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Fracture Mechanics in Ancient Egypt Fracture Mechanics in Ancient Egypt XV Portuguese Conference on Fracture, PCF 2016, 10-12 February 2016, Paço De Arcos, Portugal B

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Fracture Mechanics in Ancient Egypt Fracture Mechanics in Ancient Egypt XV Portuguese Conference on Fracture, PCF 2016, 10-12 February 2016, Paço De Arcos, Portugal B Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect ScienceDirect AvailableAvailableStructural online Integrityonline at atwww.sciencedirect.comProcedia www.sciencedirect.com 00 (2016) 000–000 Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2016) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia ScienceDirectScienceDirect ProcediaStructural Structural Integrity Integrity Procedia 2 (2016)00 (201 2921–29286) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia 21st European Conference on Fracture, ECF21, 20-24 June 2016, Catania, Italy 21st European Conference on Fracture, ECF21, 20-24 June 2016, Catania, Italy Fracture Mechanics in Ancient Egypt Fracture Mechanics in Ancient Egypt XV Portuguese Conference on Fracture, PCF 2016, 10-12 February 2016, Paço de Arcos, Portugal B. M. El-Sehily* B. M. El-Sehily* Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt ThermoMechanical-mechanical Engineering Department, modeling Faculty of Engineeriof a ng,high Al-Azhar pressure University, Nasr turbineCity, Cairo, Egypt blade of an airplane gas turbine engine Abstract a b c Abstract P. Brandão , V. Infante , A.M. Deus * Probably the first extensive investigation in the field of fracture mechanics was developed by the ancient Egyptian in the period a beforeProbably 3500 Departmentthe BC.first extensiveThe of Mechanicalapplication investigation Engineering, of this in knowledge the Instituto field Superiorof from frac tureinvestig Técnico, mechanicsation Universidade on was the developed exactde Lisboa, splitting byAv. the Rovisco of ancient rock Pais, usingEgyptian 1, 1049 the-001 infundamental theLisboa, per iod Portugal techniquesbeforeb 3500 led BC. to Thethe productionapplication of of many this knowledgeworld famous from monuments investigation including on the theexact pyramids. splitting A of description rock using is theprovided fundamental of the techniquesIDMEC, led Department to the production of Mechanical of many Engineering, world Institutofamous Superior monuments Técnico, including Universidade the pyramids. de Lisboa, AAv. description Rovisco Pais, is 1, provided 1049-001 ofLisboa, the unfinished obelisk still lying in the quarries of Upper Egypt. MethodPortugal of extraction including ancient fracture technique and erection ofunfinished hugecCeFEMA, rock obelisk Departmentsections still lyingare of Mechanicalpresented. in the quarries Engineering,Some of recentUpper Instituto Egypt.innovative Superior Method exp Técnico, erimentsof extraction Universidade and including their deresult Lisboa, anc ientthat Av. fracturecan Rovisco be techniquerelated Pais, 1, to1049 andthe-001 eancientrection Lisboa, technologyof huge rock are sections discussed. are presented. Some recent innovative Portugalexperiments and their result that can be related to the ancient technology are discussed. © 20162016, PROSTRThe Authors. (Procedia Publis Structuralhed by Integrity) Elsevier Hosting B.V. by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-reviewAbstract under under responsibility responsibility of the of Scientific the Scientific Committee Committee of ECF21. of ECF21. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of ECF21. Keywords:During Ancienttheir operation, Egyptian; Ancientmoder Tecn aircrafthnology; engine Ancient componentsFracture Mechani arecs; subjected Rock Splitting; to increasingly Obelisks demanding operating conditions, Keywords:especially Ancient the high Egyptian; pressure Ancient turbine Technology; (HPT) blades.Ancient SuchFracture conditions Mechani cs;cause Rock these Splitting; parts Obelisks to undergo different types of time-dependent degradation, one of which is creep. A model using the finite element method (FEM) was developed, in order to be able to predict 1. theIntroduction creep behaviour of HPT blades. Flight data records (FDR) for a specific aircraft, provided by a commercial aviation 1. company, Introduction were used to obtain thermal and mechanical data for three different flight cycles. In order to create the 3D model Theneeded present for study the FEM deals analysis, with fracture a HPT mechanics blade scrap in wasancient scanned, Egyp t.and It isits based chemical entirely composition upon the and archaeological material properties evidence were Thein obtained.Egypt. present The The study exploitation data deals that withwas of gatheredfr richnessacture wasmechanics of fedthe intocountry’s inthe ancient FEM natural model Egyp resources t.and It isdifferent based such entirelysimulations as rocks upon and were the wood run, archaeological firstwere with reflected a simplified evidence in the 3D rectangular block shape, in order to better establish the model, and then with the real 3D mesh obtained from the blade scrap. The widein Egypt. range The of exploitationtechniques practicedof richness by of the the Egyptian country’s craft-man. natural resources Examples such were as rockspyramids, and wood obelisks were and reflected statues. in The the wideoverall range expected of techniques behaviour practiced in terms of by displacement the Egyptian was craft-man. observed, in E particularxamples atwere the trailingpyramids, edge obelisks of the blade. and Thereforestatues. Thesuch a greatmodel pyramid can be builtuseful for in theKhufu goal was of predicting constructed turbine of moreblade life,than given two millionsa set of FDR stone data. rocks, most weighting about two and agreat half pyramidtons, Casson built (1965).for Khufu Despite was constructed the weight ofmagnitude, more than simp twolest millions implements stone rocks,were used most with weighting some of about fundamental two and fracturea half© 201 tons, 6mechanics The Casson Authors. (1965).techniques Published Despite forby Elsevierrock the weightsplitting. B.V. magnitude, Some of simpthe mlestethods implements used to weresplit usedmassive with stone some block of fundamental in ancient EgyptfracturePeer -arereview mechanics re-created under responsibilitytechniques here. for of therock Scientific splitting. Committee Some of of the PCF m 2016ethods. used to split massive stone block in ancient Egypt are re-created here. Keywords: High Pressure Turbine Blade; Creep; Finite Element Method; 3D Model; Simulation. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +2-100-667-3443. * CorrespondingE-mail address: author. [email protected] Tel.: +2-100-667-3443. E-mail address: [email protected] 2452-3216 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review2452-3216 © 2016under The responsibility Authors. Published of the byScientific Elsevier B.V.Committee of ECF21. Peer-review* Corresponding under author. responsibility Tel.: +351 of 218419991. the Scientific Committee of ECF21. E-mail address: [email protected] 2452-3216 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016. 2452-3216 © 2016, PROSTR (Procedia Structural Integrity) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of ECF21. 10.1016/j.prostr.2016.06.365 10.1016/j.prostr.2016.06.365 2922 B. M El-Sehily / Procedia Structural Integrity 2 (2016) 2921–2928 2 B. M. El-Sehily / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2016) 000–000 B. M. El-Sehily / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2016) 000–000 3 The quarry of huge of unfinished obelisk in Upper Egypt provides also an opportunity to study the fracture mechanics plane in straight lines all over the quarries. They have cavities driven usually from the top downwards, but some may techniques used for production of obelisks. The obelisks were erected to the glory of the sun, Habachi (1906). The be seen which have acted horizontally and some even from below. It has been expected that the wedges themselves setting up of them were regarded as an act of admiration and thanksgiving in return for which the sun was expected were of wood and made to expand by wetting them to exert their pressure to the interior surfaces of wedge gaps. to prolong the life of the Egyptians and make their names to flourish forever. If a high stone monument is desired, the It must be inquired into the nature of the tools with which the wedge gaps were cut. Choice of tools must be obelisks of Egypt are the only practical form which is convenient for inscribing. Fig. 1 shows the finished obelisk that experienced more than five thousand years ago by ancient Egyptians. Generally, ancient men for many centuries relied still stands in front of the Luxor temple, as four sided single piece of red granite rock with a high polish and beautiful on stone and wood as materials for their tools. The hammer is the oldest tool of all indeed. It is old as man himself. decoration, standing upright, gradually tapering as it rises and terminating in a small pyramid. Most obelisks, Hundreds of thousands of years were required to develop it from the rude hammer stone without a shaft, to the handled especially the larger ones, are made of red granite. Fig. 2 describes the unfinished obelisk that is a piece of work that hammer. Near the ancient quarry, it can be seen that some of greenish-black stone balls round the obelisk, some whole failed, not through any faults of the workers, but owing to an unexpected fissure in the rock. It still lies in its quarry and some broken, known as dolerite, having been shaped in geological ages in the Egyptian eastern desert. As in Upper Egypt, detached on all except lower side.
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