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Analysis of the Role of the Jackson Prairie in Prehistoric/Protohistoric Settlement Patterns Using Survey Data from the Bienville National Forest" (2017)

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Analysis of the Role of the Jackson Prairie in Prehistoric/Protohistoric Settlement Patterns Using Survey Data from the Bienville National Forest Mississippi State University Scholars Junction Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1-1-2017 Analysis of the Role of the Jackson Prairie in Prehistoric/ Protohistoric Settlement Patterns using Survey Data from the Bienville National Forest Jennifer Ivy Ryan Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td Recommended Citation Ryan, Jennifer Ivy, "Analysis of the Role of the Jackson Prairie in Prehistoric/Protohistoric Settlement Patterns using Survey Data from the Bienville National Forest" (2017). Theses and Dissertations. 666. https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td/666 This Graduate Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Scholars Junction. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholars Junction. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Template C v3.0 (beta): Created by J. Nail 06/2015 Analysis of the role of the Jackson Prairie in prehistoric/protohistoric settlement patterns using survey data from the Bienville National Forest By TITLE PAGE Jennifer Ivy Ryan A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Mississippi State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Applied Anthropology in the Department of Anthropology and Middle Eastern Cultures Mississippi State, Mississippi May 2017 Copyright by COPYRIGHT PAGE Jennifer Ivy Ryan 2017 Analysis of the role of the Jackson Prairie in prehistoric/protohistoric settlement patterns using survey data from the Bienville National Forest By APPROVAL PAGE Jennifer Ivy Ryan Approved: ____________________________________ Evan Peacock (Co-Major Professor / Graduate Coordinator) ____________________________________ Janet Rafferty (Co-Major Professor) ____________________________________ Michael L. Galaty (Committee Member) ____________________________________ James W. Hardin (Committee Member) ____________________________________ Rick Travis Interim Dean College of Arts & Sciences Name: Jennifer Ivy Ryan ABSTRACT Date of Degree: May 6, 2017 Institution: Mississippi State University Major Field: Applied Anthropology Major Professors: Evan Peacock and Janet Rafferty Title of Study: Analysis of the role of the Jackson Prairie in prehistoric/protohistoric settlement patterns using survey data from the Bienville National Forest Pages in Study: 71 Candidate for Degree of Master of Arts Archaeological surveys using the subsurface testing method known as “shovel- testing” have been performed sporadically across the Bienville National Forest in central Mississippi. However; no research-oriented analysis has ever been performed for this area. The Bienville National Forest is located primarily in two physiographic regions: the Jackson Prairie and the Southern Pine Hills. These two regions are distinctly different in topography, soils, and vegetation. No settlement pattern study has been performed in the Jackson Prairie and it has been viewed as an area of low probability. Soils in this region are often heavy clays with high shrink/swell capabilities and poor drainage. In this thesis, I attempt to construct an initial analysis by looking at the duration of occupations and their placement in the landscape through time in order to determine whether the Jackson Prairie played any important role in the choice of habitation locations by prehistoric populations. Key words: settlement patterns, Jackson Prairie, archaeology, occupation, catchment, Southern Pine Hills, Bienville National Forest DEDICATION This is dedicated to my children—Michael, Nicholas, and Elijah, and to my husband, Rusty. My boys give meaning to my life and my husband has given me support in immeasurable ways. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I can never repay my husband for the hours he put in taking care of our family and home while I worked to finish this thesis. There is absolutely no way I could have finally achieved this without his help. I also owe everything I am as an archaeologist to Janet Rafferty who has been my mentor and role-model from the first day I stepped into the Cobb Institute in August of 1998. I can only hope to be half as good. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION .................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................1 1.1 Geological History of Study Area .............................................................2 1.2 Environmental Background .......................................................................5 1.2.1 Prehistoric Environment ......................................................................7 1.2.2 Historic Changes .................................................................................8 II. THEORY AND LITERATURE REVIEW .........................................................10 2.1 Subsistence and Settlement Patterns .......................................................10 2.1.1 Studies in Eastern North America .....................................................10 2.2 Environmental Studies .............................................................................16 2.2.1 Native Americans and Fire ................................................................18 2.2.2 Prairie Plants ......................................................................................21 III. MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................................24 3.1 Survey Data from the Bienville National Forest .....................................24 3.2 Method to Determine Duration of Occupation ........................................28 3.2.1 Problems Encountered during Analysis ............................................31 3.3 Catchment Analysis .................................................................................33 IV. RESULTS ............................................................................................................35 4.1 Duration of Occupation ...........................................................................37 4.2 Catchment Analysis .................................................................................45 V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ...............................................................63 iv REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 66 v LIST OF TABLES 2.1 Mast, fruit, legume, seed, and root/tuber/bulb sources found in the project area .....................................................................................................20 2.2 Historic and modern flora recorded in the prairie openings in the Jackson Prairie physiographic region. ............................................................23 3.1 Ceramic diagnostics used in classification of occupations.............................30 4.1 All sites meeting ceramic diagnostic criteria. .................................................35 4.2 List of sites used in the analysis of occupation duration. ...............................39 4.3 Single component sites with short duration of occupation and component present at each site. ......................................................................43 4.4 Sites with a short duration of occupation and two or more components present.............................................................................................................43 4.5 Sites with a short duration of occupation and two or more components present.............................................................................................................44 4.6 Sites with a long duration of occupation and number of components present.............................................................................................................44 4.7 Comparison of the number of sites with evidence of long or short duration of occupation and the numbers of sites with single or multiple components present. .........................................................................45 4.8 Chi-square calculation for observed site numbers by environmental zone versus expected. .....................................................................................59 4.9 Chi-square calculation for observed ceramic-bearing site numbers by environmental zone versus expected. .............................................................59 vi LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Physiographic regions within the state of Mississippi. ....................................2 1.2 Major geologic formations in the study area. ...................................................4 2.1 Remnant prairie locations as mapped on the Bienville National Forest. .............................................................................................................17 3.1 Survey coverage on the Bienville National Forest. ........................................26 3.2 The three primary geologic formations on the Bienville National Forest. .............................................................................................................27
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