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Special Libraries, 1955 Special Libraries, 1950s
10-1-1955
Special Libraries, October 1955
Special Libraries Association
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Recommended Citation Special Libraries Association, "Special Libraries, October 1955" (1955). Special Libraries, 1955. 8. https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1955/8
This Magazine is brought to you for free and open access by the Special Libraries, 1950s at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Special Libraries, 1955 by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. VOLUME 46 OCTOBER 1955 NUMBER 8
Essentials for Document Retrieval R. A. Fairthorne
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How to Approach the Reference Question Dorothy- 3. Formun Handling Visual Aid Material Beverly Hickok
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Films on Salesmanship and Industrial Relations Forrest Alter
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SLA Scholarships ~. LIBRARY PLANNING How to ease the squeeze on your stack space
If you're short on space, The New York Times on Microfilm will solve your problem efficiently and inexpensively. A whole year's file takes up less room than an ordinary typewriter. You salvage a lot of valuable space for other uses. And the service is fast. Every ten days a new reel brings you ten issues of the complete newspaper. You get the entire contents of the Late City Edition-all the news that's organized and summarized in the famous New York Times Index. A subscription costs only $160 a year ($164 outside the U.S.) and you get a handsome return on your investment. For in addition to reclaiming all that space, you're doing away with all the expense of binding, repairing and replacing newsprint copies. Microfilm lasts indefinitely. You can't lose, so let's get your subscription started. And if you need help in choosing a film reader, ask us for information on the various makes and models.
ON MICROFILM 229 West 43rd Street, New York 36, New York
PLEASE MENTION SPECIAL LIBRARIES WHEN ANSWERING ADVERTISEMENTS VAN NOSTRAND fall 1955 1 new reference and technical books
THE MATHEMATICS OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY - Second Edition Henry Margenau, Yale University and George M. Murphy, New York University Revised to incorporate the latest developn~entsin its field, this is still the outstanding reference and guide to self-study. It presents all the mathematical formulas and methods, beyond elementary calculus, that are vital to present-day physicists and chemists. 611 pages, $7.95.
SWITCHING RELAY PRINCIPLES OF NUCLEAR DESIGN REACTOR ENGINEERING (The Bell Laboratories Series) R. L. Peek, Jr. and H. N. Wagar Samuel Glasstone An analytical approach to Published by authority of the U. S. the design relations gov- Atomic Energy Commission this erning the performance of switching relays, covering book covers the design, construction both the mechanical con- and operation of all types of re- tacting system and the actors and their auxiliaries. 861 actuating electromagnet in an integrated treatment pages, Illustrated, $7.95. of dynamic performance. 480 pages, $9.50.
GUIDANCE Arthur S. Locke A systematic analysis of the fundamental problems of missile guidance. I this book considers every fundamental problem encountered in guiding a controlled missile reliably to its target. It provides an essential back- 1 ground for work with missile guidance systems. 736 pages, Illustrated,
AN INTRODUCTION TO dictionary of the more than 20,000 trade uanies used throughout the chemical in- QUANTUM STATISTICS dustry. 341 pages, $8.00. William Band For physicists and physical chemists, a SlLlClC SCIENCE book that provides a firm grasp of sta- E. A. Hauser tistical mechanics as a tool for actual The first book to compile all curreut use. Material is presented in logical and information on the rapidly-developing intelligible sequence. 356 pages, Illus- colloid science of siliceous matter. 208 trated, $7.50. pases, Illustrated, $5.00. CHEMICAL TRADE NAMES AND PHYSICAL MATHEMATICS COMMERCIAL SYNONYMS Chester H. Page For the first time classical rnathen~atical (Second Edition) techniques are explained from the physi- Williams Haynes cist's viewpoint in such a way that their Containing one-quarter more entries than bariety and relations to each other are the original edition, this is the standald rompletel) clear. 336 pages, $7.50.
PLEASE MENTION SPECIAL LIBRARIES WHEN ANSWERING ADVERTISEMENTS The new look in libraries is strikingly exemplified in Cincinnati's new $3,250,000 steel-and-glass structure. Librarian: Carl Vitz. Architect : Frederick W. Garber & Associates. General Contractor: Frank E. Moser & Son.
CHOSEN FOR ANOTHER DISTINGUISHED AMERICAN LIBRARY - VMP BOOKSTACKS AND LIBRARY EQUIPMENT
Whatever the need in library equip- ment. VRIP can fill it. Shelves. stacks. desks, lights-even conveyors-are only a few of the many products made by VMP specifically for library use. VMP hrlljs you plan. In the earliest stages of plar~~~ing,VhlP's Library Plan- ning Service can be of special help to architect or owner. With years of specializetl experience behind them, VMP's skilled engineers can help settle sacli basic questions as whether to have multi-tier or free-standing bookshelves. Wit11 VJIP's tecln~ical aid, needless duplication of' developme~~twork is avoided. Thus, over-all construction costs are pared. Multi-tier, top braced stack in Cincinnati's new library is pictured here before books Catalog or1 request. We will gladly send a were placed on the shelves. This type of stack is fastened to the floor, and has channel 7-page folder wit11 details and specifica- members across the top of the columns to tions or1 VMP library bookstack equip- assure rigidity. ment. Address inquiries to Dept. SL-10.
ginia ORANGE, VIRGINIA Subsidiary of Chesapeake Industries. Inc.
PLEASE MENTION SPECIAL LIBRARIES WHEN ANSWERING ADVERTISEMENTS SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION "Putting Knowledge to Work" THE FORTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL SLA CONVENTION WILL TAKE PLACE JUNE 3-7, 1956 AT THE HOTEL WILLIAM PENN, PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA
OFFICERS PUBLICATIONS President CHESTERM. LEWIS Aviation Subject Headings 1949 $1.75 The New York Times, New York, N. Y. Bibliography of Engineering Ab- First Vice-president and President-Elect stracting Services 1955 $1.50 KATHARINEL. KINDER Johns-Manville Research Center A Brief for Corporation Libraries 1949 $1.75 Manville, New Jersey Contributions Toward a Special Second Vice-president Library Glossary. 2nd Ed. 1950 $1.25 MARYJANE MACDONALD Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Correlation Index Document Series Kansas City, Missouri & PB Reports 1953 $10.00 Secretary Creation & Development of an MARGARETA. FIRTH Insurance Library. Rev. Ed. 1949 $2.00 United Shoe Machinery Corporation Beverly, Massachusetts Directory of Special Libraries 1953 $10.00 Treasurer Fakes and Forgeries in the Fine BURTONW. ADKINSON Arts 1950 $1.75 Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. Indexing-with Emphasis on Its Directors Technique - An Annotated ELIZABETHB. FRY Bibliography 1955 $ SO United States Steel Corporation Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Libraries for Research and In- dustry - Planning and Equip- EUGENEB. JACKSON National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ment (SLA Monograph No. 1) 1955 $3.00 Washington, D. C. Map Collections in the U. S. and CLARAG. MILLER Canada, A Directory 1954 $3.00 Imperial Oil, Ltd., Toronto, Ontario, Canada Nicknames of American Cities, DR. JERROLD ORNE Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala. Towns and Villages Past and Present 1951 $2.00 SARAM. PRICE The Port of New York Authority SLA Directory of Members 1951 $4.00 New York, New York Source List of Selected Labor DR. ELSE L. SCHULZE Statistics. Rev. Ed. 1953 $2.00 Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio Immediate Past-President Subject Headings for Aeronaut- GRETCHEND. LITTLE ical Engineering Libraries 1949 $4.00 Atlas Powder Company, Wilmington, Delaware Subject Headings for Financial Libraries 1954 $5.00 Executive Secretary Technical Libraries, Their Or- MARIANE. LUCIUS ganization and Management 1951 $6.00 Special Libraries Association 31 East Tenth St., New York 3, N. Y. Visual Presentation. Our Library. 1953 $10.00
OFFICIAL JOURNAL SPECIAL LIBRARIES,published monthly Sep- SPECIAL LIBRARIES tember to April, bi-monthly May to August, by Special Libraries Association, Editorial 0 Offices, 31 East Tenth Street, New York 3, SPONSORED PERIODICAL N. Y. Publication Office: Rea Building, TECHNICAL BOOK REVIEW INDEX 704 Second Avenue, Pittsburgh 19, Pa. Subscription, $7.50 a year $7 $7.50; ($8.00 Foreign) SUBSCRIPTIONS: a year; foreign single copies 75 cents. MEMBERSHIP DUES SCHEDULE: Insfitutional, $30; Active, $10; Associate, $5; Student, MANUSCRIPTSsubmitted for publication must $2; Sustaining, $50; Life, $250; Retired, $5. be typed, double space, on only one side of the paper. Mail manuscripts to Editor. For qualifications, privileges and further information, write to the Executive Secre- RRPRINTSmay be ordered immediately prior tary, Special Libraries Association. to or following publication.
Second class mail privileges authorized at Pittsburgh. Pa.. under the Act of March 3, 1870. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided far in the Act of February 28. 1925. authorized February 5. 1947. Suecial Libraries I OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION
Indexed in Industrial Arts Index, Public Affairs Information Service, and Library Literature
CONTENTS
FEATURE ARTICLES Essentials for Document Retrieval . R. A. FAIRTHORNE340 How to Approach the Reference Question . DOROTHYJ. FORMAN354 Handling Visual Aid Material . BEVERLYHICKOK 355 Films on Salesmanship and Industrial Relations ...... FORREST ALTER 36 1
SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION SLA- Lag or Optimalization? ...... CHESTERM. LEWIS 339 SLA Scholarships ...... 360
DEPARTMENTS Have You Heard ...... 363 Book Reviews ...... 366 Off the Press ...... 367 Calendar ...... 368
Committee on Special Libraries Chairman: MRS. MARGARETH. FULLER ROMANAJAVITZ ALMACLARVOE MITCHILL
Editorial Staff Acting Editor: ALMACLARVOE MITCHILL Business Manager: MARIANE. LUCIUS
Regional Representatives MIDDLE WEST: MARIONE. WELLS WEST: ALBERTP. BRADLEY SOUTH: DR. GOULDH. CLOUD CANADA: GRACEREYNOLDS
Papers published in SPECIALLIBRARIES express the views of the authors, and do not represent the opinion or the policy of the editorial staff or the publisher. @ by Special Libraries Association, 31 East 10th Street, New York 3, New York, 1955. Each boy scores 100%...for his time!
Knowledge grows. Discoveries are made. Devices are invented. People are born and become famous. Ways * of life alter. Yesterday's fact is often today's legend. THE NEW 1955 And yesterday's encyclopedia is not good enough for today. 25,500 pages That's why today's Americana is continually revised 60,000 articles -guaranteeing you an Americana which describes- 10,OOOillustrations comprehensively and accurately-developments in the 44,000 cross referenees modern world. The Americana of five years ago did not 280,000 index entries have the hydrogen bomh, the atomic submarine, NATO, 20,000 pages Cinerama, Cybernetics, a full treatment of Antibiotics, cumpletely revised and hundreds of biographies of men and women in the (1950.1955) news. Thus the 1955 Americana is almost a new work as compared with The Americana of five years ago. *
The Encyclopedia A~MERICANA The International Reference Work 2 West 45th Street, New York 36, N. Y.
PLEASE MENTION SPECIAL LIBRARIES WHEN ANSWERING ADVERTISEMENTS SLA -LAG OR OPTIMALIZATION?
HE TREMENDOUS accelerating accretion to our body of knowledge poses a Tgrave problem both to those who must ferret through such morass and to those who must maintain it. The simultarieous unfolding of electronics and ntomics portends increased research development that will be felt on varying levels. Projected "crash" programs in development will demand an equal tempo in research methods. Further attenuation in the library field will continue unless determined effort is made to resolve the ensuing problems. Such neophyte sciences as information theory and cybernetics are being analyzed by harbingers of bibliographic control. Refinements in integrated data processing and mechanical search are becoming increasingly important in techno- logical progress. The present developments in data storage, the increased storage densities of various media used along with the acceleration in scanning speeds are primitive antecedents of future information retrieval techniques. Experts prophesy that the employment of such methods and devices will primarily occur in government and scientific fields where present prototypes are already being refined. The initial cost of custom installations will preclude their use by any but the large library. However, some segment of the process or equip- ment will undoubtedly fall within the financial scope of all libraries. Already commercial data processing centers for the resolution of scientific and business problems are available on an hourly basis. The future may provide information storage and retrieval centers on a similar basis for the smaller library. Facsimile transmission and direct long-distance dialing to and from the centers would make more information more accessible to more people than ever before. All of this cannot and will not be undertaken this year or next, but the experts prophesy that it will be a reality within ten years more or less. Already there is a new and growing field for information research teams, information and documentation specialists. The cataloguer msy still be employed for Dewey, but the specialist in encoding may become paramount. The problem for us is to help resolve the classification problems involved in the utilization of such apparatus. Dr. Gould H. Cloud in the September issue of SPECIALLIBRARIES states: "There's 'gold in them thar hills' for those who equip themselves and go after it." No one can equip himself, much less go after it, unless there is an awareness of the problem. This awareness has not been sufficiently generalized. As a step in this direction the Executive Board of the Special Libraries Association voted unanimously to co-sponsor in company with some seven other organizations a threeday conference on "The Practical Utiliza- tion of Recorded Knowledge -Present and Future" at the Western Reserve University School of Library Science on January 16-18, 1956. An additional step was co-sponsoring a session on "Current Technical Docu- mentation in Europe and America" in Detroit, at the June convention, with the Advisory Group for Aeronautical Research and Development. The papers of that session are being presented in SPECIALLIBRARIES. One of these papers "Essen- tials for Document Retrieval," was based on information theory and is included in this issue. It is claimed that the application of information theory can lead to establishing a minimum cost for marking documents and clerical processes. Although to some, theories in the Fairthorne paper may seem more ad- vanced than those presently employed, it is believed that the administrative librarian of the future must become aware of their portent. These steps are but the initial aspects of attempts to resolve a "new philosophy of librarianship." CHESTERM. LEWIS, President
OCTOBER 1955 ESSENTIALS FOR DOCUMENT RETRIEVAL
R. A. FAIRTHORNE* Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, Hants, England
Introduction criminations so fine that there is a large ETRIEVAL of recorded information risk of relevant documents being over- R is a special case of mechanical looked through differences in interpre- translation. What is called a "library tation by different users. On the other query", but in fact is a text description hand it must not be so indiscriminate couched in any ethnic or specialist as to produce selections so diluted with language, has to be translated into a irrelevancies that their rejection by in- language whose vocabulary is the docu- dividual inspection is too costly. ments, texts, or other records of the At the input or "query" stage, the library. The semantics of this language client's specification must be pre-edited are widely known only when the text by translation into a synonym-free lan- description is strictly a description of guage of document content description. text, such as a quotation or title of a Whether this is best done by the client book, because all that is called for here or librarian, and how far it can be done is recognition of certain characters, or mechanically, are disputable matters at their synonyms, in the given order. When the moment. Nevertheless it must be the description is not of the text itself, done if any of the intermediate stages but of its content, what it "means" or of retrieval are to be mechanical. "stands for", the semantics are wider By "mechanical" I denote operations and vaguer. They are known with ex- carried out strictly according to some actness to at most one person, the en- pre-specified complete and consistent quirer. Sooner or later he must examine set of rules. The term does not imply the retrieved items and decide for him- that ironmongery, transistors, punched- self what they are about from his point cards are used in whole or part at any of view. The delegated clerical part of stage, though marked physical events documents retrieval therefore must be or material objects of some kind ob- fairly coarse grained semantically. On viously must be used. What is implied the one hand it must not make dis- is that the activities demand neither resource, discovery, initiative, nor inven- 'I' Prepared for the joint AGARD - SLA tion. Any such activities can be mech- Meeting, June 17, 1955, on "Current Tech- anized, in the hardware sense, by any- nical Documentation in Europe and America", one with the necessary skill, finance, held at Kresge-Hooker Scientific Library, time and inclination. Wayne University, Detroit. Space limitations have necessitated some abridgment of the text "Clerical" operations are mechanical from that presented in RAE Library Memo- operations involving observation, iden- randum No. 23, dated April 1955. Other tification, and manipulation of inscribed European papers presented at that meeting are scheduled for publication in the February material objects according to some pro- 1956 issue of SPECIALLIBRARIES. cedure. It is important to remember
SPECIAL LIBRARIES that these manipulations and objects the law - is strong in all of us. Never- must include those for observation, theless although a well thought out identification, and inscription. Neglect library retrieval system is educational of say typing, moving papers about, in a sense, the sense is only that in etc., leads to remarkably unbalanced which earthquakes, good women, and estimates of the cost and efficiency of a eating too much ice cream are educa- system. This fallacy persisted a curious- tional. It must not, thirdly, try to re- ly long time in computation, where de- flect every shade of relation between vices were produced to perform addition concepts, and every shade of concept. and multiplication alone, whereas at Fourthly, it must not degenerate into least two-thirds of the work really goes obsession with particular codes, gadgets, to non-arithmetical operation such as special alphabets, bad (or even good) transfer and copying. This is even more mathematics for its own sakes, whang- pertinent in clerical systems where not bars and gimmicks of every sort and only the cost of inscription must be description. The basic task is to corre- considered, but also that due to the late specifications of content with those storage space and weight of the inscrib- documents that will satisfy the speci- ed objects. fier, giving due weight to expert opinion on the likely pattern of demand in the near future and allowing for addition Semantic Structure of novel and unpredicted items or syn- This paper is concerned mainly with theses. This will establish a network, clerical aspects of retrieval; those parts not of truth, knowledge, or opinion, but that can be delegated to skilful and of relevance of recorded information to obedient people or machines. This is actual and expected specifications. not the whole story; if the system has This network relating requirements no wider semantics than the clerical and documents will underly all systems operations demanded by inscriptions, it for document retrieval. It is for the sys- is just a cud-chewing pastime. The point tem designer to pick out the particular is that these wider semantics can be aspects of the network -and the par- confined to input and output, the in- ticular point of view that he is using- termediate searching operations being and match them with the particular purely mechanical. What we seek are clerical machinery to be used. In gen- ways to reduce the overall costs of re- eral, particular systems will be coarser- trieval, including those of overlooking grained than the relevance network, relevant items and of inspecting irrele- the designer using a rougher sketch vant ones. To do this we need a special map showing only the items and rela- language of "document content relevan- tions he is using. The document-content- cies" into which the original natural relevance scheme need be mapped once language request can be translated. only and modified only to keep step This language of "document content with changing patterns of information relevancies" is a matter for librarians supply and demand - also, inevitably, and subject specialists in close collab- to rectify errors. oration. Whatever form it takes, it must not be, first, some platonic map of ab- solute truth or of all knowledge. This Relation Between Prescription and would be quite irrelevant to documents, Retrieval Text whose contents are what they are, not The basic relevance network must be what they ought to be. Secondly it must as detailed in items and their relations not be a "missionary" classification. The as any retrieval system that will be temptation to educate - i.e., lay down based on it. How coarse-grained can it
OCTOBER 195.5 be? Clearly very many specifications, for a quotation, proper name, value in expressed originally in different forms a mathematical table or dictionary cor- and different languages, will be satisfied responding to a given entry. Here the by the same block of documents. Such information sought is not in the text it- specifications are synonymous or self, which is known to begin with, but "equivalent", and all must be translated some associated linguistic or derived and into one distinct description in our lan- strictly equivalent information such as guage of document relevancies. Ulti- location, value, or translation. For in- mately all specifications can be lumped stance, a library catalog translates together as synonymous and given the specification by bibliographical refer- same answer; to wit, references to all ence into specification by location. documents everywhere. This certainly At best, then, we can get out only produces the required document if it the same amount of relevant informa- exists, and is the only way in which it tion as we put in, and this can happen can be produced. However, it fails to only in purely clerical systems express- fulfil the first, if overlooked, require- ed without ambiguity in their most com- ment of all retrieval systems: to aid pact forms. Specifications more refined document retrieval. than this either specify a block of text To find the limit of useful refinement too small to carry the equivalent rele- or detail, recall that the finer our dis- vant information, or they become syn- crimination is between specifications, the onymous with other specifications. Either smaller the group of documents or part way we get out less relevant informa- of a document that can satisfy any one tion than we put in. of them. This follows from the second Suppose we coarsen the specification basic requirement of a retrieval system: by making it vaguer, so that it contains that the documents indicated in re- less relevant information. It will re- sponse to a given specification must trieve a larger amount of text, and include all those indicated by any therefore of irrelevant text. Recall the sharpening of this specification. For con- second basic requirement of retrieval venience, we will refer to the specifica- systems, that texts retrieved in response tions corresponding to included docu- to a given specification must include ments as being "included in the speci- all texts retrieved by any sharpening of fication corresponding to including this specification. If this requirement documents. Thus, as you sharpen your has been fulfilled, the bulk of text re- specification you decrease the amount trieved by the vaguer specification will of text satisfying it. At the same time certainly contain any particular item, you are increasing the amount of text and the information given by it, re- required to state it. trieved by sharpening this specification. If the specification can be made so However, the increase in textual infor- fine-grained as to denote less text than mation has been traded against loss of can give the information sought, it is information about its location. The over-detailed. In practice over-refine- vaguer the specification the larger the ment means that several specifications uncertainty of location. correspond to the same mark. That is, The enquirer asking for recorded in- we have created synonyms once more formation "about" something or other after taking great pains to omit then]. is asking for more information than he A special case is that in which the can give in his specification. We have specification and the text satisfying it just seen that he can get it only if di- and the connecting markings can be luted by irrelevant texts. The best any made the same -for instance, search retrieval system can do is to ensure
SPECIAL LIBRARIES that there is no more dilution than is sions), (B) is relevant to the docu- inevitably needed to compensate for ment, (C) may or may not be relevant the vagueness of the specification. to the document because, perhaps, we Telephone numbers and their cor- have not yet reached the point of classi- responding addresses are synonymous, fying it or we cannot make up our so use of a telephone directory illus- mind. Thus the whole network can be trates the kind of elaborate operation shrunk into or "mapped on" the fol- needed to deal with an infiltration of lowing simple structure. synonyms into a clerical system. The language of document-retrieval is always much more compact than that of the required texts. Tentatively, the absolute limit of refinement to which the basic semantic network should be A carried is where the description re- trieves less than a hundred times its Fig. 1 own bulk of script. Similarly, if we start with the coars- This applies to the basic network est possible semantic network, that only. Any actual working retrieval sys- with one "subject", S, only, we get the tem must use a coarser version. How same diagram, "C" signifying "may or coarse can be calculated by the tech- may not be S": B, "examined and judg- niques of communication theory, given ed to be S"; A, "examined and judged the informational properties of the no- to be not S". Here the collection of tational and text languages, the costs of documents has to be mapped on to the overlooking relevant and inspecting ir- diagram, and marked accordingly. relevant items, the relative costs of catering for average or for exceptional There is a completely free choice of queries and, most important of all, the marking or notation. However, because size both of basic elements and of the retrieval systems purport to help not documentary collections itself. hinder retrieval, the marking system is compelled to have a certain structure. Resolution and Size The universal principle of Least Effort The principle that the coarser the shows that category C must be marked documentary elements, the coarser must by not being marked at all. Also the be the retrieval system is well known marking of category A must be more and occasionally practised. The num- elaborate than that of B, because A ber of items is equally important, but really belongs to an extension of the only a few retrieval systems take ac- system to more "subjects" or to more count of it. Yet clearly, if we are not documents. to have several descriptions designating The system of marking, or notation, the same item, the common part of not only links descriptions with docu- these descriptions is the sharpest se- ments, it also must specify the opera- mantic element you can use. Consider tions needed for retrieval. Thus it must the extreme case of a library contain- reflect in its own structure the partial ing one text only. Every possible de- orderings of these as well. Also there scription in the semantic network falls must be quantitative relations between into one of three categories with re- all four so that elaboration of marking, spect to this solitary text. In ascending sharpness of specification, and precision order of vagueness the description (A) of the operations, increase together as is not relevant to the document (but the dilution of the retrieved documents may be relevant to subsequent acces- decreases.
OCTOBER 1955 If this be done it follows that as the treating them as equivalent and giving number of documents increases, the them the same name. On the diagram corresponding elaborations in the sys- all chains joining the point representing tem will always be possible and always "one or more of the equivalent descrip- compatible with the original system. tions" to that representing "satisfying The original ordinal structure can be all the equivalent descriptions" will unaltered, marks and operations will then shrink to a point. Thus in Fig. 2 not be amended, but appended. In other if one no longer discriminates between
"May or may not be S, S'"
"either S or S' or both"
"S"
"both S & S"'
"neither S nor S"'
Fig. 2 words the original system can be re- the two descriptions, the central lozenge garded as embedded in the new, or the contracts into a point and the diagram new as being built round the original. degenerates into that appropriate to For instance, if we decide to extend Fig. 1; to wit, the diagram appropriate Fig. 1 to two "subjects" S, S' we get to one "subject" only. Fig. 2. The dotted line to the lowest Particular systems of document re- category indicates that its status is trieval do not alter the resolution of temporary. the network so much as they alter the Fig. 2 is clearly built round Fig. 1, relational structure. They alter the whichever of the four center elements choice of the most specific elements one considers as having been the orig- rather than their number, and delete inal "subject" before extension. Simi- connecting lines, or even add to, and larly the structure for three subjects elaborate, existing connecting lines. Thus can be built round Fig. 2. It has twenty the UDC deletes lines to leave down- elements, represented as points in a ward-spreading non-overlapping "trees", diagram, and the number increases in which there is at most one route rapidly with the number of subjects if leading from an upper to a lower point. the complete diagram is drawn; for in- "Joint-attribute" systems, such as Zato- stance six subjects have 7,828,354 dis- coding, delete all but routes fanning tinct descriptions involving them. Only upwards from the most specific descrip- some of these will be needed for any tions to give more general but less system, and for no system must the de- numerous descriptions. Others delete tail exceed that needed to isolate a all but some pattern that can be fac- textual unit. torized as the product of simple pat- The network is coarsened and con- terns. tracted to suit the size of the collection The kinds of pattern we deal with by "confounding" descriptions; that is, here can be multiplied together in two
SPECIAL LIBRARIES ways, one producing a less ordered pat- the "classical" classification systems. tern, the "cardinal product", the other. That is, they will be single elements, a more ordered pattern, the "ordinal chains, or trees. These three types of product". pattern are "prime" in that they cannot In fact, the arithmetic of patterns is be expressed as the cardinal product a direct extension of ordinary arith- of simpler patterns. The syntactical metic. Evidently it is a most useful structures of the classical systems are tool to librarians for the synthesis or therefore soundly based as far as they factorization of existing patterns from go. They can be taken further, but the or into simpler patterns on the one real weakness of most systems has been hand and on the other, generation by semantic; the descriptive elements have ordinal multiplication of the factors of been associated too closely with lin- more ordered patterns for listing or guistic entities. The semantic content cataloging. Librarians are the empirical of the prime factors just adequate to pioneers here; mathematicians have had represent a schedule without too many to borrow library terms such as "lexi- empty descriptions will not be complete cographic" to discuss the algebras of descriptions, still less will it correspond order. directly with grammatical elements such as the words and phrases of or- The number of elements in these dinary discourse. products are the product of the num- ber of elements in their factors. There- Use of technical terms is not always fore the semantic resolution of elements wise or even kind in papers like this, in the factors can be less than those of which purpose to be written in every- the product, usually much less. In "joint day language. When technical terms attribute" systems the set of working are already used wrongly and confus- descriptions is or could be generated ingly, their correct use must be indi- as the product of relatively few and cated. Of late "multi-dimensional" has small disjunct, partially ordered, or achieved great popularity in docu- chain ordered sets of much more diffuse mentation. There is no harm in this pro- descriptive elements. vided that authors and readers are both Some existing systems use factor sets aware that it does not mean multi- much more finely detailed and elab- dimensional. When it does connote orately ordered than the size of the something, it appears to connote "mul- documentary collection demands or tiply-connected". Entities of interest to ever will demand. The product of even documentalists are in general both small "trees" of detail appropriate to, multi - dimensional and multiply - con- say, the UDC is an enormously large nected. These attributes are independ- set of descriptions most of which must ent and important, so their confusion be empty (i.e. with no corresponding will lead and has led to much grief. text) or synonymous. The reverse, and Connectivity is here concerned with much more difficult, factorizing opera- the connections or incidences of ele- tion is the clerical tool for filtering out ments. Thus an element in a traditional synonyms. classificatory "tree" is unconnected or The structure of the more general re- singly-connected to any other element. trieval system of the future will be the The descriptive elements of a conjunc- product of prime factors and, to that tive or "joint-attribute" system are mul- extent, will use techniques appropriate tiply-connected to their component at- to "joint-attribute" systems. The prime tributes. factors, however, will be partially or- The "dimension" of an element of a dered sets requiring the techniques of partially ordered set is the length (i.e.
OCTOBER 1955 number of "links") of the longest dowil- Retrieval Operations ward chain from this element. In other Retrieval can be achieved only by words, it is the "height" of the element one or more distilling stages. These above the lowest point of the diagram. consist of Inspection and Rejection (or This interpretation agrees with the geo- selection), these operations being re- metrical concept of dimension; diagrams peated at higher resolution on the and parts of diagrams are often recog- smaller and more concentrated fraction nizable as picturing the edges and ver- of non-rejected (or selected) items. tices of cubes and other multi-dimen- Distillation covers at the one ex- sional bodies. treme, exhaustive and minute examina- If we consider once more the coil- tion of the entire collection in which junctive retrieval systems we see that the second operation, rejection, is cost- they are low-dimensional. Some indeed less. At the other extreme, it covers are uni-dimensional, the working de- random selection, where inspection is scriptions all lying on the same level. costless. All are multiply-connected by their Both these extremes are practical very nature. Dimensionality and con- methods, widely used. The first is best nectivity are fundamental and inde- for very small collections and for situ- pendent characteristics of documentary ations where the cost of overlooking systems. They cannot be used inter- information predominates, or where it changeably or irresponsibly without is essential to establish non-existence calling up a false picture. of the item. Such cases, common in ex- perimental, research, and legal contexts, This section has indicated that given demand a large final fraction diluted the original detailed network of descrip- with irrelevances rather than a small tions and relevancies, this can be con- concentrated one which risks omitting tracted and coarsened to fit the "grain" relevancies. The second method, ran- of the documentary collection by fac- dom selection, is the best when urgency torizing, confounding, or omitting parts or laziness is the overwhelming consid- of it. eration, the cost of overlooking infor- However no documents will be re- mation being negligible or neglected. trieved by just matching them with Clearly an indefinite number of dis- descriptions. Physical operations are tillation strategies can be devised with- needed also. These must have a corre- in these extremes, the number of stages, spondingly fine structure and resolu- the size and concentration of the final tion, but no more. Location of shelf, fraction, the extent and tactics of the volume, chapter heading or paragraph sampling procedures, and so on depend and recognition of their markings entail on the purpose of the retrieval system increasingly great physical precision and within the particular context. discrimination with corresponding in- In clerical contexts, distillation cov- creases of cost, complexity, and fra- ers the general task of "Access" by suc- gility. cessive refinement of size of objects, observational acuity, precision of mn- The notation and marking of the nipulation, and criteria of control. This items links operations, descriptions, and is illustrated by such familiar activities documents. Making these marks is also as access to files through marked rooms, an operation. So operations and nota- cabinets, and adjacent file covers; loca- tions also must be matched in structure tion of wanted part of a tape record or and resolution to the documents and film by multiple-speed scanning with the descriptions. We will now outline observational means ranging from rough the operations. estimates of length of film spooled,
346 SPECIAL LIBRARIES through inspection of edge marks or in- must be moved to make the inscription, dicator, to looking at or listening to the and either the inscribing device must image content; two-dimensional access, be moved to and away from the in- radially across and peripherally along scribed object, or the object to or away the grooves, to specified parts of gramu- from the device. This last severely phone records; finally multi-dimension- limits such devices as the Rapid Selec- a1 access to text, by way of index or of tor when called upon to produce legible contents list, chapter, section, para- information as well as to scan it. graph or page; formally and geometric- Similarly scanning for inspection en- ally two-dimentional access to key- tails movement of the scanner or scan- boards and type cases. Location of mark- ners, or of the collection. Also such ed objects became a problem as soon movement includes that for marking as man started marking objects inten- objects as having been inspected and, tionally. if inspected, whether rejected or se- Though there are many variants of lected. For instance, we usually move the problem, the fundamentals are clear so that inspected and rejected books enough. Systems of access can work remain on the shelf to our left, while only by applying a limited and speci- selected ones are put on one side. Such fied repertory of actions to a set of ma- marking by "ordering" has the great terial objects (or physical events) mark- advantage of being both legible and ed in a specified way, the actions being volatile, in that it can be made obvious determined unambiguously by the that the objects are in a different posi- marks and, in general, by previous ac- tion and such "marking" can be re- tions. For instance, when looking for a moved without trace. The simplicity is particular house number one can tell rather deceptive; "ordering" will work whether to go up or down the street only if the collection is maintained in only by remembering the previous ac- order, and the scanner can memorize tions; to wit, the last number inspected its route. If order is maintained. the and which way you went afterwards. collection itself can be used as part of This example shows also that the ac- the memory mechanism; in fact, as its tions are not confined to the scanning; own map. there are capital and maintenance ac- Simple maintainence entails complex tions also. Here the capital is repre- distillation agents. The UDC, for ex- sented by storage of the number lan- ample, marks books by marshalling guage used for the house numbers and them, so distillation involves only phys- the recognitive and ordinal properties ical location of the segregated parts of its script. Clearly the marking lan- with successively higher physical pre- guage and its script very much effect cision. The markings on the books are the complication and extent of the in- mainly to maintain the fixed order spection mechanism. segregation demands; the same mark- One can "mark" an object not only ings in the catalog to indicate the route. by changing it intrinsically in some If order were not maintained, the UDC recognisable way, but also by changing number would become only a descrip- it relative to its environment by put- tion of the book without indication of ting it in a pigeonhole, on one side, face how to find it. The UDC would then up and so on. With enough accuracy no longer be a marshalling system for this paper these may be called re- where items of similar content are spectively "inscribing" and "ordering" marked by segregation and ordered to the item. (Alternatively: "marking" and form larger segregations of wider con- "parking".) Note, however, that to in- tent, but would be merely a notation scribe anything some material object for document descriptions.
OCTOBER 1955 347 The segregation principle is extreme- for dealing with this are clerical radix ly efficient, even beyond the limits of computers (usually, alas, called "digi- strict validity, provided that average tal" computers). Machine and manually performance alone is considered. In handled card systems are familiar ex- some applications, like research or mili- amples. tary affairs, it may be more important Multi-level access is most efficient to meet unusual demands than to have when the partitioning is so carried out a good average performance. Such ap- that the average cost of locating and plications demand specially modified recognizing a unit is the same on each or designed retrieval systems, but the level. If some essential factors are basic principles are the same. omitted, one can deduce from this vari- Segregation combined with multi- ous interesting but baleful conclusions dimensional access evidently is much about the optimum number of levels. more efficient than linear scanning Some of these have crept into clerical when there is little doubt as to location and documentation folk-lore, but are or when several individual searches are valid only over the range where the going on at once. Consider, search along costs of recognizing and handling vary a tape or strip of film. For a given reso- little with the resolution. lution of detail there is a maximum Outside this range, many considera.- speed of scanning, so the average time tions affect the best number of levels to find one item will vary directly with of access. Very low resolutions are ex- the number of items. Suppose the tape pensive; high resolutions are also ex- cut into strips which are then pasted pensive because they demand precise under each other like lines of text in a manipulative and sensing equipment. book. Then if we scan, at the same speed, downwards to the correct line, Resolution in time is exceedingly ex- and then span-wise along to the re- pensive; partially because high fre- quired item, the average time of access quency discrimination entails very pre- can be reduced to be proportional to cise and complex apparatus, but main- the square root of the number of items. ly because of the immense power re- Similarly if there are three levels the quirements. For a given size and mass time can be made proportional to the of marked object, the power increases cube root of the items. The price to be with the cube of the speed of the oper- paid for multi-dimensional access is ations. Marked objects that can be increased complication of the recog- recognized and handled by human be- nitive and interpretive devices and di- ings cannot be much smaller than they rectives. There must be corresponding are at present. Nevertheless in many notational complication, because contexts documentation operations must changes of level and resolution must be speeded up to deal with the ex- be signalled and acted on. The simple ponentially increasing number of docu- serial approach is a physical realization ments and the demands made upon of the number language in which the them. Here there is no alternative; to nth item is represented by n chalk avoid prohibitive power costs we must marks in sequence, and any device for reduce the size of the marked objects, doing it is quite literally a clerical and use devices of high temporal and "analogue" computer. Multi-dimension- spatial resolution for strictly clerical a1 approach is a physical realization of operations. Necessarily these will be the radix number languages, such as automatic. decimal and 3. s. d., where numbers are So far as recognition and obedience represented by specification as sums of to complicated directive are concerned, parts of decreasing magnitude. Devices apparatus can be currently supplied to
348 SPECIAL LIBRARIES any specification. Even commercially depends on the notation. available devices can recognize and Whatever the physical form of the initiate suitable responses to anything notation, usefully it can initiate distilla- from several hundred to several thou- tion procedures only -that is, the ex- sands of ten figure decimal numbers traction of successive groups of items per second, or equivalents in words or each included in the previously extract- patterns. Current devices for inscribed ed group. Inasmuch as it initiates other objects are much slower, dealing with operations, it is inefficient. at most some hundreds of inscribed characters per second. If the size of the We have seen already that for re- tallies be considerably decreased and trieval the only relation between de- the versatility of the machines increas- scriptions relevant to retrieval, as op- ed we should easily be able to achieve posed to those within a single descrip- the required speeds with current tech- tion, is also that of inclusion; in the nologies. sense that one description includes an- other if all items satisfying the second A fundamental restraint on the num- also satisfy the first. ber of levels of access is "overhead" cost associated with change of level. For The matters dealt with in this sec- example, when scanning a tape or film tion can be treated quantitatively and at high speed you cannot locate with precisely by the mathematical tech- certainty the segment you require be- niques of mechanics and communica- cause the resolution is too coarse. You tion theory and, almost certainly, of have to stop as near as you can and what is called "linear programming". search slowly at higher resolution till Not all problems in these fields have you find it. been formulated, let alone solved, but enough is known even now on how to If resolution is carried too far "blur- give reasonable limits even if precise ring" at the ends of sub-divisions will methods are not yet available. Even obscure the subdivisions, and it will be the roughest numerical estimate of the as effective to ignore them and inspect pragmatic implications of any specific each item separately. When, for in- proposal are preferable to purely verbal stance, a book index shows that several assessment. references we want are fairly close to- gether we turn page by page the whole block spanned by the references, rather Structure of Notation than locate each relevant page sep- arately. Notation links items, descriptions, and retrieval operations. Only in a library Clearly the physics and grammar of which has one user, yourself, can it be the marking can aggravate the difficul- anything you care to make it. Other- ties of distillation and one seeks, first, wise it can only be anything you can some method of marking that links the make others accept. Thus a list of com- physical operations of sensing and se- pletely arbitrary marks would work, lection; second, a notation such that its provided there were enough distinct pragmatics impose rejection or selection marks, if users would agree to them. It according to rule, and whose syntax might well work better than an alleged corresponds to that of the descriptions. systematic notation about whose inter- For instance the hole-or-slot marking pretation users do not agree. However characteristic of an edge-marked card there are certain formal requirements satisfy, within the scope of human ma- which any notation should satisfy, one nipulation, the first requirement; wheth- at least out of necessity, others for con- er good use is made of this property venience.
OCTOBER 1955 The necessary requirement is that by the latter. Thus, in the UDC nota- the notation should supply enough dis- tion, any class mark includes all the tinct marks to distinguish between dis- (more general) marks formed by eras- tinct descriptions, operations and units ing successive digits from the right. In of text. When semantic, operational, and edge or surface punched cards, one pat- textual resolution have been matched, tern includes another if it is punched matching of the notational resolution wherever the other is punched. with any one of these implies match- Difficulties arise only when the sig- ing with the other two. An immediate nificant elements of the pattern are not consequence of this requirement is that completely disentangled, as in speech notation must allow for increase in the and pictures; and when there are syno- number of descriptions or items, other- nyms such as accents in speech, and wise there will not be enough marks to varieties of handwriting, and sizes and go round. faces of type. In these examples the The only workable way to extend or difficulties are unavoidable. amend inscriptions is to append others. Evidently the same notation can be Deletion and alteration are prohibitive- "written" in various ways which pre- ly laborious. Scope for expansion can serve its syntax and relations to de- be given by allowing so many reserve scriptions, operations, and texts. Never- "sites" for each expected doubling of theless convenience in detecting inclu- holdings or subject interests. Whatever sion between "words" will vary greatly physical form the sites and marks may with the script used. For example, if take-positions on page, film, in the UDC class numbers are printed in the environment, or in time, and written, same type face, retrieval can be carried punched, moved, or other controllable out by anybody or anything that can and detectable states -syntax of the compare the shapes. What the shapes notation and physics of its script must are is a matter of convenience, so long allow for such extension. as they can be translated without am- One relation is common to all pairs biguity into the standard decimal-arabic of descriptions, distillations and sets of numeral language when communicatirlg texts. In some definable sense one of with other users. the pair "includes (or is equal to)" the When the notation has the correct other, or it does not. We have already structure its script -the alphabet of said that one description "includes" an- characters and rules for using them- other if the set of texts satisfying it must be matched with available obser- contains all texts satisfying the other. vational and operational facilities. For Similarly, a distillation operation in- instance, both the Batten ("Peek-a-boo") cludes another if the texts it operates system and "Uniterm" have equivalent on include all those operated on by the notations. In Batten the names of de- other. scription components, and in "Uniterm" Thus, if the system has been con- of verbal components, are simply the structed to eliminate all synonymous lists of documents to which the com- descriptions, operations, and texts, the ponent applies or in which the word same network of inclusion relations ap- occurs. Thus documents simultaneously plies to all these three parts of the having a number of descriptive or system. verbal components are listed by the Notational patterns can be given use- common part included in all the names ful inclusion relations also. Any signifi- of these components. In Batten, the cant pattern produced by erasing parts script is multi-dimensional -card, row, of a pattern can be said to be included and column- and the alphabet has
SPECIAL LIBRARIES two characters -hole and no hole. including all serial numbers carried on Thus the holes common to various com- cards that are the names of descriptions ponents are found visually by super- included in the more general one. imposing the names (lists) of the com- Therefore the most general and vaguest ponents in register. This simplicity of description of all, "unexamined, but script and operations, calling only for one of our holdings", must be a card detection of the presence or absence cf carrying all serial numbers and, more a dot, hole, or the like and simple com- important, all cards should carry the parison, allows the Batten system to be serial numbers of unexamined docu- made as compact as current resolution ments. For, as we have seen, an un- of observing devices permits. This bal- examined document is potentially the ances the disadvantage that the nota- answer to any library query, and we tion itself is intrinsically bulky. must not prevent others looking at The clerical part of the Uniterm sys- documents just because we have not tem uses, instead of a hole or no hole looked at them ourselves. in a definite position, the serial number To prevent this we should not punch of the document. Position, like the arabic holes in Batten cards in the sites repre- numeration, is arranged to facilitate senting documents that satisfy the visual comparison of the contents of specification; we should start with com- cards; i.e. to find serial numbers com- pletely perforated or transparent cards mon to the lists. Information about the and fill in the sites that do not satisfy serial number can be derived from its it. This will bring all documents, ex- position alone, but this information is amined or not, within scope of retrieval, not used. The notation is therefore more which is an essential requirement. Also, bulky than Batten. Because of the rela- the less we know about a document, the tive complication of its script it cannot less clerical work we have to do to de- be compressed so highly as can the scribe it, because we do not list items Batten system. but blacklist them. This procedure is Both these systems are in the first particularly easy with photo-electrically instance uni-dimensional with regard scanned cards, but does not appear to to access. The serial numbers of docu- be used anywhere. Documents, that, for ments are extracted from the name of the moment, can be described only as their description by appropriate com- belonging to the collection, should de- parison techniques applied to the "let- mand no retrieval mark at all. This is ters" of that name. The collection of to allow for future description and, if documents is then searched once, docu- not so obviously, documents that have ment by document, for those with the been found to fit not existing descrip- right serial numbers. This search can tive category must be given the most be made multi-dimensional if the docu- complicated mark available. Otherwise ments are marshalled by serial number, extension by adding extra digits or let- but this is not intrinsic to the system. ters might convert it into some existing In both systems the size of the nota- mark. tion for a description increases with the Evidently retrieval operations will be sharpness of the description, as it must much aided if the notation structure do. The more detailed the description allows inclusion relations between the the more cards make up its "name". marks. These relations will run the The converse holds only within limits. other way to the inclusion relations of Descriptions more general than those the descriptions, operations, and texts. catered for by the system can be syn- For a vague description demands a thesized only by making out new cards simpler mark than does a sharper de-
OCTOBER 1955 35 1 scription included in it. So the mark This point has been elaborated be- for any description should include all cause, if unique complementation is as- marks denoting the vaguer descriptions sumed within a system, the system is that include it. incapable of expansion. Attempts to The inclusion network of notation allow extension will, and do, cause ab- therefore should be the same as that surdities. This assumption is implicit in for descriptions, operations, and items, any argument based on the representa- but upside-down. Technically it will be tion of retrieval systems as Boolean the "dual" of these. algebras. As the present writer warned The largest common part included some eight years ago, Boolean algebra by two or more elements is called, is not valid here. It is still not valid, amongst other names, the "meet" or but it is fashionable. "product" of these elements. For exam- At most, therefore, we allow relative ple, the product of two edge-notched complements and work with the "sum" card patterns is the pattern of notches and "product" only. We assume also seen when the two cards are held in that any two elements have no more register. than one sum and one product. They The least element including two or may have neither. Conjunctive "joint- more elements is called the "join" or attribute" systems usually either cannot "sum" of these elements. The sum of form sums of categories, or can do so edge-notched card patterns is the pat- only by extra clerical operations. tern notched in every place, but in no other places are the component pat- Because the notational network should terns notched in. be the dual (the upside-down version) of the descriptive, operational, or docu- To some elements, in certain types of ment collection inclusion network, the network, there may correspond one or mark corresponding to the sum of de- more "complements". These are ele- scriptions should be the product of the ments with which its product is the marks for the summed descriptions, and "nul" element (i.e. they do not "over- the mark corresponding to a product of lap") and its sum is the "universal" descriptions should be the sum of the element (i.e. the highest, most inclusive marks for the factor descriptions. Thus element, assumed to be unique). The descriptions, operations, documents, and relation of element and complement, notation will be consistently in tune. when it or they exist, is that of photo- Within the range of its validity, the graphic negative to positive. Subject UDC system is so harmonized, as are descriptions have no complements, for some conjunctive systems, such 3s the complement of subject, A, is the "Zatocoding". set of all subjects that are "not A"; but no subject can be committed as perma- Consider the "two-subject classifica- nently "not" some other subject, for tion" of Fig. 2. The corresponding nota- one never knows. tional network will have the same shape, because the figure is the same Complements, when they exist, can when turned upside-down. do so only relative to existing parts of the system, and are such that the sum Theoretically we have now the com- and products of the related elements plete solution. In any system, the in- are not the "nul" and "universal" ele- clusion network common to descrip- ments, but the greatest and least ele- tions, operations, and sets of documents ments (which must be unique) in the is formed by erasing parts of the com- part considered. The network is only plete network generated by a set of n "relatively" complemented. original descriptions, etc., when joined
SPECIAL LIBRARIES in all possible ways by the connectives ignoring descriptions considered too "&" and "or". general or too specific. That is, only the middle zone of the diagram is used and, The notation for any system derived too often, the "unexamined" and "no from this lattice must have the struc- ture, with relation to pattern-inclusion, description yet available" classes are dual to that of the system. That is, its ignored. Neglect of the first makes un- diagram will be that of the system processed accessions invisible; neglect turned upside-down. of the last compels faulty description within the existing schedule. A notation to deal with all possible combinations under "&" "or" would be Although current activity and criti- unwieldy. For evidently there must be cism is directed towards the problem of enough digits for the notation to span retrieving items specified by the con- from "unexamined" to "miscellaneous". junction or product of descriptions, the The complete network generated by n corresponding problem in alternations descriptions is 2" dimensional and there- or sums is equally urgent. It is essential fore demands at least a 2" binary- that if there is any uncertainty about digit notation to mark its elements un- which description or "category" fits a ambiguously; but in practice we do not document, then this document must be want to mark every possible combina- allotted no more than the sharpest de- tion, only any of them that may arise scription that contains all the possibil- and be worth bothering about. Work- ities. This will be the sum of the al- able notations, and associated opera- ternative descriptions. Furthermore this tions, that allow this can be devised in document must be retrieved as a puta- many ways, and there is wide scope for tive answer to a search directed under research and application in this field any of the alternative descriptions. alone. Both conditions will be satisfied if the notation extends systematically up- General Conclusions wards into sums, as well as downwards This analysis shows present systems into products. to be unnecessarily restricted in the In general this is not so. The UDC type of compound descriptions they system satisfies both conditions only permit and extensions for which they for items within the same main division. can allow. Few allow, or conveniently Retrieval systems must be capable of allow, both sums and products, and extension upwards into greater vague- even then the possibility seems acci- ness, and of future sharpening. Other- dental. In general one connective alone wise we cannot deal subsequently with is explicit; the sum in UDC and the new patterns of activity and, in the like, the product in conjunctive sys- meantime, the document is either in- tems. Notation is kept compact by visible (unprocessed) or mis-labelled.
THE EXECUTIVE BOARD and ADVISORY COUNCIL of SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOClATlON will meet in regular session NOVEMBER 3 - 5, 1955 STATLER HOTEL NEW YORK CITY
OCTOBER 1955 3 53 How to Approach the Reference Question*
DOROTHYJ. FORMAN Assistant, Library, Research Laboratories Division, General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Michigan
Although this paper is based on the perceive in what phase of knowledge approach to reference questions in a the topic falls. At times, a certain metallurgical library, the procedures amount of mental gymnastics is requir- used are applicable to all libraries. ed in order to catch the meaning of the question. A phrase or word used by the ODAY, THE METALLURGIST, no mat- inquirer may be associated with a sub- ter what his particular specialty, T ject that the reference worker has ex- will know something about each of the perienced previously. For example, the following : librarian receives, via the telephone, a 1. Ore preparation and refining request for information regarding the 2. Physical, chemical and mechanical prop- removal of chills from cast iron which erties of metals might, also, according to the person 3. Heat treatment and its applications making the request, be found under 4. Various uses of metals in industry -not only those of which the final product is inoculations and cooling and heat treat- composed, but also the materials which ment. The librarian knew of the exist- form the equipment used in the manufac- ence of "chills" and that the subject ture of the product such as machine tools; was not new. In such a case, the nat- metals treatment and finishing; and the fabrication of metals ural approach was to look first in the library's card catalog and then in books 5. Inspection and testing methods, both de- structive and non-destructive covering the general subject of metal- 6. Joining and bonding of metals lurgy. 7. Powder metallurgy The indexes of these books referred 8. Wear and corrosion to pages and, in some cases, complete In addition to the above, the expand- chapters on the effects of chill, chill re- ing field of knowledge in nuclear sci- straining elements, etc. The book finally ence, gas turbines, and jet propulsion used in answering the question was has brought about a need for more in- Alloy Cast irons1 which contained a formation about the properties and be- bibliography of twenty-seven articles havior of metals and alloys at high on the subject to which the inquirer temperatures and in the field of cryo- might refer in carrying on his research. genics, the properties of metals at low This ability to distinguish between temperatures. the "new" and the "old" is a very im- In the approach to reference prob- portant trait in approaching reference lems in metallurgy, due to the many questions. When considering a subject new processes and new alloys in use of recent origin such as a new product, today, the librarian must be able, in a new manufacturing process or a de- considering the question at hand, to vice, one will depend upon the most recent periodicals and the indexes that cover this literature. Due to the time * Paper presented before a meeting of the Metals Division at the SLA 46th Annual Con- lag in publishing and indexing articles vention, Detroit, Michigan, June 14, 1955. of current interests the librarian may,
SPECIAL LIBRARIES at times, have to resort to preprints of made between the inquirer who wishes papers given at meetings of the various information on how to build a cup- technical societies for information. For board for his home or the employee instance, the development of a new who requests the latest article on shell nickel base alloy capable of withstand- molding. ing the high temperatures of gas tur- When the subject is such that a par- bine engines in jet aircraft was reported ticular date or author is not important upon at the annual meeting of the So- in the search and one is using the peri- ciety of Automotive Engineers in Janu- odical indexes -Engineering Index, Zn- ary 1955. This is an important paper dustrial Arts Index or Chemical Ab- because a major obstacle in the devel- stracts -from the subject standpoint, opment of better jet and turbine en- it is usually better to approach the gines has been the metal temperature search by beginning with the latest in- limit for turbine blades and buckets. At dexes and working backwards. In ad- the time of this writing, the only place dition to finding the latest develop- where this information is available in ments, bibliographies will be found that public print is in the SAE preprint2 is- will cover earlier works. In recent years, sued at the time of the meeting. authors have recognized increasingly To return to the consideration of the the value of a good bibliography. The question itself, the librarian must use references they list are usually selec- good judgment in questioning the pa- tive and pertinent and the bibliography tron regarding the material sought be- will, in many cases, contain enough ref- cause he may be a specialist who knows erences to completely answer the ques- more about the subject than is written tion and will save many hours of going in books, or he may be entirely ignorant through long lists of articles in the of the subject matter and is asking the various periodical indexes. librarian for information. In the latter case, the patron may resent the libra- Evaluating Reference Tools rian's questioning and have the attitude In using reference tools the librarian that if he knew all the answers he learns to compare and evaluate them would not be asking the librarian for for the type of material they contain. assistance. The various compilations of specifica- Where the librarian knows her client, tions should be checked for complete- he may be approachable and willing to ness and how well they are kept up to help place the topic in the scheme of date, either by supplements or by re- knowledge so that the reference work- vised sheets where they are issued in er may, with her own experience of the loose-leaf arrangement. library collection, go directly to the ma- Statistical compilations must be com- terial required. When the person in- pared for recentness of information and volved is a highly-placed executive, the for coverage both in time and in sub- librarian must not waste his valuable ject matter. Accuracy and reliability time, but must take the question, de- are the most important considerations fine or find a definition of terms used, in evaluating statistical handbooks. The and seek the information as quickly as Minerals Yearbook published by the possible herself. U. S. Bureau of Mines is the authori- Every reference worker must take tative work on minerals production for heed of the fact that a question is to be this country and contains handbook in- answered no matter who asks it. It formation on various developments. should always be recognized that the These production statistics form the question is important to the person ask- basis for many other statistical com- ing it and no distinction should be pilations in the field. The sequence of
OCTOBER 1955 355 information in statistical sources should When the periodical reference is be noted as to whether it follows clas- known, recourse to the Union List of sified, chronological or alphabetical or- Serials or the Union List of Technical der. The index should be examined for Periodicals published by the Special completeness and an adequate comple- Libraries Association will give the lo- ment of cross-references. cation of the periodical in the libraries in the United States and Canada. We Dictionaries should be chosen for find that all libraries rather than loan- their completeness and recentness. New ing valuable books and periodicals terms are constantly appearing and the would prefer that reproductions such librarian should keep her collection of as photostats, microfilms or autostats subject dictionaries as up to date as be purchased. possible. Many books and articles have valuable glossaries which aid greatly in The librarian with a small collectit defining these new terms as they come and limited resources available local into use. would do well to consider at times t' services offered by the Research IL- Other Information Sources formation Service of The John Crerar Library. This was established January An important source of information 1, 1947 to make a special library re- for any library is the local telephone search service available to industry and directory. It is surprising to find out business. It is intended for those to how many people, from the secretary whom it would be advantageous to have to the general manager to the research literature research done by skilled per- worker, lose sight of the material that sonnel in the library, and who are pre- can be obtained from a telephone call. pared to reimburse the library for the How many of you have had a request cost of such service. It provides com. for a trade catalog or technical infor- plete library service for any company mation obtainable from a manufactur- which does not have a professional1 er that can be had by calling the firm staffed company library and specia or its representative listed in the tele- project research for companies whose phone directory. If the patron is afraid library needs are partially met within that he will be bothered with salesmen, their own establishment. A detailed the librarian can telephone or write for pamphlet describing the service has the required information. been published by the John Crerar Li- The embassies of foreign nations can brary and may be obtained along with supply a name or address that is diffi- other pertinent information by writing: cult to locate. City, county and state Research Information Service, The officials are always helpful and a tele- John Crerar Library, 86 East Randolph phone call will expedite the receipt of Street, Chicago 1, Illinois. publications or information required. A most important approach to refer- Translations ence questions is the use of the re- In obtaining a translation of an ar- sources of other libraries and outside ticle, it is at times quicker to try the sources of information. Not only should various sources of translations to see if the librarian know and make use of the one has been made rather than to wait material available in her own town or for a translator to do it. Special Libra- city but also those of large cities such ries Association maintains a pool of as the Engineering Societies Library in translations which have been doiated New York and The John Crerar Library by government agencies, universities, in Chicago. technical societies and industries iMer-
SPECIAL LIBRARIES ested in a wider dissemination of for- translations in this field. Some 2,800 eign literature through cooperation. By are covered in an index issued in 1951 making these translations generally which contains an author index, a nu- available, the Association and The John merical list of the translations, a price Crerar Library, which houses and oper- list and a list of available catalog sec- ates the Pool, also intend that much ex- tions. The latter is arranged alphabetic- pensive duplication of translation work ally by subject and each subject has will be avoided. When available in been assigned a number. The catalog paper copies, translations may be bor- section on titanium alloys, for example, rowed for a service charge and photo- is numbered C-449 and lists all the print or microfilm copies may be ob- available translations on this subject, ined at the regular rates charged by giving the title, author, original source, le Crerar Library. Inquiries should be a brief abstract of the contents, the idressed to the SLA Translations Pool, number of words and the price. The 'le John Crerar Library, 86 East Ran- latest list of catalog sections is avail- i ~lphStreet, Chicago 1, Illinois. able upon request from Mr. Brutcher. Separate catalog sections may be ob- Russian translations formerly held by tained by asking for them by number. the Pool have been turned over to the At the present time, Mr. Brutcher is National Science Foundation. This or- working upon a subject index to his ganization maintains the Scientific Trans- translations. lations Center which is housed in the Science Division, Library of Congress. In addition to the above sources for A monthly Bibliography of Translations translations, a list of others may be from Russian Scientific and Technical found in Technical Libraries by Lucille Literature is published listing transla- Jackson, published by Special Libraries -ions deposited in or loaned to the Cen- Association, 195 1. :r. Another source of translations of The approaches to answering the hssian scientific and technical litera- varied reference questions asked in a cure is the Department of Scientific and metallurgical library are many in num- Industrial Research of Great Britain ber. Only a few are discussed here. which publishes the monthly Trans- Other reference workers have worked lated Contents Lists of Russian Peri- out their own "short-cuts" which aid odicals. A cooperative scheme for pre- them in serving their clientele. paring Russian translations has been instituted by the Department and trans- lations of articles listed will be made if References two or more requests are received for 1 American Foundrymen's Association. Gray the same article with those making the Iron Division. Alloy Cast Irons Committee. requests sharing the costs. The Trans- Alloy Cast Irons. 2nd ed. Chicago, Ill.: lated Contenfs Lists with further details American Foundrymen's Association, 1955. is available on subscription from Her 3 HANINK,D. W. and others. Development of Majesty's Stationery Office, P. 0. Box a new gas turbine super alloy GMR-235. (SAE preprint no. 453.) Presented at an- 569, London, S.E. 1, England. nual meeting, Society of Automotive En- The foremost translator of metallurg- gineers, Detroit, Michigan, January 10-14, 1955. ical articles whose work is well known to all members of the Metals Division is Henry Brutcher, Technical Transla- As long as the supply lasts, copies of this tions, P. 0. Box 157, Altadena, Cali- paper, with additional bibliography not re- printed here, may be obtained from Special fornia. In the past thirty years, Mr. Libraries Association, 31 East Tenth Street, Brutcher has made slightly over 3,500 New York 3, N. Y.
OCTOBER 1955 HANDLING VISUAL AID MATERIAL*
BEVERLYHICKOK Librarian, Institute of Transportation and Traffic Engineering, University of California, Richmond, California
LARGE PERCENTAGE of special libra- obtain all possible information from A rians are in industry and a rela- him in regard to them, such as the sub- tively small percentage of them are ject, if they were prepared for a par- called upon to handle teaching aids. ticular paper, and, if so, what the title However it does seem highly probable is, and the date and occasion of the that almost all have men on their staffs meeting. We have separate card cata- who are called upon for papers at con- logs for each different category of visual ventions, speeches before local groups, aids, usually with three or more cards or for articles for magazines. Our men typed for each item, or preferably, each at the Institute never consider present- group of items. ing a paper without a set of some sort Complete information as known is of visual aids, or submitting an article given on the shelf-list card. The num- without illustrations of some kind. Al- ber or numbers assigned are typed in though large organizations would un- the usual left-hand corner of the card, doubtedly have a separate department and if we have different forms of the to handle visual aids, many smaller or- same visual aid, we make cross-refer- ganizations assign such a job to the ences under the number, such as Nega- library. tive 2359, see also Print 1934 and In our library, we are responsible for Visual Cast 248. If a title is given for six types of visual aids: slides, photo- an individual slide or group of slides, graphs (consisting of both negatives it is typed on the top line. If not, a de- and prints), Visual Casts, films, display scriptive title is made up. After the pictures, and maps. We catalog all of words "Prepared for", the name of the these except the display pictures, and, man responsible is given. After the in addition, we assign classification word "For", the reason for the prepara- numbers to the maps. tion is given. After the word "Date", the approximate date of preparation is General Cataloging Procedures given. After the word "Source", the ex- In general, we follow the same rules act or approximate source is given. for cataloging the different varieties of Tracings are listed for subject heading visual aids. An accession number is as- or headings and also for the name of signed each item, and catalog cards are the man responsible for the prepara- typed for each related group of items, tion. We have found that this last card or, if necessary, for each individual is extremely useful not only because item. the man himself is very apt to want For example, if a professor brings in the slides again, but because the other a box of new slides we first attempt to men tend to think of them as the slides prepared for Professor Smith for the *Based on a paper presented before the Highway Research Board meeting in Transportation Division at the 46th annual meeting of the Special Libraries Association, 1953. Naturally, the subject heading Detroit, Michigan, June 13, 1955. cards and the added entry card for the
SPECIAL LIBRARIES man are brief two-line cards. ested, and then proceeds to make his Nothing is noted on the visual aid selection of slides. Each 2 x 2 frame itself but the number assigned to it. holds 120 slides and each 31/4 x 4 frame Negatives, prints and Visual Casts are holds forty slides, so that each slide is kept in 9 x 12 envelopes, which have given a frame number plus a slide num- been slit up one side. They are filed in ber. Our cabinet has about forty-five vertical file drawers separated by type. frames in it, although only about a Nothing is noted on the envelopes but third of them are filled at the present the number, which is written in ink in time. The lighting arrangement takes the top right-hand corner. When a visual up the space of about seven frames, but aid is checked out, the numbered en- we think it is well worth it. velope remains in the file, and, if neces- sary, a spare envelope is given to the person for carrying purposes. Visual Casts do not seem to be gen- erally popular as yet, but our men find Instructions for the Different Categories them very useful. They are 5 x 7 trans- parencies in 835 x 9 paper mounts which are used with a special Visual Each negative is marked with white Cast machine. As of our last report, we ink in one corner and each print in have 494 of them in the library. In my black ink on the back, and they are opinion, there are four advantages to filed in envelopes in separate vertical Visual Casts over regular slides. The file drawers. In the beginning, if prints speaker can face the audience and have had been made of a negative they were the slide projected on the screen in kept with the negative in the same en- back of him; he can use a grease pencil velope. However, we finally decided it to mark the transparency and have the was better to keep the two forms sep- marks show up on the screen behind arately, as the men didn't seem to he him; they are not breakable; and they interested in both at the same time, and are light weight and easily carried. it was easier to keep an accurate count of them. As of our last monthly report to the Director of our Institute, we have 1368 negatives and 521 prints. We have only 41 films so far, and they are kept in cans, with the acces- sion number conspicuously marked with both grease pencil and mystik We have two sizes of slides, and as tape. We keep them arranged by num- of our last report we have 647 of the ber in a legal size vertical file, but nat- 2 x 2, and 296 of the 31/4 x 4. The 3Y4 urally they are of assorted sizes which x 4 are marked with small labels in the makes for awkward handling. top right corner, and the 2 x 2 are marked in ink in the opening on the top of the slide mount. We have a special cabinet to house We have made no attempt to catalog both sizes of slides. It comes equipped pictures. We started saving pictures with a diffusing screen, but we also had from calendars and colored ads from an illuminating arrangement made in magazines if they had anything what- the shop which consists of a panel with soever to do with any form of trans- three fluorescent lights. The person portation. We then pasted them on using the cabinet pulls out the panel colored mounting paper and displayed and plugs it in, pulls out the diffusing them on the walls of our library. Our screen, the frame in which he is inter- Director was so pleased with the re-
OCTOBER 1955 359 sults that he decided it would be a have used 10 for United States and 15 splendid idea if we prepared pictures for California, with a breakdown under to decorate the hall which extends the California of .2 for sections, .4 for coun- entire length of our headquarters build- ties, and .6 for cities. We have used let- ing. Theoretically, the plan is that the ters as designations for subjects, as P pictures will be changed periodically; for Population and TR for Transporta- however, in practice, we don't seem to tion. Transportation, of course, is fur- find too much free time for our art ther broken down by numbers for the work. various forms, as TR~for Highway and Fortunately, we have a map case, and TR~for Railroad. This of course is fol- we have one drawer reserved for mount- lowed by the Cutter number and date. ing supplies and one for our pictures. Examples would be 15.2, TR6C65, We keep the pictures in brown wrapping 1948, which is the number for a set of paper pasted together to form large en- highway district maps issued by the velopes, and arranged by broad subject California Division of Highways, and headings such as railroads, airplanes, 10, TR4U355, 1951, which is the num- and Christmas. ber for a map of the U. S. air transpor- tation system issued by the U. S. Civil MAPS Aeronautics Board. Unfortunately we inherited such a large group of maps at one time that Conclusion we have never been able to find time The growth in the use of visual aids to catalog the largest percentage of our in our own library over the seven years map collection. Most of it we have of its existence has been very marked. merely divided geographically and filed Apparently this is a common trend in drawers in our map case. At the today, and special librarians will un- present time, we have only 75 maps doubtedly be called upon by their staff cataloged and probably several hun- members more and more in the future dred uncataloged. to handle a variety of them. The information on the shelf-list card We may all complain about the spe- includes such information as author or cial problems involved, but it seems to issuing agency, title, date, scale and me that many of us will be unable to number of sheets. We have devised a avoid them. We might as well start now simple classification scheme. The prima- to examine the best techniques for ry arrangement is geographic, and we handling them.
SLA Scholarships The Scholarship and Student Loan Fund Committee of Special Libraries Asso- ciation announces two $500.00 scholarships to be granted for the academic year 1956-1957 for graduate study in librarianship, leading to a degree at an accredited library school. Applicants must be college graduates of high academic achievement who need financial assistance in obtaining the professional education necessary for work in the special library field. Application blanks and details of eligibility for the scholarship awards may be obtained from the Executive Secretary, Special Libraries Association, 31 East Tenth Street, New York 3, N. Y. Applications must be received by the Scholarship and Student Loan Fund Committee of the Association by March 1, 1956. The awards will be announced at the annual convention of the Association in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 1956.
360 SPECIAL LIBRARIES Films on Salesmanship and Industrial Relations
FORRESTALTER* Librarian, Film Council of America, Evanston, Illinois
HE FILMCOUNCIL OF AMERICAis No. 3. FiIm Guide for Economic Educa- a nonprofit organization for the tion. Edited by B. V. Fuerst. 1950. T $1.50. encouragement of the production, dis- No. 4. Film Guide for Zmproving Office tribution, and use of films, especially in Practices. Edited by B. V. Fuerst. the field of adult education. Requests 1950. $1.50. for information reach the FCA Library No. 5. Film Guide on Production and from industry, schools, churches, and Management Methods. Edited by S. J. Pollack. 1951. $1.50. individuals whose affiliations and inter- No. 6. Film Guide for Department and ests are not explained. Specialty Stores. Edited by 13. Many of the requests are for films on McKee, A. Saum, and A. Hanjog- specific topics: chinchilla raising, finger- IOU. 1952. $2.00. No. 17. FiIm Guide on Industrial Rela- printing, marching bands, Rodin, adop- tions. Edited by G. Mihaly. 1952. tion, leathercraft, Indonesia. Others are $3.00. more general and for fields in which These are brought up to date in the there are dozens of films. Two of the Educational Film Guide published by general requests frequently received The H. W. Wilson Company. The elev- from industrial concerns are for films enth edition of the Guide lists over on salesmanship and on industrial re- 11,000 films, and supplements are is- lations. Since many special librarians sued semiannually. A subscription to undoubtedly are asked to locate films the Guide is $12.50, and this includes on these two topics, we are presenting the basic guide, published in 1953, here a bibliography of filmographies semiannual and annual supplements in which cover the two fields. 1954, 1955, and 1956, and a semiannual FILM RESEARCHASSOCIATES, 304 supplement in 1957. Pinebrook Boulevard, New Rochelle, THE NATIONALMETAL TRADESAS- New York, have published the follow- SOCIATION, 122 South Michigan Ave- ing Staff Service Bulletins: nue, Chicago 3, Illinois, publishes an No. 11. Guide to Motion Pictures, Slide- Industrial Film Bibliography which is films and Recordings for Zmprov- ing Salesmanship. Edited by C. now in its third edition (1952) and for Armor. 1950. (Out of print.) which the latest supplement is that of No. 12. Guide to Motion Pictures, Slide- August 1954. The basic work sells for films and Recordings for Zmprov- $2.00; the supplement, for $1.00. This ing Human Relations and Super- visory Techniques. Edited by C. is quite a large list and useful to others Armor. 1950. (Out of print.) than firms in the metal trades field. There is a wide range of subjects cover- * Mr. Alter is on leave of absence from ed in this bibliography, including Eco- FCA having accepted a one-year assignment nomics and Business, Handicapped Per- as liaison representative of the Adult Educa- tion Association to the National Institute of sonnel, Health and Safety, Industrial Adult Education (England and Wales). Engineering, I nd us t r i a 1 Management,
OCTOBER 1955 Machine Shop, Office Practice, Person- Management, Unions, and Educators. nel Management, Supervision, and The bulletin is free to Mew York State Welding. residents and 25 cents to others. Another publication which is useful BUSINESSSCREEN MAGAZINES, INC., is See . . . Hear . . . Mr. Businessman 7064 N. Sheridan Road, Chicago, Illi- . . ., the 1954-1955 catalog of the AUDIO- nois, brings out from time to time The VISUALEXTENSION SERVICE, EVENING Index of Training Films. The revised AND EXTENSIONDIVISION, BERNARD M. third edition includkg a 1954 Supp!e- BARUCHSCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND ment sells for $2.00. PUBLICADMINISTRATION, The City Co!- An Annotated Bibliography of Audio- lege, 17 Lexington Avenue, New York Visual Aids for Management Develop- 10, New York. There is no charge for ment Programs, second edition, was this catalog which lists films and film- compiled by Charles Hebert for the strips on such topics as Business Man- Fourth Utility Management Workshop agement, Human Relations, Industrial and the Sixth Industrial Research Con- Management, In d u s t r i a 1 Production ference held by the Department of In- Techniques, Office Management, Per- dustrial and Management Engineering, sonnel Management, Retailing, Sales- Columbia University, in May and June manship, and Time and Motion Study. 1955. This list, published by RESEARCH Dun's Review and Modern Industry, SERVICE,353 West 57th Street, New 99 Church Street, New York 8, New York 19, New York, sells for $2.50. York, which has a section on Films NATIONALSALES EXECUTIVES,The for Management has issued free film Shelton, New York 17, New York, has lists on Human Relations, Salesman- for sale at $3.00 A Guide to Films and ship, Employee Training, Manufactur- Their Uses by Sales Executives, copy- ing Techniques, Work Simplification right 1951. This booklet has material and Motion Study, Management Meth- on producing sales films, on using films ods, and Economics Education along in sales training programs, lists films with a list of Addresses of Film Sources and filmstrips on sales subjects, and has for the titles listed. These lists are not a bibliography of books and pamphlets annotated, but films reviewed in recent prepared for the person who is only issues of the magazine are starred and partially familiar with the audio-visual other filmographies and catalogs in the field. same field are listed.
BUSINESSEDUCATION FILMS, Film Center Building, 630 Ninth Avenue, New York 36, New York, have "more CHART ON DESK-TOP COPIERS than 160 titles of rental motion pic- A chart on "Desk-top" Copiers, list- tures for Commercial Education teach- ing cost of the various machines, ad- ers and training directors" listed in their dress of manufacturers, cost and shelf 1954-1955 catalog. life of paper, type of material copied, maximum size of paper, and other per- Bulletin 22, August 1952, of the tinent information, has been prepared NEW YORK STATE SCHOOLOF INDUS- by Jo Ann Aufdenkamp, librarian of TRIAL AND LABORRELATIONS, Cornell the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. University, Ithaca, New York, is A Guide to Audio-visual Materials in In- Anyone wishing a copy of this chart dustrial and Labor Relafions by J. J. should write to Miss Aufdenkamp at Jehring. The subtitle is A List of Films, the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Filmstrips, and Recordings Used by Box 834, Chicago 90, Illinois.
SPECIAL LIBRARIES Have you heard . . .
Emergency Measures for Flood Damage typing man-hours, which is a commod- The Library Binding Institute has ity in short supply . . . in most libraries. prepared a brochure with instructions It was believed at AFML that the ap- to librarians on emergency measures to plication of the Bibliofax Camera . . . salvage and preserve books and peri- would entirely eliminate the typing odicals damaged by the flood. Copies from the claiming process. Accordingly, may be obtained gratis by writing Li- preparation for conversion to photogra- bray Binding Institute, 10 State Street, phy was begun almost a year ago by Boston 9, Massachusetts. In a similar redesigning the serial record cards. emergency in 1937, it was possible to "A comparison of the new and old save or restore almost ninety per cent systems might be helpful. Under the old of the books and periodicals, despite system of following up a missing issue, their immersion in water and mud, it was necessary to type, on one side of when proper procedures were adopted. a form postal card, the title and issues desired; on the other side of the card the complete address of the journal was Discontinues Wholesale Import Division typed. Under the photographic system The British Book Centre, Inc., of the serial checker writes the number of New York is discontinuing its Whole- the missing issue on a small slip. A sale Import Division. Only titles which photograph is taken of this slip super- are available from stock will be sup- imposed upon the title and address sec- plied in the future; unfilled orders for tion of the entry card with a mask imported titles will be returned to cus- bearing a standard message to the deal- tomers as soon as possible. The British er. The resulting photoprint is a claim Book Centre will continue to operate notice ready to be slipped into a win- its Retail and Library Divisions. dow envelope and mailed."
Claiming Serials by Camera Sale of Periodicals Department The following account is reprinted The Periodicals Department of The from the July 1955 issue of the Armed H. W. Wilson Company has been sold Forces Medical Library News: to the Back Issues Corporation, an "An efficient system for checking on affiliate of Kraus Periodicals, Inc. missing serial issues is an indispensable The combined stock of the two com- tool in the operation of the acquisition panies makes this one of the largest program of any large research library. sources for single issue acquisitions in In general, two steps are necessary: the world. The Back Issues Corpora- (1) Skipped issues must be claimed as tion, 16 East 46th Street, New York soon as later issues are received, and 17, N. Y., will operate as an independ- (2) All entries in the receipt record of ent organization specializing in back current journals must be examined reg- issues of magazines. ularly for gaps. If reminders are not sent promptly, important journal issues Far East Reference List may go out of print, with serious losses The School of Oriental and African to the indexing and reference services Studies (London) has prepared a cum- of the librarv. ulation of the first twelve issues of their "Conventional procedures for this type monthly list of periodical articles on of follow-up require a large number of the Far East and Southeast Asia. The
OCTOBER 1955 articles, all in western languages, are plus extensive files of clippings, photo- drawn from a wide range of periodicals. graphs, and articles devoted to sub- Scientific and technical subjects are ex- marine history. There are also models cluded, but items on the history of of famous submarines, paintings and science have been included. The area drawings of submersibles, and other covered comprises the whole of Asia, memorabilia representing nearly two (except for India, Pakistan, Ceylon and centuries of submarine development. areas to the west of these), the islands For engineers, students, librarians, or of the Pacific, Australia and New Zea- naval representatives, the Submarine land. Library offers facts and figures on some Requests for a copy of the cumula- 500 submarines which have been in the tion, accompanied by 70 cents (Ss.), service of this country. The library may be sent to The Librarian, School specializes in issuing authentic sub- of Oriental & African Studies, Uni- marine lists, production figures, histor- versity of London, W.C. 1, England. ical facts on early craft, and lists of bibliographic material. James Thomson Shotwell Library The Submarine Library is a unit of The library of the Carnegie Endow- the Electric Boat Division of General ment for International Peace has been Dynamics Corporation. SLA member named the James Thomson Shotwell Donald Shepard is librarian of the new Library in honor of Dr. James T. Shot- and growing collection which was form- well, historian, educator, author and ally opened with appropriate dedication President Emeritus of the organization. ceremonies on April 11, 1955. The library, specializing in basic books and bibliographical guides in the field of international relations, is located in Library of the HSPA Experiment Station the Carnegie Endowment International The library of the Hawaiian Sugar Center, United Nations Plaza at 46th Planters' Association Experiment Sta- Street, New York City. Lee Ash is li- tion in Honolulu is an essential arm of brarian and Grant Dean, cataloguer. science serving the work of the HSPA Station. Founded in 1907, the library's The Submarine Library collection has grown to about 33,000 The collection of The Submarine Li- volumes exclusive of thousands of un- brary in Groton, Connecticut, is devot- bound pamphlets and the Project File. ed to the history of the submarine from A unique and vitally important part of its beginnings to today's atomic age. the library and the Station, the Project Volumes in the library range from a File is comprised of some 2,500 indi- semi-historical account of a diving bell vidual files containing a wealth of data built for Alexander the Great through on Hawaiian plantations and Station a compilation of the published mate- experiments plus general information rial on the construction of the U.S.S. on sugar. Station scientists and techni- Nautilus. Information is not limited to cians as well as researchers from many American submarines exclusively; other organizations use the library con- through contacts in the major ship- stantly. building nations of the world, the staff Mabel Fraser, who retired this year has acquired considerable information as librarian, is credited with the build- about submarine development in other ing of one of the world's largest private countries. The growing collection of libraries devoted to tropical agriculture. literature in the library consists of SLA member Charlotta M. Hoskins some 1,200 books and pamphlets, cur- succeeded Miss Fraser as librarian of rent magazines and bound volumes, the HSPA Experiment Station.
364 SPECIAL LIBRARIES NOTES ON SLA MEMBERS SLA AUTHORS IN PRINT SLA member Rice Estes has been BOHNERT,LEA M.: TWOmethods of organ- named librarian and associate professor izing technical information for search. Ameri- can Documentation, vol. 6, no. 3, July 1955, of library science at Pratt Institute, p, 134-151. Brooklyn, New York. Mr. Estes, who *** comes to Pratt from George Washing- CHAIT, FRIEDAW.: Index to the building ton University, where he has been chief laws of the City of New York. 1955. 103p. assistant librarian since 1953, will also Available from Record Press, 214 William Street, New York, N. Y., at $2.00. be acting dean of the Pratt Institute * * * Library School. CLAPP, VERNER W.: Type is tanglefoot. Mr. Estes has been active in the Library Journal, vol. 80, no. 15, September 1, American Library Association, New 1955, p. 1747-1753. York Library Club, District of Colum- * * * CUNNINGHAM,EILEEN R. (with the col- bia Library Association, Special Libra- laboration of Eleanor G. Steinke): Classifica- ries Association, for which he served on tion for medical literature. 4th ed. rev. 1955. a number of committees, and the Con- 184p. Available from Vanderbilt University necticut Librarv Association. of which Press, Nashville 5, Tenn., at $2.75. he is a former secretary. He has pub- *** DITZLER,FERN: Micro Switch, Division of lished many articles in various profes- Minneapolis - Honeywell Regulator Company. sional journals. Illinois Libraries, vol. 37, no. 6, June 1955, p. *** 179-181. Alma C. Mitchill, acting editor of *** SPECIAL LIBRARIES,was named Out- GRIFFITH,VERNA H.: The Librarian is a standing Woman of Essex County (New member of the faculty. Nursing Outlook, vol. 3, no. 7, July 1955, p. 369-371. Jersey) for 1955-56 by the Executive * * * Council of the Women's Service Clubs SHENITZ,HELEN A,: The Vestiges of Old of Essex County. The Newark Evening Russia in Alaska. Russian Review, vol. 14, News of September 13, 1955, carried no. 1, January 1955, p. 55-59. an announcement of the honor in an *** SOUTHERN,WALTER A. : European chemical article accompanied by a photograph documentation services. The Library Quar- of Miss Mitchill. terly, vol. 25, no. 3, July 1955, p. 235-242. A charter member of SLA's New Jer- sey Chapter and its first president, Miss Mitchill is also a former president of OBITUARY the Association. Until May of 1955 she BARBARAHEATH, military intelli- was librarian of the Public Service gence research specialist in geography Electric & Gas Company in Newark. *** at the Army Map Service library in Dr. Simone Schwind, president of Washington, D. C., died on August 31, SLA's Oak Ridge Chapter, attended the 1955. International Conference on the Peace- A native of Hartford, Connecticut, ful Uses of Atomic Energy in Geneva, Miss Heath received a bachelor of sci- Switzerland, August 8-20, 1955, as a ence degree at Colby College, Water- member of the U. S. Secretariat Staff. ville, Me. Later she did postgraduate Also participating in the activities work there and taught in New England around the Geneva Conference were before coming to Washington. SLA members Donald B. Davis, Mrs. Miss Heath was a member of SLA's Charlotte Chestnut, and Alden G. Washington, D. C. Chapter, and until Greene. They prepared a card catalog recently she was chairman of the chap- of the unclassified Atomic Energy Com- ter's geography and map group. She mission's reports which was shipped to was also a member of the Association Geneva drawer by drawer. of American Geographers.
OCTOBER 1955 365 NEW SERIAL PUBLICATIONS BOOK REVIEWS JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS BOOKS,LIBRARIES, LIBRARIANS. Contributions Publication of Volume I, Number 1, to Library Literature. Selected by John of a new periodical, Journal of Elec- David Marshall, Wayne Shirley, and Louis Shores. Hamden, Conn.: The Shoe String tronics, has been announced by Aca- Press, 1955. 432p. $6. demic Press Inc., distributors of the The idea of an anthology of readings in Journal in the United States and Can- librarianship first occurred to John David ada. The Journal will serve as a forum Marshall during his second year of graduate study. The result is this delightful volume. for electron physicists, solid state physi- These essays have been reprinted from many cists, chemists, and engineers, and will and varied sources and are excellent examples contain accounts of both theoretical of our professional writings. They are not only and experimental work. informative and instructive, but above all, in- Dr. J. Thomson of the Royal Naval teresting reading. The articles should be an inspiration not only to those who have already Scientific Service will act as editor. entered the charmed circle of librarianship but Volume I, consisting of about six hun- also to those contemplating doing so. dred pages, which will be released in The book is divided into four sections: six parts, is priced at $15.40; single Books and Reading; Librer:es; Librarians and issues are available at $2.80. Orders Librarianship; and Notable Statements of the Librarian's Profession. Among the authors are originating in the United States and Sir Winston Churchill, Mary W. Plummer, Canada should be addressed to Aca- Louis Shores, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Dorothy demic Press Inc., 125 East 23rd Street, Canfield Fisher, Ralph A. Ulveling, Ruth New York 10, N. Y. Savord, Arthur E. Bostwick, Archibald Mac- Leish, Wayne Shirley, Robert B. Downs, Leon Reports of original research by scien- Carnovsky and David H. Clift. The book ends tists from the United States, Great with a "Code of Ethics for Librarians." Britain, Germany, Holland, and Switz- For those who wish to have an insight into erland are scheduled for inclusion in the many phases of the library profession, this Volume I, Number 2. book is highly recommended. ALMA C. MITCHILL UNITED STATESGAZETTEERS The Office of Geography, U. S. De- INFORMATIONPROCESSING EQUIPMENT. Edited partment of the Interior, has issued a by Milburn P. Doss. New York: Reinhold, new series of United States gazetteers 1955. 270p. $7.50. with officially approved place names. The material in this book was first pre- Number 1 of this series, which will sented in 1953 at a symposium entitled cover the world, is on British East "Equipment for the Preparation, Reproduc- tion and Utilization of Technical Information" Africa. It lists places and geographic sponsored by the Division of Chemical Litera- features by approved name with cross ture of the American Chemical Society. Its references from variant names. The contents are intended to assist the reader in publication designates for each name deciding on the type of equipment most near- ly meeting his requirements. Each chaptar the entity to which it applies (such as has a bibliography and the entire book is in- a populated place or a mountain), the dexed. Special librarians interested in appli- latitude and longitude, the area or ad- cations of photographic methods will find ministrative division in which the fea- pertinent material throughout the volume, but ture is located, and some of the maps, particularly in chapters two, four and five, entitled: Lenseless Copying with Sensitized charts or books used as source mate- Papers; Microcopying, Methods and Uses; rials. Gazetteer Number 1 may be or- and Xerography; Dry Photographic Copying. dered from the Superintendent of Docu- Other chapters deal with offset printing, ments, Washington 25, D. C. at $2.75. preparation of slides, audio-methods, punched a copy. cards and numerical data-handling machines. The book has a high reference value being Gazetteer Number 2 is on Madagas- well supplied with detailed data, glossaries, car, RCunion, and Comoro Islands. The addresses of manufacturers and other facts. price is $2.50 a copy. ROBERTS. BRAY
SPECIAL LIBRARIES Off the Press . . . Information furnished the editorial office on new publications is not always complete. Omission of a price does not necessarily indicate that the publication is free.
Bibliographies THE GUARANTEEDANNUAL WAGE AND BUSI- NESS STABILIZATION.A Bibliography. Se- ARAB LEAGUE BIBLIOGRAPHY.By B. J. lected by Henry C. Thole and Charles C. Boutros-Ghali. New York: Carnegie Endow- Gibbons. Kalamazoo, Michigan: The W. E. ment for International Peace (James T. Upjohn Institute for Community Research, Shotwell Library) August 1955. Mimeo- 1955. 13p. Gratis. graphed. 4p. Gratis. INCENTIVEWAGE SYSTEMS.A Selected Anno- BASIC READINGLIST FOR FIRE, CASUALTY, tated Bibliography. (Bibliographical Series MARINE INSURANCE,AND BONDING.New No. 83.) Princeton, N. J.: Princeton Uni- York: Insurance Society of New York (107 versity (Industrial Relations Section) 1955. William Street) July 1955. Mimeographed. 24p. 50 cents. lop. Gratis. A basic and annotated bibliography in the INFRARED:A LIBRARYOF CONGRESSBIBLI- fields of non-life insurance. OGRAPHY. Compiled by Clement R. Brown and others. Washington, D. C.: Department BIBLIOGRAPHYOF HERALDRY,INSIGNIA, CRESTS, of Commerce (Office of Technical Services) MEDALS.Special Bibliography No. 2. Pre- 1955. $3. pared by Olen C. Je5ries. Fort Sill, Okla- Includes references to literature published homa: The Artillery & Guided Missile from 1935-1951 on infrared radiation and its School Library, 1955. 22p. Mimeographed. applications in science, technology, and in- Gratis. dustry. A bibliography of materials in The Artillery & Guided Missile School Library. ISLANDBIBLIOGRAPHIES. Publication 335. By Marie-HBI6ne Sachet and F. Raymond Fos- A BIBLIOGRAPHYON SOUTH AMERICANECO- berg. Washington, D. C.: National Acad- NOMIC AFFAIRS. Articles in Nineteenth- emy of Sciences - National Research Coun- Century Periodicals. By Tom B. Jones and cil, 1955. 577p. $6. others. Minneapolis: University of Minne- Includes bibliographies on Micronesian Bot- sota Press, 1955. 146p. Paper, $5.50. any, Land Ecology of Coral Atolls, and the Almost 10,000 entries and cross-references Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands. grouped under eleven South American na- Annotated and extensively cross-indexed by tions with nine subheadings under each. In subject and geographically. addition to Spanish, Portuguese and English, the bibliography includes articles in French, LEASINGOF INDUSTRIALEQUIPMENT. Refer- German, Italian, Swedish, Danish and Dutch. ence List No. 16. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Over 225 periodicals are indexed. University (Baker Library, Graduate School of Business Administration) May 1955. ELECTRONICSIN BUSINESS: A DESCRIPTIVE Mimeographed. 4p. Gratis. REFERENCEGUIDE. Edited by Herbert I>. A selected list of recent references on leasing Klingman. New York: Controllership Foun- of machinery and transportation equipment. dation (2 Park Avenue) 1955. 176p. $2. A descriptive reference guide to sources of LIST OF SWEDISH TECHNICALPERIODICALS. information on electronics in business. Brings Compiled by Dr. Carl Bjorkbom. Stock- up to date the 1954 study, Business Applica- holm: The Swedish Institute, 1955. Mimeo- fions of Electronic Machines, and includes the graphed. 15p. items which appeared therein. Classified under broad subject headings, the EXECUTIVECOMPENSATIDN. (Selected Refer- listing includes the subscription (in Swedish ences No. 65.) Princeton, N. J.: Princeton crowns), place of publication, and frequency University (Industrial Relations Section) of issues. Swedish text. September 1955. 4p. 20 cents. MAGAZINESFOR THE BUSINESS EXECUTIVE. A GUARANTEEDANNUAL WAGE. (Bulletin of Reference List No. 3, Revised. Boston, the Business Information Bureau, Vol. 26, Mass. : Harvard University (Baker Library) No. 2.) Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Public May 1955. Mimeographed. 7p. Gratis. Library, Mar.-Aug. 1955. 4p. 25 cents. A list of some 100 American magazines repre- An annotated list of references, largely of senting the principal fields of business activ- recent date. ity. Preference has been given to those which
OCTOBER 1955 are indexed in Industrial Arts Index and Pub- lic Affairs Information Service. CALENDAR MANAGEMENTPLANNING AND CONTROL.An Annotated Bibliography. Prepared by the OCTOBER 17-21 Controllership. Foundation. Edited by Her- National Metals Congress. Philadel- bert F. Klingman. New York: Controller- phia. ship Foundation (1 East 42nd St.) 1955. OCTOBER 19-21 176p. Paper, $6.50. SLA Metals Division. Philadelphia. Material on management planning and con- Sylvania Hotel. Fall Meeting. trol published up to January 1, 1955, in the OCTOBER 20 U. S., Great Britain, France, Canada, Aus- SLA Philadelphia Council and SLA tralia and New Zealand. Organized by seven Metals Division. Philadelphia. Joint Dinner Meeting. topical classifications. NOVEMBER 2-4 NARCOTIC ADDICTION.A List of References. American Documentation Institute. Washington, D. C.: Armed Forces Medical Philadelphia. Shenvood Hotel. Annual Library, 1955. Gratis. Meeting. Exhibition of Documenta- tion Devices. NOVEMBER 3-5 Dictionaries SLA Executive Board and Advisory Council. New York City. Statler CONCISE ENGLISH-CHINESEDICTIONARY. By Hotel. Fall Meeting. Shau Wing Chan. 2nd ed. Stanford, Calif.: NOVEMBER 14-18 Stanford University Press, 1955. 433p. American Public Health Association. $6.50. Kansas City, Missouri. Municipal Includes the material in the 1946 edition plus Auditorium. 83rd Annual Meeting. an Addendum which provides about 500 addi- NOVEMSER 22-25 tional English key-word entries. First International Congress on Docu- mentation of Applied Chemistry. DICTIONARIES- BRITISH AND AMERICAN.By London. Lecture Theatre of the Insti- James Root Hulbert. New York: Philo- tut Francais du Royaume Uni, Queensberry Place, South Kensington. sophical Library, 1955. 108p. $2.50. Development of the English dictionary from NOVEMBER 26 Eastern College Librarians. New York Anglo-Saxon times to the present. One section City. McMillin Academic Theater. deals with the tasks of an editor of a modern Columbia University. 41st Annual dictionary. Meeting. NOVEMBER 30 DICTIONARIESOF FOREIGN LANGUAGES.A SLA Pittsburgh Chapter. Hagan Cor- Bibliographical Guide to the General and poration. Lecture and Demonstration Technical Dictionaries of the Chief Foreign - "Book Repair and Bindings." Languages, with Historical and Explanatory DECEMBER 28-29 Notes and References. By Robert L. Colli- American Association for the Ad- son. New York: Hafner, 1955. 210p. $4. vancement of Science. Atlanta, Geor- A bibliography of over 1,400 general and gia. 1955 Winter Meeting. Confer- specialized dictionaries, covering 255 lan- ence on Scientific Editorial Problems. guages and dialects with details of publica- tion, historical data and explanatory notes.
DICTIONARYOF LEGAL TERMS- SPANISH- ENGLISHAND ENGLISH-SPANISH.By Louis FOR A. Robb. New York: Wiley, 1955. 228p. $8. Special Library Service THE MODERN TEXTILE DICTIONARY. By SUBSCRIPTIONS! George E. Linton. New York: Duell, Sloan (over 20 Thousand Titles) and Pearce - Little, Brown, 1955. 772p. BACK NUMBERS! $12.50. (over 3 Million in Stock) Totalling 12,000 terms, the dictionary covers PUBLICATIONS! all phases of textile production and manufac- (over 100 Reference Books) ture. It includes terms both old and new, TRY domestic and foreign, technical terms and F. W. FAXON CO., INC. phrases of established importance. Illustratad 83-91 Francis Street Boston 15, Mass. with pictures, diagrams and flow charts, weave Continuous Library Service Since 1886 constructions, etc.
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ASSISTANT LIBRARIAN, medical, library BOOK PRINTER degree, to head catalog division of State Uni- versity of N. Y., College of Medicine at N. Y. C. Salary $4,130; annual increment $214; 12 days sick leave; retirement plan; one month's vacation. Contact Marjorie Hender- son, Librarian, 335 Henry St., Brooklyn 1, N. Y. Unique V-shape design MEDICAL LIBRARY position, or one in a has solved the problem of photocopying from related field, wanted by woman with BLS de- bound books, clear to the binding! Without gree and varied reference experience. Wou!d slightest harm to book or binding, you've got like opportunity to work for certification as instont facsimiles of any book page, from medical librarian. East or South location, or margin-to-margin . . . or, snapped into a level Pittsburgh area preferred. Box number A32. position. . . of any letters, moouscripts, etc.
REFERENCE LIBRARIAN (non-adm.) Ask your nearest Cormac dealer to show you Technology Dept. one of world's finest, most how easily ~yacan copy bound books active science libraries. Month vacation, sick with the Book Printer and a Cormac leave, Blue Cross & Shield, free life insurance, processing unit. Without obligation, of course! retirement. 40-hr., 5-day week. L.S. degree, Or, write to Cormac for further details. science training or background required; refer- ence experience desirable. Salary range $3960- INDUSTRIES, INC. 5280; initial salary depending on experience. 80 Fifth Avenue, N. Y. 11, N. Y. 01.5-9310 John Crerar Library, 86 E. Randolph St., Chicago 1, Ill.
ASSISTANT LIBRARIAN LIBRARIAN for newly formed Nuclear Library. Can- didates should have a degree in Library Foreign Service Science preferably with undergraduate study in science or engineering to assist in technical library processes, reference For MAJOR U. S. OIL COMPANY service, and in the compilaJion of subject with extensive Middle East opera- bibliographies. This posit~on offers an tion. Candidates must be male with opportunity to contribute toward the de- B.S. degree in one of major fields of velopment of atomic energy for industry. science and M.S. degree in Library Westinghouse Electric Corporation Science; five years' experience re- quired with three years as technical Commercial Atomic Power librarian; knowledge of two for- P. 0. Box 355 eign languages preferred. Pittsburgh 30, Pennsylvania Responsible for directing opera- tion of technical library, determin- ing library policy, procedures and coordinating work of main and branch libraries. I LIBRARIAN Write giving full particulars re- Excellent permanent position as in- garding personal history and work dustrial librarian for woman with experience. Please include telephone number. library degree. Industrial library ex- perience preferred. Desirable work- Recruiting Supervisor, Box 76 ing conditions, benefits, salary. ARABIAN AMERICAN Write full details to OIL COMPANY I Personnel Administration Department 505 PARK AVENUE Armstrong Cork Company NEW YORK 22, NEW YORK Lancaster, Penna.
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This international guide to periodical literature in the social sciences and humanities now has new and different coverage. In accordance with a vote of all subscribers, the following changes were made effective with the June 1955 issue: 0 increased coverage of periodicals in the humanities and social sciences exclusion of purely scientific, psychological, and foreign language periodicals
To bring these changes ahout, 53 periodicals have been added to the inter- national. Among the subjects now indexed are: language, literature, anthropology, archaeology, geography and history; also, economics, sociology, political science, labor, public opinion, philosophy, religion, musicology and theatre arts.
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More than 9,000 titles-in 34 different. languages-lkted and described in the latest FOREIGN AFFAIRS BIBLIOGRAPHY , A SELECTED AND ANNOTATED LIST OF BOOKS ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, 1942- 1952 By HENRY L, ROBERTS Tm indispensable reference book for all libraries-a decade of significant titles covering not only international relations (contemporary history, politics, diplo- macy, economics and finance, international law and world organization), but all related subjects (political philosophy, comparative government. social develop- ment, religion, cultural relations, population and racial problems and modern warfare). YOU'LLfind listed here books on General International Relations-The World Since 1914-The World by Regions, in languages ranging from Afrikaans to Erse, from Ukrainian to Yiddish. Complete bibliographical data on 475 separate classi- fications. A book that will enlarge the scope of your foreign affairs library as no other single volume can. 727 pages. $10.00
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