Asian Journal of Medicine and Health

17(3): 1-9, 2019; Article no.AJMAH.53851 ISSN: 2456-8414

Phytochemical and Nutraceutical Potentials of Beach ( rosea SW.) DC Grown in Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria

Kokori Bajeh Tijani1, Abdullahi Attah Alfa2*, Audu Momoh3 and Abdullahi Aminu Sezor4

1Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria. 2Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria. 3Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria. 4Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author KBT designed the study, performed the statistical analysis. Author AAA wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors AM and AAS managed the analyses of the study. Author AM managed the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Article Information

DOI: 10.9734/AJMAH/2019/v17i330168 Editor(s): (1) Dr. William CS Cho, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China. (2) Dr. P. Veera Muthumari, Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, V. V. Vanniaperumal College for Women, Virudhunagar, Tamil Nanu, . Reviewers: (1) Abubakar Kabeer, Federal University of Lafia, Nigeria. (2) Kh. Shafique Ahmad, University of Poonch, Pakistan. (3) Heber Anandan, Dr. Agarwal's Eye Hospital, India. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/53851

Received 15 November 2019 Accepted 19 January 2020 Original Research Article Published 31 January 2020

ABSTRACT

Beach Bean is a of flowering of the Canavalia in the , that has a pantropical distribution. This study aims to determine the phytochemical and neutraceutical activities of Beach Bean grown in Anyigba area of Kogi State, Nigeria. Beach Bean () leaf and seed were dried in the powder form, then the leaves and seeds of 200 grams each were extracted in 2000 ml of aqueous. The macerated for 48 hours and filtered using filter paper and filter pump. The sample was concentrated using a rotary evaporator and freeze-dried to

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*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected], [email protected];

Tijani et al.; AJMAH, 17(3): 1-9, 2019; Article no.AJMAH.53851

powdered form. The filtrate obtained from each extraction was tested for alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenol, fat and oils, steroids, and glycosides. The proximate analysis of the samples was carried out for moisture content, ash, fat, crude protein, crude fibre after drying the samples of Beach Bean at room temperature. Vitamins A, E, B and C were determined and the mineral elements were determined by the dry ash extraction. The phytochemical components of secondary metabolites of the extracts from the obtained result, anthraquinone and tannins (leaf) were not present in the extracts. The proximate composition of nutritive value of seed and leaves has a higher value of crude protein of amounting to 50.84% while the leaves have crude protein value of 30.59%, carbohydrates percentage of the leaves was higher (40.60%) while the seed has 26.98%. The percentage of ash content which is an indicator of the quality of mineral nutrients present has a value of 8.45% in leaves and 2.53% in the seed. By implication, the leaves are richer in mineral nutrients/elements than the seeds. This research classified a large number of nutraceuticals available from various sources and their significant uses in the treatment of various diseases such as Cardiovascular, Obesity, Diabetes, Cancer, Alzheimer, Parkinson, Inflammatory, and Allergy. These are cured by herbal nutraceuticals or food herb dietary condiment for phytotherapeutic purposes.

Keywords: Nutraceutical; phytotherapeutic; anyigba; phytochemicals; proximate analysis; beach bean.

1. INTRODUCTION regulatory definition. Hence a nutraceutical is any substance that may be considered a food or part African traditional have been researched of a food and provides medical or health benefits, extensively on food herbs base on the nutritional encompassing, prevention and treatment of and genetic relationship to prevent diseases and diseases [2,3]. promote a healthy lifestyle [1]. Currently, there is an increased global interest due to the Nutritional food provides the body with the recognition that nutraceuticals play a major role required amount of vitamins, fats, proteins, in health enhancement [2]. The term carbohydrates necessary for healthy survival. "Nutraceutical" was coined by combining the When functional food aids in the prevention terms "Nutrition" and "Pharmaceutical" in 1989 and/or treatment of disease/disorder other than by Dr Stephen De Felice, Chairman of the deficiency conditions like anaemia it is called a Foundation for Innovation in Medicine [1]. nutraceutical. Thus, functional food for one Nutraceutical is a marketing term developed for a consumer can act as a nutraceutical for another nutritional supplement that is sold with the intent [4]. to treat or prevent disease and thus has no

Fig. 1. Shown the concept of nutraceuticals [1]

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A dietary supplement is a product that is fresh and dried flowers were used as a garnish intended to supplement the diet that bears or and for flavouring. Leaf powder is smoked as a contains one or more ingredients like, vitamin, substitute for marijuana. The L-betonicine mineral, herb, amino acid or a concentrate, isolated from leaves of C. rosea is used to arrest metabolite, constituent, extract, or combinations bleeding [1]; Canavanine against fight flu, of these. Medical foods are a specific category of viruses, bacteria, fungi and Trigonelline is a therapeutic agents that are intended for the remedy for cervical cancer, liver cancer and also nutritional management of a specific disease [5]. lowers blood sugar. The preliminary An example of medical foods is formulations phytochemical investigation of Canavalia rosea, intended to manage patients with inborn errors in which are responsible for the antibacterial activity amino acid metabolism. Newer medical foods are of the extracts of the leaves on selected bacterial designed to manage hyperhomocysteinemia, species [10]. Plants can produce a large number pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, inflammatory of diverse bioactive compounds. High conditions, cancer and other diseases [6]. The concentrations of phytochemicals, which may use of nutraceuticals, as an attempt to protect against free radical damage, accumulate accomplish desirable therapeutic outcomes with in fruits and vegetables [10]. Plants containing reduced side effects, as compared with other beneficial phytochemicals may supplement the therapeutic agents has met with great monetary needs of the human body by acting as natural success. Some popular nutraceuticals include antioxidants [8]. Various studies have shown that glucosamine (for arthritis), lutein (for macular many plants are a rich source of antioxidants. degeneration), ginseng (for cold), echinacea For instance, vitamins A, C, E, and phenolic (anti-immune), folic acid, cod liver oil capsules, compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and etc [7]. The most popular functional food and lignins, found in plants, all act as antioxidants [8]. beverage products include calcium-enriched The consumption of fruits and vegetables has orange juice, green tea to mention a few. been linked with several health benefits, a result Majority of the nutraceuticals do possess multiple of medicinal properties and high nutritional value therapeutic benefits, however, in the present [11]. Antioxidants control and reduce the review, much effort has been devoted to oxidative damage in foods by delaying or decentralize them based on their disease- inhibiting oxidation caused by reactive oxygen specific major indication [4]. Nutraceuticals have species (ROS), ultimately increasing the shelf-life been claimed to have a physiological benefit or and quality of these foods [8]. Beta carotene, provide protection against the following diseases ascorbic acid, and many phenolics play dynamic (and/or found to act as) [1]. Many antioxidant roles in delaying ageing, reducing inflammation, compounds can be found in fruits and vegetables and preventing certain cancers [9]. Increasing including phenolics, carotenoids, anthocyanins, the consumption of fruits and vegetables has and tocopherols [8]. Approximately 20% of been recommended by many agencies and known plants have been used in pharmaceutical health care systems throughout the world [12]. studies, impacting the healthcare system in The study is to determine the phytochemical and positive ways such as treating cancer and neutraceutical activities of Beach Bean grown in harmful diseases [9]. Anyigba area of Kogi State, Nigeria.

Beach Bean (Canavalia rosea) tender pods, as 1.1 Scientific Classification of Beach well as ripened , are used occasionally as Bean food by fishermen community and coastal dwellers [10]. Aboriginals used the green beans Kingdom: Plantae soaking in water to remove toxins. A root infusion (unranked): Angiosperms is used to treat aches, pains, rheumatism and for (unranked): leprosy while plant decoction is used to treat (unranked): tuberculosis. The leaves help to relieve pain and Order: promote the healing of burns. Roasted and Family: Fabaceae powdered seeds substitute for coffee powder. Genus: Canavalia Tender flat pods were roasted/boiled for Species: C. rosea consumption and sprouted seeds were also consumed [1]. The young pods and seeds were Vernacular names: used as food in northern and Australian Ebira: Eza Ovagu aboriginals use the seeds as food and other Igala: Opadodo parts of the plant for medicinal purposes. The Prabhu et al., [10].

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Fig. 2. Shown leaves, pods and seeds of Beach bean (Canavalia rosea)

1.2 Edibility and Nutritional leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds in animal feed production [12]. Seeds are edible and serve as an important source of dietary protein in West and Entheogen: Dried leaves have been used as an Nigeria. Tender pods and seeds may be boiled entheogen, a component to some ancient rituals. or roasted. When mature, pods and seeds are In ancient Ebira, the leaves and roots powder are soaked before being eaten to remove toxins [10]. used in the treatment of appendicitis. In South America, Africa and the Gulf Coast of 1.3 Folkloric Mexico, beans of C. maritima are ingested or smoked with the dried leaves for marijuana-like Juice from the petioles applied to puncture effects [13]. An increasing following for its use as wounds by thorns or other sharp objects. a marijuana substitute.

The decoction of leaves used for rheumatism. 1.4 Nutritional Evaluation of Tender Pods The paste of leaves used for boils and sores. The study evaluated the nutritional, antinutritional In Samoa, plant potion used during labour. and protein qualities of tender pods of C.

maritima. Crude protein was comparable to many Shoot decoction used to treat tuberculosis. Roots edible . Cooking significantly elevated used for the treatment of ciguatera fish carbohydrates and calorific value of tender pod, poisoning, aches, pains, rheumatism, and while crude fibre was significantly decreased. leprosy. Leaf extracts used for burns, and as Minerals did not drain too much on cooking; K, styptic [12]. Mg, Zn and Mn in fresh or cooked pods were

In Tonga, hot water infusion of leaves with other comparable or higher than the NRC-NAS plants used to treat secondary amenorrhea and recommended pattern. While cooking decreased postpartum haemorrhage [4]. the essential amino acids, threonine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and lysine in cooked Used as aboriginal bush medicine in Australia: pods. Levels were equivalent to or higher than root extract rubbed on the skin to relieve various the FAO-WHO-UNU recommended pattern. Also, aches and pains [3]. pressure cooking improved nutritional qualities by lowering hemagglutinin activity [14]. In Australia, the beans soaked in water and pounded into cakes, used for baldness [2]. In 1.5 Anticancer / Cytotoxic on Cancer Cell Broome, Western Australia, root infusion applied Lines MCF-7 and HT-29 locally for aches and pains, rheumatism, leprosy, and for treating colds [4]. The methanol extract of cooked (C. rosea) and fermented (C. cathartica) split beans showed 1.3.1 Others better in vitro anticancer activities compared to the raw beans. Results suggest a potential for Fodder: In Africa and Southeast Asia, used as the extracts of cooked/fermented beans to fodder because of the high protein content of control colon cancer by diet management [4].

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1.6 Antibacterial Leaves Faculty of Agriculture. The dried samples were milled into fine powder by pounding manually Evaluation of various leaf extracts of Canavalia with a clean and sterile mortar and pestle, stored rosea showed high activity against in sterile containers in a cool dry place until microorganisms B. cereus, B. megaterium, B. further use. stearothemophilus, B. subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus faecalis. Gram- 2.3 Extraction of Plant Material negative bacteria were not as susceptible (see constituents above) [15]. The dried powder leaves and seeds of 200 grams each were extracted in 2000 ml of 1.7 Canarosine / Antiplasmodial / Anti- aqueous. The sample was macerated for 48 Herpes Type 1 / Leaves hours and filtered using filter paper and filter pump. The sample was concentrated using a Study of aerial parts isolated six compounds rotary evaporator and freeze-dried to powdered including new guanidine alkaloids, canarosine, a form. The dried extracts were weighed and kept flavonoid glycoside, rutin, epi-inositol 6-O-methyl in labelled sterile specimen bottles. The ether, β-sitosterol glucoside, and a 2:1 mixture of percentage (%) extract yield was calculated as β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. Canarosine caused follows [16]: 95% inhibition of dopamine-1 receptor binding. The alkaloids were also active against P. % yield = weight of extract (g) / weight of garlic falcifarum K1 strain, with moderate activity cloves (200 g) x 100 against Herpes simplex virus type 1 [9]. 2.4 Determination of Phytochemical 1.8 Central Nervous System Depressant Compounds in Beach Bean Effects / Toxicity Study / Leaves (Canavalia rosea) Parts Extracts The study evaluated the CNS activity of an ethanolic extract of C. maritima using The phytochemical compound was carried out behavioural studies such as potentiation of from leaf extract and aqueous seed extract of phenobarbitone sleeping time, actophotometer Canavalia rosea. The methods of Kokori et al., activity test, rotarod test, forced swim test, [17] and Abdullahi et al., [16] were applied for the haloperidol-induced catalepsy test in mice and determination of the presence of phytochemicals. rats. Acute oral toxicity study of ethanolic extract The filtrate obtained from each extraction was of leaves done per OECD 425 guideline showed tested for alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenol, an LD50 > 2000 mg/kg. Results showed CNS fat and oils, steroids, tannins and glycosides. depressant effects as evidenced by a reduction in locomotor activity, significant dose-dependent 2.5 The Proximate Analysis myorelaxant activity, dose-dependent sedative and anxiolytic effect [2]. The proximate analysis of the samples was carried out according to AOAC [18] for moisture 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS content, ash, fat, crude protein, crude fibre after drying the samples of Beach bean (Canavalia 2.1 Collection of Plant Materials rosea) at room temperature.

The seeds and leaves of Beach bean (Canavalia 2.5.1 Moisture rosea) were collected from the College of Health Sciences, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria The seeds and leaves (5 g each) of both plants in March 2019. The plant’s identification was were weighed and oven-dried at a steady authenticated by Mr Ayegba Ojochele Sule at the temperature of 70ºC. The amount of moisture in Herbarium Unit of the Department of Biological each sample was then expressed as loss in Sciences, Kogi State University, Anyigba and weight after cool weighing. voucher specimen number of KSU/BS/062 was deposited for future reference. 2.5.2 Ash content

2.2 Processing of Plant Material The samples 5 g each were placed in a crucible and heated to 550ºC to eliminate organic The leaves and seeds of Beach Bean were components. The crucible and its contents were washed and air-dried over three-four weeks in then cooled and weighed, and the ash evaluated

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as a proportion of the original dry weight of (ANOVA) and where significant differences exist, samples. means were compared using Waller Duncan test using Statistical Analysis System (SAS, software 2.5.3 Crude protein version 2002) at a significant level (P<0.05).

This was done using the micro-Kjeldahl method. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The nitrogen proportion of the protein in 5 g of each of the sample was converted into Table 1 shows the percentage yield of Beach ammonium sulphate by digestion with Bean (Canavalia rosea). Phytochemical concentrated hydrogen tetraoxosulphate (VI) screening of the leaves extract of Canavalia acid using copper sulphate as a catalyst. The rosea revealed the presence of tannins, liberated ammonia was collected in boric acid phlobatannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, double indicator solution and the nitrogen cardiac glycosides and phenolics (Table 2). quantified through standard hydrochloric acid These compounds have potentially significant titration until the endpoint was reached. The application against human pathogens, including amount of crude protein was then obtained by those that cause enteric infections [21]. Several multiplying by a factor of 6.25. authors have linked the presence of these bioactive compounds to the antimicrobial 2.5.4 Crude fat properties of Canavalia maritima plant extracts [10]. The presence of alkaloids is interesting, as Crude fat was extracted from both plant part significant quantities are used as antimalarials, samples using 5 g of the plant samples, analgesics and stimulants [22]. The presence of petroleum ether and soxhlet extractor apparatus. glycosides moieties like saponins, cardiac The weight of the fat obtained after evaporating glycosides and Flavonoids which are known to off the petroleum ether from the extract gave the inhibit tumour growth and serve also to protect crude fat in the samples and this was expressed against gastrointestinal infections are of as a percentage. pharmacognostic importance and give evidence 2.5.5 Crude fibre to the use of the plant in ethnomedicine. Herbs that have tannins as their components in the leaf The defatted samples of 5 g were used to extract are astringent and are used for treating determine the fibre contents in samples via intestinal disorders such as diarrhoea and extraction by acid digestion, filtration and base dysentery thus exhibiting antibacterial activity digestion. The resulting residues were eventually [23]. ignited at 550ºC. Fibre content was then expressed as a percentage lost on ashing and Tannins are widely used in traditional medicine in initial weight. treating wounds and to arrest bleeding [24]. Some of these bioactive compounds which are 2.5.6 Carbohydrate synthesized as secondary metabolites as the plant grows also serve to protect the plant The amount of carbohydrate in each of the against microbial attacks and predation by samples was then estimated as the difference animals. The increasing reliance on the use of from 100 of the sum of crude protein, fat, ash, medicinal plants by a sizeable proportion of the and fibre. people in the so-called industrial world has been traced to the extraction and development of 2.6 Determination of Vitamins several drugs and chemotherapeutic agents’ from these plants as well as from traditionally Vitamins A, E, B and C were determined used rural herbal remedies [21]. according to methods previously described [19,20]. Table 3 shows the proximate composition of the nutritive value of Beach Bean seed and the 2.7 Determination of Mineral Elements leaves. The seed has a higher value of crude protein of amounting to 50.84% while the leaves The mineral elements were determined by the have crude protein value of 30.59%, for the dry ash extraction method of AOAC [20]. carbohydrates, the leaves are higher in it has a 2.8 Statistical Analysis value of 40.60% while the seed has 26.98%. The percentage of ash content which is an indicator Results obtained were recorded as mean ± SEM of the quality of mineral nutrients present has a and subjected to one-way analysis of variance value of 8.45% in leaves and 2.53% in the seed.

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By implication, the leaves are richer in mineral and tannins (seed) were not present in the nutrients/elements than the seeds. There is no extracts. much difference in the percentage of crude fibre content between beach bean seeds and leaves. 3.3 Proximate Analysis The seeds have a value of 3.84% while the leaves have a value of 3.99%. The result obtained showed that the proximate composition of nutritive value of Beach bean Table 4 shows the estimation of vitamins of seed is higher in protein (50.84) showed seeds and leaves of Beach Bean (Canavalia significant value P<0.05 compared with that of rosea) where vitamin A, B, C, E (130, 252, 5, 6) leaves (30.59) (See Table 3). in seed and (141, 243, 7, 8) in leaf. Table 3. Shown summary of proximate Table 5 Shows mineral composition of seeds and composition of beach bean (leaf and seed) leaves of Beach Bean (Canavalia rosea) where Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, P and Mn were detected Parameters Sample but Cu and N non-detected. Seed Leaf %Moisture Content 12.24 11.06 3.1 Extraction of the Plant Material % Ash Content 2.53 8.45 % Crude Firbre 3.84 3.99 The calculated percentage yield from the 200 g % Fat Content 3.57 5.31 of Beach Bean (Canavalia rosea) used for the % Crude Protein 50.84 30.59 extraction was as given in Table 1: % Carbohydrate 26.98 40.60

Table 1. Percentage yield of beach bean 3.4 Determination of Vitamins (Canavalia rosea) extract of leaves and seeds Table 4 shows the determination of vitamins of Extract % Yield (w/w) Observed seeds and leaves of Beach Bean (Canavalia Colouration rosea). Leaves 24.14 light green powder seeds 32.0 light brown powder Table 4. Estimation of vitamins of seeds and leaves of Beach Bean (Canavalia rosea) Table 2. Is a summary of the phytochemical components of secondary metabolites of the Vitamins Beach Bean (Canavalia extracts (mg/100 mL) rosea) Seed Leaf Phytochemical Interference A 130 141 compounds Leaf Extracts Seeds B 252 243 Extracts C 5 7 Alkaloids + + E 6 8 Anthraquinone - - Carbohydrates + + Table 5. Mineral composition of seeds and Cardiac + + leaves of beach bean (Canavalia glycosides rosea) (mg/100 g dry matter) Fars and oils + + Flavonoid + + Minerals Beach Bean (Canavalia rosea) Saponins + + Seed Leaf Steroidal ring + + Na 49 38 Terpenoids + + K 981 789 Tannins + - Ca 301 468 Key: + = present, - = absent Mg 123 98 Fe 54 43 3.2 Phytochemical Screening of the Zn 15 13 Extracts Cu n n P 620 590 The table is a summary of the phytochemical N n n components of secondary metabolites of the Mn 3 2 extracts. From the obtained result, anthraquinone Key: n-non detected

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3.5 Determination of Mineral Elements Thouars, maritima C. Thouars of the southwest coast of India. Microbiology and Table 5 shows the determination of mineral Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, elements present in both seed and leaf of Beach Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Bean (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, P and Mn). Mangalore India. 2018;574:199. 3. Bhaskar Bhagya, Kandikere R. Sridhar, 4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDA- Sahadevan Seena, Chiu-Chung Young, TION and Ananthapadmanabha B. Arun. Nutritional evaluation of tender pods of The phytochemical composition and proximate Canavalia maritima of coastal dunes. analysis of the seed and leaf extracts of the Frontiers of Agriculture in China. 2010; Canavalia rosea indicate the presence of eight 4(4):481-488. active constituents. The presence of these 4. Vedavyas Ramakunja Niveditha, Divana phytotherapeutic potentials is indicative that the Krishna Venkatramana, Kandikere plant may have an antibacterial property and it Ramaiah Sridhar. Cytotoxic Effects of will be used for the treatment of bacterial and Methanol Extract of Raw, Cooked and other microbial infections. Further investigation, Fermented Split Beans of Canavalia on purification and determination of these promising Cancer Cell Lines Mcf-7 And Ht-29. constituents can be done to assay their IIOABJ. 2013;4(4):20–23. antimicrobial activity and food supplements as 5. Morgan SL, Baggott JE. Medical foods: alternative medicine. Products for the management of chronic diseases. Nutrition Reviews. 2006;64(11): CONSENT 495-501. 6. Anulika NP, Ignatius EO, Raymond ES, It is not applicable. Osasere OI, Abiola AH. The chemistry of natural product: Plant secondary metabolites. International Journal of ETHICAL APPROVAL Technology Enhancements and Emerging Engineering Research, 2016;4(8):1–8. It is not applicable. [ISSN 2347‐4289] 7. Negi JS, Negi PS, Pant GJ, Rawat SM, ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Negi SK. Naturally Occurring Saponins: Chemistry and Biology. Journal of Authors acknowledge the great help received Poisonous and Medicinal Plant Research. from Mr. Olu Department of , Kogi 2013;1(1):001–006. State University, Anyigba. The authors are also 8. Kumar S, Pandey AK. Chemistry and grateful to authors/editors/publishers of all those biological activities of flavonoids: An articles, journals and books from where the overview. The Scientific World Journal; literature for this article has been reviewed and 2013. discussed. [Article ID 162750] 9. Shakya AK. Medicinal plants: Future COMPETING INTERESTS source of new drugs. International Journal of . 2016;4(4):59‐64. Authors have declared that no competing 10. Prabhu S, Joelri Michael Raj L, John Britto interests exist. S, Senthilkumar SR. Antibacterial activity and Preliminary phytochemical analysis of REFERENCES leaf extract of Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC. (Beach Bean). International Journal of 1. Virendra Yadav, Love Sharma, Binny Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. Thomas, Moza Al Hail. An Overview on 2010;1(4):428-434. Nutraceuticals as Pharmacological Agents. 11. Agbaire PO, Emoyan OO. Nutritional and Advances in Bioresearch. 2012;3(3):113 anti-nutritional levels of some local 128. vegetables from Delta State, Nigeria. [ISSN 0976 – 4585] African Journal of Food Science. 2012;1:8 2. Seena S, Sridhar KR. 11. Nutritional and microbiological features of 12. Xinping Huang, Bing Mu, Wenhan Lin, Yan little known legumes, Qiu. Pterocarpin and Isoflavan Derivatives

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