer tooth fragment(sâ 1 humerus distal end 1 vertebra(e) calcined 1 tooth fragment(s) 1 radius proximal end 3 1 mandible small rodent 80% complete 1 vertebra(e) 19 unidentifiable 1 femur ? head 1 deer? hand / foot bone - burnt 3 unidentifiable - burnt 201-476 1 deer toe bone 1 femur distal end 2 vertebra(e) 1 1 toe bone large mammal 1 identifiable 1 identifiable 1 squirrel size humerus 5 unidentifiable 1 vertebra(e) 1 maxilla 1 rib 1 identifiable 12 unidentifiable 20 unidentifiable 7 unidentifiable - burnt 201-477 1 deer tooth 1 identifiable 5 vertebra(e) 1 2 deer? tooth fragment(s). 5 unidentifiable 7 2 deer toe bone fragment(s). 1 unidentifiable 1 squirrel size calcaneum 3 identifiable 26 unidentifiable 20 unidentifiable 4 unidentifiable - burnt 202-475 1 toe bone 2 unidentifiable 2 vertebra(e) 1 1 calcaneum small rodent 1 unidentifiable 1 identifiable 2 identifiable 15 unidentifiable 1 rib may be bird 8 unidentifiable Midden 1 200-476 1 deer tooth 2 identifiable 2 unidentifiable 2 1 deer? toe bone 2 unidentifiable 7 unidentifiable 2 unidentifiable 12 unidentifiable 196-479 1 tooth 1 unidentifiable artifact? 1 scale 5 cranial 1 unidentifiable Feat No Sq No/Quad/ Mammal Bird Fish Turtle Shell Unknown Level 2 unidentifiable 1 unidentifiable - burnt 202-476 1 long bone awl 3 bird? 3 vertebra(e) 1 toe/ hand bone 1 1 identifiable 15 unidentifiable 1 tibia? - burnt 1 toe/ hand bone 8 unidentifiable 3 unidentifiable - burnt 201-477 2 202-476 2 Post 16 130-450 1 radius ? proximal end Post 4 135-445 5 unidentifiable 1 long bone fragment(s) 2 unidentifiable - burnt Post 120 135-450 1 deer? metatarsal Post 50 135-450 1 carpal/tarsal 2 unidentifiable Post 27 130 -145 1 artifact long bone? identifiable, 1 spine Post 7 130-445 1 unidentifiable 203-476 1 identifiable 201-474 1 squirrel size mandible fragment(s) 192-455 1 long bone fragment(s) 200-505 1 unidentifiable 2 unidentifiable - burnt 203-484 1 unidentifiable 203-505 1 unidentifiable may be bead? 203-506 1 tooth 204-506 1 unidentifiable 205-509 2 unidentifiable 203 885-780 1 vertebra(e) 1 identifiable 1 large plastron fragment(s) 207 880-780 1 tooth 1 rib? 3 scales 1 unidentifiable 1 identifiable 210 875-785 1 deer tooth /E ½ L2 1 identifiable 8 unidentifiable Feat No Sq No/Quad/ Mammal Bird Fish Turtle Shell Unknown Level 1 unidentifiable 210 875-785/ 1 raccoon right mandible 90% complete 1 vertebra(e) turkey size Q1/L2 3 deer maxilla/mandible fragment(s). 2 size ranges 1 femur distal end unfused epiphysis. 1 vertebra(e) 2 ulna fragment(s). proximal ends 7 identifiable 4 rib fragment(s). 8 unidentifiable from a large mammal 8 unidentifiable from a small mammal 210 875-785 1 deer antler large piece /Q1,2 7 deer? long bone fragment(s). 9 deer ? cranial fragment(s). 69 unidentifiable 8 vertebra(e) fragment(s). from a large mammal 3 vertebra(e) fragment(s). that articulate from a smaller mammal 4 vertebra(e) fragment(s). from a smaller mammal 1 long bone awl 1 bone bead 13 maxilla mandible fragment(s). with teeth 2 calcaneum both sides present small mammal 1 innominate major portion small mammal cat size 1femur distal epiphysis. cat size 1 femur head epiphysis. cat size 2 unidentifiable 1 unidentifiable- burnt 210 875-785 1 sternum fragment(s) 3 vertebra(e) fragment(s). 1 vertebra(e) 5 rib fragment(s). small mammal 1 ulna turkey size 6 identifiable small mammal 1 identifiable long bone 2 epiphysis. small mammal 1 rib 2 caudal vertebra(e) small mammal 2 unidentifiable 4 metatarsal/carpal small mammal 1 identifiable chewed 1 distal tibia small mammal 1ulna small mammal 210 875-785 1 deer atlas Feat No Sq No/Quad/ Mammal Bird Fish Turtle Shell Unknown Level 2 deer vertebra(e) 1 deer left mandible major portion 2 deer? maxilla fragment(s). 1 cranial fragment(s) major portion 2 scapula fragment(s). proximal end 1 deer toe bone artifact with hole drilled through 1 deer toe bone 1 hyoid? 1 raccoon left mandible 4 incisors 1 metatarsal 1 radius complete small mammal 1 humerus distal end small mammal 7 unidentifiable 7 identifiable includes immature epiphysis. from a long bone 210 875-785 17 unidentifiable 1 long bone fragment(s) 1 identifiable 1 3 /Q3,4 1 metatarsal/carpal small mammal 1 rib small mammal 1 ulna squirrel size proximal end burnt 6 identifiable fragment(s). includes epiphysis. fragment(s) (tibia) 1 deer antler fragment(s)
210 875-785 2 deer large portions of deer antler 2 identifiable 1 identifiable /Q3 1deer toe bone artifact with hole drilled through 1 unidentifiable 1 ulna proximal end rabbit size 1 radius complete rabbit size 2 ribs 1 caudal vertebra(e) 1 metatarsal/carpal 24 unidentifiable fragment(s). 4 long bone fragment(s). and metatarsal/carpal large mammal some immature 6 identifiable fragment(s). 2 deer toe bones one may have a slight pathology 1 deer mandible left side Feat No Sq No/Quad/ Mammal Bird Fish Turtle Shell Unknown Level 8 deer cranial fragment(s). including a major portion 1 vertebra(e) 210 875-785 1 deer atlas 1 bone bead fragment(s) 1 identifiable /Q4 1 deer axis these two articulate 1 possible bead fragment(s) 1 deer size vertebra(e) 2 scapula fragment(s).? turkey size 1 tibia epiphysis. 6 vertebra(e) fragment(s). 17 unidentifiable 5 cranial fragment(s). 4 identifiable fragment(s) 3 are immature. 216 890-820 7 unidentifiable 1 sternum fragment(s) 1 identifiable 1long bone fragment(s) 4 fragment(s). 1 unidentifiable 1 long bone fragment(s) 221 885-790 1 unidentifiable 1 femur? distal end /Q1 221 885-790 1 unidentifiable /Q1/L2,3 2 unidentifiable 221 885-790 7 deer teeth 8 identifiable 3 unidentifiable 1 canine 30 unidentifiable 1 mandible probably raccoon 1 long bone fragment(s) 5 ulna proximal end 29 unidentifiable 25 unidentifiable very small fragment(s). may include some bird 1 long bone fragment(s) with several cut marks 4 unidentifiable 221 885-790 1 deer tooth 3 identifiable fragment(s). 4 identifiable /Q2 including vertebra(e) fragment(s) 1 rodent crania 17 unidentifiable 1 vertebra(e) 1 vertebra(e) fragment(s) 2 unidentifiable 1 metatarsal/carpal fragment(s) proximal end 1 unidentifiable with cut marks 1 small mammal long bone fragment(s) 1 radius squirrel size 1 metatarsal/carpal squirrel size Feat No Sq No/Quad/ Mammal Bird Fish Turtle Shell Unknown Level 221 885-790 1 deer toe bone artifact 2 unidentifiable 7 scales /Q2 1 deer toe bone fragment(s) polished at one end 11 unidentifiable 1 unidentifiable 1 radius proximal end squirrel size 221 885-790 10 cranial fragment(s). /Q3 1 distal phalanx 221 885-790 1 identifiable large mammal 1 identifiable /Q3 1 identifiable 1 unidentifiable - burnt 1 deer tooth 221 885-790 1 unidentifiable /Q4/All 1 unidentifiable - burnt 4 unidentifiable 1 unidentifiable 1 bone bead 224 870-790 2 identifiable 1 unidentifiable 230 880-830 6 unidentifiable 1 identifiable 1 unidentifiable 1 tibia proximal end squirrel size 230 880-830 1 toe bone chewed 1 scale /Q2 1 deer tooth attached to bone 1 identifiable 1 humerus complete squirrel size 2 unidentifiable 2 unidentifiable 230 880-830 1 worked bone long bone fragment(s) artifact 3 identifiable 5 vertebra(e) /Q4 1 polished bone fragment(s) artifact 2 unidentifiable 10 identifiable 1 deer tooth fragment(s) 2 scales 1 rodent mandible 4 unidentifiable 1 radius complete squirrel size 1 identifiable 3 unidentifiable 1 unidentifiable - burnt 3 unidentifiable 230 880-830 1 calcaneum rabbit size 1 humerus distal 1 identifiable /Q4 Feat No Sq No/Quad/ Mammal Bird Fish Turtle Shell Unknown Level 2 unidentifiable 2 identifiable 230 880-830 3 unidentifiable 1 unidentifiable /Q4 2 unidentifiable Post 870-780 1 vertebra(e) Post 3 880-835 1 vertebra(e) Posts 3, 4 885-830 1 unidentifiable 1 cranial fragment(s) 4 1 tibiotarsus 1 long bone fragment(s) unidentifiable 1 long bone fragment(s) identifiable 4 unidentifiable Post 11 885-790 1 long bone fragment(s) unidentifiable deer size burnt Post 15 885-830 1 mandible right side squirrel size Post 17 885-830 1 unidentifiable Post 18 885-830 1 long bone artifact Post 19 885-830 3 unidentifiable 1 identifiable? 1 unidentifiable 1phalanx fragment(s) with green staining Post 21 885-830 1 unidentifiable 1 femur head dog size 1 awl medullary bone 1 identifiable 3 unidentifiable 2 unidentifiable Post 31 890-820 1 unidentifiable 2 unidentifiable Post 45 885-780 1 toe bone aritfact 2 identifiable 1 radius squirrel size 1 unidentifiable APPENDIX D2: CREMATED HUMAN REMAINS INVENTORY Tooth/Bone Group Location/Bone Number/MNI Colour and Comments
Premolar Mandible 1 PM1 root in situ Axial Skeleton Atlas 2 lt brown, R articular facets present Axis 1 lt brown, L articular facets present, dens partially missing Vertebral 15 body fragments, lt brown 20 arch fragments, lt brown L Clavicle 1 lt brown Scapula fragments Calvaria ectocranial a) white/blue-grey/blue-black b) dull red-brown/grey-brown/green/turquoise endocranial a) blue/black b) grey-brown/shiny black Occipital 2 L transverse sinuses present Frontal 2 frontal crests present L Parietal 2 sagittal sinuses present R Temporal 2 L Temporal 1 R Styloid Proc. 1 L Styloid Proc. 1 1 Face Maxilla 1L, 1R blue-grey both sides - portion anterior toincisive suture absent Mandible Condyle 1 white 1L, 1R Ramus 1 blue-gray 5 fragments Body 1 white 3 anterior fragments Pelvis R Ilium 1 external lt brown/brown/black Ilium and ischium articulate internal lt brown/blue/white Internal periosteal surface partially absent R Ischium 1 external lt brown/brown/black internal lt brown/blue/white Internal periosteal surface partially absent Patella L 2 2a) lt brown b) external white internal lt brown/grey-white/black Phalanges Toes (Middle Phalanx) 1 1 lt brown/white distal end (Distal Phalanx) 1 proximal end Fingers (Middle Phalanx) 2 brown/grey/white distal end proximal end diaphysis 1 1 (Proximal Phalanx) 2 proximal end diaphysis 1 Metacarpals R MCI 1 lt brown/grey/white L MCI 1 R MCIII 1 proximal facet L MCIII 1 proximal facet fragments 2 distal facets fragments 6 diaphyses Tooth/Bone Group Location/Bone Number/MNI Colour and Comments Carpals R Trapezoid 1 lt brown/grey/black R Lunate 1 L Lunate 1 L Trapeziium 1 L Capitate 1 Metatarsals L MTII 1 lt brown, proximal end Tarsals R Talus 1 brown/grey/white and shiny black L Talus 1 R Navicular 1 R Cuboid 1 L Calcaneus 1 R 2nd Cuneif 1 R 3rd Cuneif 1 Long Bones L Ulna 1 lt brown shaft 1 lt brown anterior portion of olecranon process 1 lt brown radial facet L Radius 1 lt brown head 1 lt brown/grey/white shaft R Radius 1 lt brown/grey/white shaft L Humerus 1 lt brown distal end L Femur 1 white lt brown neck head, maximum diameter 39.3 mm L Femur 1 white shaft with exfoliation R Femur 1 lt brown shaft L Tibia 1 lt brown shaft L Tibia 1 lt brown medial maleolus