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Geology of the Jackson Area Mississippi

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Geology of the Jackson Area Mississippi GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 986 Geology of the Jackson Area Mississippi By WATSON H. MONROE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 986 Stratigraphic and structural study of the area surrounding the Jackson gas field UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON -. 1954 15 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR . Douglas McKay, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. E. Wrather, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price $1.75 (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Abstract_ __ _ ___________.._________---__-----..-----------------_-- 1 Introduction. ________________-_-__-------_--.__-_--..-_-----_-_----. 2 History of this investigation_____________________________________ 2 Acknowledgments _____________________________________________ 3 Location and general relations.--.--.-_-__-___-_--___-__-__.___-_ 4 Previous work in the Jackson area_______________________________ 4 Physical geography________________---_-_-_---_---_-_---_--_____.__ 8 Drainage _______________-^__-_----_--_--_-_----._------_--_-___ 8 Physiographic divisions.,__.______-_--_-_-____---_-_____-_____.._ 9 Jackson Prairie belt_-_-_----_--- _--____-_______________-_ 9 Southern Pine Hills.--...-------..--.._.---.- ..---.-_---.._ 9 River terraces.._______________________________________________ 11 Flood plains______-__________--_-_------_--_---_-__---__-__-__ 11 Recent drainage changes. ______________________________________ 11" Stratigraphy.__________________-__-------_--___----_-__--..-_-_---_ 13 General features.._________.._____-____-____-_--____-_-_____---_ 13 Concealed rocks.______________-------_---i-----___-_--______._ 13 Rocks of possible Jurassic age.______________________________ 14 Rocks of Cretaceous age.__ _________________________________ 15 Pre-Selma Cretaceous rocks__-----_--------_-----_--_-__ 15 Igneous rocks.__-__-_-------_----------_______________ 15 Igneous rocks from deep wells at Jackson, Miss., by Charles F. Park, Jr...._..'__. ._..._______-._.__.________. 17 Hamilton No. 1 well....__--_________.____.____.._. 17 Rainey No. 1 well.______---____._--_____-_____--.. 20 Harris No. 1 well......-.---...-_____._._____.__ 23 McLaurin No. A-l well__-_______--______-_________ 25 Selma group..________-___---_-_-___-______-______-___ 25 Rocks of Tertiary age-___-_------_------------------___--__ 27 Paleocene series._________-_------_-_-____----_-___-___ 27 Eocene series_______________________________________ 29 Descriptions of cores and cuttings from wells__-__--______.__ 29 Exposed rocks....______-____-_---___----__----__--_--__-______ 50 Rocks of Tertiary age__..__-_______^.____________-_._______ 50 Eocene series__^__-____-_--_------__--------_-__--_-___ 50 Oligocene series.______________________________________ 61 Miocene series.__-___-_---------_--_-__--_-_-_-_-_____ 98 Surficial deposits.__---____---_--______-_--____---_______._ 103 High-level gravel deposit.______________________________ 104 Stream terrace deposits__-___--_---__________________ 106 Loess and brown loam_________________________________ 107 Alluvium. ___________----_--.__------__-__________ 108 Undifferentiated surficial deposits......._________________ 110 Structure. _ ____________.____-_._____._-_-_-_.____-__________.___._ 110 Structural features shown by exposed formations__________________ 110 Buried structural features-_____---_------_--_-___-__-_-__-----_ 112 Origin of the Jackson anticline.. ..-.---._----__.-_---_.----._ 114 in IV CONTENTS Page Geologic history.-_---_-_----_---__________________________________ 116 Pre-Tuscaloosa history_________________________________________ 116 Early Late Cretaceous events___________________________________ 116 Late Cretaceous events. _________ ____-___-_-____^______________ 117 Pre-Tertiary erosion ___________________________________________ 118 Deposition of Tertiary sediments_________________________________ 118 Late Tertiary and Quaternary events ____________________________ 121 Economic geology__________________________________________________ 122 Natural gas and oil__--____-_-_________________________________ 122 Occurrence_______________________________________________ 122 History of development- ___________________________________ 123 Initial production.________________________________________ 124 Production of gas________________________________________ 124 Ground waiter..________________________________________________ 125 Sand and graveL--__----_----__-___-______-_-_-_-___--________ 126 Clay_____________________________________________________ 126 Building stone and riprap_______________________________________ 127 Cement materials._____________________________________________ 127 Literature cited___________________________________________________ 128 Index,_____......_-__.._-_________.____._______________________ 131 ILLUSTKATIONS [All plates in pocket] PLATE 1. Geologic map of the Jackson quadrangle, Mississippi. 2. Geologic map of the eastern part of the Raymond quadrangle. 3. Geologic map of the northern part of the Florence quadrangle. 4. Geologic map of the Pelahatchie quadrangle. 5. Columnar section of rocks in the Jackson area. 6. Structure contour map of the top of the Clay ton formation in the Jackson gas field. Page FIGURE 1. Index map of Mississippi __ _______________________________ 5 2. Contact of the Moodys Branch and Cockfield formations _ _ _ _ 52 3. Eroded Forest Hill sand_._______________________----- 63 4. Steeply dipping beds of Forest Hill sand.___________________ 64 5. Plan of exposures of the Forest Hill sand and the Vicksburg group on Lime Creek___________________________________ 70 6. Contact of the Mint Spring marl member of the Marianna limestone and the Forest Hill sand_______________________ 77 7. Residual clay of the Glendon limestone member of the By ram formation _____________________________________________ 83 8. Gradation of the Glendon limestone member into middle marl member of the Byram formation.________________________ 88 9. Byram formation at the type locality--.-.--------------.--- 89 10. Carbonaceous layer of the Bucatunna clay member of the Byram formation underlying Catahoula sandstone_________ 94 11. Quarry in the Catahoula sandstone________-____---___-___ 100 GEOLOGY OF THE JACKSON AREA, MISSISSIPPI BY WATSON H. MONROE ABSTRACT The Jackson area, comprising about 660 square miles, is in west-central Missis­ sippi in Hinds, Madison, Rankin, and Scott Counties. It is in the eastern part of the Gulf Coastal Plain near the southern extremity of the Mississippi eni- bayment. The western side of the Jackson area as mapped is about 25 miles east of the axis of the major syncline that marks the deepest part of the embay- rnent. Physiographically the area is within the two provinces named by Lowe the Jackson Prairie Belt and the "Long Leaf Pine Hills." The lowest altitude in the area, on the Pearl River, is about 215 feet above sea level. The highest altitude is about 520 feet at Ware Hill, 2% miles northwest of Pelahatchie, and at Brandon ; but south of Morton, Scott County, just east of the area, a hill- crest is 631 feet above sea level. The rocks at the surface include formations ranging in age from Eocene to Recent. The oldest rocks exposed belong to the Cockfleld formation at the top of the Claiborne group. These consist of sand, clay, and lignite. Overlying the Claiborne group is the Jackson group consisting of 450 feet of calcareous sand and clay (the Moodys Branch formation and. the Yazoo clay). Above the Jack­ son group is the Forest Hill sand, about 100 feet thick. The Forest Hill is over­ lain by the Vicksburg group consisting of the Mint Spring marl member of the Marianna limestone, a highly fossiliferous sandy marl about 10 feet thick, and the Byram formation. The Byrain contains three members, the Glendon lime­ stone member about 24 to 30 feet thick, a middle marl member about 30 feet thick, and the Bucatunna clay member consisting of about 60 to 65 feet of massive clay and cross-bedded sand. Overlying the Vicksburg group is the Catahoula sandstone, a formation of sand, clay, and sandstone. Resting unconformably on the older formations are many kinds of surficial deposits, which include high-level gravel deposits, river-terrace deposits, alluvium, and loess or brown loam. Deep oil test wells have been drilled into rocks as old as Jurassic(?), but most wells near Jackson have been drilled for gas and drilling has stopped at the gas-producing bed at the top of a limestone of Cretaceous age, known as the "gas rock." A few wells near Jackson have been drilled through the base of the gas rock to enter beds of sandstone and shale referred to the Cotton Valley (?) formation of Jurassic age. Interbedded with and cutting across the bedding of this formation are many bodies of igneous rock including varieties of nephel- ine syenite, lamprophyre, aplite, and sanidine-calcite rock. A few wells have been drilled through the gas rock into black clay, presumably a lake deposit, underlain by volcanic ash. Wells drilled several miles away from Jackson have entered the normal sequence of Upper Cretaceous rocks of the Selma group, the Eutaw formation, and the Tuscaloosa group. 2 GEOLOGY OF THE JACKSON AREA, MISSISSIPPI The gas rock consists of 280(?) to 500 feet of very pure calcium carbonate. Overlying it is the normal sequence of Tertiary rocks, which, however, are thinner near Jackson than elsewhere within the area. The Midway group con­ sists of a thin bed of limestone (the Clay ton formation) overlain
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