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Gtr-141, Research and Cumulative Watershed Effects United States Department of Agriculture Research and Cumulative Forest Service Watershed Effects Pacific Southwest Research Station General Technical Report PSW-GTR-141 Leslie M. Reid Reid, Leslie M. 1993. Research and cumulative watershed effects. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR- 141. Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 118 p. The mandate for land managers to address cumulative watershed effects (CWEs) requires that planners evaluate the potential impacts of their activities on multiple beneficial uses within the context of other coexisting activities in a watershed. Types of CWEs vary with the types of land- use activities and their modes of interaction, but published studies illustrate both descriptive and predictive evaluations of many of these types. Successful evaluations have generally used geomor- phological and ecological approaches based on the understanding of the processes involved. In contrast, most generalized “cookbook” analysis procedures are shown to be unable to assess accumulations of impacts through time, usually cannot evaluate the range of activities and uses that are necessary, and are rarely validated. A general approach to evaluation is proposed, and the types of information available for assessments are reviewed. Retrieval terms: watershed, cumulative impact, land-use planning, water quality The Author: Leslie M. Reid is a research geologist with the Station’s Hillslope Processes/Fisheries Research Unit, and is stationed at the Redwood Sciences Laboratory, 1700 Bayview Drive, Arcata, CA 95521. Foreword and Acknowledgments: This report was prepared under cooperative agreement PSW-88-CL-009 (CDF 8CA74571) with the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, P.O. Box 944246, Sacramento, CA 94244-2460. This version differs from the final report to the Department primarily in editing details, omission of two appendices, addition of two figures, revisions to tables, and inclusion of more detail about cited studies. Trade names and commercial enterprises are mentioned solely for information and do not imply the endorsement of those products or organizations. This publication neither recommends any pesticide uses reported nor implies that they have been registered by appropriate government agencies. John Munn, Peter Cafferata, Jennifer Nielsen, and Larry Costick provided extremely helpful reviews of the manuscript, and innumerable scientists and land managers (listed, in part, in the Appendix) gave freely of their time for lengthy discussions of ideas, research, and the challenges confronting conscientious land management. Note: This publication was reprinted December, 1998 from a reconstructed layout. It closely resembles the original printing, but a difference in text style has caused a slight shift in pagination. The Table of Contents has been revised to reflect the changes. Also, Figure 4, (previously on page 29) now appears on page 28, and Tables 5 (previously on page 28) appears on page 29. Publisher: Pacific Southwest Research Station Albany, California (Mailing address: P.O. Box 245, Berkeley, CA 94701-0245 Telephone: 510-559-6300) March 1993 Research and Cumulative Watershed Effects Leslie M. Reid Contents List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................ v Glossary of Acronyms ......................................................................................................................... vi In Brief ................................................................................................................................................ vii 1. The Problem of Cumulative Watershed Effects ......................................................................... 1 Definitions ................................................................................................................................... 1 History of the Issue ..................................................................................................................... 3 The Major Issues ......................................................................................................................... 4 Goals of the Review .................................................................................................................... 4 Scope of the Review.................................................................................................................... 4 2. How Cumulative Watershed Effects Occur ................................................................................ 6 Watershed Function .................................................................................................................... 6 Runoff Generation ............................................................................................................. 6 Channels ............................................................................................................................. 6 Sediment Production.......................................................................................................... 6 Interactions Between Hillslopes and Channels ................................................................ 7 Physical Basis for Cumulative Watershed Effects ........................................................... 7 Ecosystem Function .................................................................................................................... 7 Constraints on Individuals and Species ............................................................................ 8 Habitat ................................................................................................................................ 8 Biological Communities .................................................................................................... 8 Response to Change........................................................................................................... 9 Biological Basis for Cumulative Watershed Effects ........................................................ 9 A Framework for Understanding CWEs .................................................................................. 10 Issues that Complicate the Understanding of CWEs ............................................................... 11 3. Research Methods for Understanding Cumulative Watershed Effects ................................. 12 Requirements of CWE Research .............................................................................................. 12 Research Approaches and Methods .......................................................................................... 12 Descriptive Studies .......................................................................................................... 12 Extensive Surveys............................................................................................................ 13 Experimentation ............................................................................................................... 14 Modeling .......................................................................................................................... 15 Monitoring ....................................................................................................................... 16 Statistics ........................................................................................................................... 16 Scale and Focus of Studies ....................................................................................................... 17 Process Studies ................................................................................................................ 17 Watershed Case Studies .................................................................................................. 17 Paired- and Multi-Basin Studies ..................................................................................... 17 The System as Focus ....................................................................................................... 18 4. Assessment of Cumulative Watershed Effects .......................................................................... 19 Types of Cumulative Watershed Effects ............................................................................... 19 On-Site and Off-Site CWEs .......................................................................................... 19 Interactions that Generate CWEs.................................................................................. 19 Retrospective Assessments of Cumulative Watershed Effects ............................................. 20 Examples of Retrospective Analyses ........................................................................... 20 Same-Influence Effects .......................................................................................... 20 Complementary Influences .................................................................................... 22 Cascading Influences ............................................................................................. 23 Interdependent Influences ...................................................................................... 23 Patterns of Retrospective Understanding ....................................................................
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