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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE HUANCAVELICA (Creada Ley Nº 25265) FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE INGENIERÍA ESCUELA PROFESIONAL DE ZOOTECNIA

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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE HUANCAVELICA (Creada Ley Nº 25265) FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE INGENIERÍA ESCUELA PROFESIONAL DE ZOOTECNIA UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE HUANCAVELICA (Creada Ley Nº 25265) FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE INGENIERÍA ESCUELA PROFESIONAL DE ZOOTECNIA TESIS DETERMINACIÓN DE LA COMPOSICIÓN QUÍMICA DE LOS PASTOS NATURALES DOMINANTES DURANTE LA ÉPOCA LLUVIOSA EN EL PREDIO RANRAMOCCO – LACHOCC LÍNEA DE INVESTIGACIÓN: NUTRICIÓN Y ALIMENTACIÓN PRESENTADO POR: Bach. OSORIO ESPINOZA, Shaydon Brandon Bach. TAPARA JURADO, Zorayda PARA OPTAR EL TÍTULO PROFESIONAL DE: INGENIERO ZOOTECNISTA HUANCAVELICA – PERÚ 2020 TÍTULO: DETERMINACIÓN DE LA COMPOSICIÓN QUÍMICA DE LOS PASTOS NATURALES DOMINANTES DURANTE LA ÉPOCA LLUVIOSA EN EL PREDIO RANRAMOCCO - LACHOCC i AUTORES: Bach. OSORIO ESPINOZA, Shaydon Brandon Bach. TAPARA JURADO, Zorayda ii ASESOR: M.Sc. Héctor Marcelo Guillen Domínguez iii DEDICATORIA El presente trabajo de investigación se lo dedico a mi Madre querida por ser el pilar más importante porque sé que ella me ayudo en las buenas y en las malas, además de haberme dado la vida, siempre confió en mí y nunca me abandonó en mi formación profesional para alcanzar mis objetivos. Brandon. A mis padres y hermanas, por el apoyo incondicional y sobre todo agradecida por la confianza depositada hacia mi persona y estar al pendiente en mi formación profesional. A mis abuelos, que en vida fueron Aurelio Tapara y Catalina Rojas, por todos esos años que me acompañaron, sus valiosos consejos, los mensajes de aliento, el amor incondicional brindado y los aportes realizados en mi vida que simplemente son invaluables. Zorayda T.J. iv AGRADECIMIENTO A la Universidad Nacional de Huancavelica por darnos la oportunidad de la especialización y poder brindar un servicio acreditado y de calidad de acuerdo a la necesidad de la sociedad. Nuestros agradecimientos a nuestro asesor M.Sc. Héctor Marcelo Guillen Domínguez, docente de la Escuela Profesional de Zootecnia de la Universidad Nacional de Huancavelica por su empeño en la revisión del presente informe, aportando sus valiosos comentarios y sugerencias, siempre con la finalidad de mejorar la calidad de la investigación. Al Laboratorio Central de la Universidad Nación de Huancavelica en especial al Laboratorio de Nutrición Animal (LUNEA) por habernos permitido hacer uso de los equipos, insumos y materiales para la realización del presente trabajo de investigación. De la misma forma agradecemos al Ing. James Curasma Ccente por su guía en la obtención y procesamiento de datos en el laboratorio. A nuestros familiares por la constante motivación a la superación y hacer posible que culminemos el trabajo de investigación y compartir muchas cosas que fueron importantes para nuestra formación profesional. Finalmente, a todas las personas que han participado brindándonos su apoyo porque de una u otra manera influyeron en la materialización de la presente tesis sin la cual no hubiera sido posible desarrollar esta investigación. v ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDO DEDICATORIA ......................................................................................................... iv AGRADECIMIENTO ................................................................................................. v ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDO......................................................................................... vi ÍNDICE DE TABLA................................................................................................... ix ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS ................................................................................................ x ÍNDICE DE APÉNDICE ............................................................................................ xi RESUMEN.. ............................................................................................................... xii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. xiii INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................... xiv CAPÍTULO I PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA 1.1. Descripción del problema........................................................................ 15 1.2. Formulación del problema ...................................................................... 16 1.3. Objetivos: general y específicos .............................................................. 16 1.4. Justificación ............................................................................................. 16 1.5. Limitaciones ............................................................................................ 17 CAPÍTULO II MARCO TEÓRICO 2.1. Antecedentes ........................................................................................... 18 2.2. Bases teóricas .......................................................................................... 32 2.3. Bases conceptuales .................................................................................. 32 2.3.1. Praderas alto andinas ............................................................................... 32 2.3.2. Época lluviosa .......................................................................................... 32 vi 2.3.3. Composición florística ............................................................................. 32 2.3.4. Censo de vegetación ................................................................................ 33 2.3.5. Especies dominantes ................................................................................ 33 2.3.6. Descripción botánica de las especies en estudio ...................................... 33 2.3.7. Composición química .............................................................................. 36 2.3.8. Materia seca ............................................................................................. 37 2.3.9. Ceniza ...................................................................................................... 37 2.3.10. Materia orgánica ...................................................................................... 37 2.3.11. Proteína .................................................................................................... 37 2.3.12. Fibra detergente neutra ............................................................................ 38 2.3.13. Fibra detergente acida .............................................................................. 38 2.4. Definición de términos ............................................................................ 38 2.5. Identificación de variables ...................................................................... 43 2.5.1. Variable independiente ............................................................................ 43 2.5.2. Variables dependientes ............................................................................ 43 2.6. Definición operativa de variables ............................................................ 43 CAPÍTULO III METODOLOGÍA DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN 3.1. Ámbito temporal y espacial..................................................................... 44 3.2. Tipo de investigación .............................................................................. 44 3.3. Nivel de investigación ............................................................................. 44 3.4. Método de investigación ......................................................................... 45 3.5. Población muestra y muestreo................................................................. 45 3.5.1. Población ................................................................................................. 45 3.5.2. Muestra .................................................................................................... 45 3.5.3. Muestreo .................................................................................................. 45 3.6. Técnicas e instrumentos de recolección de datos .................................... 45 3.6.1. Técnicas de campo ................................................................................... 45 3.6.2. Técnica en el laboratorio.......................................................................... 46 vii 3.6.3. Instrumento en el laboratorio ................................................................... 47 3.7. Procedimientos de recolección de datos.................................................. 47 3.7.1. Clausura de terreno .................................................................................. 47 3.7.2. Identificación de los pastos dominantes .................................................. 47 3.7.3. Obtención de muestras ............................................................................. 47 3.7.4. Análisis químico en el laboratorio ........................................................... 48 Determinación de proteína cruda (%) ...................................................... 49 Determinación de la fibra detergente neutra (%) ..................................... 49 Determinación de la fibra detergente acida (%) ....................................... 50 3.8. Técnicas de procedimiento y análisis ...................................................... 51 CAPÍTULO IV PRESENTACIÓN DE RESULTADOS 4.1. Análisis informativo ................................................................................ 52 4.1.1. Identificación y cuantificación de la composición florística ................... 52 4.1.2. Pastos naturales dominantes .................................................................... 54 4.1.3. Determinación de la composición química de las 5 especies naturales en términos de materia
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