Cold War, Open Skies, 1955 Geneva Convention
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General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade As Between Itself and the Government of Japan"
RESTRICTED GENERAL AGREEMENT ON L/405 TARIFFS AND TRADE 13 September 1955 Limited Distribution ACCESSION OF JAPAN Action under paragraphs 3 and 4 of the Protocol of Terms of Accession and Invocation of Article XXXV 1. Accossion of Japan to the General Agreement Following the Decision agreeing to the accession of Japan to the General Agree- ment (L/390), taken unanimously by the CONTRACTING PARTIES on 11 August 1955, the Protocol of Terms of Accession of Japan to the General Agreement entered into force and Japan became a contracting party on 10 September 1955. 2. Notifications under paragraph 3 of the Protocol of Terms of Accession Under paragraph 3 of the Protocol of Terms of Accession of Japan, the schedule of a contracting party contained in Annex A to the Protocol, will, after notifi- cation by that contracting party of its intention to apply the concessions con- tained in that schedule, enter into effect "either on the date on which the Protocol first enters into force pursuant to paragraph 10 or on the thirtieth day following the day upon which such notification is received by the Executive Secretary, whichever is the later". Notifications under paragraph 3 have been received from the following: Notification Schedule received on effective on Canada - Schedule V 25 June 1955 10 September 1955 Denmark - Schedule XXII 12 July 1955 10 September 1955 Dominican. Republic - Schedule XXIII 9 September 1955 9 October 1955 Italy - Schedule XXVII 5 September 1955 5 October 1955 United States - Schedule XX 9 June 1955 10 September 1955 3. Withholding -
Air America in Laos III – in Combat by Dr
Air America in Laos III – in combat by Dr. Joe F. Leeker First published on 29 May 2006, last updated on 23 March 2018. When, in May 1987, during the unveiling of the Air America Memorial at UTD’s McDermott Library at Richardson, former CIA director William Colby said that Air America aircraft were not combat aircraft, but transport aircraft, that was only true for most of Air America’s flights. But in at least three programs Air America crews flew or were to fly combat aircraft in Laos: B-26s in Projects Mill Pond and Black Watch in 1961 and T-28s as A-Team pilots for the Tango program. Already in July 1955, 2 C-47s chartered from CAT had participated in the first post-ceasefire combat jump flown by C-47s of the ANL (Armée Nationale Laotienne or Lao National Army), when the aircraft dropped the ANL’s airborne battalion, the Seno-based 1er Bataillon de Parachutistes, over the garrison of Moung Peun beleaguered by Pathet Lao forces.1 In August 59, PEO again contracted an Air America C-46 and C-47 for use in the Moung Peun paratroop drop.2 Then there was another absolutely unofficial use of Air America transport aircraft as bombers dropping “Hot soup”. Finally, many Air America aircraft flew combat support missions that brought them very close to the actual fighting: This was true for many missions flown by Air America’s helicopters, that is by the UH-34Ds assigned to the Madriver-contract and later especially for the Bells and S- 58Ts assigned to the AID-439-713 contract. -
Establishing Credibility: the Role of Foreign Advisors in Chile's 1955
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: The Decline of Latin American Economies: Growth, Institutions, and Crises Volume Author/Editor: Sebastian Edwards, Gerardo Esquivel and Graciela Márquez, editors Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBN: 0-226-18500-1 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/edwa04-1 Conference Date: December 2-4, 2004 Publication Date: July 2007 Title: Establishing Credibility: The Role of Foreign Advisors in Chile’s 1955–1958 Stabilization Program Author: Sebastian Edwards URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c10659 8 Establishing Credibility The Role of Foreign Advisors in Chile’s 1955–1958 Stabilization Program Sebastian Edwards 8.1 Introduction The adoption of stabilization programs is usually a painful process, both politically and economically. History is replete with instances where, even in the light of obvious and flagrant macroeconomics disequilibria, the implementation of stabilization programs is significantly delayed. Why do policymakers and/or politicians prefer to live with growing inflationary pressures and implement price and other forms of highly inefficient con- trols instead of tackling the roots of macroeconomic imbalances? Is the prolongation of inflation the consequence of mistaken views on the me- chanics of fiscal deficits and money creation, or is it the unavoidable result of the political game? Why, after months of apparent political stalemate, are stabilization programs all of a sudden adopted that closely resemble others proposed earlier? These questions are at the heart of the political economy of stabilization and inflationary finance.1 In recent years the analysis of these issues has attained new interest, as a number of authors have applied the tools of game theory to the study of macroeconomic pol- icymaking. -
Sdi and Arms Control
McNAIR PAPERS NUMBER FOUR SDI AND ARMS CONTROL By _HQ_WARD _G_._DEWQLE ................... THE INSTITUTE FOR NATIONAL STRATEGIC STUDIES .-. ~L~lL-"u~c'4r, l.~ ,n ,m-J,,t/,wliTtl SDI AND ARMS CONTROL SDI AND ARMS CONTROL By HOWARD (3. DEWOLF ~ RESIDENT REAGAN'S Strategic Defense Initiative, or SDI, and the pursuit of defenses to protect against ballistic missile attack are issues of significant debate. Some praise the proposal, first made in a presidential address to the nation on 23 March 1983, as a grand vision that will abolish nuclear blackmail by adopting a totally defensive posture. Others condemn it as being destabilizing, a Pandora's box of strategic transition that could precipitate armed conflict. To date, the focus primarily has been on questions of technology. Are defenses feasible? Will they work? How effec- tive can they be? In addition, many have addressed the impact of defenses on US-Soviet stability. Will SDI defenses seem threatening? Will they destabilize the strategic equation? Is a shift toward defense necessarily away from offense? Perhaps the real questions to ask concern the strategic direction cur- rently being pursued, how strategic defense will or should interact with strategic offense, and the relationship of strategic defense to arms control. The vision of SDI originally portrayed in March 1983--ultimately eliminating the threat of strategic nuclear missiles--is now a longer-term goal. Now deterrence is, as before, the byword; perfect defenses are recognized as being unattainable, and continued dependence on offensive ballistic missiles is envisioned. These considerations, once accepted, may precipitate further nuclear arms control agreements--with SDI as the catalyst. -
Spanish Research Report - 1255
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION FOR THE NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES Serial No. 361 DocUl!lent No.2 ANNUAL l-lEETING - JUNE 1956 SPANISH RESEARCH REPORT - 1255 Report on the cruise carried out by the Spanish vessel "CIERZO" i~ the waters off Newfoundland, June-July 1955, by D. Olegario Rodriguez,.biologist of the Direcci6n General de Pesca Maritima. INTRODUCTION This report deals with the third scientific cruise carried out by Spain in the waters off Newfotmdland, in accordance with the Research Program elaborated by ICNAF. The area investigated is on the southern part of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland (Subarea 3), between the northen latitudes 440 50' to 440 20' and between the western longitudes 51 0 31' and 500 02' • The cruise took place in June and July 1955. The otter trawler "CIERZO" was used for the investigations. This vessel has a length of 56 m., and the holds carry 1,000 tons of fish. It is equipped with radio telegraphy and radio telephony, goniometer, echo sounder and fish lupe down to 600 m. The trawl used was a Vigneron-Dahl trawl with slight modi fications. The meshes in the trawl were measured during the cruise; a calibrator KLEINSCHAR INDUSTRIES, Model 28, Serial No. 10, with a pressure of ten Ibs. was used. Dimensions of meshes: Cod-end (trawl used and wet) ••••••••.• 113 mm. ) The mouth of the trawl has an openine of 40 metres. 1 The cod (Gadus callarias L.) and the haddock (Melano- grammus aeglefinus (L.) were the object of study. RELATION BETWEEN THE LENGTH OF THE FISH AS FRESH ROUND AND THE DIMENSIONS OF THE BACALADA FRESH AND LANDED The curves in the figure belo'. -
THE WEATHER and CIRCULATION of AUGUST 1955' Including the Climatologicalbackground for Hurricanes Connie and Diane JEROME NAMIAS and CARLOS R
AUGUST1955 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW 163 THE WEATHER AND CIRCULATION OF AUGUST 1955' Including the Climatological Background for Hurricanes Connie and Diane JEROME NAMIAS AND CARLOS R. DUNN Extended Forecast Section, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington. D. C. ABSTRACT The general circulation during August 1955 was characterized by an abnormally contracted circumpolar westerly whirl and an associated northward displacement of the belt of subtropical anticyclones and subtropical easterlies. While this zonal circulation was similar in many respects to thatof the preceding July andled to a pattern of temper- ature anomaly over the United States similar to July's, the rainfall differed tremendously, particularly over the Northeast where flood-producing rains associated with hurricanes Connie and Diane replaced a regime of drought. The differences between July and August are accounted for by westward displacements of the centers of action coupled withmarkedly similar anomalous zonal circulations (i.e., displaced poleward). Theearly onset of the hurricane season is attributed to the premature northward displacement of the subtropical belt of anticyclones. The unprecedented precipitation associated with hurricanes Connie and Diane is believed to be partially related to injection of abnormally moist tropical air from an appreciably warmer than normal sea surface. The 1955 crop of hurricanes contained two early season Climatic fluctuations of shortand long durationin storms, Connie andDiane, which will furnish ample temperature, precipitation, andother -
Revolt and Crisis in Greece
REVOLT AND CRISIS IN GREECE BETWEEN A PRESENT YET TO PASS AND A FUTURE STILL TO COME How does a revolt come about and what does it leave behind? What impact does it have on those who participate in it and those who simply watch it? Is the Greek revolt of December 2008 confined to the shores of the Mediterranean, or are there lessons we can bring to bear on social action around the globe? Revolt and Crisis in Greece: Between a Present Yet to Pass and a Future Still to Come is a collective attempt to grapple with these questions. A collaboration between anarchist publishing collectives Occupied London and AK Press, this timely new volume traces Greece’s long moment of transition from the revolt of 2008 to the economic crisis that followed. In its twenty chapters, authors from around the world—including those on the ground in Greece—analyse how December became possible, exploring its legacies and the position of the social antagonist movement in face of the economic crisis and the arrival of the International Monetary Fund. In the essays collected here, over two dozen writers offer historical analysis of the factors that gave birth to December and the potentialities it has opened up in face of the capitalist crisis. Yet the book also highlights the dilemmas the antagonist movement has been faced with since: the book is an open question and a call to the global antagonist movement, and its allies around the world, to radically rethink and redefine our tactics in a rapidly changing landscape where crises and potentialities are engaged in a fierce battle with an uncertain outcome. -
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The London School of Economics and Political Science the Crafting Of
The London School of Economics and Political Science The Crafting of the Treaty of Peace with Japan, 1945-1951 Seung Mo Kang A thesis submitted to the Department of International History of the London School of Economics and Political Science for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, September 2020 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorization does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 99,908 words. 2 Acknowledgements I really could not have done this project alone and I owe thanks to so many people. I would first like to thank my supervisor Dr. Antony Best for always being willing to talk to me and for his meticulous review of my work. Throughout the course of my studies, he has taught me how to prioritize, summarize, clarify and most importantly to engage and write like an historian and not simply copy-and-paste interesting facts that previous books and articles did not mention. -
US Scientific Satellite Program
NSC 5520 Lay, James. S., Jr. NSC 5520. “U.S. Scientific Satellite Program.” Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum. 20 May 1955. Marshall Institute: National Security Space Project Lay, James. S., Jr. “Memorandum: Implications of the Soviet Earth Satellite for U.S. Security.” Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum. 11 Oct. 1957. NSC 5520 Marshall Institute: National Security Space Project Hagerty, James C., Press Secretary to the President. “Summary of Important Facts in the Development by the United States of an Earth Satellite.” Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum. 9 Oct. 1957. NSC 5520 Marshall Institute: National Security Space Project Lay, James. S., Jr. “Note by the Executive Secretary to the National Security Council on U.S. Scientific Satellite Program.” Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum. 20 May 1955. NSC 5520 National Security Council Planning Board. NSC 5520. “U.S. Scientific Satellite Program Table of Contents.” Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum. 20 May 1955. Marshall Institute: National Security Space Project National Security Council Planning Board. NSC 5520. “Draft Statement of Policy on U.S. Scientific Satellite Program General Considerations.” Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum. 20 May 1955. NSC 5520 Marshall Institute: National Security Space Project NSC 5520 Marshall Institute: National Security Space Project NSC 5520 Marshall Institute: National Security Space Project National Security Council Planning Board. NSC 5520. “Financial Appendix.” Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum. 20 May 1955. NSC 5520 National Security Council Planning Board. NSC 5520. “Annex A- Technical Annex.” Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum. 20 May 1955. -
Azu Etd Mr20100203 Sip1 M.Pdf
The Use of Familial Terms Within Presidential Rhetoric from Truman to Obama Item Type text; Electronic Thesis Authors Guest, Joanna Ruth Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 01/10/2021 15:20:05 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146932 Guest, 2010 2 Familial Terms in Presidential Rhetoric Abstract: This thesis seeks to examine the rhetorical traditions of American presidents from Truman to Obama in order to track the usage of familial terms. Within this study, the words “family” and “children” were focused on throughout the forums of Inaugural, State of the Union, Primetime, and Farewell addresses to the nation. Through tracking the prevalence of these terms and the reasons for their usage throughout the collected addresses, it has become clear that incorporating familial terms into presidential rhetoric is a dominant strategy used to engage the nation and connect with American families. 3 The word “family” is both comprehensive and far-reaching. Families today are diverse in nature while significant in purpose. It is because of these qualities that many U.S. presidents highlight the efforts, importance and strengths of the American family in their rhetoric. Throughout presidential discourse, specifically in the ritually formalized State of the Union, Inaugural, and Farewell addresses, along with the more informal and time- specific Primetime addresses, families are highlighted as a strategic means in order to instil a connection between the seemingly isolated president and the ordinary people. -
Gunter Bischof, Saki Dockrill, Eds.. Cold War Respite: the Geneva Summit of 1955
Gunter Bischof, Saki Dockrill, eds.. Cold War Respite: The Geneva Summit of 1955. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000. x + 319 pp. $60.00, cloth, ISBN 978-0-8071-2370-6. Reviewed by Kathryn Statler Published on H-Diplo (December, 2000) A Very Brief Cold War Respite tion of resolving outstanding issues at the cost of While much attention has been devoted to the undermining their own interests. A fourth theme, origins and the numerous conflicts of the Cold not explicitly mentioned yet apparent throughout War, possibilities for an easing of East-West ten‐ the essays, is how domestic politics (and especial‐ sions have received far less scrutiny. Conferences ly the internal Soviet power struggle) helped devoted to diplomacy, such as the 1954 Berlin and shape the outcome of the summit. While the pur‐ Geneva conferences and the 1955 Geneva summit, ported goal of the summit was to address the Ger‐ remain underexplored. Gunter Bischof and Saki man problem, European security, and disarma‐ Dockrill thus make an important contribution to ment possibilities, no concrete discussion of these Cold War scholarship with their international his‐ issues occurred. At the same time, all the partici‐ tory of the 1955 Geneva summit-the frst (and last) pants were hopeful that a four-power meeting meeting of the heads of state from the United would provide an opportunity to gradually reduce States, the Soviet Union, Britain, and France dur‐ East-West tensions. ing the Cold War. Their edited compilation, Cold Ernest May provides a short but detailed War Respite: The Geneva Summit of 1955, is com‐ background chapter on the early Cold War-prior prised of thirteen well-documented essays that ex‐ to the summit.