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A History of Latter-Day Saint Screen Portrayals in the Anti-Mormon Film Era, 1905-1936" (1975)

A History of Latter-Day Saint Screen Portrayals in the Anti-Mormon Film Era, 1905-1936" (1975)

University BYU ScholarsArchive

Theses and Dissertations

1975

A History of Latter-Day Saint Screen Portrayals in the Anti- Film Era, 1905-1936

Richard Alan Nelson - Provo

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BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Nelson, Richard Alan, "A History of Latter-Day Saint Screen Portrayals in the Anti-Mormon Film Era, 1905-1936" (1975). Theses and Dissertations. 4975. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4975

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. otojiotojr H die111mim kft75-1 A HISTORY OF LATTERDAYLATTER DAY SAINT SCREEN portrayals lilINITI THE antimormonANTI MORMON FILM ERA 190519361905 1936

A thesw7thesichesi presented to the department of communications

Brigbrighamharn yogyoungyo 4 A 1 g university

in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree master of arts

by richard alan nelson april 1975 this thesis by richard alan nelson is accepted in its present form by the department of communications of brigham young university as satisfying the thesis requirement for the degree of master of arts

ee member 5 74 ff idate y&dwlh 0 hareadhadoldsen department chairman

11 vJ richard alan nelson 1941974

iiililliiliiiii111 acknowledgments

many individuals and archives have aided materially in researching this thesis the author wishes to acknowledge a special indebtedness to the following persons bernard A bernier jr david S bradiBradlbradleyeyt myron braum evelyn brentbrents ken A collinsonloll1011 4 nson james darc brenda davies chad flakeflakes david F friedman romer greytgreygneygreys robin howahowardpdtpdp dr E william jackson richard jensen torsten jungstedt ken kenyon lawrence klenkklenkaklenkg linda lambert margaret lester louise roos jrgenjjrgenjargen W schmidttschmidts mildred simpson anthony slide vivien smith jon stenklevStenstenklevpklevkiev samuel W taylor fred uibeluibelq and james ursini

the followingC libraries and commercial businesses

r have also graciousgraciouslylr provided assisiaassislaassistancesas sistasisla aces the academy of0 L motion picture arts andsciencesand sciences library the americanamerlAmeripangan film Insinstituinstitutetitu es the british film institute detdel dalskedanske flimFilmfilmmuseumfilmmuseumtmuseum entertainment Ventuventuresneesrespneep inc3incinca larry edmundedmundss cinema bookshop the historical department of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints the reference department norsk filminstitutt stahl pyramid films slenskasvenska Filminstitutetfilminstitutet twentieth centuryfoxcentury fox research library UCLA theatre arts library and the utah state historical society library

iv TABLE OF CONTENTS

papaepagee acknoiyledgmentacknowledgmentsS iv chapter 1 introduction 1

2 THET HE development71velopmentD OF A NEWW INDUSTRY 9 3 THE MORMON AND antlant141ormantimormonANTI MORMONON FILM 190519151905 1915 19 4 A MORMON MAID 95

5 teethiethreTHE ZANE GREY WESTERNSIVES t73rns v i v 4 0 & 1 121

6 MORE BRITISH ANTI P 145 7 miscellaneous FILMS 191719301917 1930 165 8 THE THIRTIES deoadeDECADE 192 9 conclusions 207 bibliography 212 appendixesAPPENDIXES 0 q 0 0 0 it 0 6 4 0 a 0 0 a 0 9 0 x 0 241 A the anti mormon moving pictures and play 242

B moving picture Misrepresentmisrepresentationslationsrations 0 0 0 245 C mormonism in picture 247 D thehe power of the cormonsmormons 251 E table of significant mormon motion picture productions proposed and realized 190519381905 1938 225815 8 INDEX 26161

v chapter 1

introduction

in receilrecenlrecent years cinema scholars have shown a more sustained interest in what generally forms the sil-silentent motionmotson picture era yet despite the fact that during the years 190519361905 1936 many photoplaysphotodlqysphotoplays depicting mormon characters and allegeallegedd historical accounts of latter day saint life were manufactured and exhibitexhibitededsedo to date no comprehensive source chronichroniclingcling this unique and largely undiscussed exists this neglect is what this thesis proposes to remedy heretherethene are two major previous studies that show some relationship to the topic butbucbu they have either been limited to LDS church produced flfilmsflimsms or have been hampered by incomdletenessincompleteness in addition to consulting these the author has also made reference to a wide variety of pertinpertinentant materials these include moving picture trade journal accounts news and periodical deportreportreportsst and a number of previously unpublished letters personal interviews with still living motion picture personalities and

avldcdavid1davidavid kent jacobsjacobss the history of motion pictures produced by the church of jesus christ of latter day saints unpublished masters thesis brigham young university 1961967 and linda lambertLambertlbertg the irinageimage ofoll011olp cormonsmormons in filistfilmsfilmst the new era IIilg11 5 pleymeymay 1972 121512 15 1 2 qualified historians were conducted whenever possible the important southern film research libraries were searched correspondence with fooimolmoreigndeignforeign cinema archives helpedelpehelpedd document european productions finaiFinalfinallylytlys resort to printed memoirs and standard reference works was under- taken when it was felt this would prove useful A history filled with claims of divine inspiration religious and secular conflict leading to bloodshed and murder a difficult and epic transcontinental migration and the creation of a singular people and culture is inherently dramatic it is not to be wondered at then that the mormon experience was to be of interest to filmfilmmakersmakers looking for exciting screen material indeed the latter day saint celluloid image transcends the which spawned the religion As shall be es-ablishedabolishedestablishedt ablished later in this thesis the cormonsmormons werwere the subject of a variety of foreign as well as american productions during the silent movie years unfortunately for the saints most of these were to prove less than favorable in their treatreatmentcentment of the utah colonists because it is anticipated that many readerreaderss will be unfamiliar with mormonism it will be necessary at this point to present a brief introductory overview of LDS church origins and hihistorystorystocy without this framework it is unlikely that the non mormon would be able to place in context the subsequent development of the anti mormon movement and the part it and the church would 3 play in the creation of the latter day saint literary and limffilmflim image mormonism traces its beginnings to the year 1805 when joseph smithsmithssmithy jr was born of humble parentage in sharon vermont As a young boy he moved with his family to the state of new york while a teenager smith became interested in god and was perplexed about which of the many relifrireligiousOUs denominations to join according to his later account he took lite-literallyral ly the admonition of the biblical writer james who stateds-lagueda1ued if any of you lack wisdomwisdoms let him ask of oodsgodsoodygody that giveth to all men 0 liberally and upbraidethupbraideth not and it shall be given him 2 this passage inspired smith to retire to a surrounding grove of trees to pray for heavenly aidanceguidancegl smith then claims to have beheld there both god the father and his sonjesusSon Jesus christ in this vision theuhe told joseph not to join any of the churches theshe future prophet was also given other commandments he was told not to put into writing this experience profoundly moved further testifietestifiestestifiedtestifie 5 that several years later he felt need to pray in his room for forgivenessforgiveriessniess of his sins and a confirmation of his relationship with god As a result an angelic personage manifestedmanifested himself to joseph he announced his name aselselgBIS moroni and informed smith that god had a special work for him to do

ajames2jamesjames 15Is 5 4 this was ffollowedol01 lowedblowed by other visitations As a result smith was directed to some metal plates hidden in a local hillock that later came to be called hill cumorah these plates purport to chronicle the sacred history of ancient israelite travelersCravelers who came to the americas and founded great civilizations according to these records the emigrants were visivlsivisitedted by jesus christ following his resurrection however this failed to prevent a disasterdisasterousous series of wars that destroyed one branch of the colonists and left the other to continue in spiritual darkness according to mormon doctrine this latteriatter people form the basis for many of the indians now exoextantan in the new world smith published what he claimed was his divinely aidedtranslaaided translationtlonion of the plates irin ibo1531831830 sndands nd called it the after one of the major prophets in the hishistoryboryuory that year he also founded what was to become the church of jesus christ of latter day saintssaitsajtints for convenience this is often shortened to the LDS church or just the church when referring to it the nickname of Morcormonsmormonsmons was first applied by opponents of the churchchurchy but later came to be accepted by thehe members as well As fforroror the original plates it is claimed that they were taken off the earth by the angel moroni once their use was ended As the prophet seer and revelator of the restored relinelineilreligiongiong smith organized around himself a group of twelve apostles in which the keys of authority 5 would collectively reside in the event of his deathdeathsdeathe joseph claimed that his commission from god was not to reform religion but rather to reintroduce the true church lost since the post apostolic period these revelations

led to conflict with a variety of entrenched authoauthorities4 itiesaties in what the latter day saints have always regarded as an unwarranted series of persecutions they were forced to relocate variously in ohio missouri and illinois through hard work and jiincreasing conversions the cormonsmormons became politically powerful about this time elements of the church formed a protection agency known commonly as the nitescanitesdanitesDa or avenging angels this group later gave rise to a number of lurid tales that were 4touo carry over into literature and film the vlorrinormonmormonlonion leadership also began secretly practicing polygampolygamyyl although it was publicly denied not until the main body of the church removed to utah was the doctdoatdoctrinerlneine of celestial openly proclaimed nevertienevertheneverthelesslessshesss word of it began to get around and this led to further dissension the resulting unrest finally iminatedculminatedcu imitated in late june 1844 with the murder of joseph smith and his brother hyrum by an anti mormon mob after several years of crisis and confusion the majority of the faithful membership followed the lead of brigham youngyoungsyoungo the president of the council of twelve apostles most of the rallied around josephs young son and the prophets first wife emma who formed 6 the reordanreorganreorganizedzed church of jesus christ of latter day saints they repudiated polygamy and refused to accept youngyoungsI1 s authority eventually in 1847184 the brighamitesBrighamites left their winter quarters across the river from the now abanabandonneddonned mormon capital of nauvoo illinois and made their dramatic trektotrentotrektrak to what would become utah it was hoped by the church leadership that they could escape what they felt to be the tyranny of the united states by migrating to the unwanted salt lake valley the mexican american war changed the politics of the area however and soon the cormonsmormons came into conflict with the new american overlords the open

I enthusiasmenthusiasmfor forfod Polygamypolygamypolygamy by the prominenprominentt church officiaofficialofficialsIs led to an unrelenting series of national press and governmental attacks that would continue until well into this century in 189018900 bowing to federal demands and the call of godgodfgods the cormonsmormonsmo mons abandoned plural marriage as a practice while retaining it as a church doctrine As this new prohibition was only loosely enforced until the first war periodperiodfperiods the topic continued to excite anti mormon controversy outside the utah heartland 3

Q ifor3forfor the LDS church viewpoint see joseph smithsmithpsmithy history of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints ed B H Roberrobertsrobertsstst 7 volsvoisvoiss 9 ad2d ededreaedrevrev salt lake cityolty deseret book co 195919601959 1960 joseph fielding smithsmithtsmiths essentials in church hishistory 24th enlarged ed salt lake city deseret book co 1971 and Brigbrighamhalaharaharn henry roberts A comprehensive history of the church of jesus christ of latterla actercter dyday saints 6 bolsivolsivolsvois salt lake city the deseret 7 despite their isolaisolationtiong the cormonsmormons were creating a distinguished church wide theatrical and musical 4 tradition concurrently developing was an international interest in the saints and a gentile literature generally characterized tyby an anianantiantlI normonmormon attitude most often one finds fantastic tales in which sensual and unscrupulous missionaries lure unsuspecting women to utah for a life of polygamous servitude that much of this literature was created out of whole cloth and is erroneous is now recognizerecognizeddt although the saints have contributed their share towards helping popularize their alleged bizaarrity scandals in mormon history such as the mountain meadows massacre have always provided good copy especially for opponents of the church who wrote and lectured extensively in the period under discussion the doctrine of polygamy certainly helped to precipitate opposition to the church and was eagerly used by its enemies to popularize their anti mormonism elements of the press and public were also mobilized to spread fear of the Morcormonsmormonsmons iiewsdiewsnews pressjpresspressa 1930 for an opposing viewpoint see jerald tanner and sandra tannerttannerstannery mormonism shadow or realitrealiareality enlarged ed salt lake city t modern microfilm co 1972 4 4seeaseesee john S Lindsalindsayyp the cormonsmormons and the theatre saitsaltsaltsali lake city century printing 1905 horaceorace whitney the drama in utah salt lake citescitycitys press 1915 luke Coscosgravegravetgraves theater tonight Hollyhollywoodwoods house warventmarventwarven 1952 and douglas alienallenailen drama among tthehe Morcormonsmormonsmons theatre arts xliijXLII 12 december 1958 525552 55 8 in the following chapterchapterssp which document the history of mormon inspired motion pictures we shall see what relation these anti LDS literary and religious forces played in the portrayal of cormonsmormons on the screen chapter 2

THETH development OF A NEW INDUSTRY

in 1871847 two seemingly unrelated events occurred one was the forced exodus of the mormon people under the leadership of brigham young from illinois to the apparent wasteland of the basin the other was the birth of thomas alva edison 184719311847 1931 thehe utah cormonsmormons were actively creating an isolated culture having4 M made one of the greatest religious migrations in history their epic story was to be olof01 active interest to the popular press for well over years unfortunately for the saints the isolation which physicallyphysically protected them also left them easy targets in the more populous east where their opponents were vigorous in their attacks concentrating on the necessities of survivalsurvivait the effects of an indigenous press and literature in utah w-wereweraweweere negligible to non mormon audiences this weakness was to prove of great damage to the mormon position in later years thomas A edisons importance to the motion picture is difficult to overestimate perhaps americas most practical inventive genius he and his assistant W K L dickson perfected the modern moving picture camera and 9 10 laid the technological foundation for the art of the moving picture Interestinginterestinglylyslyp edison failed to foresee the great potential of his and dicksons machinery his neglect in obtaining world copyrights for his inventions was to have a great infinfluenceluence in shaping the motion picture wars of the first decade and a half of the new century 1 nearly ffiftyifty years afterafarterter the mormon withdrawal to the westawestpwest the ilmfalmfilm era began most authorities recognize 1896 the year of utahs statehood as the date in which the firstfirs L commercial exhibitexhibitionlon of a moving picture on a screen occurred it would be only a matter of time beforeberberoneoreone cameras were to be turned on histhis strange people and give new life to the so called mormon1 problem

in many ways of course f the cormonsmormons were unique in their claims of living prophets and direct revelation and new scriptures they were and to some extent continue to be seen as a heretical and dangerous sect threatening traditio-traditionalnal christendom the vocal practice of polygamy an ambivalentambivolentambivolent loyalty to the federal government and the willingness to defend themselves against physical attattackack all contributed to the mythic aura surrounding them

iforfor more on edison and dicksons work see terry Ramramsayesayet A million and one nights A history of the motion picture new yorkyonkyorks simon and hustersschusterSc inc 1926 ppapoppo 507850 78 passim A more recent dissenting view on edisons as compared to dicksons contribution to the development of the practical motion picture is argued cogently in gordon hendricks the edison motion picture myth benkelBerkelberkeleyeyt university of california press 1961 11 although polygamy was officially abandoned by the church as a whole in 189018909 this issue has continued to haunt the saints and dominate the public mind some background to the first two decades of motion picpicturecure development and progress is prerequisite without an elementary understanding of this first nascent period the story of the introduction of the mormon and anti mormon i1mfilmflimlimiam remains divorced from its historical contextcontexts thehe modern moving picture industry had its origins with a patent issued thomas edison in 1889 for his motion 20 picture camedacacameraimeraanedaameda two years later he patented his cabinet viewer more commonly called the M to supply the purchasers of these Kinetoscopekinetoscopeskinetoscopespsp edison then began producing short fifty lootfoot length films selling them at prices ranging from ten to twentyfivetwenty fiveyive dollars these early films did not at first involve themselves in the mormon controversy generally they were less than a minute long and recorded people or places from one camera position with little or no editing most often they showed events such as a ship coming into a

athis2this0this chapter survey of the early history of the industry is adapted primarily from michael conantconantibonanti anti- trust in the motion picture indusindustrytlytizaly economic and legallegai analysis Berkeberkeleyleys university of california pressipress i960i3960 appp 163216 32 see also Ramramsayesayessayeg passim benjamin B hampton history of the american film industry from its beginnings to 1931 new york dover publications inc 1970v1970 PPpo 3- 120 and lewis jacobs the rise of the american filmafilmflim A critical histhistory new yorks teachers college press 19681908 appp 31563 156 12 harborharbortharbors or a building burning down etc within a ffewrewew years a rival american irmffirm the alsoaiso became a producer of motion pictures biograph was able to do this because it patented a camera designed to circumvent edisons patents they also deliberately used a larger size and manufactured a different type cabinet viewer known as the mutoscope this device utilized flip cards rather than continuous celluloid the problem with thesethasethesease viewers was that only one person could see the films at any one time this spurred interest in screen exhibition and by late 1895 several workable mass projection machines were developed april 23239 18961890 marked the american debut of the edisonarmatedison armat vitascope projector at koster and bials music hall in the movies had begun in 1897 edison sold a projector to J stuart blackton blackton and his friend albert E smith ingeneouslyingenuously converted this into a workable camera two years later they founded their own motion picture firm thehe Vitavitagraphvisagraphgraph company and began making pictures rivaling edison and biograph by 1900 these companies were the three largest producers of moving pictures in the world although foreign concerns were soon to dominate the international market until the outbreak of the first world war 13 for the ffirstfinst ten years of the industry motion pictures generally remained less than one hundred feet in length mostly they were sold outright to traveling exhibitors and to more stationary music hall operators these early showmen in turn screened these flimsfilmsflims over and over again until the celluloid finally wore out realizing the lucrative market they had established could be lostlosttloett these three pioneer film giants attempted to dominate the fledgling american industry by refusing to sell cameras to potential comdetitorscompetitors As the demand fforfonronor movie product increaseincreaseddg bootleg filmfilmmakersmakers began manufa- cturing their own cameras and films in violation of the

1 edison biography and Vitavitagraphvisagraphgraph patenpatentspatentsttst 0oiherother1I her enteaenterprisingising individuals imported cameras made in elrodeeurodeeurope where edison had neglected to register his patents suits against these smaller produceproducersrst while generally successful were so time consuming and expensive that they failed to deter further entry into the new field although the work of french cineastecineaste georges nellneilmeliNleitellel es is sometimes citedici tedtleds most authorities state that it was not until 1903 that the first recognizable narrative flimfilmflim appeared this was the now classic the great train robbery directed by edwin 0 porter for edison porters earlier the life of an american fireman 1902 had pointed the way to this new departure in cinemacinemaicinemas but the great train robbery was the first to fully portray the potential of the film to tell a story moving the camera to a 14 variety of positionpositionsst introducinintroducingC subjective narrative mixing long shots with closeups allailali these were new the grammar of the motion picture began conventions of continuity and editing were establishestablishededsedg and a film now was recognizablyreco M sizablynizably modern existed it to have a profound influence in the futuredevelopmentfuture development of world cinema ironically the great train robrobbery was so successful that the number of independent limffilmflim companies proliferated according to michael conantibonanticonants it is estimated that by 190719091907190991907 190919099 there were six largelargetlarges well organized motion picture firms and approximately 100 smaller producers or importers of films from europe films by this time were 800 to ooo1000000 feet long with screen time up to fourteen minutes costs of production ranged from 200 to 500 for the completed negative and production time was usually one day3daya with this increased length and cost it became more difficultdifdlf icultscult for individual theaters to purchase movie product outright by 1907 over 150 film exchanges were in existence in america these purchased the pictures from the manufacturers and then in turn rented them to the theaterthealler owners many flinsfilmsflims howhoweverevertevers continued to be sold directly to showmen for exclusive states rights exhibitexhibitionionlon the earliest movies were most often screened in conjunction with a vaudeville stage productiondroductproduct ionlon later as public interest in moving pictures increaseincreaseddt store loftslof Cs and penny arcades set aside rooms for them to be shown

3 3conantconant p 17 15 the industry continued to developdevelops the firstarstfirst crude theater built specifically for the exhibition of motion pictures was prophetically opened in in 1902 in 1905 the iretfirstf nickelodeon so named because of the cost to view the flimsfilms was started in Pittsburgpittsburghpittsburghphp pennsylvania decorated like an opera househouselphousely it was really a converted store with 96 seats placed inside for the convenience of patrons space was left in the rear for standing customers piano music was provided to accompany the pictures and the idea proved immediately popular with both customers and exhibitorexhibitorssts continuous films lasted twenty minutes to one hour and were shown from 8008200 pm to midnight earnings averaged 1000 for a seven day show week based on five to ten cents admission such enormous profits encouraged entry within a yeadyear a hundred nickel odeansodeons were operating in pittsburgh alone and by 1908 there were 8000 to 10000 in the united states 4 in 1909 the major producers and distridistributersdistributorsbuters made a moementous decision concerned over protecting their semisemimonopolymonopoly from further inroads by the upstart independents they decided to pool their claims and acknowledge edisons patent Driprimacymacy calling themselves thehe motion picture patents company these leading industry figuresligureligurleszes among them the seven largest american producers two french companiescompanieslniesp and americas leading importer distrdietrdistributerieuteributer attempted to dominate the market completely they entered into agreements with film exchanges to only

4 4conantconant p 18 16 distribute films manufactured by the patents company members only exhibitors with equipment licensed by the patents company were allowed to screen its filmsflims failure to adhere to these stipulations could mean that exchanges and individual theaters would no longer receive patents company films and that meant essentially all films almosaimosalmostalmos1111 overnight the industry was stabilized into producing one reel featurefeaturessp lasting about 15 minutes it was widely believed that most audiences would not be able to endure a single story of longer length the average exhibitor and there were over 10000 presented a one or two hour show which required four to eight new reels a week this was satisfactory to the patentspallpalopatoentsants company as it meantmean t that each of its member concerns was guaranteed a demand for its product profits were enormous these high profits encouraged exchanges to secretly market pictures made by nonlicensednon licensed production companies the exchangeexchangemenmen found they realized more profit off these independently produced movies than off the tightly controlled patents company droductionsproductions the patents company did not take these threats to its dominance lightly in 1910 it organized its own distribution subssubsidiary the general film company by various methods it bought out 57 of the 58 principal exchangeexchangesst and forced the smaller ones out of business one major holdout was william fox who will play an impo- rtant ioartpartcoartpant later in the history of mormon related photoplaysphotoplays 17 general film by 1910 was the only national distributer the independenindependentstst although badly divided organized the motion picture distributing and sales company commonly referred to as the sales company to meet the edison combines attempt to smother competition meanwhile the trust moved quickly contracts with the patents ComcompanysDanysnanys licensees were rewritten to require all their releases be distributeddistributedstributed through general film during this time william foxpox expanded fromJL rom pplyingapplyingsupplyingsu the theater showmen with other manufacturers product to creating his own this later was to develop into the corporation others followed foxs example and this acted to strengthen the independent hovemannovemovementmovemovemanmenman another factor was the independents willingness to novateinnovateiruirL and pioneer the creation of the two reel picture these were approximately thirty minutes in length As these proved popular with the public general film aisoalso began producing two reelersfeelers although they actively opposed the introduction of even longer photo plays despite this opposition the feature length four and five reel film vaswas to later become the industry standard the new entertainment grew in popularity it has been estimated that during 1908 the moving picture shows had a daily total attendance of four million people this figure more than tripled by 1913 and reached upwards of twenty million patrons by 1919 this enormous impact 18 on kmeramericankmericanican culture and thought was latertolabertolater to prove of serious concern to mormon authorities 5 throughout this period the patents company was engaged in constant litigation actively prosecuting violations of its patent rights the federal government in 1912 then sprung a bombshell it charged the motion picture patents company and the general film company with an illegal restraint of trade courts held that the companies patents did not allow hemthem4 to erect a monopoly in motion picture equipment manufacture or film distribu- tion controlling patents the courts further saidtsaidsald did not exempt the companies and their directors from Droseprosecutionnrose cution although thethache easescasesoases and appeals were not fully decided until 91891918 effective control 0ofL the industry passed out of the hands of the patents nisthistpisttrustT by 1915 the independents had won and the first era of the motion picture had ended with this historical outline in mind we can now turn to a discussion of mormon related films commercially released in theghe united states and europe

ifor5forfor documentation on patronage see the editorials moving picture showsS howsohowsv the deseret eveniravenireveningL news salt lake city january 8 190919099 p 4 cols 121 2 growth of 9 the moviesviesSloviessmoviessMo the salt lake Tributribunetribunesnesneg december 1 iglo1913 p 6 cols 121 2 and the article twenty million persons go to movies daily the salt lake teieTeletelegramtelegramsgramtgrams december 1 1919 this latter news account was located in the journal histohistory december 1 1919 Ppo 4 the journal histohistoryjy is a bound and indexed periodical clip file located in the church archives historical department of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints salt lake citcilcityoltyy utah hereafter this library will be referred to as LDS church archives chapter 3

THE MORMON AND antimormonANTI MORMON FILM 190519151905 1915

by 1908 the motion picture had progressed from its first crude beginnings to become an effective storytellingstory telling nediummediummediumsmediumn entertainment became a prime concern and as a result american and european producers began looking to0 o literature and contemporary lifeilfe114le for exciting subbesubjectsubje C t matter wholesale lifting of plots and themes from famous novels established stage playsplaysqplayso and popular magazinesmagaz es was common it became an era of social preachment As cinema historian lewis jacobs has observed about the prevarprewarpre varwar american filmflimriimfilms whatever their source current eventsieventlyeventsy plays novels orol01 short stories allail film stories took1oorioorboor on a qualquality4 y characteristic of the temper of prewarpre war america pie a highcn moral tone and stroncrstrongstroncer11 didacdidacedidactic purposeDurnurpose politics had swung toward progressivism carusoscaucausescausos1sos had become fads social sentiment was saturated with humanitarianismhumanarianiititalianiitariani sm the muckraker had been superseded by the reformer and uplifter 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 4 9 0 & 0 W 9 & 0 & 1pap 10 stricttr t lalatee ninenineteenthieenteenbeen th centurycentaury attitudes were the values and milieshomilieshomiliusho preached and defended in films though nmoreore than a decade had passed since the moviemovlemovies with ailallali its possibilities of realistic portrayal had first amazed americans those attitudes still dersistedpersistedDers isted on the screen1screenscreene 1 what jacobs writes about the american motion picture is also applicableapdlicable to the european as well Preachpreachmentsments and controversy were not effectively stanchedstanchekstanched by threats of

11L jacobs p 137 19 20 religion was openly attacked and defended by moviemakersmoviemakers and most ol01oofL the important denominations and groups from roman catholic to jewish had some form of anti photoplay made about them 2 mormonism was a particularly fertile theme for film propagandists and at times it must have seemed to the saints that they were singularly under cinematic assault while this was not surictlystrictly factual it is trueL rue that the majority of the motion pictures portraying cormonsmormons did so negativelynega uivelydively the virulence of the film attacks is strongly interwoven with the fear polygamy had struck into the traditional social fabric of society

broman2roman2roman catholics were kept busy in 1111911 protesting such ilmsflinsfilmsflimsLlimsalms as the nun the secretliiof the ConfessioncorsessionalconfessionaliconfessionalsCorooroonSessionalalialsaisq and thezhe price of ambition this latter production for example showed a catholic pricriesipriestpriesiesiest hugging and kissing another masmans wife jews were caricaturecaricaturedd in such movies as the yiddisher cowboycow 1909 1911 even organized charitable groups were abused in films like scientific charities 1911 early puritans were portrayed in the quakeress 1913 I other religious groups were expanding inintoiniknilo10 motion pictures for their own purposesdunDurnunposes the watch tower 71tracrac society forerunner of0 f todaytodays1kak s jehovahs witnesses produced the multimediamulti medamediamedlaa photodramaphoto drama of creation for release in igi1911914 unfortunately one must really go to the original trade accounts to dig out the documentary material on this aspect of cinema history for researchers have long left this area unanalyzed foror a oeneralbeneralgeneral overview of the relationship of religion to the motion picture see ivan butler religion in the cinema new york A S barnes and Compacompanynysnyp 1969 although this gives very inadequate coverage to the early period of the controversial photoplay it does indicate the tendency of the film to distort and exploit religion for its own purposes 21 at least nineteen pictures of varying importance and emphasis touching on mormonism were in production during the years 190519151905 1915 most of these were completed and received some sort of public screeningC the more popular of the films were exhibited in a variety of nations worldwide following is a chronological listing of known photoplaysphotoplays from the periodperiods in some cases the exact title iss not determined while this compilationcompilacompalacomeompilaplia tion is comdletecomplete to datedaicydatcy it is not unlikely tha i further research will turn up other films grounded in a mormon theme the titles generally suggest the plot line although several pictures were friendly to the church most tended to concentrate on the highly sensational aspecaspeaaspectsus of mormon hishistorygorycory this historicity was often filfilteredieredcered hroughbroughthrough11. an eye far removed from actual conditions inutahin utahrmutahr these antantiantl mormon productions generally displayed a lack of0 L sensitivity towards the LDS people and in many cases ol01oofferedL feredcered viewers little more than a series of visual defamationsdefamat ionssbonsss 11 A trip to salt lake cityoltyC 1905 22 Mormmormonessmormonensonens offer A victim of the Morcormonsmormonsmons 1911 3 mormonbyensvlormonbyens blomst the flower of the momonci2mormon cityolty 1911 denmark 4 the mormon also known as the Morcormonsmormonsmons 1912 5 the mountain meadows massacre 1912 6 the of Mornmormonismionism 1912 22 7 marriage or death 1912 8 the canitesdanites 1912 9 A mormon episode believed to be the same as an Eepisodesode of early mormon days 1912 10 salt lake city utahutahs and its surroundsurroundings 1912 11 A short pictorial of salt lake city and surrounding localities of unknown title 191219131912 1913 12 the romance of thehe utah pioneers 1913 13 one hundred years of mormonism also referred to as the rise and growth of mormonism 1913 14 an untitledunfilled apparently uncompleted film on the book of mormon 1913191191319141913 1914191 15 ASA S I1udthudyadt in scarlet 1941914 british version 16 A utah travelogue ofoinoln unknown tittiltitletitiele produced by the salt lake commercial club 1914 17 A study in scarlet igiigl1 191195191I 914 1951915 french version 18 astudyA study in skarlitsharlit 1915 british spoof 19 the adventures of deadwood dick deadwood dickdiekdilek and the MorcormonsmormonsmormnonsMormnonsmons deadwood dick spoilsspolis Bbrihamam young0ur 1915 british serial the following pages will document so far as is possiblepossibletblesbies9 the Ppurposes and effectiveness of these photoplaysphotoplays certainly the topic is an interestinganinterestinguninteresting one and much may be inferred about international attitudes in regards the saints from an analysis of their content and oroductionalexhibitionalproductionalexhibitionai motivations 23 A trip to salt lake cityolty reflects the first burgeoning interest in the saints by filmfilmmakersmakers although made in 1905 by the american mutoscope and biograph Comocompanyany copies still exist today and are distributed fforor sale to collectcollectorsorp in this country by blackhawk films inc As might well be expectedexpectexpec beds the subject is polygamy kemp R niverkivernivers who has done extensive research in silent era film at the archives of the library of congress in washington D C gives a detailed description of this early concomcomedyedy the flinffilmflim begins with a full photograph of a set kin1 lin1 of thehe interiorin eriorbrioredioredlor of a pullmanpulliman sleeping car the firstfirst action is a woman carrying a small child down the aisle toward the camera she puts her child in an upper berth A second woman also carrcarryingving a small child enters and proceeds down the aisle toward the camera and puts her child in the berth across the aisle following in close succession are several more women of various sizes and shapes each carrying a child whom they deposit in a berth the last person to arrive in thehe sleeping car is a man with a small child the father promptlyprompt ly does the bidding of the child by giving him a horseback ride at that moment all the met other children in the sleeping car wish to getC a drink of water and everyone crawls all over him in a fit of anger and annoyance the man leaves the sleeping car pulls the drinking concontainercalnercainer from its mounting drags it into the sleeping car and puts it on the floor he then climbs into his berthberth3bertha 3

Q skemp3kempkemp R nivernivert motion pictures from the liblibrary of congress paderparerpaper printcollectionprint collection 1894118941894191219121 ed bebe bergsten berkeleyberkeleysBerkeleys university of california press 196 appp 100101100 101 see also blackhawk bulletin davenportDavenportoponto iowatdowatiowalowa 149 september early october 1964 p 4 today the filmflimfilmriim is coupled with another early picture called on a good old five1 ive cent trolley ride for commercial sales unfortunatelyunfor1cunatenyunatelyunately not all motion pictures shown in this country were registered with the copyright office nor placed in the collections of the library of congress 24 As a motion picture A trip to salt lake cilycity is relatively innocuous the films influence could not have been particularly great and at its length only 79 feet in lamml6mm16mm it likely had little effect on determining popular attiattlattitudesGudes towards mormonism this first mormon based picture can rather be viewed as a reflection of those attitudes and it is interesting to note that a full fifteen years after the issuance of the church manifesto prohibiting polygamy the popular conception of wf mormonism was still dominated by the fluxpluxpluralralwalwai marriage doctrine however A trip to salt lake Ccity inspired no immediate imitators and the greater use of the mormon theme had to wait for the photoplay to progress unfortunately for the utah saints most of these later films were to be much more damning in their picture of LDS life foreforeigneign film companies were the first to realize the potential of strongly anti mormon fare denmark although a small country was nevertheless a leading motion picture center in the first two decades of silensilentL Droproductionduction nordisknordick Ffilmsilmsp founded in 1906 by ole olsen was by 1911 one of the most prestigious production studios 4 in world cinema their Mormmormonessmormonensonens offer A victim of the Morcormonsmormonsmons after premiering in on october 2 1911

k 4seeaseesee ebbe neergaard the ststory of danish film trans else gress copenhagencopenhagensCopenhagens detdel dalskedanske SelskasaissalsselskabSelsselskabpkabbp 1963 appp 9389 38 for more on nordisknordick films compagnikompagniKompagni and ole o-olsenoisenotsenisen 25 was to become the center of a controversy that would cover half the globe olsen when he approved the scenario likely was unconcerned over possible LDS protests for although he was severe in his demand for top quality film product he 5 wonW on his first international gold medal in 1908 he catered to the popular taste and that taste was most definitely canceredconceredconcered about the mormon problem european writers and governments like their americanamerleanAmericahleahlean counterparts showed a special concern over the problems of polygamy and expressed fears that women converts were being taken to 6 utah under false pretenses by mormon missionaries

sensingSensensingamensingasingaa good public issueissues 9 olsen ordered produc- tion of0 P A victim of the Morcormonsmormonsmons he had always had a good eye for story and promotion As the official danish film foundation booklet the cinema in denmark puts itittits ole olsens taste for the melodramatic film coincided with that of cinema audiences all over russia europe and the USA with one or two exceptions it would be hard to speak of the silent movies produced by nordisknordick films compagnikompagniKompagni as art the aim was to rouse peopeopledojeisobeisdieks emotions by any means that happened to be available the titles of these films tell their own story white slave trade deathdeath leap on horseback from the big top t daughter of the railroad p etc andanadannd judging by their tremendoustrependous popularity the aim must have been achieved

5neergaardpneergaard p 12 6for a study of actual emigration from denmark to utah see jrgenjefrgenargenjeurgen W schmidt ohohy iqdu zion i vest den dalskedanske mormon emigration 185018501900120013001900 kpbenhavnskbeiihavn rosenkilde oi-ogz bagger 1965 from 191019151910 1915 the swedish government investigated and appropriated money to combat mormonism 26 A victim of the cormonsmormons proved to be no exception to the pattern the story itself is typical of most of the later anti mormon flimfilm dramas george grange played by henry seemann and the reverendreverendsReverenreverendmdM larsonlareon vlademar ilanderpsilanderphilanderPs are former school chums this leads to an introduction of larson to georges sister florence clara wieth and her fiance leslie carlo wieth at a fashionable restaurant in copenhagen larson is tall and quite good loo100lookingkingg although there is something vaguely fanatical about the look of his eyes the fact that he asis now a doesnt seem to bother the family and florence finds herself immediately drawntodrawn to him larson on his part is intoxicated by her beauty and determines to win her for himself gradually he gains in influence over herherg and soon she is attending mormon meetings with hhim using his near hypnotic powers larson finally convinces her to emigrate to utah with him thezhehe parents discover their departure and are deslesperacedesperaredesperacedespepedacepedageperaCedaredacerare george and leslie resolve to stop their flight they telegraph the dolicepolice but larson cleverly avoids the aauthoritiesuthoriti with the help of a coudlecoudiecouplecoupie of mormon aides he and florence board an american bound steamship and set off for the states

athe7the7the cinema in demark copenhagen the danish film foundation 1970 appp 343 4 punctuation follows the original 27 florence by now has second thoughts and she is no longer willing to accompany the missionary he has to resort to narcotics to keep her underhilunderhisunder his control florencefloreneeflorences brother and suitor meanwhile have set ouiout after the pair vowinpvowing to rescue her at any cost they radio the ship to request that american police hold the coudlecoudiecouplecoupie in diewDtewnew york larson cunningly intercepts the message and overpowers the teleatelearaphtelegraphraph operator the mormon iiss thus able to make good their on her part unwilling escape to utah george and leslie arrive in new york not long after and immediately set out for the mormon state in pursuit once in salt lake city they beinbe in the search for larson and florence to keep her from escaping the evil elder keeps her locked in hish Is house larsons american wife takes pity on the girl and tries to help her escape he learns of the plot and quickly puts a stop to it larson then retires to the where he is shown Dernerperformingforming a baptism george and leslie discover him as he leaves the sanctuary noticing theatthemtthem the elder maneuvers the ouldwouldouid be rescuers around the city while he locks florence in his basement cellar without food or water endaEnraenragedgedv george and the neglected fiance force their way at gunpoint into the cormonsMormormonsmons home they demand to know where florence is hidden but larson feigns co- mplete ignorance about the girlsgirl whereabouts suddenly he disappears through a trap door florence had discovered a secret button controlling the roof to her cell above 28 she sees the faces of both her brother and her true love they finally make their way down tdto free her and she throws herself into the arms of leslie larson makes one last desperate attempt to restore his mastemasteryrytrys but in picking up a loose gun his aim is deflected and he kills 80 himself thus ends A victim of the Morcormonsmormonsmons the film billed itself as A drama about love and Q sectarian fanaticism 179 and claimed its purpose was to expose mormon most of the picturespictured danish language program was given over to a generally accurate though slantedslantedf history of mormonism onlytheonly the last few pages dealt with the photoplay itself the attitude of the filmfilmmakersmakers is clearly revealed to be rabidly antiantl mormoncormonsmormons even today this sinister sect shows an eager a adiladitagitationagil a tlonion and every year there are many poor people led astray particularly from the kingdoms and Gerrgerlgermanymany who let themselves be lured by the wheedling mormon preachers to go over to the sectssect teachings and emigrate to the new zionszion which is the holy name of salt lake city aehe who sees this film anandoweadsreads this text booklet is warned against the deception of mormonism may this walwaxwarninganingrning fruitfruit10iloiio11010

8 1 zzeseee mormon governor threatens to1 0 o bar films in stahyutahyjtaiajtai L the morning telegraph new york citycityi january 28 citti I1 1912 sectsectionvaion 4 part 2 appp 1 6ai6i and Mormmormonessmormonensonens ofofferL e r larfarhussaarhusaarhussAarhuss AS fotoramaFotfotoramagFoto oramaramasramag t1911cl91l3l this latter publication is a sixteen page program prepared for the film copies are located in the danish film museum and the LDS church archives viewing prints of the picture itself are also available through both libraries translation of the booklet was provided by richard jensen of the LDS church archives utilized here are english language titfillingslings 29 the movie was no fly by night production vlademar ilanderpsilanderphilanderPs who played the sinister mormon priest was the most popular male star of pre 1918 danish film clara wieth pontoppidan was a respected ingenue august blom 186919471869 1947 is one of the best remembered directors from the danish silent period most of the company was connected with the prestigious royal danish theater in copenhagen one of the first extended length motion pictures ever released it was nordisksNordisks longest photoplay of the year and ran a full three reels 3200 feetfeet10801080 meters A victim of the ftormonsmornonsmons premiered in great britain not long after its opening in denmark there the saints were just recovering from a series of press attacks thatthalthar had led home secretary winston churchill to quietly investigate charges of kidnapping and the like with this in mind it is not difficult to understand the british cormonsmormons concern and protest over its exhibition in the united kingdom apparentlyapparentapparen 1161y it appeared at the same time as a sensational play called through death valley 9 or the mormonrI ornonormon peril european mission president and church

I aposapostleLae1e rudger clawson was quick to object to its screeningscreenings

9 9mormonensmormonessMormmormonensonens offer program booklet p 1 10 Mormmormonessmormonensonens offergfrer program booklet appp 12 15 the utilization of the term anti mormon in this thesis does not necessarily imply that the films discussed herein were made by anti LDS activists except where noted A mormon motion pictureP ictureacture is categorized12 as anti if one of its Ppredominantedominant themes is the negative portrayal of LDS church activities 30 calingcalling the film vile and altogether deceptive mercenarymercenaryp and a disgrace directed against an innocent people clawson clearly articulated the official british mormon position towards the production 11 passions were certainly aroused and as the following account taken from the liverpool daily post and mercury shows the picture was not shown in britain without inciinelincidentiincidenttincidentsdentidenttdents in view of the crusade going on throughout the country against mormonism the extraordinary cinema- totographygraphy film entitled A victim of the Morcormonsmormonsmons which is being shown ata1aa the garston picturedrome this weekweerweekly is particularly interestingC and there was a crowded audience at that popular house last night the nictunepicture had just begun after the interval when something of a sensation occurred in the body of the hall A man rose and exclaimed 1 I protest against this picture being shown in this hall tonightto night immediately there was an uproar the lightscl1 were promptly turned up and the interrupter was speedily ejectedej 1 ted through a door at the rear of the hall when this scene occurred it was thought that it was a hoax but the manager mr george atkin states that he received a letter from the mormon brotherhood in liverLivarliverpoolpoolpooi last satu-saturdayrday threatening a protest would be made at garston if the picture viaswiaswlaswas shown he however did not regard the matter seriousseriouslylytlyv and destroyed the letietletterietterletzerlerter however the threat was last night carriedcarr led out when the excitement had cooled down the picture wasI proceeded with without further interruptioninterruption1212

11 rudger clawsonglawson the antiantlantimormongli121911mormonormon moving pictures and playplayrblayr the latterlatterdayday saints millenialmillennialMil lenial star liver- poolnoo 1 lxxiiitLXXIII 51 december 21921 1911 P 808 A copy of lawsonsclawsons article is included in this thesis as appendixappendixa A this publication is hereafter referred to as the millenialmillennialMillenial star 12 Morcormonsmormonsmons Ejectejectededsedg livedLiverliverpoolnooiDool daily post and mercmeremercury december 12t12 1911 reproduced in Clawclawsonsonssong anti mormon moving pictures p 809 31 clawson utterly rejected the assertion that the mormon brotherhood was involved in the demonstration he felt the promoters themselves staged the whole incident as a clumsy dodge because the advertising and the show itself were insufficient apparently to keep up the interest to fever heat 13 the mission president then took the filmfilmmakersmakers to task for what he felt was a defamation of the churchchurche he publiclydubilDublicly decladeciadeclaredreds these and all similar productions are based on fiction of the rankest kind and constitute a base and cruel libel on the chacharaclecharachecharacterracleer and lives of the latter day saints they aadearee utterly devoid of truth and are unworthy the notice of intelligent people the writers 0of these clumsy canardscanaras were careful in each instance to use fictitiousficticious names for the characters represented in the moving picture and this I1 take it was obviously done fforor two reasons first there is no ffoundationounonndation in truth fforor the stories and secondly the use of ficticiousfictitiousficticiousicticletic iouslous names is a protection to the managers I against libel suisulsulisuiisuitssultsL s it is fiction and not facfactstaskas that is being dished up to the poor suffering ublicbublicpublic many of whom apparently are easily hoodwinkedhoodwinked114 the church according to clawsonsClawsons accountaccountsaccounticounts was having difficulty getting whatwhatu it considered a fair hearing in the newsnewspaperspaDers in order to circumvent the news

blackoublackoutblackoutc t he ordered the printing of the complete article in pamphlet form and made them available for public 15D ddistributionionlon at one shilling and three pence per thousand missionaries and other members of the church then stationed themselves in front of theaters showing A victim of the cormonsmormons and passed them oatout to interested patrons

13clawson13clawson antiantl nornonnormonmormon moving pictures p 809 32 clawson was not the only mormon in britain concerned enough to write against the picture edwin D hatch represented those critical of the photoplay from an artistic point of view somewhat sarcastically he noted the absurdity he felt was inherent in the production perhaps the most absurd feature of the entire affair was the arrival of two english youths in utahtutachtutah who are shown as following the supposed Womormonmormonrmon villain from a stretzstructureactoure representing the great mormon templetempie which no one who has seen the o-riginal or a real photograph ol01of the temple would have recognizerecognizeddt but which with its pillared porch and broad stone steps extendextendingL 01 across the entire front resembled the entrance to a modern wesleyan chapel or the front of the church of the madeline in parispadis to his homethomeshome wherewheres after being several times foiled by the Mormormonmonsmong they eventually succeed in the rescue of the fair maid stolen from her home and parents in england it is a most curious thing also that while in england the mormon seemed to be endowed with almosaimosalmostL superhuman cunning and his friends were numerous and assisted him at almost every turntunn1turn yet on his return to utah where one would naturally suppose his influence and the number of his friends to be vastly areagreaoneatergreatertero his cunning craftiness fell from him as a nantienantlemantler7iantleq and those of his household were his worst enemies and eyeryayerye edyery mans hand was seemingly raised against himlehiml0himlhimi

14clawson anti mormon moving Picpiaplapicturesturestturess p 810 15lawsonclawson antiantl mormon moving pictures p 811 16 edwin D hatch moving picture misrepresenta- tionslons millenialmillennialMillenial star LXXIII 45 november 909 19110 p 710 A copy of hatchs article is included in this thesis as appendix B eatchhatch it must be noted apparently was unaware the film was of danish and not british manuilmanufactureacture however he is not to be blamed fforroror the titles were naturally in Englisenglishht and the archiarchitecturegerturegecture of the two nations is quite similar 33 within a few years english filmfilmmakersmakers would emulate their danish counterparts and eagerly utilize the anti mormon film theme and as we shall see in a subsequent chapter national concern over the mormon estionquestionZu would again flare up in the united kingdom during the early 1920s1920 the british saints werent the only ones angered over A victim of0 f the Morcormonsmormonsmons utah governor william spryspry himselfLE a member of the church vigorously attempted to suppress its showing in the united states american interest was first publicly drawn to the photoplay when the trade journal the ivlIVIovingmoving picture world carried a full page still photograph from the film in a special fouryourour page photo in its december 30 1911 issue this purported to show a baptismal ceremony in the salt lake temple and as can be imagined proved to be offensive to active cormonsmormons who considered it a perversion of a god ordained ordinance mormon iirelree was now aroused As other films portraying16 the saints unfavorably were also beginninbeginningc13 to beb a eexhibitedahxh L b itedcited spry apparently felt that a stand had to be zademade Wihoutwithoutshoutt setting a precedent futfutureure productions of a similar nature would be unavoidable although many of the pictures of the period now seem preposterous at the time they represented the common image of mormonism and utah foundyound in popular thought to church members it seemed incredible that the national board of censorship would sanction the exhibition of photoplaysphotoplays 34 attacking their faith this is however what happened learning of the approval the utah governorgov-ernor in january 1912 addressed a lengthy protest telegram to the board requesting they suppress A victim of the cormonsmormons and a silarsimilar film entitled the norMornonMonmonnonsmormansmormonsnomtonsnonsmons sprys petition read in part s on behalf of the people of utahsutah I1 earnestly urge that these motion pictures be suppressed I1 respect- fully submit that their exploitation will tend to revive and kindle prejudice against this state for years the commercial interestsinkue ests of utah have been ham- peredtgeredtpered the industrial development of the state has been retardededtedv and the standing of its citizens assailed by maliciousretard misrepresentations regarding the religious beliefs and moral ethics of the people of utah 1 I respectfully submit there is so much of real upliftingC romance in the building of the state and there is so much in its educational institutions that raises theuhe standard of0 P civilization that resort need not be had to the imagination especially when the imaginationilnallna nationrinationribination evolves false orieststoriesststorieststormiest such as those in quesquasquestiontiong whose rehearsal slanders a state and a people fills the minds of children of the nation with an erroneous idea of utah and its people that is nothing short of preposterous creates prejudice and makes americans the target for contempt will you not suppress the pictures and permit us to suggest themes for picture dramas regarding utah thatthai will be truthful and elevating7elevating 2177177 the governor wrote the board indirectly through the offices of the rex manufacturing company in new york rex

17heeds17 heeds request for suppression of filmflimfilms the salt lake tribunesTribribuneunetunes february 4 1912 p 28 cols 565 6 V offensive films are suppressed the deseret evening news salt lake I cip 1 ap cicitycif I y februalfebruaryY 33p 1912 p 2 cols 121 2 and thefhe morning telegraph new york city januaryjan adyary 28 1912 section ttpart4 part 2tat2 p 1 hereafter the deseret veningevening news and the morning telegraph are referred to without the city interpolated an abridged version of the telteitelegramardamarramearam by spry is found in william L roper and leonard J arrington william spry man of firinefirmnefirmness ss gogovernorvernor of ututahah salt lake city university of utah presstpreastpress 197d1971t9 P 994 35 was founded by william H swanson and edwin S porter the director best known for his epochal the great train robbery swanson was a noted independent and opponent of the patents trust the national board of censorship on the other hand was a 1909 creation of the new york peoplespeopled institute and the motion picture patents company ramsaye reports in his standard work A million and one nights that the relation- ship to the patents company 1limitedj 4jtedeted its effectiveness as the independents 1 did not know how to approach the it 80 board at9t the board itself had no legal standstandingingl but was immensely powerful because of its connection to the trust it was thus unusual thatthall spry chose to contactcon laclllacal the censors through swanson swanson however in 1912 maintained the only independent exchange in salt lake city in compe 19 titionaition with ghetheche general film company and is credited as 20 among utah shoshowmenvinen by at least one author this would explain why the governor wrote the board through himlhim for swanson would at least have a first hand knowledge of the area and could be expected to understand the concern rormor mons and utahnsutahna would have over the unfavorable pictures

181 Q Ramramsayesayej p 481 punctuation follows the original see also herbert A jump religious possibi- lities of the motion picture the m-motionmotlonolionllon picturepi c 4turetura storstorrstoryr mamarazinemagazineazineagine brooklyn new york II11 7 august igiligli19111911p PPppeppa 949594 95 19 R L polk & cosco Is salt lake city directodirectoryry 1912aL XXI salt lake cilyoailyscityscilyss R L polk & company 1912 t p 1029 36 for whatever reasons swanson did pass on the telegram to the board and wired governor spry in reply on the lith of january he suggested that the state of utah buy the objectionable reels at 150 per foot in the case of A victim of0 f the cormonsmormons this would have involved the fifteenlifteen prints imported and meant utah would end up q1qa buying proximatelyapproximatelyaD 45000 feet of film21filmflim spry unilaterally rejected the suggestion partspants of his telegram of january 13 to swanson are most illuminatilluminalingilluminatingilluminatingsinasings please note that my telegram of january 9 was not a protest filed on behalf 0of the mormon church but a rrotestprotest on behalf of the state ofoj utah while as a member of the Mornnornnormnormonmormonlonzon church I1 am glad to appeal to theuhe manufacturers ozoofz the objectionable films to suppress thertherpthem I1 voiced in that telegram a protest that represents the objections of the people of a sovereign state knowing that the exploitation of the pictures in question will do irreparable injury to0 o u4uautahah bybY poisoningC and prejudicing the minds of the younyoungerer generation especially against the state I1 wish you to convey my reirelreiterationceration of that protest and now wish it to be most emphatically conveyconveyededteds that I1 will never consent to utah or any institution or person of utah paying money to suppress these slanderous films a precedent that would be most dan79rousdangerous once the state began bryinbuyinbuying these object- ionable pictures there would be no end to the calls for money to suDsuusuppresspress them Individualindividuallylyt I1 want the people who are responsible for these films to under- candstands dand that if they are not suppressed I1 will exert every effort and use every influence at my command to secure such legislation as shall at least prohibit the exploitation of motion pictures in the state of utahsutah2utah22

20on w helen garrity the theatre in utah utah A centennial histohistory ed wain sutton vol II11 new yorkyorksyonks lewis historical publishing company 1949 P 10181018 37 it is doubtful that spry could have exerted such control over the exhibition of motion pictures in utah he never carried out his threat but he apparently felt it wouldnt hurt to flex his gubernatorial muscles on february 33pap 1912 the governor regereceivedived some recent issues of the new york city morning telegrpelegrtelegraph a theatrical paper which carried word of the boards action although it had originally sanctioned the films the board now ordered each of the offending companies to change gherheche titles and remove all references to mormonism 23 spry appears to have leaked the story of the supposed suppression and his role in the attempt to the salt lake dailies the local newspapers were quick to hail this apparent victory for the church and state of utah in an editorial appearing in the mormon owned deseret evening neistnewstnewsq the churchs position was made clearclears

2-1 will aid effort to suppress films february 11 1912 r p 16 col 5 22the salt lake Tributribunetribunesnejnes february 4 1912 p 28 231thehe alt lake tribune february 4 1912 p 2823 seee also the ivirnin0rnlncr telegrpelegrtelegrapha h january 28j28 1912 section 4 part 2tat2 appp 1 6 mormon film has em wobbly the lorningmorningPi telegraph january 3030sj 1912 p 2 col 3 mormon film to be censored by national board tf the orningmorningM telteitelegraphegraphevgraph january 31t31 1912 appp 191 2 cols 4 and filmfilinflim censors right on the job the mornorningpiorningPI telegrarhttelegraphttelegraphy february 1 191219129 p 12012 col 7 copies of the pertinent issues of the new york trade paper are apparently available in thehe united states only iromfromwromL the library of congress holdings in washington D C 38 governor spry has done the state splendid service in securing the repression of certain moving picture films which must be regarded as a libel on utahsutahqutah and the business men who have so ably seconded his efforts on behalf of the good name of the state are to be congratulated on the success achieved the stories told in the films referred to are untrue and the exhibition cannnotcannoot but have a demoralizing tendency moving picture shows as an innocent amusement or as a means 0of instruction are all right but when the pictures are fakes though exhibited as authentic the movingCI picpictureure show is no better than any other attempt to obtain money under false pretenses and if in addition the pictures teach crime they should certainly be repressed everywhere w4 not everyone connected with the film cintrovcontrovcontcontroversyrovarsyabsy was in agreement with the deseret news analysis however the new york morning telteitelegraphegetegmt was particularly bitter over the Natonalnationaltonai board of censorshidscensorshipsCensorships action attacking spry for his threat 1tolu0 o use his influence to ban motion pictures in utah the paper askedsaskews have the alternating religiobeligio political tentacles of the mormon church of utah drawn into their embrace the rationalnational board of censorship 252 governor sprys sudgessuggestionsugges Ilonion that utah suggest some suitable themes about the state also drew their criticismcriticisms babyb1y the beard ofolnoin the prophet brigham that is going some reduced to an immigration advertising proposiproposkipropositioncloncion elder sprys suggestion is audacious enough to make every tithe 26rf gathering elder of the temple chortle with joy

24 bad films suppiessuppressedsuppres sed the deseret evening neasinewsinews february 595 1912 p 4 col 1 25thethe morning telegraph january 28 1912 seaseosectiontion 4 part 2 q p 1 39 the morning legraphbegraphtetelegraph was especially upset over the pressure placed on the board by the most powerfulDownowerful influences within the councils of the church to rescind its sanction of the 27 the paper sarcastically commented and the national board of censorship hastened 28Q to obey thechedhe demand of the prophet also mentioned in account was the dossiblepossibleDos siblesibie intervention in the controversy by united states senator reed smoot himself a utahn and latter day saint apparently this did not come about althoualthoughrrharh smoot would later play an important role in the suppression of other anti mormon productions no evidence has been found to indicate that the personallypearsonallynaily approached the censors it is not unreasonable to assumehoweverassume however thatahatuhattshazghat joseph F smith was in agreement with the govegovernorsrnorsenors actions certainly the stories appearing iniziity thehe salt lake dailies give this impression in february william swanson came to utah on business and while in thefcheache state conferred with governor spry and the 29 of the church P the discussion centered

96 the morninemorning telegraphtelegraphitelegraphici january 28 191219120 section 4 part 2 Dp 1 27 27thethe morning telegraph january 28 1912 section 4 part 2 p 1 28Q the morning teleztelegraphradh january 28 1912 section 4 part 2 p 1 see also the salt lake tribune february 4 191219129 p 28 40 on the unsympathetic films discussed above as well as another entry entitled the mountain meadows massacre swanson who had earlier expressed a desire to make his own film about mormonism 30 admitted that suppression had not been as universal as had at first been thoughthought he told his ecclesiastical audience that the sales company which handled the distribution of american made productionproductionssp had nothing to do with either A victim of the cormonsmormons or the mountain meadows massacre ratherrathertrathers he said they were distributed in this country by their foreign manufacturers As late as mid february the national board of censorship had failed to ubliclypubliclypubliclyP condemn the films although in the case of A victim of the cormonsmormons it had withdrawn its approval swanson did indicate more success withw lthalth american made picturepicturess which to some extent were suppressed 31 be this as it may both A victim of the cormonsmormonsmorm and the cormonsmormons suffered no serious title revisions or cuts this is evidenced by the fact that they continued

29 thehe first presidency is made UDup of the prophet president of the church and his two counselors these are takengaken from the council of twelve apostles ititaito may be said without exaggeration that the first presidency is the executive legislative arm of the mormon churchchurchy and while the prophet lives forms the center olof01o L power in the religion

30headJ head of company is interested the deseretD seret sveningevening news february 2v2av 191219129 p 3 cols 121 2 41

c to be advertiadvertaadvertisedsed in the trade journals lonclonaionalong3 after their supposed curtailment 32 this also means that LDS versions of this controversycon uroversy will have to be rewrittenre written for example leonard J arringtonArringtonstong the church historian in his work with william L roper on theche life of governor spspyspryy william spryispratspryt man of firmness governor of utahutahtutacht writes despite the cries of censorship by certain film writers and publicationpublicationspublicationstst sprysspry protest had the desired effect one photophotoplayolay was suppressedsuppress edvedp the otherothers title was changed and certain references to the cormonsmormons wedewadewereware eliminated33eliminated 33 while the cormonsmormons apparently was more limited in its distribution as a result of sprys actions the governor had little to boast about the flood of later productions was not to be stoppedstoDped and A victim of the cormonsmormons would even benefit from the threats arrington and roderrooerroper based this parlpanlpartpant of their history on governor abrysaprysA prysprye memorabilia and the first optimistic newspaper accounts as they appeared in salt lake without access to the trade journals they had no way of knowing such storiesscors cor les were partially erroneous

31seeJ see helped suppress libelous filatfilmtfilmflim the deseret venincvenancevening7 veninc news february 10 1912 p 2 col 4 and ththe saltsait lake tribune february 11 191219120 p 16 32 see ththee advertisements appearing for A victim of the cormonsmormonsy12rmons in the movimovingng picturepictureacture news V 8 february 24 1912 28 THE TALK OF THE TRADETIRADE ONLY A FEW STATES LEFT now playing to crowded houses the moving picture news V 9 march 2 19121912 21 A RECORD BREAKER dhethephe ovinaovingmovingYi picture worldworlds XI 9 march 2 1912t1912 791 A grip- ping story with strongC human interest depicting the u practice of the r4ormonsMorcormonsmormonsmons and the movinmovingz picture world riqxiqXI 11 march 16 19121912p 993 one grand production 42 the national board of Censorcensorshipcensorshipsships dowernowerpower especially with the independent filmflimfilmmakersmakers was based upon voluntary when the board withdrew its sanction of A victim of the norMorcormonsmormonsmormong9nonsmons for examexamplepletpleppiep nordisksNordisks american subsidiary simply ignored their edict in the midst of the crisis ingvald C despoesoesp the head of nordisksNordisks new york officeol01 spoke for the great northern special company when he told reporters we have worked hand in glove with the board of censorship for a long time and we like to have their approval of our films but in this case the company will be justified in disregarding anything that the board sic may do they gave us an approval without qualification and we made our contracts under that approval then this mormon racket came up and they withdrew the approval personally I11 dontdong believe that thehe board sic will finally refuse their sanctionsanctionaionv because there is no good reason why they should but if they do wellwailwallweliweil go right aheadahead3434 oes was true to his word the board after allsailsallali essentially an arnarm of the patents trusttruet had no recourse to great northerns refusal to withdraw the picture the film went into national exhibition

33 33roperroper and arrington p 95 also see L lambert laaimalmaimagee of cormonsmormons in films t appp 141514 15 apparently they are lerringberringreferringre to morning zelegtelegraph artileearti-articlesieeleeles cited earlier 0431 the morning telegraph january hii3ii31v 1912 p 2 see also the morning telegraph february 1pap1 1912 p 12 for background on nordisksNordisks entry into the american film market see neergaard p 22 and Ramsayramsayeev appp 514515514 515 additional informationin2ormation may be located in kemp R niverniven in tthehe bazib2zibeginningnning program notes to accompany one hundred early motion pictures mount vernon new yoryork s brandon books 19619677 appp 55555555656 and bebe bergstenBergsteng the great dane los gelessangelesangelessangeleseAn locane research 1973 especially valuable is the article great northern special feature film co the moving picture neastnewstnews v9vaV 1 january 6 1912 121412 14 433 essentially the great northern special feature film company was a separate arm of nordislsnordisksNordisNordisksdiskels already established american operations its purpose was to handle the still experimental longer photoplaysphotoplays like A victim of the cormonsmormons on a states rights exhibition basis indeed A victim of the cormonsmormonsmorrmonsmorlMorrmodrmons was their first release although the first published reports indicated that great northern would abide by the national board of censorshipsCensorships decisiondecisionsdecisionstst this was soon repudiated 353 apparently the mormon picture was too lucrative a property to shelve As the earliest company to give the new idea of features special attention in the statesstatesistatesir 6 great northern was not about to bow to the utah churchmen 36 the im-impressionpreassionession the trade magazines give is that the film was indeed successfully exhibited 37 these same journals were not lax in noticinnoticing c the

controversy for exampleexanexamplesexampiesplesplep the movinamoving picturepic 6 ure world of january 279 1912 devoted nearly a full page to an editorial once more qu called the sectarian film after quotingolingCD the salt lake tribunesdriPribunes account of the salt lake commercial clubsclub attempt in conjunction with governor spry to

35seesee the moving picture news january 6 1912i1912t appp 121412 14 As has been documented abovepaboneyabovey oes ignored the boardboards reversal 36for more on great northernnortherns leadership see ingvald C oes growth of the feature film the movamovmoving XTV 8 0 picture worlds XIV 9 november 23 1912t1912 25910259407597602592607591- 760260 44 studstunsuppresspress one of the objectionable pictures the moving picture world then turned to a letter by lester park a pioneer mormon exhibitor and showman in the intermountain west park had addressed a lengthy and impassioned letter to the periodical in which he expressed his convic- tion that the proposed reels are in effect libels upon the concientiousconscientious beliefs and traditions of the latter day saint church unfortunately parks complete letter is not reproducereproducedfreproducedvdfdv although the fact that he wrote indicates that cormonsmormons involved in the motion picture industry were also concerned about the film attacks 38 park and his brother

37g37 reatbeatgreat northern special feature film co the Mmovinff10vin picture news v0vaV 9 manchlNlarchmarch 29 191291912 21 and mormon pictures in demand the moving picture world XI 6 february lotlog10 1912 40470 for one ttypeype of scandinavian reactreactionorlorr see Mormmormonessmormonensonens offer forcadesforbadesForbades i america skandinaviens stjerne copenhagencopenhagenr LXIPLXI 5 march 1 1912t1912 727772 77 and ivlormonensMormmormonessmormonensonens offer i narvikbarvik skandinaviens SstiernStjernstjernettaernatatabernaadnaernaacneet LXI 6 march 15 1912 909190 91 skandinaviens Stdernethernestjerne was the official mormon missionary jourjournalrial for the northern kingdoms additionally see ebbeebba neergaard storienhistorienhistorianHi om dansk film conencopenhagenCoDenhagen GyldengyldendalgyigyldendalgGyldendaldalidalgdaig 9601960 p 45 this is the original danish version the english translation cited above inexplicably ignores this part 0aaaof rgaardsiieerneergaardsineer work reviews of the film appeared in both the danish newspapersnewspaDers Politpolitikeniken and folketsfolkens avis on october 3tat3 igli19119111 those interested in reviewreviewing4 ng the danish motion dicturevicturepictureDiccic ture literature covering the various personalities involved may wish to consult marguerite enaberEngberengberggp dansk filmlitteratur copenhagencopenhagensCopenhagenthagens detdel dalskedanske flimFilmfilmmuseumfilmmuseumtmuseum 1964 personal correspondence with clara wieth pontoppidan who played the abducted florence in A victim of the cormonsmormons was conducted with the assistance of the danish film mumuseums eum unfortunately her recollections ofolp the picture and period were poor and of no real import 11to0 o this thesis 38the38 the sectarian film once moremoretmonemores the moving picture world XI 4 january 272 1912p1912 282 45 byron park willwiilwiilwi11 reappear later in this narrative in this same article the moving picture world moved to condemn religious prejudice and bigotry in the photoplay its editors wrote we have on more than one occasion condemned an attack in films on the religious tenets of any set of human beings the cormonsmormons are it is true unpopular in certain sections of the country their prophets and leaders have in the past on more than one tragic and deplorable occasion been made the victims of mob fury and have been done to death without the semblance of a trial they are even todayto day accused of disloyalty to the govern- ment and of practices concontrarykraryarary to the penal laws of the states in which they live the controversy between mormon and gentile though no longer disgraced by savasavageryreery of past practisespractices sic is still going on we believe however there is great mutal forbearance and toleration much of the ancientancianclanellentvent prejudice is dying out the warring factions are beginning to recognize the meritsmer-iaitskitsii ts and good qualities of each other and peace and amity have given place to trifestrifearife and hatred it seems to us a bad use of the moving picture to threaten such a desirable condition of affairs the stirring up of religious prejudiceprejudices the opening of old wounds the renewal of bitterness is to be condemned uttutterlyterly and without reservalreservationtionkionklon with every desire to be fair and just to the makers of the proposed releases it is impossible to resist the conclusion that the cormonsmormons are attacked as a religious sect and made the objects 0ofL hathalhatredred ridicule and contempt if any films were to portray living men or women in such a manner and in such a light the law would give them the right to sue fforyoror I libel and prosecute the dedeideldetractorsL factorsractorsractors criminally we cannot fathom the reasons which impel the produ- ction of such reels after the many bitter experiences which former similar efforts have brought down upon their pperpetratorse rp 9 trla4aa ors it is quite possible that ignorance and a desire toco be cheaply sensational account fortheseforfon these objectionable reelsreeisreele and that there is no such deep seated malice as the objectors allege in view of our repeated warnings against sectarian films in view of the disasterousous results of suchsuca sectarian films to their makersdisasterwe are to pronounce continued constrained 39 this iignoranceC norance as decidedly inexcusable

39the moving picture world january 272 1912 p 282 46 despite these encouraging words by the movamovmoving picture world towards the Morcormonsmormonsmons they rang hollow for many weeks a-afteriL ter the editorialeditorialteditorials the magazine continued to devote news and advertising space not only to A victim of the cormonsmormons and the cormonsmormons but to other unfavorable 40LQ films about the utahU tah saints we shall be examining these later in this and succeeding chapters

A va U v4victimL ctlmcalm of the cormonsmormons was not the only flimfilmflim made about the followers of brigham youngbyyoungbeyyoung by danish moviemakersmoviemakers mormonbvensmormonbygns blomst the flower of the moonnormonmormon city releasedreleased by AS fotoramaFotorama in 1911 also presented a 41 negative screen ariewviewvriew of mormon missionary efforts the story so familiar from the anti LDS characterizations of the periods penny press is little more that a paraphrase of sir arthur conan doyles tale of vengeance A study in searleseariescarlescarlet0 o

UQ seeee for example the moving picture worldworldiworldie february 10 191219129 p 40s402470 mr charles abrams manager of the great northern special featuree film company is almost the busiest man on fourteenth street since the announce- ment hatthatII11 thistinistonisvonis company would release A victim of the iormonstmormons1 on thehe state rights planpianplantplans he has been bombarded with requestsreques s for territory and inquiries regarding that picture rights have already been sold for several territories one thing that has tended to rouse interesinheresinterest1 in this picture is the antagonistic attitude olof01 the so called mormon church which has given the subject the widest publicity and tended to rouse greater interest in the picture 41mormonbyens blomst farhussaarhussAarhuss AS fotoramaFotfotoramaqorama c1911cl91l3 this is a sixteen pageC program prepared for the film simsimilar5 lar to the one cited earlier for Mormmormonessmormonensonens offer A copy is located in the danishfilmdanish filmflim museum 47 mormon missionaries call on the wife played by laura mogensen of the simple village blacksmith jens olsen peter nielsen she unsuspectingly allows them in and not long after dies the bereaved husband turns to the elders and is soon converted to the mormon religion he and his young daughter kristine decide to leave behind their sad memories and emigrate to the mormon paradise ft A half dozen years pass with jens prospering among the saints in utah kristine jenny roelsgaardRoelsgaard has grown into a beautiful younsyoung woman so much so that she is now mormon the flower of the city hopeful suiters abound forfaf0rorL her hand unfortunately for the blacksmith he does not have the best of relations with the mormon elders who rule the theocratic kingdom y jens finds polygamy an abomination and finasfinds it impossible to forgetforgelborgel the memory of his dead i wwifei-L e whose picture remains imprinted upon his heart the elders for thetheirir part view this subbostubborn refusal to remarry with great suspicion wllwilwitwithouthout children their kingdom cannot prosper the situation is complicatedcompliccomplice a ted as one of the elders philip beck has a son john gunnar hellengreenhelsengreenHelsengreen who desires kristine for his of wives relations between the two factions go from bad to worse kristine emphatically does not want john despite his attentions instead she gives her heart to a non mormon cowboy named tom carterpartergarter aage schmidt who one day saves her from drowning 48 the slighted mormon angrily swears he will have her for his own no matter what he appeals to his father for help A holy meeting of the elders is called and the decision is made that kristine shall marry john in three days or else if she or her father oppose the decree they are warned they will be taken care of by the avenging angels fearful for their lives the two immigrants decide to flee with tom he adroitly knocks out a night watchman and they make good their escape that evening early next morning when they are disdiscoverddiscoveredcoverd missing john and his latherfather ffornformorm a posse to pursue them the chase lasts a full day throuthroughrh thezhene waste lands of utah jens falls off his horse and dies in the arms of the younyoung couple things now become desperate as they also run out of food

rn tontomioralora rides off0 ff to shooshoot some wild meat while kristine remains behind at the site of her fathers newly dug grave

10 while thus left alone theiche posse catches up to11 o kristine and takes her back a prisoner to the mormon town tom returns to find her gone and notices the tracks left by the riders vowing vengeance but realizing he is a wanted man tom waits untiluna1 il dark to returnre urn to the mormon headquarters meanwhile kristinekristines wedding is all prepared pale and more dead than alive she faints before she can whisper the fateful yes the marriage to johns dismay must be postponed tom under the cover of darkness makes his way to where kristine is quartered the two lovers meet and arrange 49 their escape fforfonyonor the next night she is to pretend she is deathly ill while left alone by her captors she and tom ride off never to return in the morning john finds them gone he sadly resignresigns himself to his fate and does not pursue several years pass kristine is now toms wife and has borne him a son they live in new york city where tom has managed to build up a large and thriving business kristine is still homesick for Dendenmarkmarktmarks however and so tom sells his inter- ests and makes plans to take her back to her native land

they find though thathatA heythey have not left the cormonsmormons completely behind them one last strange runinrun in occurs before their depardeparturetursture A few days before they are due to leave a mormon priest comes to their home tradingtrac tinating it unexpectedly turns out to be john the rejected suisulsuilsullsuitorsultorllortor when he realizes who he has called on he quickly leaves for tom and kristine it is their last reminder of the horrors they had in the mormon city tom on his arrival in denmark makes arrangements to buy thehe old blacksmithblacksmithshopshop in the vivillageilage where kristine was raised the film ends with them at the little country graveyard where she sheds a tear over her mothers burying placeplacet but smiles happily up at her tom who has 42 saved her for true love and happiness

42mormonbyens blomst program booklet appp 8168 16 50 divided into ffiftyifty exciting and efeffectivefectiveactive parts mormonbyens blomst the flower of the mormon cicity is typical of its genre the cormonsmormons are all portrayed as degenerate polygamists in need of new women little relationship seems to exist between such a film and the reality it claimed to rtrayartrayportraypo 43 although relatively little has been written about the photoplay it is known to have been screened in britain it also is documented that about a half dozen residents of aarhus were utilized in photogradhinphotographing the chase secuesecuencesequencence on horseback over the fields of skejbyskeebyskejbyp to the northnornon h of aarhus this area was chosen because its unsettled landscape resembled a real 44libr prairie unlike A victim of the MormomormonlmormoniMormormonsmonsnl this film is belbeibelievedlevedcleved to be lost therp he other moving picture objected to by governor spry injnJ n his protest was the cormonsmorrmormonsmorn ons also known as the mormon this was a western drama of 100019000 feet released early lain 1912 by the american film manufacturing company headquartered in with studios in callcailcaliforniaCali Lornia american like great northern was an independent producing irmffirmyirm and thuschus less under the influence of the national board of censorship than the trust flinfilmflimfiimmakersfilmmakersmakersmakere

43 even the most scholarly antiantl mormon writewritersrs admitadm it that the number of mormon males pracpracticingklicingdicing plural marriage probably nevernevneven amounted to more than 20 of the total male population of utah the figure may have been as low as 2 see jerald and sandra tanner p 225 44qJL seee antiantl imormonmormont pictures in Edinburgedinburghhv 51 the firm began in 1910 by raiding the essanay

4 studio of most of its top talentitalentst alent and soon specialized in making solidly produced sternswesteriswesternsWe A number of early professionals worked on the mormon J warren kerrigan one of the screentsscreens first big male stars was the featured 4 lead 45 later to become a respected hollywood director launched his long career with the mormon and 46 other similar melodramas for flying A

1 F1 As ramsayeL relatesrelatesirelareiatesitess ilit wasnt easy to make pictures in those days there was alalwaysaaasaaysways the evereverpresentpresent threat of nearby patents company agents cameras and good cameramen to operaoperate11 e them were scarce then and snipers with long range ritditriflespesdes were not uncommon one well placed bullebuliebuilebullet16 47 could have delayed production forroreorfor months the following synopsis was provided by the company for advertising purposes and appeared in both the moyinmoving laturepicture news and the moving picture world it was thisuhls story coupled with the still photograph of A victim of the mocormonsmormonsmons mentmentionemantionementionedloneioneed eadearearlierlierl which first prompted governor sprys response As is readily millenialmillennialMillenial star LXXIV 29 july 1818y 1912t1912 462462f bernhardt hollywood capitelkapitel jensen da aarhus var et jjaitel af stumfilmensppa storiehistoriehistoriaHi aarhus s universitetsforlaetuniversitetsforlagets 19697t1969 PPpp7 747574 75 s and et jubilaeum ASA fotoramaFot orama igennem 25 aaraanaarilanilarv biograf bladet Copancopencopenhagencopanhagenthagenthagens 11 1933p1933 262 6 45 for more on kerrigans career see karlton C lahue the sasagebrushrush heroes of the silent screen new york A S barnes and company 1970t1970 appp 209215209 215 52 apparent v the mormon is strongly part of the anti mormon film genre and can be seen as indicative of the gentile view of mornmormonmormon life in the westwestt in the early days of the west it was customary for the cormonsmormons to attack wagon trains in order to secure new wives in the practice of their polygamous belief this american release deals with such an attack the young son of the mormon elder was dearly beloved and faithful and was given the post of outlook to locate wagon trains ascertain the number of men and women in them and assist in the attack one morning he spies through his powerful telescope a lone wagon crossing the prairie he hastens to the council of the elders and tells them of approachingttetteapproachingtiemtiya emigrants he is sent to ascertainasceasee Z 1aintainbain the number ojof1I nmenen with the wagon and encounters the girl it is a case of love at ffirst sight he gazes earnestly in the girlsgirigirlgiris eyes and sees an answering light in thei-theirr depths then he realizes his mission and that the capture of those women will make them wives of 1thehe prophet A fierce desire over-overcomescomes him to possess her for himself a thing not possibleposs 4bieble in thehe church 111he1 e renounces hish jsj s and 1 faith varnstarnsyarnsdarns theI emigrants

IM 1 he assists in frightingfightingight I offol01if his own people and at last they hold up the flag olof01o L truce thezhe old father learns that his son has become an apostate sadly he reiraireturnsret urasurnsumas to his home to grieve over his erring son lost to hnimi forever thenheI1 emigrant having been killed the younyoung mormon takes his place and with the girl by hshis sides idea turns to a new lilifeilfe with the woman he lotloves8lorloloveslovesaT ms 8

40 dwan directed such classics as heidi 1937 and the sands of iwolwotwo jima 1949 the mormon was photographedphotphol ographedographed at la mesa california see peter bogdanovitch allan dwanthedwan theihatharharhe last pioneer new corkyorkyorks praeger 197191971 p 171 47 ramsaye p 575 for a detailed study of the flying A studio see timothy lyons the silent partnerpartners the history of the american film manufacturing company unpublished doctdoctordoctorsors dissertation university of iowa 1972 this and other material on american can be consulted at the santa barbara historical society in california 48hqaq the mormon the movinamoving picture nesslnewslmewsi itslysIV 52 december 30t30 igli191191911 20 and the mormonivlIVI ormon the momoving picture worldworlds x9XIxa 3 january 20 19121912p 242 53 atthethattiethatthethatTh the premise of the picture tended to the ridiculous was recognized even by contemporary reviewers only in movie reality can a party of three the settler his bifwifwifee and their daughter aided by one renegade mormon hold off an attack of determined religious zealotszealouszealots for example the critic for the iNlovingmovinginlovingunloving ictureacturepicture world wrote that the picture has no stecialsdecialspecial strength nor any noticeable weakness except the result of the battlebatllebattiebattlebattie it will serve as 49 a filler little else is known about the filarfilmrfilmflimriim elcexcexceptept that it was not fully supdresasuppresseded as the cormonsmormons were firstfirslfirelfinst

1 mormon led to believe it is not itermineddeterminedde if I the still survives 350 this picture like many othersothers of this early period was loosely based upon the so called mountain meadows 51 Yiasmiasmassacresacre 3 occurring in 1857 the event has continued to haunt Morcormonsmormonsmons whipped up to fever pitch by fear of ininvasioinvasionvasiovaslo rii 0on the part of a federal army under the command of general albert S johnston the saints of southern utah were in no mood to assist genilegentile wagon trains especially one made up of travelers11 ravelerseiers some of whom claimed to have been active in the murder of the prophet joseph smith over ten years earlier

49 independent the Mormormonemons i the moving picture world XI 5 february 3tat3 1912 393 50J for further information on this photoplay see the advertisement appearing in the movimovingng picture world XI 4 january 272 1912 323 it was described as one olof01 the 54 food normally available to california and oregon bound emigranemigrantstst was hoarded in case war with the national

Cgovernment actually broke out bitterness was common to both sides and elements of the dixie leadership determined that it would be best for the eternal souls of these unrepentant sinners to some mormon eyes if their blood was shed this shedding of blood according to what some latter day saints were then teaching was necessary to atone forrorlor thesinchesinthe sin of murder in this case the murder of the prophet joseph still finds echo today in the utah prison system where the use of a firing squad is a voluntary alternative in executing 520 sentences related to capital crcrimesimmes really master pictures of the year red blooded charged with action this film dealing with the religious wars of the early Mormormonstmormonsmormonemonstmons will add heavily to your box office receipts aj5j the standard relereferencerencerenee work for this event is juanijuanitaidatda brooks the mountain meadows massacre rev ed normans university of oklahoma press 1970 also see jerald and sandra tannertannert appp 493515493 515 adand essentials in church histhistoryorys appp 418422418 422 for two succinct and difdlfdifferingferingrering accounts for a discussion by mrs brooks of herstudyher study see cindy dommerdommers author discusses ontroversialcontroversialI1 bookbooks the daily uhuniverseverseveree brigham young universityly provo utahsutahvutah march 4 1974 p 2 cols 454504 550 52 see keith D wilcock utahs peculiar death penalty dialogue 3 A journal of mormonthoughmormon thoughthoughtt los 2 summer p angelesCD t VII 1921972 34 there is disagree-ck ment over what blood atonement encompassed and whether it was actually practiced for two views see bruce R McConmcconkiekietkievklev mormon doctrine and2nd ed salt lake city bookcraft 1966 t appp 929392 93 and jerald and sandra tannertannentannerttanners appp 398404398 404 these provide references to most of the other major sources dealing with the doctrine 55 cormonsmormons and their indian allies attacked the california bound settlers because of the stiff resistance by the emigrants eventually it was decided to use a ruse under a flag of truce the normonmormonFl ormononmon led killed the majority of the party only some young children were spared the conception that brigham young personally ordered the murders is apparently erroneous but has nevertheless continued to dominate the popular mind it is possible however that he attempted toito shield those involved after the incincidentiaanlaan became known eventually john D lee who led the raid was tried and convicted for his part in the massanemassacremassa- re before his execution he dictated a book in which he claciaclaimedimadlaed he was the scapegoat for others and that he

1 533 was innoceninnocentinnocenck of any wron-wrong gdoing whatever the truth of theuhe matter the event remained singularsintdulardulangular in mormon and utah history thischis1his however has not prevented authors dramatists and 1zakersfilmfilmmakers1eiielaei makers from using license in their recreations of the mountain meadows tragedy in the film the mormon discussed above the reader will recall the assertion that in the early days of the west it was custpmaryforcustomary for the cormonsmormons to attack wagon trains in order totp secure new wives 54 in theL he practice of their polygamous belief 0

CQ 53johnjohn doyle lee mormonism unveiled st louisloulslouiss bryan brand and co 1871877 the book has been reprinted many times 56 these twin threads unprovoked attacks on innocent wagon trains and the use of unscrupulous means to secure unwilling wives in order to increase already sizeable harens dominate the history of mormon portrayals in silent era motion pictures these themes proved undeniably popular two otheroto t her films both similar in story line to the mormonimormont appeared about the same time these were the fountaindountain meadows massacre and an episodeE sode of early mormon daysD this latter picture believed to be the same as A mormon isodeLbpisodelEBpoisodeepisode they apparently were first screened in california during january 1912 the following synopsis for A mormon episode clearly demonstrates the relatdelatrelationshipionshipdonship these melodramas

1I0 hadhad toV o the mountain meadows killings it is the year about 1865 in utah on the outskirtsout-s 14 irtsarts of the mormon territory a horhorsemanhonsemansaman isLs warchingwaschingwarwazchingwacwaz ching a long line of men and women with horses and carts sweeping down the slopes of a rising plateau they are settlers whowhop disregarding the warnings at the boundaries 0of the mormon territoterritorydygryg are seeking for a snotspot to0 pitch their camp the horseman gallops back inointo the rough collection of buildings dignified by the nainenaimename of the town men are scattered about and picking out one of themathem a talltaiitalitalltnintallthinthin man with white halihairether the horseman shouts a warning to him the man is jamesvamesT smithsmithssmithp and he listens to theche horsemanshorsemans story then goesoes to verify it soon convinced that the settlersoare making preparations to stop he issues orders to the men to gather to commence an attack A message is despatched to brigham youngyoungsyoungg and within minutes all is in readiness the attack is opened thehe settlersrst barribarricadingcading themselves behind the wagonssettlesettieput up a stern fight in spite of the breaches

54the moving picture worlds december 30t30 1911191 19 pP 20 57 made in their ranks as the shots of the cormonsmormons findfind their marks one by one brigham young gives orders for a flag of truce to be carried out and then for his men to turn upon the settlers and massacre them wholesale these instructions are carried out to the letter cries for mercy are unheedunheedededpedg and when the sun dips in the west there is not a living creature left in the valley to bear witness to mormon treacheryreachery55treachery5555 it should be noted that it is possible that A mormon episode and an episode of early mormon dadaysYs are two separate productions nevertheless it is true that these and similar films played up the most sensationalnationalsensationalsationallonai aspectsaspects of mormon history through a distorted celluloid image contemdorarycontemporary accounts indicate that an e12isodeepisode of earlyeaslyeasty mormon dadays not only had brigham young leading the 56 massacredmassacretmassacremassacret but that he was assassistedj stedusted by joseph smithsmiths confusion may have occurred between the characcharacterer 1istedlisted in the synopsis reprinted above known as james smithtsmithy and joseph saithsalthsmithsimith who was the founder and first prophet of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints it naswas of coursecou- se iimpossiblem oossiblepossible for joseph smith to aid brigham young in Uutahtah foror smith was killed long before the exodus to the territory took place

55supplement to the british motion picture trade publication the bioscopebiosco2eq september 12 1912j1912 p V 56 J see massacre picture earlynearlyN causes riot the salt lake tribune january 25 1912 pvp 3 col 4 also of interest is moving pictures stir up Feefeelinglingg the deseret evening Nnewseastwst january 25 1912 p 5 col 5 58 the mountain meadows massacre was manufactured by the french headquartered pathe freres company news accounts differ as to whether the film was made in europe or at the american subsidiarys los angeles facilities 57 letters addressed to the french motion picture archives have produced no further information pathe freres was begun before the turn of the century by charles pathe until 1901 its output of moving pictures was only a sideline to the profitable manufacture of phonographs and phonograph cylinders through shrewd management pathe became one of0 the leading production companies in the world As french cinema historian georges sadoulcadoul points out in his book french filmflimfilmsflims for the first ten years of the twentieth century the pathe dramas and comedies and realistic filmsflims dominated the world market the sale of all these pathepallnalneina films went into the hundreds and sometimes a thousands of copies bringing01 in rofitsprofitsP fifty or hundred times the cost of their production with agentsagenesagencsagenas established in every quarter of the alobeglobe it was not long before pathe film production started in countries such as italy great britain america russia germany and with such wide ramificationramificationssi it is not surprising that the firm of pathe brothers in 1908 sold twice as many films in the united states as all the american producing companies put togethertogether5858

with this vast financial powerpowers 9 pathe identified itself with the edison patents group and was one of its member firms first locating in a remodeled cash register 59t q factoryLac todytory at bound brook new jersey pathepathesIs american arm also turned to the california sunshine for some of its films today pathe is best remembered for its red rooster insignia and newsreelsnewsreelsreeis the first to successfully develop 59 although a member of the trust and thus an upholder of the censorship board pathe was not anxious to suppress the mountain meadows massacre salt lakers wintering in los angeles in early 1912 first brought the filmzilmklimL to the attention of utah civic leaders greatly incensed the vacationers wired the salt lake commercial club a group of prominent local businessmen so that steps could be taken to censor the picture club secretary joseahjosephjosedh E caine immediately wired pathe freres new jersey office to complain of what he termed a libel on utah which threatened the material development of the entire state 60 other utah organizations also protested the exhibition of the photoplay frank DI driggs president of the uahuiahutahbah development leagueleagues sent a similar telegram to frank Wigginwigginssp secretary of the los angeles chamber of commerce 61

57seesee suppression of films Demanddemandededsedg the deseret even4eveningevenalngang neasinewsiNawsews january ilslis11 1912 p 12 col 2 and the salt lake tribune february ilg11 1912 p 16 58georges58J georges sadoultsadouly french film londonalondonlondonsLondons the falcon press 1953t1953 P 9

Q 59ramsayelRamsayransayramsayerramsayeyey p 518 6 0 business men see ibellibellibeiL in utah film the salt lake tribune 9a january 11 t 1912 t p 16 col 5 see also the deseret evenineveninga neasinewsinews january ils11 191219129 p 12 61 the salt lake trltribunetribuneitribunesTribunei january 11 1912 p 16 60 As the ffilmriimlim was a gross misrepresentation of the affair caine was in high hopes the movie and others like it would be withdrawn as soon as the manufacturerskanufmanufactureacturersrs learned of the damage they were doing to the state failing this however there was an optimisticoptomistic reliance on the authority of the national board of Censorcensorshipsships if thetha1 he denanddemand is ignored it is believed that an appeal to the national censorship board sic will be effective that bureaus powers are dictatorial in the motion dicpictureture worldworldy and if it can be shown that the film is false and libelous an order can be issued strictly prohibiting its displayd A splay in any theatre in the countrcountrycountry62j6262 As we have already seen the LDS people had a

4 somewhat distorted view of the dowerspowers of0 L the national board because of the mormon and utahU cah civic protest however P j pathe frresarresredesradesreres did o-offeroffarLfenfer to withdraw the filmflim forror a fee

1 1.1 theyT he y wanwanteded assurances from theL e commercial club that their losiosloseses would be made good 63J the salt lake commercial club naturally enough had no desire to buy out the film they preferred that the picture and others like it be voluntarily retired by the manufacturers concerned pathe freres utterly rejected the utahnsutahna reasoning in the face of this refusal the club contacted the national board and the utah congresssional delegation in washington to see what legal recourse the state had in its attempt to ban the showing of such flimsflimsfilms throuthroughoutthroughouldhoulghoul the nation apparently there was none

629 the salt lake tribune january 11 1912 p 16 61 the protest coming at the same time as that for A4 victim of the cormonsmormons produced relatively little concrete action As will be recallrecallededtedv william H swanson attemptattemptedattemp t ed to help the mormon leadership suDsuppresssuneunpress these films he was clear that nothing could be done to stop the showings of pictures like these on a states rights basis 64 until further information can be brought forth the status of this motion picture and its distribution must remain in doubt the utah leadersleadensleadershiphinhiD dialdidldid however receive some consolation from the los angeles chamber of commerce agreeing with its utah counterpart that any attempt to buy the films would only lead to a form of blackmail the chamber stated its strong opposition to the manufacture and distribution of the fountaimountaimountainn meadows massacre and all similar productions the chambers board members affirmed heirtheir4 belief that it was a serious business mistake to show any film which creates race or religious hatred 65D the churchs newspaper the deseret eveninevening news responded heartily to the chambers action in an editorial

6363. kompanycompanyk ompany demands payment to quit the salt lake trltribuneTritribuneltribunesbunel january 13 1912 p 9 col 6 64 the salt lake tribune february 11 1912 p 16 65mountain65 mountain meadows films obnoxious the deseret evenineveningg neasinewsinews andaryJjanuaryanuary 20t20 1912 p 1 col 6 see also the salt lake tribune january 13 19121912g p 9 for a california reaction see Morcormonsmormonsmons peeved over films that depict Massamassacrecrep the los angeles recordrecords january 171 1912 pop 10 col 5 62 appearing in the january 22 1912 issueissues we here in utah thoroughly appreciate the stand taken by the los angeles chamber of commerce in the matter of exhibitexhibitingindinoC the so called mountain meadow flimfilmflim the businessmen of the wideawakewide awake coallcoaslcoast city are correct in stating that it would be a business mistake to show any film which creates race or religious hatred the mountain meadow tragedy belongs to the class of occurrences in early pioneer days of which every state in the union has had its sharesharetshares some modermorermoremone some less the attempt to fasten the responsibility forfo-fopr it upon the church leaders was one of the brilliant alafterarterter thoughts of anti mormon fanatics it was a crime for which no one was responsible but those who committed it why thensthen should the memory of it be perpetuated but the filmfilim isisy of course pure fake and that is another reason why its exhibition is objectionable it does not give a trueisrepresentation of the occurrence but the authors version of it founded entirely upon his imagination it has notanotqnot therefore the merit of history but is simple fiction As such iti Isis objectionable on the same ground as novels and plays that have no other object in view than the exhibition ofmurderof murder and bloodshed for the delectation of a departeddeparveddeparved taste it is objectionable on the same ground as 1thehe horrible wax figures that at one time used to attractcrowdsattract crowds it is not fit for the entertainment of children who flock to the moving picture shows itlt is bad business no state no section of the country is served by havinxrhaving it exhibited as the scene of sanguinarysanguinartalyaxy tragedies uncritical audiences do not always discriminate between the past and present and transtransferientemsener the odium of long ago to the present so from every point of view the film should be suppressed it does not concern thet96e church it concerns every citizen of the state96statestate6666 only three days after this editorialeditoriall both major salt lake papers reported the incidence of a near riot in san francisco over the showing of an e2ieaiepisodesode of eaearly mormon daysD

66 should be Suppresssuppressededsedg n the deseret evenievening neneastnewstvs january 22i22p p 4 cols 121 2 63 readers will recall this is the limfkimfilm that pictured joseph smith and brigham young leading a murder conspiracy in utah according to the tribune accountaccounts when the picture was produced at a suburban picture house last night several cormonsmormons were among the audience and took such exception to the production that for a time a fightrn seemed imminent the manager of the house was requested to withdraw the scene but L stated that it was only on exhibitionechiexhi97itionaition at that particular house for one nightsnightanightnights0night970 whether this disturbance was a planned publicity ploy such as occurred in the british scr-screeningseenings of A victim of the cormons114ormonsmormons is not known it is documentdocumenteddocumentedvedvedp however that local mormon leaders were aware of the film and unhappy about its public exhibition james E robinson head of the churchs san francisco mission wired his colleague in new york to protesprotestpro cestcost1 the showing of the photoplay apparently robinson hoped that the eastern church authorities would be able to make effective repre- sentations with the pertinent movie officials it is unlikely that much was accomplished as the fifilmflimfilmim was reported to be unlicensed and without board of censorship approval 68

theL he mormon genre although limited to massacres and kidnapkidnappingspings continued to hold the publics interestinterests pathe for example undaunted by its runinrun in with the churchchu- ch earlier in the year released the one reel marriage or death

67thethe salt lake tribune january 2525v 1912 p 3 see also the deseret evening news january 25259 1912 p 5 64 on february 21 1912 the pattern is similar to previous efforts according to the description provided exhibitors by patheJ this is the story of early ilylifeilfee in utah A young girl is seen by one of the cormonsmormonslifand demanded in marriage her familyfamilyp howeverhoweverihoweveri refuses and is driven from home by the combined force of the cormonsmormons and indians the girigirlidlidiirl is captured and once in the hands of the mormone is about to be arcedforcedforced into marriage with the man sheiloathes when she is6rescuedrescued by a band of cowboys from a ranch nearbynearby00 9 it is not known if this film still survives certainly it displays little originality over earlier pictures the national board of censorship seems to have cared little about suppressing these mormon related ilmeffilms for example p that same year another member of the patents trustthetrust the selig polyscope companycom dany undertook the filming of joaquin millermillers well known anti mormon stage plajplakplay the canitesdanites of the sierras millers drama was loosely based upon his earlier book first farliesfamliesFam lies of the sierras following its stage debut in 1871821877 it was to become the most popular aritarltantiantl kormonmormon production of the nineteennineteenthth century 70 although the cormonsmormons twotowo unnamed avenging angels or nitescanitesdanitesDa make only a brief one page appearance in the novel 9 they aquire names carter and hickman and dominate the play

680 o the salt lake trltribuneitribunesTriT bunebunei january 25t25 y 191219129 p 3 robinson branded an episode of eadearlyear mormon daysdaye a ffakefake and foreign to the truthtruthy and added that if it were according to the facts it would be a most demoralizing picture to show young people 65 this change has been attributed to the leaden hand of Millermillerslp collaborator playwright P A fitsgeraldfitzgeraldfitsfitzPitsgeraidgerald fitzgerald apparently influenced by the fantastic fiction appearing as fact in the dime novels of the day seemed to feel the book needed spicing up if it was to do big box office as a play

he must have known what he was doingC for it proved overwhelmingly successful this success combined wiwitawilatn the deathdeath of brigham young in 1871877 prompted the publicationpublication in 1881871878 of an anthology of millers works edited by A V D honeyman honeymans introduction is indicative of the eastern literatisliteratusliteratis inability to deal realistrealisticallyica1ly with the montonmormonmommon experiment for he describes the adaptation as a nearly perfect likeness even though 71 the play bears very little resemblance to the book As lawrence klenk points out this gives us a glimpse of the weight of realistic mormon influence on american letters real cormonsmormons dont count writers were too busy telling mormon it ghost stories 72 the anti mormon dramatist often displayed little interest in the real conditions in utah and unfortunately for the saints this same literary and popular newspaper attitude carried over into the cinema

696qaq marriage or death the moving picture world XI 7 februaryfebruary17 17 1912 614 70 this section largely parallels lawrence D klenk saints alive or deseretlargelyetesteddetesteddetested an overview of the mormon image in american drama 184619141846 1914 unpublished paper brigham young university 1972 appp 9129 12 66 mckeemcgeemckeerankinrankin wrote the screenplay and directed the picture for selig rankin who was the leading actor of the original broadway production had made the play into his personal vehicle in 1880 he took it abroad in what was apparently the first completely american company to tour the theaters of britain 73 even twenty years later he was still able to draw crowds with his portrayal as sandy the hero of the drama seligseilg appears to have felt that the controvecongrovecontroversysy engulfing thehe earlier anti mormon pictures would ensure theehe success of the already well established play the canitesdanites routinely received its license and ran two reelsL As the idea of longer feature films was not fully accepted each reel wasvms released separately once again the motif of unprovoked pioneer murder predominates danialdani1lcanitesdaniteses disguised as indians overtake a lone family of westward bound emigrantemigranlemigrantss all are killed except for nancy williams played by betbettyty harte and her younger brotherbrothenbrothers georgie although left for dead they are eventually rescued by another group of settlers

71joaquin71 joaquin miller the nitescanitesdanitesDa and other Selectionselectionsst ed A V D honeyman new york inniscnnjqn n 1878 p xi also see klenk saints alive p 11 72klenk saints alive p 11

73seesee klenk saints alive appp lis11911 20 stuart W hyde the representation of the west in american drama from 1849 to 1917 unpublished doctordoctors dissertation 1951954 P 7 and martin S peterson joaqjoaquinuin miller literaliteracyy frontiersman tanford13tanford13Stanfordtfordsfonds stanford university press 1937 p 80 676 when carter and hickman discover that there are survivorsurvivorssp they determine to finish them off that night they come upon the unsuspecting travelers and coldbloodedly kill georgie nancy gets her guns and follows vainly in purselpursulpursuitt unable to find the murdermurdererserst she returns toaco camp only to find it deserted she makes her way to an aban- doned hunters cabin there she cuts her hair borrows some clothciothclocioclothingiclothingsthinasthingsinaiingiinay and adopts a new identity as billy piper the second reel opens with nancy disguised as the male billy piperplier riding into town she makes friends quickly with the new school teacher fondly referred to as the widow by the townspeople the two canitesdanites suspect billy is really nancy but are not sure nancybillyNancy Billy sees them peering through he-herhewr friendsfrierids window and faints in fear the widow eugene besserer then discovers billys secret A year passes the teacher is now married to the popular miner sandy hobart bosworth in order to help determine if their suspicions are codcorcorrectreetsrecto hickman and carter spread rumors of the strange relationship between billy and sandys wife sandy coming home finds the two together and suspects the worst he orders billy to leave the house meanwhile the canitesdanites head for billys place only to find it empty arriving at sandy and the teachers they demand billys life billy begs sandys helpheipheipthelps swearing that no wrong has been done As the canitesdanites crowd 68 in sandy orders them to stand aside billy makes her way outtout but seeing the canitesdanites causes her to be seized by a heart attack falling dead in sandys arms she at last is released from her burdensome secret the canitesdanites with a triumphant look at each other quietly leave their mission of death completed 74ai7i trade interest in the film was marked the moMovimovinjgnjgnug picture worldworlds for exampleexamplesexamplev devoted an entire page to an illustrated article praising the picture the nitescanitesdanitesDa emphasis on authenticity was seen as especially remarkable never on any stage has been shown such magnificent vistas of rugged scenesceneryrytnyi with ridge behind ridge fading into dim perspective those prairie schoonersschoonensschooners with their canvas walled ssidessidasdessdesp drawn by oxen with heaheayheavy wooden yokes are examples of the painstaking j 4 bestowed on details they are accurate cuplduplduplications1cations of old time wagons and were especially made for the occasionoccasion7575 other reviewers felt that the movie was unfortun- ately weakened by its artificial division into two parts although the cinematography and acting were recognized as competent it is clear that the overtly aarmonaormonnormonmormon motivation for the tale was glossed over perhaps in order to mute 76 possibleloosioostoos siblesibie adverse criticism by utah and LDS authori1authoritieslesies

74 the canitesdanitesDanites the moving picture world XI 7 february 17 1912 glit61 75jasjas S McQuamcquadedeldes the nitescanitesdanitesdaniteslDa A revival the novinmovinmovingg picture worlds XI 8 february 24 1912 660 767 the canitesdanitesDa the moving picture world zitxitzigXI 9 march 2 1912p1912nites780 69 although the word mormon was never used the term danite still has mormon connotations the relationship to the mountain meadows massacre is plain and the film as was the play before it must have been objectionable to the LDS church leadership it must be admitted however that no reference to the film version has been found in mormon sources 77 Althoualthoughah parallels to literature and anti mormon newspaper accounts are pronounced in nearly all the films to be discussed the canitesdanites provides the first ddefinitee finiihlihit e linkage tto0 a literary1 iteraryarary ssourceburcourc e work olewedledie will indffind others as we progress in this thesis it must not be thought however that ailallali motion pictures from this era are anti mormon in character on the con-contraryi rary several major photoplaysphotophocoplaysplays favorable to mormonism were completed while others were known to have been piaiplaiplannednned for exaexamplenalnpl as early as january 1912 W H harbeck a motion picture photographer with the canadian pacific railway was in salt lake city directing the romance of mormonism

77selig polyscope at least certainly felt the film version was remarkable their advertising for the picture is typical of the of the period beyond a question 0ofF a doubt this wonderful picture contains more real value than any previous western story 300 PEOPLE 10 PRAIRIE SCHOONERS BEAUTIFUL SCENERY WONDERFUL ACTACTIONIONlon A SELIG masterpiece PAR excellence see the moving picture world XI 8 february 24 1912 653 700 o harbeck commissioned harry revier and walter park as his assistants revier and park proceeded to take pictures of the and hotel utah according to the story appearing in the salt lake tribune these were to be part of a series of flimsfilmsflims that were to take up between 15000 and 18000 feet of film the romance of mormonism as it was envisioned was to give a complete pictorial history of the church up to ayoyyo the then present day 78 the tribun2indicatedtribune indicated that Harbecharbeckkp who had temporarily gone back eastaeastveast was expected to return to salt lake to supervise work and complete the filming the picture was to have been rereleasedrelpasedased within a year unfortuunfortunatelynatelyt neitherneitherneinellherther local sources nor correspondence with canadian film archives have been able to supply further anformationinformation about harbeck or his project it is not knomknokanoman if the photoplay was in fact completed or remained another unrealized dream one movie that did materialize was the edison ompanyscompanysompanys scenic salt lake city utah and aitsjitsits surroundings released in november 1912

78films787 filmsflims to picture Mormonimormonismmormonismssms story n the salt lake Tributribunetribunatribunesnesnasneq january 272 1912 Dp 14 col 1 revier later worked with lester park and others at ogden pictures corporation Ogogdendenideng utahutahlo circa 1917 1919 and went on to a successful career in hollywood 71 one may speculate that the interest generated by the fictional representations of mormon life prompted the company to include this 500 foot travelogue in a series edison was preparingprenaringDaring 79 whatever the reasons this film represents the first known moving picture documentary 0ofL the latter day saint spiritual capitalcapitals according to the description appearing in the movimoving picture worldworlds this city by the inland salt sea makes a novel subject for the motion picture devotee who wishes to combine knowledge with pleasure salt lake city is beautifully located at the base of the high mountainsnou stainsntains that almost encircle it and one is given a complete and oroughIhthorough view of0 L the surroundingtd country from immiImmaimmigrationgration to cottonwood canyoncanyons from the bathers in the salt lake to that masterpiece of western archiarchitecturesarchitectarchitecturey11lecturepuresunesurey the mormon templetempietemplet aihvihwhich3alchjlch lies in I1thehe very heart of the city80 about this tinetime utah was in the process of develodinodevedevelopingloDino an indigenous film industry A number of companies were springing into existence and often just as quickly disappearing at least one of these the salt lake city headquartered utah motion picture company mademada a similar pictorial this consisted of between 700yoo00 and 800 feefeetyee of views of the utah capital and surrounding localities 8101

79m791 thehe edison company sent out a location unit beginning in july 1912 which took films across the american continent among the cities visited was salt lake see P M powellpowellapowelly doings at los angelesedisonangeles edison players join y moving xvgXV 1 los angeles coigncolonyy the 6 picture world xvi january 4tat4 1913t1913 36 72 whilethesewhile these pictures may have done much to balance the view of mormonism ffilmflimilmgoersfilmgoersgoers were receiving the most important photoplay from the mormon standpoint would have 4touo be one hundred years of mormonism also sometimes referred to as the rise and growth of mormonism although strangely neglected by most cinema historians one hundred years of mormonism is important fforor a number of reasons the film was truly mammoth for its era fiverive reels and 90 minutes running time indeed its promoters with only slight overstatementoverstatement claimed it was the longest picture ever completed devoting itself to a single story in addition to its then innovative feature len-lengthth it had the advantage ol01of active cooperation by LDS chruch authorities

80 salt lake city utahtutahutacht and its surroundings ththe moving picture worldworldiworldie XIV 6 november 9 1912t1912 586 Sseeee also the edison kinetogram 9 VII july 16116 1912 january 31p31 1913 future researchers may find this useful as it was riotnot available to the author the film was approved for LDS church use see list of educationaleducational films recommended for thehe use of L D S schools by the1 he committee on films adam S bennion speech collection file on filistfilmsflimsfilmst brigham young university library special collections room this undated evaluation of theological films also recommended that a travelogue film be made showing the principal points of interest in the history of the church such as the birth place of the prophet cumorah kirtlandkintKirtlandllands nauvoo arthagecarthagealthagearthage jackson county etc also points of interest of the journey west one reel could very well be spent on jackson county alone it is not as yet ascertained whether this recommendation specifically was acted upon although the church has subsequently produced similar films 81rollroll of the states stahlutahlutah motoraphyMotomotogmonographyhy chicago viii9VIII 12 december 797 1912t1912 452 this was due to10 go into release sometime around january 11pap 1913 73 the sweep of production was impressive A broad outline of mormonism from joseph smiths purported first angelic vision through the long migration and building up 0 of utah was included in one hundred scenes 82 church leaderleaderss including president joseph F smith declared the film commendable after a special preview showing was arranged for them in salt lake city 83 parts of the movie were actually shot in immigration canyon near salt lake for the sake of authenticity and the part of brigham younayoungoung was taken by one of his grandsons frank young work was begun in june 1912 at that time frank A kellykeily the president and general dladiaPlaranagermanagernager of the ellayeelfaye motion picture company was abableabie1eae to interest LDS church officials in the project kelly was also able to raise 50000 in cash backing it is not clear whether the church drovidedprovided part of this and in his comdanyscomcompanyDanysnanys contract with the cormonsmormons agreed to relinquish control over the final release version to the church in return for LDS sanction

Q 82for representative articles see levi edgar young mormonismmormonism11 in picture the ygynyoungZ comanswomans journal salt lake citytcity xxivvXXIV 2 february 19131913p 748074 80 mormon M pictures motoraphyMotomotograraphy 9 VIIIPvilivillVIII 3 august 3 1912v1912 110 P powell doings at los angelangelese s thehe mormon picture the movinemoving picture world XV 3 january 18 1913t1913 251 and history of mormonism in Piclpictpicturepicturesuretures the deseret evenieveningnan& neastnewstnews january 25p25 1913 section 3pap3 p viiipVIII cols 171 7 youngs article is reproduced in this thesis as appendixappendixc C 83century83 century mormonismofofmormonism the deseret evenevening news february 339 1913 P 2 colcoicoicod 5 74 however when ellayeelfaye found it could not complete oh the film under the rigid terms of the contractcontracts 84 it sold its interests to the by then three fifths completed picture to the utah moving picture company which had greater capital reserves care must be taken to differentiate thisuhls california enterprise from the salt lake based utah motion picture company 85J the publicity phrase a cast of thousands was applicable in this case at least two reports state that over a thousand people took dartuartpart in the films production 86 A half mile recreation of nauvoo independenceindependencet and other sites prominent in mormon history was especially construc- ted for ithehe movie in los angelesAngeesgeeb the residences storesstorest and other buildings were all faithfully reproduced from old photographs obtained from chur-churchch sources in filming the haunshauntshaunss mill massacreduringMassacre during which a large number of houses were burned downdowns four cameras were utilized to 87 capture thehe action

84 thehe moving picture world january 18 1913 p 251 it is not clear whether ellayeelfaye itself was a salsaisaltsait lake or california company powell calls it the ellay sic company of salt lakee city while it is described as the O sllayezllayesallaye motion picture company of los angeles in motographymotomonographygraphy0 r vilvai august 3 1912 p 110 likely it was a california group llayellayeLclayelsllayelSl ayeL A but with salt lake onnectionsconnectionsc no incorporationll or business record could be found for ellayeelfaye in the utah state archives which incorporates salt lake city and county records from this period 85p P M powell doings at los angelestwoangeles two sutahoutahbutahutah M P companies Tthelleliehie movingpicturemoving picture worldworlds XV 7 february 15159 191391913 667 it is especially confusing as kelly left ellayeelfaye to join the utah motion picture company 75

editinaedatinaeditingM was completed by january 1913 orders were placed for copies of the film by exhibitors in new yorkyorks berlinberlint peking on st petersburg and elsewhere worldwide 88 in february of go that year the picture premiered in salt lake 897 As was indicated earliearilearlierertedtedg churchchurchpresidentpresident joseph F smith andannaDDrovinglyapprovingly declared the screening commendable others of the brethren were also pleased the deseret veningeveningP news in an editorial of february 55tat 1913 also had words oiof praise for the filmflimfilmy although they were tinged with some constructive criticismcriticisms

n 86loungyyoungyoungy mormonismmormonism11 in picture p 78 and the ap deseret eveninvening news january 25 1913 sectionSe clonL 33p P VIII

Q ry rr 87amusementsamusements colonial i ththe deseret eveningeewssveningevening news july 2 191319139 p 393 col I1 young mormonism in picturePicpicturedpictureyturey appp 787978 79 and the deseret evening neasinewsing Is januaryJ 25925 191319i3t section 3 p VIII QQ the moving picture world january 18 191319131 P 251 youngyouryoun9 mormonismmormonism11 in picturepicturesPicturesturey p 78i78t and the deseret Bveveningening news january 25t25 1913 section 39 P VIII 89the89the deseret evening newsneassnewss january 25t25 1913 section 3pap3 p villviliVIIIVIIIO the advertisement for one hundred years of mormonismsMormoni sms premiereprem ibreivre at the salt lake theatren paringapparingappearingap in the deseret evening neastnewstnews february ltly 19131913t section 2 p V cols 676 7 and the round of the theaters Oone hundred years of mormonismmormonism11 t the deseret evenievening neistnewstnewsq february 4 1913 P 393 col 1 it is likely that the choice of title was taken from a popular history of the church see john henry evans one hundred years of mormonismmormonismt A history ofof the church of jesus christ of latter day saints from 1805180 to 12051905 salt lake citescitys the deseret news press 1905v1965 76 the motion pictures representing scenes in the history of the church which were shown at the salt lake theater this week were very intereinhereinterestingsting and they were well received by the large audaudienceslences which attended every performance for the very critical mind it might occur that the first part was peperhapserhapsq not as full of dramatic action as it might have been if the possibilities of the wonderful history of the prophet joseph had been utilized more extensively but the second part was very impressive especially to those who know by experience or have heard from their parents of the thrilling stories of the trials and hardships of the early days of utah the critic might also suggest that some scenes ought to be added and some eliminated or revised to conform to history in order to make the film still more interesting the enterprise in producing these pictures is very commendable it is evident that the cost has been enormous and that a great deal of study has preceded the staging of the scenes the history of almost a century being compressed wLwchinwlhinwithinhin the limits of a performance of an hour and a half many important iricirleincidentsidentsidenta and eDisepisodesodes are necessarily passed by but the story as told is full of interest especially to the younger generationgeneration9090 one hundred years 0ofP mormonism did big box office at least in its initial salt lake city run nearly 1800 was pocketed in its first two days alone over half of this represented the second days earnings then a motion picture record for the state in order to accomplish this it was necessary to accomodateaccommodate an extra 400 spectators on the stageC behind the screen because this reversed the tittitlestitieslesio they were read aloud to the additional patrons by 911 william T nuttall the LDS advance manager for the film although it was locally welcomwelcomededsedp there was some question as to whether the photoplay would be able to maintain its interest outside the mormon heartland 92

y 1 1 90111907 mormonism I in picture thetj deseret evenevening news .9 av 19139 4 1 9 ibruarvfebruary 5v5 1913 P colcoi 77 following its first salt lake screeningscreeningsst the pictures director norval macgregor took one of the prints on a five mmonth tour of utah and idaho where it was claimed that the film met with the unqualified approval of all the people who have seen it both members of the mormon faith and others 93 other copies apparently were exhibited on the west coast boutabouta this time 94 one hundred years of mormonism however didnt enter general release untilunt 11 june 1913 the moving picture world index for apriljuneapril june 1913 mentionsment ionslons it under feature releases to unfortunately the manufacturer did not provide a synopsis at that time for the magazine to publish 959

11 P II11 powell doings at los angelesangelest the movinemovingM 0vinavlnaving picture worlds XV 9 march 1 1913 85 see also one hundred years of mormonism a success the movingM ovin cr picturei ctureacture world XV 7 february 15 191319113413 68686 92 see the Dedeseretseretiserett evening news february 44yay 1913 p 3 w-wherewharenereare it is noted that there was also some diversity of opnionopn1oropanion as to what the future of the enteriaenterpaenterpriseriselse will be as a money maker in utahah and other parts of the west the opinion was expressed that it would be highly successful and more than the original outlay made by the promoters 1 would be returnedre curnadburnad to theahemthem11hea but whether it would make equally as strong an appeal when exhibited at remolerremoter points where the subject is less understood and of less terestinterestLn was considered a matter of doubt ittt is under- stood the picturespic-t ures will be shown in all parts of the country goone 93oneone ahundred years of mormonism the deseret evenieveningng neastnewstnews july 5tat5 9131913L sectionsect 1 on 2 p IV col 2

941hethe moving picture world march 1 1913 P 875 95index95 index april to june 1913 the moving picture world XVI 1913 P viiiiviiitvinit colcoi 3 78 meanwhile another special showing of the picture was arranged in salt lake city it marked the end of an era for over a thousand of the pioneer saints metmat to enjoy the recreation of their epic journey As the salt lake tribune observeobservedds one by one the early pioneers are passing into the valley of silence and it is not considered likely that so many of the first builders of the city will ever gather together again on a similar occasionoccasion9696 following the screening a commemorative photograph was taken of the old folkspolks on the steps of the salt lake theater apparently the promoters of one hundred years of mormonism took earlier criticisms to heart the journal HLshistory for april 1791 1913 reports that a mr thompson representing the filmmakefilmflimfilmmakersfilmmakerrsmakersrrs requested permission to enliven the picture by making a record of one of our tabernacle 19977 services president salthsaithsnismithsmi 1 told him that heh belbeibelievedA eved their would be no objection and after a brief discussion at the regularreg-ular meetingC of the first presidency and the council of the twelve apostles consent was granted A second seven day run in salt lake was ardarrarrangedanaed at theuhe colonial theater beginning the ath4th of july it was shown at this time because a large national eoucatieducationon association was in town and they were considered

96 see their history in motion pictures the salt lake Tribunerabunetribune march 19 191319139 P 9 cols 464 6

97thethe journal histhistory april 171 1913 P 5 79 likely patrons for this painless way to learn about mormon 98 ism A matinee was presented at 230 in the afternoon and was followed by two evening showings offered at 73030 and 900goo pm prices ranged from 10ioaloa100 for children to 25025

I for adults it is nonoinott known how successful this run was

I1 whilenhi L e most of the principals connected with the film are now obscure several became prominent within the silent industry nell Shipshipmanmantmans who authored the final screenplay waswaas known as a competent photoplay writer and later became a popular screen actress 99 norval macgregor the directordirecdiorec t or helped found the motion picture directors

1 1 assoriaassociationassocia 1 ionloni on and worked for a number of the leading limffilmflim manufacturers durinduring the teens and twenties loo100

98898see the amusements colonial columns appearing in the deseret eveningvenin nelsinewsinewsq july 2 1913 p 3vav3 col i1 the desaretdesademaret7 at veningevening neastnewstnews july 393 1913 Dp 12912 col 3 the Deserdeseretdeser2121 eveningeve news july 4 1913 P 3 col 3 the deseret evening neasinewsi Julyjuly 5 1913 section 2 p IV col N 8 6 2 I1 and he deseret eveveningnewsieninanin ewsaws july 8vav 1913 P col 2 A typical advertisement appears in the1 deseret evenievening neasinewsinews july 8 1913 P 4 9 col 6 see also the photograph 1 1 captioned scene from one hundred years of mormonismmormonism1 t the deseldeserdaserdeseretet evenievening news july 393 1913 P 12v12 cols 343 4 inexplicably levi edgar young in his ararticlearticiecicle mormonism in Pipictureclure j cited earlierparlier neglects to callcali the film one hundred years of mormonism this photograph and those appearing in the deseret evenievening newsawseawsp january 25259 1913 section 3 P VIII correlate to those in youngs article and definitely prove that one hundred years of mormonism is the film described by young although no title was used in youngsyounosm story the imimpressionpression is given that it was to be called the rise and growth of mormonism david kent jacobs in his thesis on LDS church films erroneously adopted this title when describing the picture see david kent jacojacobsbsjbaj p 7 99according to the account appearing in the novmoving picture worldworldiworldie january 18 1913 p 251 A trlemendcustretremendousemendcus 80

according to david kent jacobsjacobstjacobost 9 author of thethath9 companion thesis to this one hundred years of mormonism

1 remains the single most imborimportantimpor 11 ant commercial film release of the silent cinema for mormon study not only is it the only photoplay known to have enjoyed church approval but the only one also to have benefited from the active assis-

As 2 tance of then still livingC pioneers jacobs says we cannot overestimate the importance of this picture for when you have the actual pioneers those whose ilfelife1 iffe the film is about assisting in a production then you have a priceless historical recordrecords comparing it to other mormon motion oicturespictures of the period is in a sense futilerutileEu tiletlle for itjt is unique it stands alone as the only silent movie sanctioned by the church as essentially authentic the onionly film utilizinautiutilisingutilizinglizinalising genuine reldeldeirelicsicsacs fromiromfromerom the pioneer trek and the only picture 1 drawingdralivi rig on theV he experienceex oerience ofoe still living pioneersI1 its11loeioe s discoveryrarediscovery would add measurablyimmeasurablyi iL to our under standing of the crucial pioneer period now long past loi101 amountamount of data had to be worked over befbeabeforeore the story was in shape forfoe motion picturepicpiczurecure purpose nell shipman a los angeles photoplayphotoplay writerwriters was engaged to arranarnanarrangeC e the data and prepare the working scenario itiai1 is reported that her fee for the work was 2500 which if it is true probably establishes a new scale for work of this kind and a scale whwhichch will delight photoplay writers everywhere harry A kekeilykellykellyily disputed her contribution see the movingproving picture world february 115aj5j 19i31913t P 66766 nevertheless this is only anotherano uher indication of the importance of this neglected production earlier she had toured in stock theatricals through utah see tom fulbright nell shipman queen of the dog sleds classic film collector Indiaindianaindiananindianapnasnap pennsylvaniapennsylpennsyi vaniavanla 25 falifallfailfallpail 1969 303130 31p31 and the advertise- ment nell shipman photoplaywright the movinmoving picture world XV 7 february 15159 191391913 L 707 loo100material on macgregor is limited but see the motion picture studio Directdirectoryormory and trade annual ath6th ed new york motion picture news inc 1920t1920 p 308 see also the ath7th edition 1921 p 270 the film daily year book 122213221927 new yorkyorks the film daily 1927t1927 peP 222 and wids yearbook 122119219211922122113211921 19219222 new yorkyorks wids films and film folksyfolksg o folkspolks inc 19211q2111 pop 280281280 281 81 As a result of the preliminary research undertaken for this thesis the church historianhistorians office is now making a serious effort to aquire copies cfallofallof allaliail existent moving pictures dealing with mormonism A special atteaatte1attempt is being made to find one hundred years of mormonismtmormonismp and it is to be hoped thattha 6 an undecomposed release print of this singularly important story film will yet be found another movie released in 1913was1913 was favorable to the comonsMormomonsmormonsmons this was bison life motion pictures two

I reel the romance of the utah aloRio910pioneersneers bison anotherano I1 her 1021 0 independent made its mark manufacturing sternswesteriswesternsWe histhisI1 photoplay is the only known silent picture uilizingutilizingUklizing 4 ancanz the hhistory4 story of the aramidramidramatica ac marchenarchmaych by the hand cart iminigrantsimmigrants to utah for a backdrop 103 little is known today about the film itself other than the synopsis appear ing in th-thea january 4 1913 the moving picture worldworlds

r I1 lol101 jacobss statement bvbyV david kent jacobs 9 personal interviewntervlew april 25 1931973

i 0 102see ramsaye appp 491492491 492 10110 1 converts to theeheghe church were often too poor to afford 1thehe cost of traveling by wagon traintrainwalnwain in the early 18501850s brigham young issued a call to all faithful members to hasten to zion several thousand persons made the arduous walk from iowa toutahboutahto utah in that decade carrying all their worldly goods in handcartshandcarts ittt was a difficult journey and a number died on the way although their faith enabled the majority to successfully make the trek see joseph fielding smith essentials in church hishistory 11 appp 39702397402397 40202 and nels anderson desert saints s the mormon frontier in utah and2nd impression chicago the university of chicago prepressesst 1966 appp 1551155158155 11581 8 82 edward martin and alice marrinarriedmarriededvedg start out fforor salt lake with tthee hand cart immigrants so called because a number of the adventurers pushed and pulled their belongings ahead of them on smallsmail rough carts edward martin is made captain of the train the indian tribes are at peace and little watana and mountain pine make love as watana weaves her pretty baskets unfortunately the mexican raiders are in the vicinity capturing indians and selling them into slavery watana is seized and taken away and is made love to bytoyboy the guide mountain pine traces her and rides back and arouses the indians who steal up to the marauders and annihilate them watana and other indians are rescued the indians are flushed with victory and consumed with hatred for all daledaladaiapalepaie faces they see the hand cart immigrants and determine to attack them edward martin and his followers have a hard time the guide is killed by ailingallingfailingfallingL over a cliff and the party isLs lost starvation and thirst stare them in the face and the whole dartyparty is suffering intensely little watana has hdhad her meed of suffsufferingbring and deter- mines to try and save the immigrants she pleads with mountain pine and the old chief and they listen to her and instead of attacking therheche party decide to help them the immigrants find water which revives them and sus- tains them long enough to allow watana to bring them pyrpyroprovisionso ris ionslons little watana is puzzled when alice kisses herhedherrhedlheyl but she decides that the practice is a good one and imparts the experience to the astonished mountain Ppinelne who also thinks it nice1nice10nicenicea 10041 certainly it combined all the elements of adventure romancedromancetromancromanceet9 and a happy ending another attempt at producing a picture advantageous to the church apparently was less successful inlin latelaue44. december 1913 the salt lake tribune reported that chester Y clawson had made arrangements to 105 producedrooroduce a filmed version of the book of mormon J

1041 the romance of the utah pioneers thehe moving picture world xvixvtXV 1 january 4 1913 84 105hehe and his brother shirley were the motivating forceforcedforce0 behind continued LDS church interest in motion pictures during the silent years much of their work is 83 clawson declined to name his eastern backers but told reporters that he had every expectation that the scenario by william A morionmortonmonton would be produced the film was to embrace the entire history contained in the book of mormon work on the picture was to begin in the

springC while the money was to come from the east production was to be accomplished in an unnamed western 106log locale unfortunately no further record was located to indicate that the photoplay was actually completed As was indicated earliearllearliererverg british filmfilmmakersmakers were to taketahe an active interest in the mormon problem their

1 viewpointviewpoin 14 would prove universally negative towards the churcchuocchurchi and its missionary representatives the last major prewarprevearpre warvrarvearwear oroductionproductionoroduction at least had the advantage of a popular book behind it hatthatL book was At study in scarlet by arthur conan doyle and it marked the introduction of sherlock holmes to in the years since its first appearance in 1887188 the saga of the london detective has been eagerly followed the character transcends fictionPicgiction and to many people has taken on the aura of an historical personage now of great historical interest and forms an invaluable documentary as compared to fictional film record of early 20th century mormon activities and leadership for more on their reedsreerscareersca see david kent jacobs appp 11311 3TL in 1929 shirl was killed in an explosion of their film labora- tory chester was badly burned and never returned to movie work see motion picture producer dies as blasts wreck laboratory the salt lake tribune october 24 1929 appp 121 2tat2 cols 575 7 and S L film blast kills 111 traps ajo3jo3 gas hurts many the deseret news october 23 192919299 p 1 84 it is not to be wondered at that moviemakersmoviemakers looking for dramatic story material turned to the doyle novels in cases like mormonmormonbyensns blomst discussed above they virtually stole the plot the man who officially brought A stuystudy in scarlet to the screen was british producer and director george 10710 B samueisonsamuelsonSamusamuersoneisonelson 1888197188819471888 1971947 samuelson began as a film distributer in 1910 when he chanced to aquire a newsreel made of the funeral of king edward VII he managed to double his original investment of fifteen shillings by rentingC this to a local cinema injn his home town of south port once established in business he never looked back by july 1if 1914 samuelson had opened his own studios at worlwortwortonon eailhall lseisevorthIseiseworthworth england where he began by shooshootingtt iag A study in scarlet he returned to southwortsouthportSouthport where he utilized the towns sandy beaches to approximate the desedesertdesartt traversed by the cormonsmormons in their march to utah he hired his friend george pearson 75197318751973187518 75 1973 to direct the flinfilmflim t which ran a full six reels 5800 feet authoriliesauthorities differ as to whether it received its release 108i rqaq on december 28 or decembedecemberdecember 2929p 9141914

log 10610 book of mormon to be seen in films the salt lake tribuneTribtribunesunetunes december 21121 1913 P 1515v col 3 107much107much of the material in this section is based uunonuponnon an undated program entitled G B sanuelSamuelsamuelsonsontsong pre- pared by harold dunham and anthony slide for an exhibition on samuelsonssamuelsonsrSamuelsons career assembled by thethejulentsilent picture mag- azine in great britain also see ernest betts the film business A history of the british cinema 1826121896197218261896 121972 londonlondonslondonaLondons 85 starred were popular british performers of the day fred paulpault agnes glynne harry paulo and winifred pearson james biaginibraginibragintonBragini inqonq an accountant from samuelsonssamuelsonsrSamuelsons birmingham office took the key role of holmes walter buckstone operated the camera the moviesmoviemovle like the book it was based upon is a murder mystery which the detective is called in to solvesove the ravellraveliunravellunravelsunravellingun inalnaing leads back to utah where the trail of events began john ferrier and a little girl are all that survive from an ill fated wagon train near death they are rescued by a band of mormon immigrants led by brigham young who are making their way 1toIto the promised land ferrier adopts lucy and they prosper among the saints she grows into a fair woman the flower of utah and is commanded by the prophet to marry one of the eligible young aenmenmanagn offered her As all are polygampolygamipolygamiapolygamistsiste and she and her adoptedado7j ed father have never paid more than lip service to11oleaieaieoleo110 mormon teach-teachingsings she rebels against the order georgei eorge lilenalienallenailen & unwin ltd 19173r1973 PP 525852 58i58 ivan butler cinema in britain an illustrated sarvsurvsurvey new yorkyorks A soS barnes and co j 191973 p 37 denis gifford the british film catalocatalogueglieglae 189519701895 197019791279 A guide to entertainment films newton abbot aldevon1l england david and charles choldingsCHol dings ltdltdp 197319739 citation number 05133 rachael low thethaI1 he Histhistoryorvory of the british film 191419181914 1918 london george L pearson & it george alienallenjllen unwin ltd 9501950 appp 888988 89 and 9 flashback the autobiography of a british film maker london george alienallenailen & unwin ltd p 1957 v PP 363836 38 48 108 low british film 11914191819140 14 1918 pdo 302 says decem- ber 28 dunham and slide say december 29 this later date agrees with the review appearingappearirigin in the moving picture Tworld XXIIXXTI 13 december 26 1914 189318941893 1894 868 in her quandary lucy meets a non mormon adventurer named jefferson hope he and lucy fall deeply in love eventually theytheys alongwithalong with her adopted father attempt to flee from the mormon dominated territory ferrier is killed by avenging angels sent out to recapture the girl for her polygamous suitors she is forced into an unwanted marriamarniamarriagegesgep and in her grief dies of a broken heart hope manages to escape and vows vengeanceC his consuming desirede sire for revenge eventually leads hirlhim to0 o london there he kills the men who compelled lucy to marry but is in turn

4- 100 trappedtrapped by the famous detective doyles and in turn samuelsonssamuelsonsrSamu elsons portrait of mor-

1 mon jielifeilfeilelie iss essentially unsympatheticunsympal1 L tic although the charac- ters do display some variation and are notnoanozt universally evil it differs fromfroin later holmes stories in that a large pro- portion of thet he book and film is told in a flashback to utah in whicnwhichwhicft holmeskolmeshoimes and watson do not appear doyle also wrote an antiantl mormon play based upon the novel the play entit- led angels of darknessDarknesst although finished in 189018901 was never produceproduceddg possibly owing to the fact4 that sherlock llolio110 0holmeshoimesP o imes did not appear at all in the stage version

109log A study4 in scarlet can be consulted in sir arthur conan doyledoyiedoyles the complete sherlock holmes garden city new york garden city books adlndlndjtndji appp 1881 88 110 llolio tuartstuart W hyde the antiantimormonmormon drama in the united states the western humanities review salt lake citypcity ixpIXimp 2 spring 1955t1955 P 180 87 not ailallali limffilmflimriim reviewers felt A study in scarlet an dealdeaiideal bookhook ffromrom which to make a moving picture although critics were generally pleased with the samuelson produ- ction rachael low in her history off the britbritishish Ffilmicilmi 191419181214191812141914 1918 states that contemporary writers sensed that not even a single scene could be cutcuz out as inessential some american reviews however stuck to only a bare overview of the plot and even neglected to mention the mormon fnotivamotivationmotivaxionulondion for the murders 112 the picture inspired imitators A comedy spoof entitled A ststudy in skarlitsharlit was released in britain in 11 3 1915 in there was also a french version of A ststudyudy iinn 1141 scarlet dioducedproduceddaodDIoduced in 10141911419151141014 191519 15

lLov A iillovvilloviiilovlow british film 214191419181914214119181 0 p 23333 see also A sturdystundystudy in scarlet samuelson film companys pictur- esque daptationjadaptationA the biosblosbioscope october 15 1914t1914 203 this article states for exampleexamples there may be those who quite reasonably maintain that as a novel A study in Scarlescarletscarletfscarletytf is not one of sir arthur conan doyledoyiedoyles greatest works certainly the author departs very considerably from the traditional detectivdetective methods of sherlock holmeshoimes and presents us with a vivid if somewhat overdrawn picture of imormoni4iormonit life in the early fifties the picturesque version of the great mormon trek to the valley of utah undoubtedly adds I1to0 o the interest of the novel as suchsuchs while perhaps detracting slighlslightslightlyt ly from its dramatic intensity however that may be there can be no doubt regarding the ascinationfascinationascination of the film version as supplied by the samuel- son film Compancompanyvt which for realisrealismmg interest and photo- graphic quality will go far indeed totowardgardvard placing this youthful producing house in the front rank of english manufacturers t

112thehe moving picture worlds december 26 1914 appp 189318931818931891181891 113giffordpgifford citation number 06008 88 although world war I1 dramatically altered film habits and interests in both Eeuropedropeurope and the unituniteded states samuelson did release one more motion picture utilizing the iVmormonormon theme this was the 1915 six part serial adaptation ofoisols011 the adventures of deadwood dick based upon the well 115 knolanknown character of 11pennypenny dreadfuldreadfultdreadfultfuitfuli literature fame fred paulpaulspaulo who playedplapiayed jefferson hope in the earlier A study ilg116.116 in scarletscarlett who took the title role of deadwood dick each weekly episode dealt with some aspect of the english adventureradventurers travels 1roughthroughHh the wild west parts three deadwood dick and the norMorplormploomcormonsmormonsonsnonsmons and four deadwood dick srolisspoils bribrighamam youngY both told of dicks runinrun in with the utah saints the general drift of characterization can be gleaned fromrom the titles and samuelsonssamuelsonsrSamuelsons previous film 117 efeffortseffortefforteorosborgsorgs 17

114 william K eversonteversonseverevecsontson the detective in film Sesecaucussecaucusocaucus new jersey the citadel press 19721972j despite inquir4inquiryinquiriesjesvjelv no french motion picturepicturera archive was able to provide further information or assistance

115seesee lowslow british film 1914191812141214191891914 191819189 pokpoop 16176 where she writes it is in keeping with the premature sophistication of the early cinema that there was never a true filmflim equivalent of either the penny dreadful or the lalaterer gem and magnet form of schoolboy serial I1 li-literatureti despite its very large circulation from the 1850s onwards the only clear case of the adaptation of this type of story in britain seems to have been samuelsossamuelsohsamuelsonssamuelsonsrSamu elsoselsons series of separate adventures of deadwooddickdeadwood dickdiek 1915 made by arrangement with hatthat famous source of boys storistorlstoriesesless the aldine publishingpablishingcomdanycompany 116gifford claciacitationaltion numbers 059030590905903 05909 89 european demand for anti mormon photoplaysphotoplays declined following the release of the adventures of deadwood dick in 1915 except fforor the spectacular but shortshont livelylivedqlivedy renewal of britbritishishiehleh antiantl imormimmormmormonon ffilmflimlim activity in 1922 discussed in a subsequent chapter of this thesisthesisy the genre died out complecompiecompiacompletelycomplebelycomplaicomplaincompleiplaipiai elytelybely among european moviemakersmoviemakers perhaps public aizpalopatopappetiteetite was satiated certainly the outbreak of the great war rectederecteddirectedd attention to new problems and concerns the war also led to the withdrawal of mormon missionaries

in1111.11 from1 rom the involved nations this undoubtedly removed the kormonmormon question from active dubinubipublicic scrutiny whatever the causestcauses interest in the production of antiantlan U LDS moving pictures babecamecame concentrated in the united states in american antiantl moracmormccormonsmormonskis eagerly adopted the new mass medium to their own purposes this led to additional controversycon brovetroversyersy at the same time utahnsutahna were banding to- ilg119ll 97 gether tot1otao produce motion pictures about local conditions &

117unfortunatelypunfortunatelyy the pertinent issues of the british trade periodicals the kinematpkinematographgraph weekly anda ad the bloBiobioscopescoDa are notnoz found in the holdings of the british film institute BFI based upon personal correspondence between miss brenda davies head of the information department of the bfi9BFI and the writer researchers may also wish to consult C A oakley where we came inseventyin seventy years of the british film induindustry lo10londonadonndon george alienallenailen & unwin ltdvltd 1964t1964 p 69 118i i 0 see salt lake city woman brands lecturer on cormonsplormonsmormons as 11liarsaar1ar the salt lake teieTeletelegramtelegramsaramsgramsgramp january 16igi 1914 this was located in the journal histhistorvt january 15p15 1914igiigl191 p 3 119seesee salt lake breaks into the movies the salt lake trtribunebun Ococtoberoctobertoberlober 27t27 1914 p 14layl4y colcoi 3 and david kent jacobsijacobbijac obst appp 141914 19 90 salt lake and ogden entrepreneurs were also busily organorganizingzing a host of commercial film enterprises in a series of attempts aimed at establishing the beehive state as a leading movie center 120 in reviewing the periodrperiodypersody one must ask why the predominant view of mormon life remained so stereotyped the popular view was undeniably one in which the strange and remote cormonsmornmormonsmorm ons gleefully murdered innocent travelers

1 under the1 he cover1 of secresecretC rites it was further believed that thehe polygamous leaders constantly sought new women converts in order to satisfy thetheirir orgiastic lusts As we have seenaseenseenp these twin threads of murder and polygamy dominatedorn inatebinate the ffilmriimil rn imageimage of drewardrecrecueprewarprepue war mormonism the ansanswermer lies as was earlier suggested in an

1 analysis of the influence of contemporary literaliterature1 ure and drama on the commercial motion picture industry the parallels of filrfiarfilmflimi to0 o its sister arts are striking the literary picture of mormonism proved to be of resilient interest to the general publicduboublicilc unfortunately for the lmae was sairltsifsaintsysaintey their imaeimalmaimage231 e outside of utah universally doornoorpoor As thathehe mormon writers lambert and crackocracroftcracroftft obserobservesveivet

humorous or horrifyhorrifyingting 9 but generally falsefaise the image of the latter day saint nevertheless played a significant role in the popular literature of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries we will look in vain for an accurate image of0 L a 1latterjat der day saint in the fiction of this period in america or europe and like the characters on shoot up shows any relationship between fictional and historical Morcormonsmormonsmons livlivinglngang or dead is purely coincidentalcoincidental121coincidenta1121121 91 La same terinlaterincaterinlatertedinin this artiartlarticlearticieclesciesclep9 they clarify what this popular mental picture of the saints encompassed for the first hundred years or so of our history most of the magazines and novels that appeared portrayed us either as sly darkadarkvdark and seductive missionaries who slinked around the cities of america and europeteuropeeuropea stealing wives and daughters or as fat boorish old bishopbishopssp plodding around salt lake city arranging for a new wifewi ee or a raid on a gentile wagon train or bothboth1221221122 A number of other studies tend to confirm lambert and cracrofts conclusions 123 although the previous quotes refer to literature alone it is nevertheless easy to see their levencerelevencerelevancere to the motion picture clearly a relationship between the two existsexis u s we have already seen that scriptscriptwriterswriters and producersoroducers4illinglywillingly reached back into the theater and the novel for story material films like the DacanitesdanitesdanitesedanlDaninitestasetese A studstudy in scarletscalletsscarletsScarlets and the adventures of deadwood dicdicklr evidence this most of the other anti mormon photoplaysphotoplays were liitlelixtle more than rehashes of the popular antiantl mormon writings of the day actually this was to be expected

120see the authorauthors utah filmmakersFilmmakers of the silent screen era unpublished papernapers brigham young university 1941974 and the films an introductory essay unpublished paperpapers brigham young university 1973 copies of these have been placed in the utah state historical society library in salt lake citycithacitya the former article is tentatively scheduled to be published in the utah historical quartequarterly early in 1975 121 neal E lambert and richard H cracroft through gentile eyes A jiundredhundred years of the mormon in fiction the new braera salt lake city ilgII11 3 march 10197217291729.1729 p 14 92 for although the latter day saint community included a number of writers of imagination and talent it was not until 1898 nearly fifty years after the earliest anti nornonnormonmormonD ormon fictional writings began to appear that the firfirstfid t novel of mormon 1lifeife by an LDS author was published this 1 I il was nephi andersonandersons added upon 124 whatever the reasons 41lorfor this neglect of letters by the utah saints the sources cited in the footnotes above suggest several its effect carried over into the stage12512 and later the cinema

122i 0 o N lambert and R cracroft through gentile syeseyes appp 141514 15

J aqpq 123seesee leonard J Arringarringtontonttons mormonismmormonismsMormoni sms Vlewsleweviews from 1 withoutv andaridarldazid within lyuBYU1 studiesistudi-Studiesis XIVIXIV 2 interwinter 194lgb1974 140153140 153 leonardleonardj J arrington and ionjon haupt community and isolationisolations some aspects of mormon sternswesteriswesternsWe unpublished papertpaper university of californialoscalifornia los angelescnd3angeles n d O leonard J arrington and jon haupt olierableintintollerableolloilolierable zionzions the image of mormonism in nineteenth century american litera- ture p the1 he western humanities reviews XXII 3 Susummermanermamer 1968 24326024324 3 260 leonard J arrington and jon haupthaupts the missouri 1 and Iliinillinoisoisols Pormormonsmormonepormonsdor mons in antebellumante bellumbellannbellunn fiction dialogue s A F V journal of mormon thoughtthougbt 9 1 spring 197091970 375037 50 reereedd H blablalobealor eo the mormon image today and rit111tomorrowocorromorrow the improve ment era salt lake city LXVI 1 january 1963 303130 31 r richard 0 cowan mormonism in national periodicals un- published doctors dissertation stanford universuniversityuniverso ltytlayt 1961 lassiecassieoassiebassiebassle Hn hockkock the cormonsmormons in fiction unpublished Doctordoctorsts dissertation university of Colocoloradoradolradosnadol 1941 kenneth hunsakerhurtHurisakertsakers the twentieth century mormon novel un- published doctors dissertation pennsylvania state univer- sity 196819685 L H kirkpatrick utah in the eyes of the rationnationatipnj14 atipnj utah educational review LVPLV 3 januaryJanuarlyarty 1962 15- 17 neal lambert saints sinners and scribes A look at XXXVI the cormonsmormons in fiction utah historical Quarquartellquarterlquarterlyterlteriteni 9 1 winter 1968 636637663gog766 agnes lovendahl the cormonsmormons in fiction unpublished masters thesis columbia university 1920 dennis L lythgoe the changing image of mormonism in periodical literature unpublished doctors dissertation university of utah 1969 horace A melton king of the dime novel writers golden weslwest Rockrockhillrockvillrockvillevillviiiej new york IX 12 november 1973 161916 19 fay ollerlhollerlollertonfonagnponp the american periodicalperiodicals treatment of mormonism since 1850 93 moving picture production despite a few notable exceptions was not a prime concern of the cormonsmormons at this time and filmfilmmakersmakers concentrated in new york los Angelangelesangelestangelesqesq and europe had little social intercourse with the still isolated utahnsutahna any research into rormormormonismionism by these moviemenmoviemen would of coursecoursey beoe dominated by anti LDS accounts the saints can in a sense consider them- selves lucky that more anti mormon pictpicipicturesures werent madmadee in these first two decades of the new medium ittt is interesting to note that although the church readily used journalistic and civic pressure in attempts toI1lo10

1 preventpreven 1 the exhibition of those movies it considered slanderous and libelous no efforterfortefforzeffora vaswas apparentlyapparelapparentlyantly made to geget a coulcouxcourtrt judjudgementgement against the offending films this may ha-havere been due to the fact that the manufacturers of tthehe controversial photoplaysphotoplays avoided reference to living personalities 1 another factor undoubtedly was that libel did not become an established principle of motion picture law until after the bulk of the most strongly anti 127 LDS films were released for whatever reasons the 128TP church avoided the use of this possible remedy kuneunf publishedunpublishedkunpublished masters thesis columbia university 1921927 and michael K simmons the dime novel and the american mind mankind los angeles II11 3 october 196919691 586358 63 124 arrington and hauhauptot intollerable zion panpn 256 i oc 125seesee lael J woodbury mormonism and the commercial theatre BYU studiesstudiesiStudiesi XII 2 vinterwinter 1972 234240234 240 94

the saints were toico490igo face yet another ten years of unfavorable screen portrayals although following the high water mark of 1912 moving picture representations of mlormonscormonsmormons became more balancbalancededteds this was only a temporary respite church protests had done little to materially affectaffacta fact the production of anti LDS films soon the most effective anti mormon movie of all time was to recelnecelreceiveiteirevre its theatrical debut this was the 1917 A mormon maid

1 c6ca 126readers will recall that both rudger clawsonglawson

moving.4 1 and the editors of the rovinmovin4 picture world suggested that this prevented the use of libeilbelibelel suits see clawson antiantl mormon moving lctureslecturespicturesP Lc tures p 809 and the rovimovimoving picture world january 27 191219129 p 282 1271 97 in the case of merle v sociologicalsoc1soca ological research filmflimq condoracon3oracorporationlaoninon 160166igo appppp div 376 152 NY supp 829 fil1915 despite this drecedanprecedentL libel was not really used acainazainagain in motion pictures until brown v paramount pubiixpubl ix corporationC arnoraornora ionlon 2402410 app div 520 270 NY supp 520 1934 slander has never been applicable for a discussion ofop the law in histhis period see carl zollmann moving picturepic cudecure abuses and their correction in the united states marquettemarquettamarquattayarmar quettequattequetta lawlewliawliew review XXIPXXI 3 april 1937y1937 appp 109110109 110 and Ddennisdennieen ils ealhalhanhartmanman 4tionlotion picture law dizestvdigest including rilriiall11 ourtcourt decisionsde cis ionslons fronfromfroam 12190000 to june 1947 and2nd ed los gelessangelesangelessangeleseAn published bbyy the author 1947 128i P A check of the table of cases second decennial digestT ides 119062001216loo20o 12161916j st pauls west publishing co 1923 labletabietablefabiefable ofot Ccasesoasesases third decennial digestest 19191619261916 191926 st paul west publishing co 0 1929 and table of cases fourth decennial digest 1 1926193612267112261926 711936 st paulpaultpauls west Ppublishingubl ishingashing co 1938 revealed no rerecordcord of litigation by thetahe church involving motion pictpiclpicturesCures in fact only one case brought by the church was listed and that in an unrelated area these digests provide a table of case names for the reported opinions of all courts of record included are thehe highest court of each state plus all federal courts both high and low the church had previously failed in legal attempts to defend polygamy and this may have influenced officialofficial1 thinking for background see the officia murray gems kostnostost holy PrincprincipleidieiDle 9 3 volstvolsvoisvoist t utah publishing company 1970 chapter 4

A MORMON MAID

the first inkling the saints had of the new pictu-picturere was a short article appearing in the new yarkyorkyock

1 times on december 171 1916 the unnamedunna rliedblied journalsjournalisjournalist1 told his readers that the lasky studio was producing a paul west scescenarionariomario about the days when the cormonsmormons wenef1werewere becoming the terror ofoi1 the western pioneers 11 therhenhe eastern LDS leadership immediateimmediatelyllyily firedred ofofforforrf a strondstrongro ixonieonimon orotestprotestorotest toM the times mission presidenpresidentI waltewalterwaiterwalwaiwaitewalbe te P bionson14onsonpionson spoke foror the saints when he wrotewro e s

tie newspaper I1 it is a lilittletle hard of course 9 on a to0 ak hatthat icsacs novienovlemovie deportreportersreport endsezrsears even strike towards historicalh accuracy or historical perspeclperspectivelveive but I1 wonkerwowondernierniec hovhovihoy lonsionsloneg the open season is to be on for this ststaiestalele andand much overplayed vjevrpointviewpoint towards the 1 stie 1 korrnonsnortKorrnorrlonsionsnons I1 mean the viewpoint thathathal makes them serve as a ready aid to any writerrriterp novelistynovelisty first lurid novelistnovelists2 or scenarocenarscenario0 king who wants to use croregore freelyfreely2freelyn

Iay and in this same letter which adparenapparentlyt 1y went unpublished by the tirtietletirnasgirnaslasaasias monson plaintively asked4skedaskedsaskews why must this wholesale slandering of a people go so merrily on monsons questions were never really answered like previous protests his appeal only served to show how powerless outside utah the mormon people were for A mormon14 oraonoroonormon maid not onlyairily completed its filmflimfilminglngang but went on to become an effective and artistic weapon in the anti mormon arsenal 95 96 by march 1917 the picture was readyforready forfonron general relereleasereleasedeleasedeleasereiedele aseasp during that mouthsmonthsmouthy numerous illustrated reviews and arcicleschiclesarticles began appearing in the industry journals these generally were highly favorable 4 the story itself is not much different from the earlier antiantl nornonnormonmormon melodramas its five reel feature length however did give it time to explore the plotpiotplottplots and the quality of the cinematography was a noted advance over previous efforts 5

ilg 1 ill notes written on the1 he screen the new york tintinestimestime s december 17 1916 section 2 p 8 col 2 paulpauI1 Wwestes t was a successful new york journalist auautuauthor11horshorl playwright and scriptwriterscript frlterfriterfalter he died in 1918 see who was who in america 1897-18971921342242192 chicago A N narquismarquisL cocompanympanyp 1943711943 p 52352532313251323 2quoted2quoted in the editorial Morcormonsmormonsmons in the movies the 11oseretdo s eret evening newsqnewsynews december 272 9 1916 3 A brough p 4 colcotnotciecle31sisi s 223 check of the cambercemberdecemberDe 17 ilg1116191616 hroughthroughhrough december 27t27 1916 issues of reveals no printingrrinarinting of the letter 0 athe3theihaaheihe deseret evening newspnewsynews december 271279 1916 p 4 monson denied emphaticallyeraphatically that the cormonsmormons were murderers 4 he stasxacedspacedcedded clearly hish s belief hatthat1 far from being terrors to the dioneerspioneersdlonioDio neers 1 no people in america have been pioneers so cocomcomoletelycompletelym pi celygelyece as the TorYortormonswornoryormonsyoumonsmor nonsmons what the horborkormonsKormiormonscormonsMiormons were really ziaizialguiltyltyalty of was being so far away that the yellow dressdresepress in newmew york had free and untrammeled play with them foror many years in winters while the utah colonists lay snowboundsnow bound in the mountains the dispatches from utah to the ijnewc ew york papers stirred the deoppeoppeopleL e in the east mightily and started those tales that have become historically the meat of the lurid writers 4 seea for exexamoleexampleamnieamole george Blaisdelblaisdelllf A mormon maid the moving picture world XXXIXXXII 9 march 3pap3 1917t1917 1372 george W oravesgraves A mormon maid Motomotographymonographymotographyggraphy XIIXVII 9 march 3 1917 483 and peter milne A mormon maid motion Picpictureturleturre news XV 9 march 3tat3 1917t1917 1191419ilg 97 dora mae murray is the rambunctious teenage daughter of john and nancy hogue hobart bosworth and edythe chapman the family occupies an isolated cabincaainbin0in in the far west beyond the furthest outpost of civilization the cormonsmormonsMormormonsymonsmonsy too have fled westward in order to escape their persecutors establishing towns as they wentswento a title announcespannounceannouncessp the saints perished by hundreds from woundswouldstwoundst hunger and disease but their faithfalth never ffaltered their leader was inspired his Dropromisesmisesmisee were revelations inspired develarevelationsgions brigham young richard cummings sends out a party 1ledladiadd by the apostle darius burr noah beery to meet a band of foreignforeigncoreign convertconvertsconverets thephe arranged mmeeting place is not far from the hogue cabin while waiwalwaitingwaltingcing mormon fforor the new arrivals I1 the group notices a band of indians thehe menace of the plains approach the younyoung unsuspectingying settlers zoun 13 toriitom rigdon frank borzaborzagetn e

is dispatched to warn the amilyfamilyL of their imnendinimpending danger

thehe five reel picture was still an exception in 1917 according to figures compiledcompi 1 ed by the national board of review of motion pictures the old national board of CensorcensorshicensorshipshishlP renamed early in 19181 the averageM flimfilm in december 19171917 was still only 3283 28 reels in length Howhoweverevert by the end of the firstfinstt war the ffiveriveivelve reeldaeidael ffeature photoplay became standard firssee low british film 12141914 121ag191j3t appp 252625 26 where these figures are cited as representative of a worldwideworld wide movement also see the bloBiobioscopescopLe marchma ch 7 1981918L P 6 and L jacobsijacobstjacobost appp 159170159 170 98 rigdon who is ignorant of the ugly side of early mormonism does as he is instructed he notices dora perched in a treetop and immediately they are attracted to one another he tells the father that because of the indian threatthreatsthroatsthroaty the family would do well to return to salt lake city with the mornionsMorcormonsmormonsMornionslonsmons althoughA thoughbhough hogue is open to thedhe suggestion his wife adamantly declares ill take my chances with the Indianindiansst not with Morcormonsmormonsmons rigdon then leaves nonot long after his departuredepartures the indians make heheirtheir attackat-attecktackteck tom reads their smoke signals however and is able to alert the saints intn a rousing battle the ndiansindiansj are beaten offajlojl despiadespiteea the victovictoryrytryg the cabincab ai1i and crocropss are totally destroyeddeasdens troyed destitute the family has no choice but to accept mormon aid lwotwo years within the city of the saintssaints11 brings prosperlprosperaproprosperitysperlspern I1 to hogue and his family reads a tititletitietuieiule burr becomebecomesz envious of hogue and desires dora for his own he

B- tells righambighambrighamI young that hogue has becomebacome a man of influence the people look up to him if he can scoff atanluaniu our belief in so will thpeytapeythe lf As the power behind the throne burrs whispers were translated ntointo revelations by the definitely subservient filmic prophet young quickly orders that the revelation must be obeyed hogue shall be summoned before the councilcounccoonc tom and dora meanwhile have grown very close tom attaches a note to a chipmunk and lets it loose at doras 99 window she is delighted with this love note but burr has other plans for her he makes further inquiries to young CDD ham who bribrihambrighamC breaks into a broad smile as if to say and you shall have her at the council meeting that night hogue is told that he must marry within twenty four hours or else this is no idle threat for the movie saints are guarded by four hundred oath bound fanatics who held the settlements in an iron ring these avenging angels wore terrilterrifyingying ghostly hoods and gowns embambblazonedemblazoneremblazonedem lazonedblazoned with the all seeing eye the audience is told thattiiattinat this costume but with the cross substitute for the eyeeyeseyey was later adopted by the ku klux klan hoguesogues pleading to be released from this command- ment is to no avail he is warnedwar liedtied hat blood atonement is his only alternative later 9 his twenty four hours up he is forced by the angels to return to the council once there he is dressed in ceremonial clothing and told that the mormon leadershiioleadership is willing to be lenient give your daughter in celestial marriage publicly and heaven will you 6 be satisfied or your daughterC choose

ifor6forfor representative studies of the celestial marriage teachings see francis M darter the four rejected revelations celestial marrimarriageage ardord3rd ed salt lake citescityoltycitys apnp 1948 orson prattpratts celestial marriage included inln mormonismmormprmonismMprjmormonismmonism new york derby and jacksonjacksons 1859 joseph snithysmithpsmithy blood atonement and the origin of plural fielding smith press marrimarriage salt lake citygitysgetys deserdesendeseretet news f 1905 andnd araldadaideraldjeraldT and sandra tannertanners appp 202230202 230 455457455 457 100 facedwacedwithWac edwithwith this undesirable alternative he consents to his own second marriage in order to protect his daughter dorasdora who has been brought to watch on orders from burr exclaims that she will marry to save her father but this is to no avail 9 and hoguehogue reluctantly ritersmitersenterse into the celestial covenant dora is taken to the apostleapostless home where she is cared ffotforor by his five wives burrs unrestrained glee is evident forrorJL or he plans to marry her as quickly as possible dora is oldtoldoid to0 o calm herself by one of the wives who tells her you see im your aunt nonosnows your fathers new wife my is sister this only further agitatesa Caitatesartates the younyoungt5ta girl

10 hogueC returns home tolo his unsuspecting wife she suspectsuspectss somethingsome thin is amiss when the new wife is brought inln by a hooded escort the truthtr athuth dawns on her and in horror she locks herself in an inner room nancy looks upward to0 o pray for deliverance and spies a loaded revolver her hand grasps the gun do-doradowara runs screaming from the house of burr and enters her family home just as the pistol goes off breaking down the dooredoordoorp hogue and the others find the prostraiprostranprostrateprostraistrat body of his wife dora breaks down and sobs in grief the camera makes a fade in iris on tom dora and her father at her mothers newly dug gravesitegravesidegravesite also there is the evereverpresentpresent burr in danite garb who orders the avenging angels to surround the trio in a fitriousariousfurious ride 101 and fightfightrighteight sequence they are subduesubdueddt but not before several of the hooded cormonsmormons lie dead hogue manages to struggle free from his captors and shoot two of them before he in lurnturn is shot dora flailing in grief makes her way to her fallen father who lies apparently dead on the ground her hands are covered by his bloodbloody and her suffering now is made all the greater tom is taken to a guarded room while burr returns with dora to his home after ordering his other wives out he tellstelistello her iiitiitilill hold you toto your promise to be my wife her pleading is to no avail he leaves to arrange the wedding and she with nothing else to do picks up a book entitleden itledditled celestial Marrimarriageazeaazez and RevelationreveirevelationsrevelationaRevelaionalon a she reads and again as pertains of all ththe t if any man expenses a second bifwifwifee and she is a virgin then he is n austifjustifjustifiedled if he hath ten virgins given unto him A plan begins to formulate in her mind thehe ceremony begins tontomom has benbeenb en brought to watch but is powerless to intervene dora lying to protect hersellherself ffromom burrsbu A s defilement tells the assembled group that she cannot marry the apostle because she is not a virgin and he is thus not justijustljustifiedfiedeflede tom does not know by news she is not tellingCD the truth and is crestfallen the

7 7aaaA reference to the revelation now printed as section 132 of the utah churchs version of the see the doctrine and covenants lake T salt city the church of0 L jesus christ of latter day saints i9681968 appp 239245239 245 the film title quotation is a loose paraphrase of D & C 1326l13261132266213226121326162132616262 102 brigham young is forced by these unexpected developments to stop the wedding As dora is led out the prophet turns to burr and tells him that she hashas tricked you burr then orders a nearby hooded man to bring the girl to hihimm privately at jordan rock tom has left the council chambers and makes his way to doras house dora is still theretheres and she asks him if he heard her tell why she could not nadmadmarnarrymarryr7ra burr he silently nods assentassents and in shame she breaks down and cries true to his love for her he colfocomfortscomfortsarts dora she tells him how she had been forced to lie now uniunitedunitt ed they determine to prevent the marriage no matter what tom leaves to make preparations for their escape meanshmeanishmeanwhileilellelie the guard sent by burrburn nears the house with some aherotheroher men seeing their chancechances the riders enter and 4take her forceableforceforceablyably to the waitwaltwaitingwaltinginfiny apostleADostleostie rigdon finds out what has happenhappenedpd aiding him is a masked avenger who disapproves of burrs plans they ride furiously to the jordan rock rendezvous burr tells dora that she will now pay fforor scofscoffingschoffing at his faith at this moment he is surprised by tom and the renegade mormon in the struggle burr drops his gun dora picks it up and

40 fires directly ininto11 o buburrsrs head their leader dead the other angels are quickly subdued tom hugs dora for joy but she is afraid of the man assisting him the hood is removed to reveal her father A flashback sequence shows that his wound in the 103 earlier gunfight though bloody was only superficially inflicted left for dead he took the clothzlothclothinging of one of the lifeless angelsAnangelszelsgelsgeis by hiding he was able to recover his strength in time to heldheidheluhelpheip rescue his daughter now free from the clutches of the evil elder and the Morcormonsmormonsmons they ride off on horseback in the dead of night into a land of golden promisepromiseepromised 8 the story is reminiscent of previous anti LDS photoplaysphotoplays it is at once apparent that the plot of an innoceinnoneinnocentnt non iviormonmormon family with an attractive daughter caught u3uau in the machinationsmachinal ionslons ofop the polygamous elders is again repeated here indeed the repetition of this basic allegation and theme is common to0 o all the anti mormon productions the relationship to the earlier mormonmormonbvensrbyensrayens blomst 1911 the mormon 1912 and A study in scarlet igi1914191 53as5 3 well asa the later trajetraj2trappedoe d bbyY the cormonsmormons 1922 and marriedmarr ed to at mormon 1922 is striking what makesmak- s A mormon aviajviamaidmaldid so unusual and important is its clear though now largely forgotten derivation from

D W grgriffithffith1s epochal a the extreme high quality of its production and the extent of0 C its use for anti mormon propaganda

p athe8thethe quotes in the above synopsis are taken from uuponon the titles appearinappearingC in the flimpfilmy based P tape recorded notes made by the author at a viewing of the flinlimflinfilmflim on april 13t13p 1973 codiescopiescoples exist at the library of congress as well as in private collections several firms distribute prints commercially to collectors for home use 104 the association of A normonmormon maid and the irthbirthB of a nation is particularly important in reconstructing early motion dicturevicturepicture history As david S bradley an instructor in cinema history at the university of california at los angeles uccatuctatUCLA relates I1 happen to think that A mormon maid is of great historical importance despite the neglect shown by 1 it writers on film because of its obvious reladeladeiarelationshipreialdelai ionshi o to griffiths work and also because of its strong anti mormon positionposiposltiong the picturepic udeure deserves renewed we attentionattent on are now beginningbecC inning to look back at these older ffilmsellmsunsamsums to see how they represented and influenced our attiattlattitudesgudes and sense of01 values j and how these now berhaperhaperhapsos have changed A icormon1zormon maid is typical of these sociologically imborimportantimpor cant picturespictpicl ures that have not been lost physically but have remained too long neglected and unstudied ina some archive or priprivateprivatevatevata collection phete birth of aaJajnationagnationnation chargedcharlcharichangedcharigedged the face of holhollywoodHoilywood not surprising that somebody picked udup the idea afterits the commercial success of this 91 ouqtoreakin4r do groundgroundbreakingbreakingC picture and said lets another birth 00 fP a natnauloniionon with a little different twsltwistsowsl this211iishiis is patD 7lrtart and narceldarcelparcel 0of the movie business once something makes a lot of money others think that theyll repeat if they follow the same formula ctenoftenorten0 aten it doesnt worksnorkwonksnock out that waytway but fifilmfilmmakersmditakersmakers keep A lv trying lormon maid fits in this beneralCgeneral pattern the films use olof01 klan like mormon characters is particularly inteinterestingrestina the two are definitely ilinkedirkedinked1 rked in the plot of the picture witnwatnwi-t h the clannish insulation and isolation of thehe group emphasizing the bizaarbisabisaaritybizabazaararityity of the cormonsmormons life style because it seemed such a near codycopycony of birth of a nationhatlonnations I1 arranged a showing notno long afteaateafterr we presented griffiths filmflimM here at UCLA in order to emphasize the parallelsfilmost everyone was indignant at griffiths porportrayaldayalrayal of the negro and his gloritglorificationcationcatloniicationmication of the klan however when we presentedDresented A mormon maidmaldimald nobody protested at all no one seemed to know much about the Morcormonsmormonsplormonstmons and although the smilaritiessimilaritiesi in actions by the klan and the avenging angels were obvious no one appeared to mind it might be describedescribeded as a kind of selective outrage 97

q 9sasstatement1 a bementtement by david S bradieBradlebradleyyp personal interview april 13 1973 105 bradleys servatobservatobservationsobservantob lons are particularly dertinentpertinentdertlDertinent for they emphasize the difficulty the latter day saint otodleoeodledeoniepeople have traditionally had in convincing public opinion that there was more to mormonism than polygamy A mormon aidnaidmaidmaldald continued the anti mormon film trend popularized by other0 hedher secular movie interests As was indicalindicialindicatedled earlier what made A mormon vaidvaldmaidimaldlyald singularly dangerous to the utah saints was its technical brilliance and the scope and densityintensityiniint ensity of its exhibition the entillentirlentireentice21 production is handsomely mounted the dhotographotographyphyohy is superior to niosnostmostu filmriimL dramas of its day with sharpssharppsharpy striking imagery evidenced throughout superbly artistic lighting and positioncompositioncorucorn clearly show thekheuhe hand of the cameramanicamecameramaqqramaniramans charlescharies rosher rosher raswasnas one of the siiallsallsaliaallnallnali group of topflighttotopo flight cinematographcinematographersers who in the silent era changed the look of american films he is individually credited withwith transforming otionfotionmotionmotlono picturpichurpicturere photography from a skilled craft into a fine art and his work is easily cognisablererecognizable here 10

1 1 Z roberrobertrober11 leonardleonardsleonardo the directdirectororrors was of only moderate talenttalento but he was intelllintelliintelligentent enough to use men of value and experience like rosher under him in order to maximize his effort on A mormon maid another factor wasarasvras

io kevin brownlowbrownloweBrownbrownlowylowy the parades gone by P t new york alfred A knopf 1961968 appp 234249I1 226 brownlow devotes an entire chapter to shersroshersboshersRo life and work see brownlowtbrownloweBrownbrownlowyBrownlolowslowywt appp 222235222 235 bradley also attributes the cinematic richness of A mormon maid to roshers influence 106 thatthat leonard at this time was deeply in love with the picturespictured staretarstaristarp mae murray and for this reason lavislavishedshed more attention on its production values than he might otherwise have done 11 unfortunately murray was no actress 12 and her ludicrous performance as the tragedy torn dora mars the film at least for modern audiences the emphasis on a pixvishp avishxvish fluttering heroine had been made popular by the iningenuesgenues and mary pickfordpichford then americaamericas sweetheart although murray was a competent dancer she vaswraswaaswas unable to copy their style and bring off her part realistically I1it must be admitted howeverhoweverthowevertevers that despite the overly exuberant nature of her arformanceperformancer in an otherwise unrelentingly grim and somber picpicturepicturetpicturedturet contemporary reviewers enjoyed the entire photoplayincludingphotoplay including murrays rendition of dora

11they later married see jane ardmore the self enchantedtenchantedsEnchant edteds maemac murraymurrayamurrayg imalmaimagege of an braedaera new york megrawmcgraw hill bookbook company inc 195991959 PP 79979 93 12see joe franklin classics of the silent screen A pictorial treasury new york citadel press 1959 f p 206 where franklin critesvritesvrrites that mae never wawass a great actress andneverand never pretended toij0 o be but she was a vibrant personality she had a face that millions of moviegoersmoviegoers knew and loved murray published an autobiography which appeared under the title my memories in the hearst press american weeklywee from may 24 1921942 through july 12912 1942 in these she does not specifically mention A mormon maidtmaidmald although she does discuss her romance with leonard 10710 peter milne writing in the motion picture news is typical in his review when he states that the filmflimfilmsflims contains a wonderfully strong plot thattheltthatt possesses several moments of the greatest dramatic dowerpower in its production robert leonard has utilized thethahe artistic4erogativesartistic perogativesprerogativesperogatives of the director to good effect chiefly in his panoramic scenes the groupirgroupingsgrouperrigs olof01 the destroying angels the fight between the iormonsmormonsmormone and the indians and the attempted escape of hogue and his daudaughterC hterahter are events that are handled superbly and create a strong measure of suspense the cast of the play does capable work lilaemae murray kurray in the title roletroiesroleroie thouthoughC h her tendency to become Pickfordpickfordianian was never more prominent creates an appealappealinging character in the shape of dora hobart bosworth has a strong role as her father who by his fierce fifighterhtnrht against thetahe unjust principles of mormonism is constantly the center of admiration the players have been directed after the customary lasky fashion in that they continually approach the foreground where every the full significance of their expression and 13 so-qatimessometimesnbetimesqatimes the falsitiesfalsifies of their makeup are magnified george blaisdell in his critique nearingDearingappearingaD in

movingmc 7 A mormon the ri a picture world also found maid

1 powerpowerfulL U 1 entertainmententertainmentpertainment he admitted that the subject is being exploited as anti mormon propagandpropagandaat but declaimed interest in that phase of the film ratheratherrt he felt it 14 could stand on its own cinematic appeal

13 emotion1motion13motionMotion picture neasinewsinews1l march 3 igiigl1911917 P 1419 milne was no authority on mormonism for he also writes that the film dealt with mormonism at the period of its neightheightsheighty in the year 1848 at that date the utah settlers had only been in the great salt lake area for about a year and were then barely surviving milne also felt the picture seems perfectly suited to the requirements of the states rights man well produced and setting forth a theme that will undoubtedly evoke considerable comment due to the innumer- able relationsrevelationsrevelationslons of the laws of the mormon raithfaithralthfaithafaithq it carrieselationsadvertising possibilities manifold within its foot- age commercially worthy merit no its artistic is c less prominent the movie was shot on orthochromatic flinfilmflimL lm stock which tended to emphasize contrast and makeupmakeups 108 Artisticartisticallyallylallys the film stands out as an excellent example again excepting maemac murrays peryperformancemanceorarmanceormance of the best in early hollywood filmfilemakingfilmmakingmaking in addition to rosherskoshers superb cameraworkcamerawork and choice of lighting and composition some credit must also go to the art diredirectoratoraton wilfredwiifredwllwilwinfredifreddfredi buckland the unnamed editor and the lasky companycompanys director general cecil B demille david bradley attributes a definite demille influence in the stylizedstylistyll sedzed use of closecloseupsups in noah beerys portrayal of the evil apostle darius burr 153

14 Tthehe vilovingmoving picture worldworlds march 3 1911917p p 1372 blaisbiaisbialsblaisdellelleileli wrote in the same articlearticless accepting as accurate the conditions alleged to0 o exist inn the fityitfiftiesties in the large territory dominated by the Morcormonsmormonsmons or accepting themthelmtherm as an exaggerationexaggera 1ionaionpionplon A mormon maid is an absorbing story wellweliweliwellwe 11 1 acted aidaand141.4llil I well produced there is no suggestion that the 1 situations outlinedou-l lined1ineddined have anything to do with the presentpresen1 day it isliedis strong drama with its full measure of suspense witwithh its accompaniment of the 1ragediestragediesragedies that ensue in a primitive region when men of strong will meet at the crossing of the paths although blaisdell indicates that the story was divorced from the present day it shall be demonstrateddemons-trated later in this chapterchap er how others aftemattemattemptedoteddoted to link the two in order to destroy mormonism 15demjlledemilledemldemiileDeMi ilelielle received screen credit in his role of director Genzergeneralaitaltalp although no slandarduandardstandard works on deideldemille1111ilil le xenmenmentionlonion any personal work on the picture despite chistthis T thist it isz clear that he must have approved its release inlnL n later years he had a very warm relationship with LDS pres3presapresidentdent david 0 mckay see cecil B demilledenidemlDeMi ilellelie the autoriautobiautobiographyor rathyrathz 0of cecil B demille ed donald hayne new yorkyorksyonks prentice hall 19591959t PP 433434433 434 and cecil B demille commencement address provotprovoprovos brigham young university speeches of the year extension division 1957t1957 P 3 noah beeryB eeryaery won a 4three and a half year contract with laslaskyA y as a result of his work in this film see hal C herman ed how I1 broke into the movies Signecignedsigned autobiographies by sixsixty famouslamousdamousL amous screen I1 tars hollywood published by the author 1930 p 123 109log the editing throughout is modern and cleanly executed the story itself moves quickly and competently towards the inevitable battle for freedom by the young lovers compositions of powerful imagery and lyrical quality are evidenced throughout an unrelenting docu- mentary feeling is inherent in the film and this is further emphasized by the prologue attached to some versions the prologue consists of extracts from the june 11 1906uniled1906 united states senate majority report on the i mormon church prepared as dartnartparrparc o-ofL the investigation surroundinrxsurrounding the controversial selection of reed smoot as 16 utahs senatorial representative although smosmootot was eventually seated the natiolanationanational1 attention focused on the hearings aided anti LDS partisans popular fear of mormon- ism and polygamy found natural expression in films and campaigns typified by the exploitation of A normonmormon maid

I easternpastern exhibiexhibitexhibitorsI1 ors openly stressed the alleged historicity of the photoplay with extravagant copy representative of the thinking of these novinoviemenmoviemenmovi emeneman are thehe following unqualified assertions

16 U see S 0 congressicongress senate committee on privileges and elections Proceproceediproceedsprocaproceedingsediedl before the committee on privileges and elections of tneane U S senate in the matter of the protests against the right hon reed smosmoot a senator from the state of utah to hold his seatsseateseato 35th cong ist sess0sesssessa senate document no 486 january 16 1904 AaprilPrilrii 13 1906 4 vols washington government printing office 190419061904 1906 110 this picture gives an insight into the practices of mormonism by depicting the covetous pursuit by one of the elders of a daughter of a pioneer who has come under mormon influence forced under pressure of the mormon council and the well known system of mormon spiesspiess are also pictured realistically the mormon maid sic is an accurate and truthful narrative of mormonism in early utah and the scenes have been taken in the country in which the incidents occurred the faithful reproduction of the early mormon casp as he wasvasp cold and stolid witwithh his religioncn is given throughoutthroughout1717 the veracity of the unknown press agent isisy however called into question on such a simple thing as where the ffilmi 1ct wawass made for the scenes were not taken in the countcountrycountrfrf in which the incidents occurred as we are told 18 but rather on the lasky ranch in california while it is true that individual mormonimormonsmormonq entered into polygamy in mormon this periodpedper iiodbiod it is unlikely thattha1thab1 the portrayal of life found in A mormon maid even vaguely corresponded with common p-pioneerioneer realrealityitye 19

17 17aA mormon naidmaidmaidt the Chrichristianslian statesman published bby the national reform associationassociallonion of pittsburgh pennsylvania LI 6 june 1917t1917 P 26276 all articles cited in this thesis from the christianchrC arihriistianstianlan statesmanS tat e smanaman can be consulted in originals at the bruBYU library or on microfilm number M 209 ALD in the LDS church archives see also the double papagee advertisement appearing in the momovinemovinamovingvlnavinavine picture world XXXI t 9 march 3 1917 t 130813091308 1309 where it declared thisis to be a realistic film with a real tragedy about real people while full and doubledoub lepagele page ads were not uncommon in the movie trade journjournalsaisoalsoaleo thelohe extent of the publicity surrounding the release of A mormon maid proved to be unusually sustained 181 R ranch in the hollyhollywoodvvood lexicon meant an outdoor location site see treeingfreeingTre eing maemac murray just to shoot her photoplayphotoplayaplayq february 191791917 P 35355 and ardmore p 79 wlirlichwhich both state it was filbecfilmecfilmed at the lasky ranch leonard had to have the bush beaten every night for snakes before shooting ill the author was unable to find documentation to support the assertion that somehow the ku klux klan took its distinctive costuming ffronfromronrom the utah nor1normonsMorcormonsmormonsmons whatever the truth of the matter it was likely seen as a neat way to tie in to the earlier success of the birth of a rationnationa11ation david bradley feels this is certainly true varievarlevarietyayiy also noted the relationship when its reviewer call A mormon maid 8 strait way drama of the strongest kind with not a single wasted foot occupying the same relation to mormonism that A birbirthbirzhbid tp of a nation sic does to the colored questionquestion2020 one can to some degree empathize with LDS eastern mission president waiterwalter monson in his earlier futile protest over the allaalieallegeded historical inaccuracies in the production 21

19 see appp 575 7 of this thesis above 20 quoted in the ad for A mormon maid appearing in the moving picture worldworlds XXXI 10 march 10 1917t1917 14481449141448 4491449

21the deseret eveneveningingnewsing news december 2792 1916 p 4 the news further editorialized in that article that president 14monsononson is right and the times is entirely mistaken in the statement that the Morcormonsmormonsmons are not untouched by the movies they have been vilified on scscreeneen after screen from the day the moving picture first came intining though it must be said that in some scenarios an effort has been made to drd justice to them it is a satis- faction to be able to say further that the film story to which the times so gayly refers was promptly rejected by local managers and produceproducersrs when offered to theinthem with the intimation that while anything quite as fellowyellowyallow might be acceptable in certain localities it would find no favor in the west where the mormons1cormonsMormormonsmons and their history were better known purveyors of such slander as this particular play is said to carrycarnycarryg deserve to be pilloried and the producers whose sole motive is to pander to the sensation loving and baser instincts of their clientele are paving 112 any protests on the part of the mormon and utah authorities did little to dampen the excitement surrounding the4 he release and exhibition of A mormon maid full and double page advertisements appeared in industry journals throughout march 1917 on march 3 it was declared the trade sensation of the year A stupendous thrilling expose 22 of A hidden chapter of american life by march 10 it was the best advertised screen feature in america 2323.23J on march I171 exhibitors were told that the film would electrify 24oh not only utahU ah but the whole united states on march 24 it was reported that the picture recorded 896 inquiries in one week from Buybuyersersseresereg bookers and exhibitors throughout the country on states rights 252 and by the end of the month buy A nornonnormonmormonP maidmaldmaldymaidy was the niesmlesMiesmessagesage that Is making the 26 wires of A nation hum thethe way by such conduct for a stricter censorshipcensors hiD than they have any present idea of an attempt was made lo10to implement a statewide censorscensorshipcensore hiohlohiD law in utah during 1917 see D W cummingsc it utahutah censorship discussiondiscussions and other related material in the movinmoving0 picture tworldworlds xxxijXXXI 8 february 24 1917 y 1237 this was averted when local exhibitors and showmen voluntarily agreed to eliminate objectionable photoplaysphotoplays fromfroinfroim the state see the authorauthors the history of utah filmfilin an introductory essays appp 192219 22 for details 22 see the moving ictureacturepicture worlds march 3 1917 appp 130813091308 1309 this ad also perpetuated the falsehood that the picture had somehow captured something totally new to moviemoviemakingmaking when it declared A mormon maid the most difficult thing to findkindnind in the filfilmfieldfilmflim fieldifieldi today A sensational picture with A new theme no such shower of praise in the records of states rights pictures 2 3tatthehe Mmovingovi picture worldworlds march 10 1917 appp 144814491448 1449 this illustrated advertisement contains numerous quotes from the trade press 113 in its early release the film was controlled by the then newly incorporated friedman enterprises the irmffirm 27 of hiller & wilkwiik incorporated acted as sales agents theybombardedthey bombarded the country with various promotional inducements one million post cards one thousand twenty four sheet posters a nationwidenation wide newspaper campaign agitating afresh the unusual character of the production and other similar activitieactivitiess aimed at both the trade and 28fqaq lay publics swainswaimswampedped the united states then first trade showing as the strand theatre in new york on february 14 1917 reportedly attracted the

1 29 largeslangeslargest16 trade audience in the show houseshoused experience

24ok see the moving ictureacturepicture worlds XXXI 11 march 1791 1917s1917 171 this ad reprinted the review appearingapp-earing in aidswids liilililliliIIIliti111 8 february 22 1917 the wids criticcricrltc wasiffinnasinnas enthusiastic about this gripping dramadrainagdrainage artistically done attacking mormon polygamy he told exhibitors that it was a production which should get money anywhere it has exceptional advertising possibilities because of the attack against I1thehe mormon religion in which most every one is interested since their knowledge of this great force is limited and the fact that the production shawsshows the Mormormonmon Tion guards in the white robedrohedropednoped costume of the clans in the 4 A you Bbirthi L h of nation gives this an added interest can safelysa fe1feifea ly promise that this is one olof01 the greatest five reel melodramas ever produced by intelligent use of the tormborm mormon1 7ormI n guardsuards costume and properly playing up the curiosity of most folks as to the mormon faith you should be able to do a lot of business with this

25thethe Tvlovingmoving picture world xxxitXXXI 12 march 24 1917t1917 1887 this advertisement states the film is a six part dramadrema of early mormon days most other accounts indicate tthis1 lis occurred in five reels 26 see the moving picture world XXXI 13 march 31olg 1917v1917 2058 11414 this trade interest was not short lived fully three years after its initial release A mormon maid was still playing regularly throughout the country to paying customers it is also known to have been hownshown in great britain 30

27little27littlelittie writtenrritten information is readily available on the irmffirm of hillerhitler & wilk the wilk of the duo was jacob wilkwiik an important motion picture literary agent who died in 19561950 for biographicabiographicalbiographical2 information on him see the book by his son max wiikwilkwiiks the wit and wisdom of hollhollywood100 CL new york AtheneatheneumAtheathenaeumatheneumpneumump 197191971 PP xvi xix hiller & wilk obviously had little understandunderstandingirig of utah conditconditionslonsions in april 1917 they told reporters ahth t they were consideringcons idering taking the picture totheto the beehivethtstate and giving a grand showing in the mormon tabernacle in salt lake cycity see phetherhe mormon maidmaldmaidamaid1 may come to utah the salt lake tribunetribunestrlTribuneibunes april 22 1917 magazine sectionsections p 515 col 6 28daapar A mormon isaidijaid11aid unusual production featuring the captivating mae murray is first series for open market offered by Frifriedmaneaman enterprise Motomotoraphvmotographymonographygraphy XVIIOXVII 9 march 3ai3i 1917t1917 452 for fofemofemodemore on murray and her career see karlton C lahue ladies in distress new york A S barnes and Compacompanynypnyy inc 1971t1971 PP 194203197203194197 203 and mae murray silent screen star dies in actors home on coast the n2naneww york timisttimesttinestimes march 24 1965 p 43v43 cols 232 3 29that is if the advertisement in the moving picture world march 3 1917 appp 130813091308 1309 is to be believed it is an historical curiositycur-iosity that the film was released ha q throughU h4 ouaouan friedman on an independent states rights basis askylaskydasky productionsD odu ionslons were generally offered through paramount tvoforbor some reason perhaps because of its controversial naturee this was not however the original script for A normonmormonormon maid is now to be found in carton 62 of thehe collection at the academy of motion picture arts and sciences AMPAS library in los angeles this unfortunately is not available for public study until 1975 when the entire collection now in closed storage is rovedmoved to the anticipated new home forfodor the academy

30seesee A mormon maid the biosblosbioscope september 5 1918 the bioscope reviewer felt that ever since joe smith went into the wilds and came back with his new ideas for the structure of society a romantic interest has always 115 the reason for this unprecedented publicity lies in its dramatically visual facility for anti LDS propaganda hatthatL it was seen as such has already been indicaindicatedtedo althoualthoughh the films purpose must have originally coffunercialcommercials at this time however therethere were organized groups actively and vehemently oDposingopposing the mormon menace some of whom latched onto the picture fortfoetforror theirhe ir ovinown purposes foremost amonamongg Athese anti mormon activists NRA was the national reform assoriaassociationassocia tdonadon 9 headquartered in kttsburghpittsburghpi refreferenceerencearence has already been made to their periodical the christian statesman which regularly publpublished14 shed anti LDS articles on the evil of mormonism in the name of christian duty undoubtedly many within the movement derewere sincere in their hatred of doiyDolypolygamygamy Theythey probably lerewere honest in their belief that it was their respensresponsresponsibilityIblibil ityizy to lead the effort to eradicate what they constconstruedaadmedgad as a conspiracy on the part of LDS officials031 L icials to Pperpetuatertle4kuatecuate plulalplural marriage whatever lie behind their motives it is certain hatthatb groups like the NRANIRA adapprovedproved of A mormon maid the christian statesman ran favorable rereportsolortsolorte of its success well into 1918 31 centered upon salt lakeslake the home of the MormonMorcormonsmormonsmonmormonspmonssp and as they style it the ekingkingdomdom of god on earth drama in this instance has cluciuclutchedachedcched hold of a strong theme connected with this sect and although in reality they are not quite so bad as they are oltenoften paingainpaintedtedt in histhisI1hie instance the mormon elders are tyrants who force their customs upon unwilling visitors to their community exhibitors were verthenevertienevertheneneverthelesslessbess recommended to use it 116 despite continued publicity and moral support the NRA declined to financially back the picture because it wished to disassociate itself from any charges of purely commercial interest this did not stop others who moved to form the national antiantimormonmormon leagusleague 11 the impetus behbahbehindind this new group was samuel D matthews a new york citycilly jewish lawyer who headed a combine controlling ththe screen rights tot0 o A mormon maid in twenty one states 32 according to the christianchristranghristian statesmans report invitations dated september 3 1918 were sent by the league toto prominent civic figures in rochester new york worded as follows thehe national antlantiantimormonmormon league invites you to atlattendtend a private complimentarycomplimen-tary exhibition of the p-propagandaropagandaropaganda picturepictures A mormon maid to be presented for the clclrymenr aimenyimen and their wives philanthropists settlementset tementbement workers among club women and others in Rochesrochesterterp at the strand theatretheattertheatrer thursday morning sepseptembereabermber yth at 10 oclock before the picture riesrlesmisshiles myrtle edwards will give a brief lecture aftalybenytaayderaydaraf decdaccertar the picturepictures mrs nellie B van slingerland will explain the purpose of the league and organize a local1 0 calcai branchbranch33333

31aA norinorlmorinormonmormonaionnionwion maid the christian Stalesstalesmanistatesstatesmanmanimane LI 6 jungcungjuneuneuna 1917 2762771276 2772771 rusadecrusade notes j the christian zistatesmana esrear an LI 898 9 september 1917t1917 375 and mrs lulu loveland shepard the campaign in buffalo moves on with a powerful swing the christian stastatesmantestanitesmani LII 4 adrilapril 1918 18618186187186 18718 mrs shepard is reported toto have originally resided in salt lake city see anti mormon drive in maine keeps elders unusually inln demand the deseret neastnewstnews july 16 1921 section 3 p VII col 5 117 following the filmafilmqfilm mrs van slingerland who was apparently employed by matthews guided the audience in forming a committee which included eight of the leading clerics in the city among them reverend james A dobbs the local representative of the national reform association the league evinced no definite program other than an amendment of our marriage and divorce laws here the leaguesleagued organizers rademade a tactical errorerrors34 what raised the ire of the NPANRA was the new groups

l asserlassertionasperl ionlon that no other antiantl inionmormonnon organizationsorgani zalzazajt ionsionglong were actively battingcombattingcom the utah church with the recent lecture activities of NRA speakers still fresh in their memoriememoriesmemoriespsp9 at the urging of reverend dobbs the members of the locallocioplelcalgel1 committee decided not to enforceendorce the league 35

32 see A morrnornonnormonmormonon maid and the national antiantlantimormoncormormormormormon leagueleaguefleagued the christian statesman LII 10 october 191891918 47648476478476 48478 thisthig indicates that press reports on the new group also andannaDDappearedeared in the rochester aqnqnewv york democrat and ahr6hrchronicleniele and the b-brooklyn00oo newew york ealeeagleeagie on septembe-septemberr 179 1918 in the case of the eateggealedlediegle items on the leaguedeague can be feindfoindfoundround scalscascatteredltteredthered throughout various september editions see also the letter of reed smoot to heber Jj orantorantograntgrantsgranto september 21 1918 this is located in thereadraadpeed reed smoot collection MS 118711879 container 48p48 folder 8 in1 thathehe brighaibrighamrn young university library archives hereathereafhereafterterlenien this is referred to as BYU archives

L 33thethe christian stastalstatesman1 ermantesmant october 1918 p 476 new york was one of the states where rights were controlled i- to0 o the film by matthews 34thethe christian statesman october 1918 p 477 what this amendment was to encompass is not clear

athe3thethe christianchristjan SStatesstatesmaniiatesmanjmanimanb october 1918 pop o 476- 477 118 thwarted in their attemdtattempt in rochesterroehRochestertesters the leaguesleagued organizers moved on to other new york cities its success in these was to some degree muted thezheghe Rochesrochesterrochesjerjerienlen democrat and chronicle for example ran a letter in its september lyt179 1918 issue which purported to be from nathan S strongestronger formerly the manager of

A the nationalnationatlo ialiaaal L antiantlantimormonn i mormon league he is quoted as stastatingting that he severed ailallali connections with the organization when he learned that its motives weree purely mercenary the ultimate purpose being to brinbring financial return to one samuel D Matthewmatthewssv lawyer who poses as secretary of the league 36 attemplattemptattemptsJsJ s in brooklyn also met appooppooppositionsitionaition 37 from NRA members such infighting between thethathe two most organized anti LDS grounsgroups in america gave small consolation to the mormon leaders in salt lake and the young missionaries in the fieldfields despite the trackstbackssetbacksse outlineoutlinedoutlinedabovedaboveaboveg the league continued its activities into the 1920s elder john F west laboring for the church in albemarle north carolina wrote a letter to thethaT ha box elder news in utah describing thathe difficultiesd L L ultiesunties the leaguesleagued crusade was causing the missionary program he and his companionconcompanion arrived in the town to indffind it blanketed with handbillshandbills publicizing the

J36quoted in the christichristianan statesman october 1918gi9191.91 11 p 477 37seesee the christiachristlachristiann Statesmastatesmannj october 1918 appp 44774784777 7 478 119 daejaemae murray vehicle the words A mormon maid were written in thorns to emphasize the alleged LDS threat according to west the handbillshandbills boldly proclaimed that all scenes were taken from the mormon public temples and that it was a tale of mormonism today 08 west feltreitrelt that these antiantlaz it mormon activities were hampering the mission work of the elders A short time earlier he reports mrs lululuiulululovelandloveland shepard toutoureded north carolina and her misrepresentations of the true condition in utah and also the doctrines of our church led to an increase in opposition to us inln our abersaborslaborsabomsi As a resuitresultresults he promised that in the futureX we intend putputtputtingi ing forth a greater effort in spreading the trltrubhtroubhgh 09397

letter of elder john F west entitled anti mormon Ccrusade onpgnpon ththethae box eldereiderbider news brigham city utah oneunej inekne 4 192019201 p 4rar4 col 3 the letter is marred by numerous typographical andandgmimgrammaticalmaticalmagical errors see alsoaisoa c lindaaj1j lambert image of cormonsmormons in filmsflimsflimsy P 15 r andanhana a clippingC of the letter located in the hrurnaN anuscriotaruaruscriptscript history of the southern states missionlmissionalMissiomissionnL 1 11 c1ca1 c1ca 21 I1 111 I 1920122192029 122123 aatt the LDS churchL archives the costumes picturedalcabcaic auredlured inln the wedding ceremony which were played up inln the advertising in albemarleAlbernarienarle as elsewhere bear i aan& tsmittedlyadmittedlyac- stronastrongresemblencestrong resembleresemblenceresemblancence to those used within the tenpietempletempielempieLe mple see jerald and sandra tanner appp 455464 in ancey thedheJ he local paper in albemarle is called the stanleys1sa an1ey news and press A written request by the author that the editor check his back files for information on the crusades activities during 1920 in connection with the showing of A mormon maid elicited no reply 39thethe box elder newsnewsqnewsy june 4 1920 p 4 120 Unfortunateunfortunatelylyslyp there has been little agreement on just what that truth is the screen like the lecture and the bookobook has acted as a handy forum from which opposing ideological forces have attacked one another A mormon maid is only one of many filiasfilmsflims which were eagerly utilized for propaganda purposes by enemies of the mormon faith although more extensively and effectively employed than the others it was certainlyceartainlyfainly not to be the last such photoplay soon the popular novels of zane grey were to attract the interest of filylifilrakersfilmfilmmakersrakersdakersmakers looking for a solid story regrettably for the LDS church his most successful bookbooks riders of the purple sazes-sadsageaf paints

L amy an enenvelopingenvelopinglyfe iopinglymopinglyly vivid tale of polypolygamyt and revengeC in the harsharshharghaushhaugha southern utah desertdesentdesertsdesertodesento chapter 5

THE ZANzaniczaniozaneZANBio GREY WESTERNSVERSTERNS

the studio that first realized the movie potential of the zane grey novels was the fox film corporation controlled by william fox he astutely recognized that

1I q the runaway success of the BL-birthL t of a nation followingollowollowiiiiriggla its release in 1915 would dramatically change the face of the motion picture industry unlike the backers of Aajflormonnormonmormon maid who merely imitated the griffith film fox decided that if a successful book could bebea made into a successful motion picture then the thing to do was to buy a successfulsuccess lulluir book 2 but if one bestbestsellingselling novel could be obtainobtainededsedp then so could two according to zane greys biographer foxfoxscoxs

4 saw zane grey in new york and offered hhimjmj m twentyfivetwenty five hundred dollars for the picture rights to riridersders of the purdiepurplepurniepurdle Ssae when grey hesitated fox offofferederededed him an additional twentyfivetwenty Ilveivefive hundred for a second book grey accepted the offer3offerl

I1 coxsfoxs own story parallels that of many of the early motion dicturevicturepicture mogullmoguls born in 1871891879 in hungary of germanjewishgerman jewish parentsparentsq he came as an infant to the states with his family after a variety of jobs in newyorknew york he entered the nickelodeon business by 1910 he owned a stringC of theaters with carl laemmielaemmle he led the challengesCZ against the patents company strangulation and eventually helped to bring it down soon he organized his own film purchasing and distributing firmfirmtfirma and not long after own beanbeganbe CD an to make his pictures under the fox film banner 121 122 greys riders of the purple sazesageS has entered into many drinprintinosprintingspaintingsprinPri tingsntinos since it was firstarstfirst released in 1912 over the years it has become probably the most popular western 4 ever written grey was helped by irstarstfirstfinst hand experience gained in travels through utah and this combined with his mastery of descriptive language to elevate his work far above the average writingwriiingwrixing on the mormon west but while he retains a continuing popularity it is also true that riders of the purdlepurplepurdie sazesagssage differs little in basic plot from many of the formulaformula anti mormon novels the action takes place in 1811871871 at Cottoncottonwoodswoods a remote border settlement in southern utah A rich and beautiful mormon girl named jane withersteenWithersteen mary merch is out of favor with her church because she has been doing charitable work for impoverished non cormonsmormons more importantimportantlylytlyv she scorns the ardent elder tull urdockmurdockIq mcquarrie who wants to marry her see anthonyantnony slide early american cinema new yorks A S barnes and co 1970 appp 848784884 878 upton sinclair upton sinclasinclairlr presents william fox loslosangelessLosAngelessangelessangeleseAn published by thee author 1933 and glendon ailallvineAllvinetvines the greatest fox oiof 11tnemanemm all new york lyielyle stuartstuarts inc 19691909 afrank2frankfrank grubergruberg zane oraxgreyoraygraya A biography roslyn new york walwaiwalterwalberwalterwaiterterber J black inc9incinca 1969 p131p 131 3grubergruber p 131 4frompfrom4from a full page advertisement by the zane grey library of roslyn new york nearingDearingappearingaD in the newspapernews danerDaDernaner supplement magazine parad2fparade februarye ruady 18 1597392319731923 28 123 former texas ranger jim lassiter william farnum rides into Cottoncottonwoodswoods in search of his sister millie katherine adamsvadamovadams who has been abducted by a mormon it raiding partypantyparparcycy he arrives in time to save one of janes innocent gentile riders ventersvent-ers played by william scott from the wrath of elder tuiltulltulituii eventually lassiter and jane fall in love venters leaves to ride down the rustlers who have been stealing withersteenWit hersteen cattlecattiecat C ie he discovers them beyond deception pass led by a masked rider venters shoots at the leader and discovers that he has wounded a woman he nurses her back to health and love

T assiterlassiterLi eventually learns that his sister is dead his hatredhat redmedr ed for the cormonsmormons boils over when he discovers that a young ordhanedorphaned girl has also been kidnapped by church members he enters the mormon meetingmeetinghousehouseshouseP kills dyer IM B robbins their leader and escapes with the ggirigirlirlirilri frithwithi her and jane he flees to deception pass where they find venters and the masked rider also played by katherine adams lassiter recognizes her as his sisters daughteraau7h er bess with the encouragement of lassiter and jane venters and bess make their escape from the pursuingC religionists and leave utah to make a new life together jane and lassiter witwithwithyounghyoungyounayoung fay nancy caswell climb to the high cliffs above the pass he finds a narrow passageway leading into an isolated pocket canyon guarding the entrance is a precariously balanced rock lassiter 124 hurls the roclkoclrock down on the cormonsmormons below tull is crushed in the avalanche and the trio are safely sealed within their valley paradise 5 this first fox version of riders of the kureurpurplepurdlepurniee sazesage was released on september 1 1918 and faithfully recreated the essential outline olof01o L greys book william farnum as lassiter was well received and the success of this first zane grey western feature ensured the continuecontinuencecontinuancence of the 6 authors work on the screen the reviewers and denegenegeneral 1 al public found the film solidly produced entertainment for example P S earrisonharrisonkarrison writing in the motion picture news called it 7 good westernvlesyesternyias ern stuff walter K hill was even more enthusiastic in his trade critiquecritiques with a corking good novel to begin with manly william farnum to play its star partipantipants and an evenly balanced and talented supporting company to manipulate director frank lloyd could do no less than turn out the entirely satisfactory entertainment riders of the purplepurdlepurdie sage affords there is the dash and fire of the odenopen plansplains and strength of the rugged mountains to insinspireolnedine the imagination horsemen ride with skill and dardawdarlngdaringr ng that quicken the pulse of the spectatorspectatory and willtwj112williamlanlam farnum acts the heros part with wholesome I1 ragness na-naturalnessirainessra1ness that merits unstinted praise zane greys story of life among thek he cormonsmormons many years ago lends itself admirably to screen representation mr farnum and his associates went to ideal locations to reflect the atmosphereatmosphereofof the piece and then and there collaborated to a delightful moving picture conclusion best of all there is promise of more of these zane grey stories although this number is complete in itselfitself88

5zaneuzanezane grey riders of the purple saesaeesage new york harper and brothers 1912 125

the fox studio management 9 in a statement given to the trade papers was ecstatic over the popular and critical success of this initial zane grey production it was reported that firstfinstfyinst run houses were doing tremendous business and that as a resultresuitresulttresulta foxs policy of using only novels and plays that had achieved definite literary or Q financial acceptance would continue 97

6farnufadumfamumm was part of a famous acting family that included his brothers dustin and franklyn for a popular overview of his career see mario A demarco real west movie hall of famewilliamfame william farnum real west derby Connecticuconnecticutconnecticutptp xviiixvii9XVII 124 february 197491974 323332 33 ap7 7pP S harrison riders of the purple sage fox motion picture neastnewsinewst XVIII 12 september 2121p 191891918 1913 histhis provides an excellent summary of the ffilmflim1mam versions action falterhalterbalter K hill riders of the purple sage the movimovingag picture world XXXVII 12 september 21 191801918 11771T L hill also enthused if the screen ever served an enertainimgentertainingentertainimg1I purpose itit willwiilW ul be acclaimed as useful and engaging while this zariezarlezane grey passes in satisfying review M 9 william farnum scores in riders of the purdlepurplepurdiepurniepuddle sagasagesagassagessagant the moving picture world XXXVII 13 september 28p28 19181918v 1899 this article notes that the run of riderrriders ofojP the purple sage in los angeles may be taken as an example the engagement in that city was at the xinenaximenaninema Thetheatreatres and because of the experience of this teatrtneaxretebeatr atlatrre with male stars since itsils opening nine months ago tneanetneineane success of riders of the purple sage is especially gratifying the manager of the cinemakinema says that he has played numerous male stars since he opened his theatretheatrettres but all of them had proved failures william farnum in riders of the purple sadetsadessagetsage howeverhoweversverv opened on sunday to a record crowd moreover the crowds continued throughout the whole week capacity houses being the rule at every performance the manager reports that he did the biggest business he has ever done 126 the box office for this first zane grey vehicle insured that others would follow fox wisely had taken the opportunity to film the sequel to riders while he had his principals together like its predecessor the rainbow trail faithfully followed the spirit of the authors novel the picture opens with lassiter againa ainaln played by william farnum rolrollingrotling down the huge rock which blocks the valley entrance years pass as fay ann forrest grows into a beautiful woman lassiters kinsman sheishefsheffordford also acted by farnum sets out in search of the lost trioihloimio his mormon enemies however learn of the plan and precede him to the closed canyon their leader wagoner william burressbudressburressyBurressy orders his men to make an opening once this is effected wagoner takes fay from the old couple and forces her to accompany him to the city of sealed wives where the cormonsmormons imprison their plural wives not long after this U S marshals raid the settlement and arrest the cormonsmormons for illegally practicing polygamy the case againestagainstainst them is shattered when the womenswomenwoman out of fearyreary deny they are married shefford notices fay at the trial and falls in love withwi uh her he helps her to escape and together they ride away to rescue lassiter and jane wagoner is killed by an indian when he attempts to follow other cormonsmormons pursue the couple in the belief that shefford is responsible for Wagonerwagonerlswagonersls death As the lovers near the valley they are set upon by their eneenemiesemles and a hot battlebattiebattletie ensues 127 sheffordSheffordt fay and the others are only saved by the arrival of the federal marshals who were warned by the faithful indian 10 theater ownerstowners while cautioned as to their methods of exploitation were told that playing up the mormon element in their advertising could prove profitable for examexampleexampletexamplespietpletpief the 1notionmotion picture news advised the exhibitors of riders of the purple sage that s fonforthefor the bulk of your patronage you must dress uupP to thecheI1 western atmospheratmosphereatmospherphewi e at the same time let I1hemthemhec know that it is a differentwesterngdifferent western being actually of historical interest as portraying a certain period of history in utah and if your theatre is in a section that will stand it dontdon forget the mormon element in your publicity if your patrons need stirring up by sensational means forget the other elements in the picture and just go to it on such words as an expose of early mormon days farnum clashed with mormon kidnappersKidnappers how mormon polygamy was spread but if your patronage is high class steady family trade keep away from this william farnum and a western subject will be enough for them11 only one of the six suggested advertising catch lines dealt with mormonism although this was sensational enough farnumharnum as A twotwogungun maoanaan battling desperately with unscrupulous mormon leaders 12 thezhe rainbow trail was released in six reels on october 27t2 1918 perhaps as a result of protests over its predecessorpredecessors 1heatertheater managers were warned to downplay any mormon emphasis in their promotion of the picture motion picturepictpicl ure news made the following suggestions

10 P S harrison the rainbow trailtrall fox motion picture newsqnewsynews XVIIIxviiq 14 october 5 1918p1918 224h2244 128

it has a number of good advertising angiesanglesangless 9 but be sure not to play up the mormon side too strong there are slight chances that such a practice would revert adainagaincstdagain cst3 you if you work the mormon angle refer to those in the picture as from their own religious cult and then you wont be damning people that are today perfectly law abiding13 despite this evidence of a mellowing attiattlattitudetudelude LDS churchmen were understandably exercised over this twofoldtwo fold negative portrayal of mormonism disclaimers that movie patrons were seeing something that bore little relationship to current practices naturally enenoughought were of little consolation to the beleagured mormon leadership their attention was first directed to the pictures by a non LDS resident of new orleans named edward pearsonpears on loosesmoses a sometimes newspaper columnist on the subject of motion picture reform on september 8p8ap 1918 he wrote to

smcotp 1 united states senator reed secotsmcot then the most effectiveef i ectiveactive mormon voicevolceroicerolce in washingwashingtonton smoot took an actactivelve interest in moving picturepicturessg and was also an apostle of the church pearsonpearsonnsonneon stated that although he was a baptist and had no aquaintanceacquaintance with a single living member of the mormon church his soul burned with indignation at the movie versionv 1 slon of utah lilelitelifeilfe pictured in fox Ffilmsflims11mls riders of the 14 purriepurzlepurplepunziepurz1e sadesazesapesage

lilimationlimotionmotion picture news september 21t21 19181918v p 1913

12motion picture news september 21921 191819189 p 1913

13p4otionmotlonmotion picture neasinewsinews october 5s5as 1918 p 22602260 129 smoot in his reply to moses on september 20th thanked him for his efforts the senator told him it is almost more than human nature can bear to see ones beliefs his friends and people constantly mi- srepresented by a lot 0ofL unscrupulous and dishonest men mormon people have way so but the been treated that 15 longtv that it is now ossiblePpossible to stand most anything two days later smoot also wrote heber Jjo grantgrants head of the quorum of the twelve and soon to be named president of the church upon the death of joseph F smith in his letter smoot included copies of his correspondence with moses as well as newspapernews naderDaDernaner ciDclippingspingspinge from the brooklyn daily baeleeagiebagleea e of september 18 1918 which gave an account of the national antiantimormonmormon leagues drive against the LDS people this is the group which as was documented in the previous chaptchapterchaptertchaptersertedverv commercially exploited A mormon maid at any rate these letters indicate that the highest levels within the churchaschurchesChurchurchchasas early as 1918 exhibited a

continuing concern over the ongoingiz C negative screen image of the saints 16

14carbon copy of the letter of edward pearson moses to reed smoot v september 8 19181918t reed smoot collection MS 1187118 container 48 folder 8 BYU archives notenotes due to handling papers and letters are sometimes misfiledmisfiredmisfiled this is evident in the microfilm copy of the collection found in the LDS church archives under MS f 240 reed smoot correspondence to first presidency 190819351908 1935 15carbon15carbon copy of the letter of reed smoot to edward pearson moses september 20920 1918 reed smoot collection MS 11879118 container 48t48 folder 8 BYU archives 16carbon copy of the letter of reed smoot to heber J grant september 22t22 1918 reed smoot collectioncollectionscollectionms MS 1187 container 48948 folder 8 BYU archives 130 this concern produced no tangible results when the two pictures were first released in 1918 the protests were renewed howeverhowevert when riders of the eurplepurple Ssasesage went into re release in 1921 A legramttelegram from elliott C taylor a salt lake automobile man to F C schramm of the citescitys commercial club allerallertedted the utahnsutahna to the new screenings taylor reportedly saw the film while on a business trip to detroit schramm moved into action and wired a complaint to the national board of review the fox film cordorationcorporationcondcornCorDoration and F H eiliottelliott a new york moving picture man the telegram pifiestpikiestypifiesely the strong fears still held by the utah business community concernincconcerning the statedstatesstatem public image in parpart it read we protest against further showing of this oicturevicturepicture and request your approval be withdrawn so haehatthat the people of utah will suffer no injustice through misleading picturization of storyskoryistoryistorstory17yI17 similar teleteietelegramsgrams were sent by salt lake mayor C clarence neslen to the mayor of Detdetroitroittdoitt and by utah governor 181 R charles R mabey to his stastatestelsaelskelstevs congressional delegation

17seemee club president wires protest against filmflimbilm said to defame utahtutahutacht the deseret newsonews july 2 1921 section 2 p 8tat8 col 1 this differed very little in tone from the exertions made nine years earlier by governogovernor spry and the commercial club to suppress the first anti mormon films 1 R censorship of film against utah sought thethejdeseretdeseret news july 55pap 1921 section 2 plpitpip col 7 131 these actions did result in the apparent withdrawal 191qaq off riders from the michigan market LDS church prpresidentsidentaident heber J grant addressed a letter to senator smoot on augustC 24 1921 thanking him for his efforts on behalf of the church

1 I am also very glad to note that you have taken upuP the matter of prepnepreventingventina0o the motion picture houses from showing zane greys novel riders of the purple sage thru the efforts of the commercial club here and also others who have endeavored to have this stopped I1 am infoinformedinyonned that the picture is no longer passing censorscensorecensorshidcensorshiphiD in the state of michigan I1 sincerely hope that will not be necessary to bring suit in this matterit dontdonbont you think that if it could get to the national board of motion picture review that litigation is likely to follow if exhibition of this scandalous picture is not prohibited that good results might obtain it would seem to me that large damages could be collected and I11 dont know but that the advertising we would get might be beneficial sometimes I1 think we are too passive and do not defend ourselves as we should against such onslaught 1 shall be glad to hear from you further on this matter at your convenience 20

191 Q zane grey picture is barred in michigan the deseret newsewsp july 16 1921 section 2 p 8 colcoi 3

A 0letter of heber J grant to reed smootsmoots august 24 1921 readre ad smoot collection MS 1187118 container 48 folderfoiderfoider go9 BYU archives this is the first clear evidence that theoheh firspirsF rs presidency was considering legal action in order 104- suddresssuppresssu odress an anti mormon film this was not necessary as tha zremoval of the objectionable photoplaysphotoplays was effected roughthroughchroughchuh ough less involved methods see below for documentation of senator smootssmooths efforts on behalf of the church grant and the church definitely SUDsupportedported censorship not only of anti LDS productions but also other improper films see for example the telegram of heber J grant to reed snootsmoot april 21 1922 which states that the first presidency appreciates highly what mr hays has done in suppressing the arbuckle and other improper films this is in reference to the fatty arbuckle scandal of 192119221921 19221922e this 132 smoot lost no time in arranging the suppression of the objectionable picture just six days after grants letter he was able to wire the church leader that assurances had been given that riders of the purple sage would never be shown again 21 in a return telegram the following day president grant indicated the churchs sincere thanks and requested the particulars of smoots success with the fox 229 film cordorationscorporationcorporationscornCorDorations by september 7 the senator was able to write the LDS prophet because this has never been explained in detail before the pertinent parts of smoots letter detailing his meetinglneine etinaeting with the fox representatives will be reproduced below telegram should be found in the reed smoot collection MS 1187118 container 48 folder 10 BYU archives it was misfiledmisfiredmis filed in the micromicrofilmingfilming however probably due to the fact thathat the year is not included in the telegram and 4 is founrounfoundyound1 in the 1908 portion of the 190319081903 1908 reedpeed smoot correspondence microfilm MS f 2400240 LDS church archives for more on the arbuckle scandal see kenneth anger hollywood babylon phoenix arlarizonaarizonasarizonasArizonas associated professional services inc 1965 PP 415041 50 2-271 telegram of reed smoot to heber J grant august 30 1921 reed smoot collection t MS2 1187118 container 48 folder 9 BYU archives 22telegram of heber J grant to reed smoot augustagusugus 31 1921 reed smoot Collectcollectionionslonsiong MS 1187t118 container 48 folder 9 BYU archives the complete telegram reads pleasePISASEPLEASE WIRE MESSRS BRADY AND ROGERS OUR SINCERE THANKS FOR theirtimTICIRTICTHSIRIR GENEROUS ACTIONS AND ACCEPT congratulations YOURSELF SHALL BE GLADGIAD TO RECEIVE LETTER containing particulars H J GRANT 133 on august 30 192119211 I1 sent you the following legramtelegramAue william J brady and saul E rogers of foxpoxwox film corporation promised me today that the moving picture riders of the purple sage would never be shown again they will stop further showing of the picture by telegram will write details of concunconferenceference what led up to this teleteietelegramrramaram is as fallowsollowsfollows for years I1 have been aquaintedacquainted with william J brady he is deeply intinterstedinterestedersted sic in moving picture productions william J brady played in the old salt lake theatre forty years ago or more he has been a particular friend of mine and I1 have held conferences with him many times since I1 have been here in washington saul E rogers is the attorney for the fox film company these two gentgentlemenlentenlemien called on me on august 30th30tht asking my assistance in the elimination of a tax of ofa30oroofo on moving picture films provided for inn the house bill revising the revenue laws rememberremembering& ng that the fox film corporation was the producer of the picture entitled riders of the purple sage t I1 took occasion to call their attention to the lying dastardly libelousiibelous film after telling them that I1 was in sympathy with the elimination of the 300 tax and what I1 had to say reregarding0 adindding the fox film company would not in any way flunceinfluencein my vote on legislation that would affect them materially I11 did say to mr rogers however that I1 thothougntthoughttagataagat thathat any film company that would produce a moving picture and exhibit it to the american people such as was done by the fox film company in the produc- tion of the picture entitentitledennit L ad riders of the purple sage came with unclean hands to me askinasking for relief in any way perhaps I1 was a little rough on mr rogers but there is no question but what the position taken by me resulresultedped in an immediate decision william J brady spokee upI before rogers the attorney did and promised me as a friend that the picture should never be shown again mr rogers ahsuassuredassu ed me that as soon as he returned tto0 I1iirewe v york he would see that his company withdrew the picturedic re from future exhibition brady spoke up and saidt we need not vaitvaltwaitwalt until we return to new yorksyork we will stoSL the showing of the picture by telegram upon receipt of your tetelegramearam of august 31st31stj asking me to wire messrs brady and rogers your sincere thanksthanksq I1 concluded to write a letter which I1 did and they no doubt have received the same ere teislthislthis yesterday I1 received a letter from mr saul JS rogers dated september 2 1921 reading as followfollowsfollowstst my dear senator smootsmoots permit me to express to you on behalf of mr william A brady and myself our sincere appreciation for the cordiality with which you received us on wednesday last if there is any manner in which we can serve youyousyoup do not hesitate to command usussusa in this letter you will notice that he has not even 134 referred to0 the moving picture but I1 have no doubt but that immediate action was takentaken2323 there is no reason to question the veracity of senator snootsmootsnootssmootissmootsIs account As can be imagined the church leadership was jubilant over the favorable turn of events on september 14 1921 grant wrote smoot to thank him for his efforts he indicated that the LDS officials in salt lake city were very grateful for your efforts in this 24ph direction and much gratified in the result later that month williamwilliaim fox personally wrote the senator detailing his companascompanyscompanys program for withdrawal of the film from distribution fox also expressed interest in producing a picture on the true history of the church 25 smoot later sent a copy of this letter to president grant asking that the LDS prophet reply with a personal message of appreciation to the movie mogul 26

23carbon2393carbon copy of the letter of reed smoot to heber J grantgran september 7sas7 1921 appp 232 3 reed smoot collection MS 1187118 container 48t48 folder 9ai9i BYU archives the original of the letter of saul E rogers to reed smootsmooamooU on september 292 1921 and the carbon copy of smoots reply to rogers on september 7 1921 are both found in the same folder 24letter of heber J grant to reed smoot september 14 1921 reed smoot collection MS 1187118 container 48 folder 9 BYU archives 0 25unfortunatelygunfortunately this letter or a copy of it was not located in the smoot collection we know of the letter through the correspondence of smoot and grant on october 2 1921 and october 14 1921 A copy or even the original may possibly be found in the heber J grant papers MS d 1223 LDS churcharchiveschurch archives however the 116 boxes of material 135 the mormon leader was more than pleased to comply with this requestrequests on october 13t13 1921 he expressed his personal thanks on behalf of the LDS people and indicated a strong interest in foxs proposal to make a pro mormon 27 film on that same day grant also wrote J H rayburn the general secretary of the salt lake commercial club and chamber of commerce thanking him for his organiza 280 o lions cooperation in suppressing the film A copy of this letter was enclosed in president grants communication to senator smoot of the Ifollowing1 ollowing morning from this we can gain a clear indication of the LDS leaders mind at the time he wrote 0 the outcome of your efforts in this matter have been very gratifying indeed there have been many arrlicationsapplications made from different people to pictpicturizeurise certain historical events that have occurred in the historyhistory of the church but the proposition made in the next to last paragraph of mr foxs letter to you is the oilyonly one that has had any appeal to me in it other propoapropopropositionss ilicIC ionslons that have come to us have always been made with a view to having the church finance thenthanthemtham but you will observe that mr fox makes the un- qualified statement that his company will undertake to financefa nance the production of such a motion picture and distribute the film play under proper and dignified auspices I1 believe this matter is of sufficient importance for us to give it very careful consideration and snouldshouldss auldouldouidculd like to have the benefit of your views on it at your early convenienceconvenience2929

hatthatu comprises the collection are not arrangedarrange dg nor are they open to research at this time 269 carbon copy of the letter of0I1 reed smoot to heber J grant october 292 1921 reed smoot collection MS 1187118 container 48948 folder 9 BYU archives 27carbon27carbon copy of the letter of heber J grant to 136 immediate announcement of foxfoxss proposal to underwrite the production of a pro LDS nmotion picture was delayed and did not receive press notice until june of the following year however fox did move to withdraw from circulation the grey films in dispute heilellefie wrote senator smoot on october 20th to tell the apostle thatthal the photodlavsphotoplaysphotoplays would be bunkedjunjunkedked I1 have telegraphed directions to all branch offices throughout america to terminate the exhibition of the two films riders olof01 the purple sage and ithethe rainbow trail as 0ofI1 november 15th 9211921 ailallali advertising and publicity matter will be destroyed and the film copies will be collected at new york and be bunkedjunked this is in keeping with my letter staging that it would require one months time to carry out the matter to a conclusion and I1 will see 1 that all details are properly compcompliedlied1 led with30 william fox october 13 1921 reed smoot collectionCollect ons lasMSTAS 1187118 container 48s48 folder 9 BYU archives

Q 28c carbon copyoilcopy oILof theuhe letter ofoi heber J grant to J H rayburn october lavl3v13 19211921p reed smoot collection MS 11871187.118 container 4848y folder 9pap9 BYU archarchivesarchives1 vesvas 90 29letter of heber J grant toio reed smoot october 144 1921 reed smoot collection MS 1187p118 CorIcontainerainerainarainee 48 folder 999 BYU archives 3J30ththetha entire telegram is quoted in the carbon odycopy 0off readreed smootssmoo ts letter to heber J grant october 22 19211921t reed smoolsmoot collectionCollect ionglong hisMSBIS 1187118 container 48 folder 999 BYU archives for other letterstetters teaching1 on kaisxhiskhisthis matter see the correspondence of reed smoot to heber J grant on october 159 19211921t and grants reply to smoot on october 20 1921 both th 9 are found together with the above letter in fokolricpolric 9 the storys-sodyUodyory of the withdrawal of the two films was confirmed in outline in a personal intnt rvievvigvie ithavithvvith romer grey son of 4 I1i the novelist at his home n araprilA r L 4 1973 in this interview grey had this to say in response to the question of what really happened to cause the suppressionsuppress lon 137 although the flinslimsfilms were suppressedsup-pressed in the united states p fox continued to exhibit them overseas it was not until march of the following year howhoweverevertevers that the mornmormonmorm on heads were alerted to this unanticipated develop- ment it was in that month that reed smoot received some clippings from english newspapers advertising the showing in britain of riders of the purniepurplepurdlepu le Ssae smoot fforwarded

0 o these on to saul rogers10 the general counsel for the fox corporationit orporation with a letter reminding the attorney of their earlier agreement according to smoots correspondence of march 15 1922 with heber J grant of these filmsflimsfilmssfilmus to oversimplify ittit william fox purchased the motion picture rightsnights to idersidereridersR of the purdlepurplepurdiepurnie sasesage and the rainbow trail the books were popular because they told a tremendously dramatic story set against a vivid background portraying two romances although the first movie versions were limited they did odytrytnycry and follow my fathers novels I1 dont remember all the things the cormonsmormons objected tottotog but certainly one was where lassiter the gunman in his search for the man who uineddinedruined his sister shoots the mormon bishop in his own meetinghousemeet ing1ouse now I1 dont blamebiame them for objecting but alat any ratezrate fox did the dicturescieclepicturesDic tures pressure was brought to bear on mr fox by thathe church and others to withdraw themliallaaieiielraeraern f-fromrom circulation this worked after the second release I1 was told that they had a sort of burning in effigyigy of011 all the prints but what has never appeared is thatwiatmiatmlat at that time according to the distribution setubetsetwudv udu of motion pictures p mr fox had already got 809080 90 of all the money that hed ever get out of them he wasnt doing the cormonsmormons a big ffavorvor by withdrawing theU he pictures from circulation it was mostly a shrewd public relations gesture on his part after allailalially there were a lot of fox pictures running in the state of utah it will be demonstrated however that fox did take into consideration church objections and concerns when he lateriallallasver renadere i adenadehade the sanezane grey stories with 1 138 immediately upon receipt of that letietletterietterter mr rogers called me over the phone and stated that he had received my letter and presented the same to mr fox mr fox instructed him to telephone me immediately and state that cablecablegramsgrams would be sent immediately not only to england but to every part of the world where the picture was being shownshowns withdrawing the samesarae from exhibition and instructing them to return the film to new york mr rogers told me that mr fox instructed him to advise me that the picture would never be shown again in any part of the worldworlds 31 soon afterarxer this exchaedchaexchangetage of correspondencecorrespondences news

1 accounts of the suppression and the1 he fox offorfofferer to flimfilmriim the mormon and utah story began anneappearingeringeningaring in church publica- tions however the author has not been able to indffind any record to indicate that a photoplay of this type was actually produced or released by fox film corporation 32

3carbon31carbon copy of the letter of reed smoot to heber J granttgrants marchmanch 15t15 1922 reed r jofcjoacQ Z collection MS 11879118 container 48 folder 10 BYU archivesarcnivesArcnives see also the letter of heber J grant to reed smoot on march 272 1922 and smoots reply to grant on april 13 1922 both these are found together with the above letter in folder 10 in his letter of adrilapril 13 smoot writes that he is enclosing aea copy of some suggestions he sent to will H hays newly named head of the motion picture producers andana distributersdistributorsDistributers associationalsocassoc liatilon M P P D A hays appointment to the post came as a result of the various scandals inflicting hollywood at that time hays earlier had been prominent in republicanre oublicanpublican party circles and was known personally by felifeilfelafellowfel2 ow republican smoot the senator indicated to hays his belief thatchatnhat in forziulatformulatinging his policy as to the future course to be followed by the moving picture induindustrystryl he will serve the industry well by advising it not to produce any pictures whichwhi h hold up in ridicule any delldelireligiouscdousnous sect or section of peoplepeopleopeopled or place them in obviously false positions whatever the reasonreasonssp it jj true that the anti mormon screenplay largely dies ou in the united states afterafterted this date for more on hays and his appointment see ramsaye alc8lc8ifd 81a821 32see fox to film true story of utah afterafter recallingcl picture which belledlibelledLi activities of church 139 fox did personally intervene to make sure that the remakesdemakes of the films in 1924 released in 1925 met with LDS church approval he accomplished this by ordering that scenarist edfrid bingham and director lynn reynolds deletdeletedele t e all references to mormonismmormon lenlem in their new adaptation of greys work in communications dated october 7 and october 30p30 1924 fox assured smoot that the pictures would not be screened or exhibited until the senator had opportunity to see them in a private screening room in washington this was accomplished in early 1925 and must have met with the utahnutahns full approval for dhetheghe pictures went into general release not long after without church complaint 33 in these and subsequent sound versions in 193119321931 1932 and 1941 the cormonsmormons became unidentified outlaws with the evil bishop dyer replaced by a corrupt judge dyer 34 this translation of characterchaeha i acteraeter motivation away from utah towards a more generalized wester locale certainly pleased the pimormon officials audiences as they moved further from the era the photoplaysphotoplays purported to depict seemed notno t touo mindm nd too much either

hee deseret news june 171 1922 ectionactioncection 339 p visVIPVI cols 6 7 and fox to film true story of utah millenialmillennialMillenial star LXXXIV 28 july 13139 1922t1922 445446445 446 33thethe letter of october 7tat7 1924 is missing from the smoot collection rowHowhoweverevertevers see william foxs letter to smoot of october 30 1924 I1 smoots letter to heber J grant of november lopiop10 1924 smoots letter to william fox of november 10 1924 heber J grants letter to reed snootsmootsmooamoo1 of november 14 1924 P and georgeC garvisgarvins letter relresentingreirepresenting the fox film coddCorDcordorationcorporationoration to reed snootsmootsmooamoo1 of 140 A historically based critical appraisal of hesethese reremakesdemakesmakes however would have to conclude that artistically the plot and character development suffered from the changes made in greys original stories certainly romer grey believes this to be true and indicated in interview hatthat he felfeifeltfeitt the laterla-latenl er versiopersioversionsris were little alorenorenonemore than ha bunch of junk As he analyzes it at least the first versions were authentic in so far as they reproduced the story found in the novels I1 dont say they were good if we could see them nowtnowsnow they probablyprobablydroproorobablybabiy would seem lunnyfunny like many of the early silent era pictures but atar least they were very dramabramaricdramarictic perhaps overly dramatic by our standards and seemed to go over well withthewith theehe audiences of those days thephe later ones as far as I1 am concerned were a bunch of junk when they took the mormon motivation out of the storieststoriesstorieststormiest they cut the heart out ofot the films they had excitement and scenery and a chase but their overall effect was like a skeleton without the flesh they followed the bare outlines of the plotpiot but they eliminated the characterization and the motivation thathaccz made the books the great stories they are35 february 13p13 1925 these are all found in the reed smoot BYU collectcollection10lo ni MS 1187 container 48 folder liv11 archives 34 see for example the synoDsynopsessynonses appearing in kekennethkannethhennethlnethaneth 11 munden ed the american film institute 1 rewneww R R catalog ealureeaturefeatureeature films 21 193c s I1 yorkyorks toorgoor company 1971 PPliioilpioi631031 t 650 or richard Dimmitdimmitttt A 1 guide to the talliestalkiesTalkies II11 new york scarecrow press 19659il6 5 appp 13771424137 1 and william K Evereversonsong A pictorial historyistazistoz yr of the western filmfilanfilim Nkww yorkyorks the citadel press 1969t1969 PP 6066 191 see also the collected trade reviews 112401940195811240195819401.124019581958 XXXIII unpublished clip file UCLA theatre arts library n d3da for copies of reviews for the 1941 version of riderarideriderj of the purdlepurplepurnie1 rpleaple sazesageS ge thehe bound volumvolumeses are organized by title and are especially valuable for research in the period cove-coveredred by reviews 353 35statementstatement by romer creygreyC rey personal interview april 4 1973 141 romer grey indignantly denies that his father was an anti mormon author or that his work vaswas designed as antichurchantiantl church propagandpropagandapropagandasas anyone who makes such a charge just doestdoesnt know my father complaints that his work has somehow been unfair to utah or to the cormonsmormons are totally unfounded if anything my father was fond of the state and many of the mormon people even a quick look at his aggregate works will show there was equally as many good as bad cormonsmormons in his writings utah critics oltenoften forget that my fathers first westemnovelwesternnovelWesternnovel the heritage of the desert 1910 had as its hero a mormon patriarch named august naab naab was based on two men zane grey traveled with in 1908 through arizona one olof01 these the mormon tim emmett was one of heuhe finest individuals one could ever hope to meet3meet36meeta like the other zane grey books discussed above the heritage of the desert was made into a motion picture unlike them however it was not produced by fox but by famous players lasky paramount acted as the distributer readers will recall that lasky before it merged with famous players was the same company that made A mormon maid

30statement by romer grey personal interview apriapril 4 1973 grey also had this to saysays none of the so called villains or badmen were ever taken from real lifeilfe1 ie dersons1personserersonssons but mosmost1I of the good people in his books were based on actual men and women he met statements that my fathers novels or the early fox pictures maligned thehe stalstatstalestatee of utah are just not true at all after all how can one malign a a piece of ground unless you state yor call it a sinkhole and utah is anything but that 9 fforor it has some of the inestfinestrinestL resources and the most bpautilbeautifuluau1 scenery available anywhere in the worldworlds protests of that nature were jusjustt aristgristagistg-rist fforor the millmili published fforfonor the people to read I1 dont know whether they swallowed it or not true that his writings were works of fictionactionfiction I1 rememberitsone timeluimejulme I1 traveled to monument valley with him and we were up on the top1 u op of a slope overlooking the valley 142 the heritage of the desert opened theatrically in january 1924 with a good cast including ernest torrence as naabhaabynaaby bebe daniels as mefcalfmescaltmescalf and the villainous noah beery playing the ruthless desert pirate holderness although essentially a production parts of the picture were enhanced by the use of technicolor 37 all references to mormonism were dropped however this was likely due to a combination of factors famous J playerslaskyplayers lasky may have wanted to0 o avoid protests such as met A mormon maid the more recent suppression of th-thethae fox produced sternswesteriswesternsWe probably was also on the studio executives minds the earlier cries for censorship raised by the church partisans rebounded in this instanceininstancesstancesstancey for the screen was deprived of a mormon hero according to romer grey unfortunately wellweilweli maybe fotunatelytfortunately I1 dont know when the picture was first made this upset about the mormon business had taken place the fiLmfiimmakersfilmmakersmakers just thought it best to avoid problems by drodroppingo dingoing the mormon identification entirely so film versions of the heritage of the desert have never been nademade to show the great character of this great man august naab although it is a great story of a great moriviormoninonsnongmong this side of it has been totally left autout of any of the motion pictures based upon my fathers work3worke below and hehenheh saidsaldsaidy this is where Cottoncottonwoodswoods was CottonwoodcottonwoodsfcottonwoodspSfsp of coursecourses was the mormon anm4n in riders of the purple sage there was nothing ther but sagebrush it was entirely A creation of his ima-imaginationi nation perfectly permissible authors licenselicenlicensetlicensedsetses 37seesee munden p 345 for full credits and a synopsis of the 1924 release the script for the 1923 productionproduction19241924 release version of the film is included 13 although other zane grey stories have either been QQ filmed in utah for scenic reasons 39 or like western union igi1911941 have dealt with incidents touching on utah lifeglibeglifeilfe 40 the era of the zane grey mormon111lormon western ends willwithh the firstarstfirst fox film versions of riders of the purdlepurplepurdie saresageS and 41 the rainbow trail As was documented aboveabovet subsequent grey based motion pictures onmittedommitcommit ted essential mormon motivation in compliance with church requests anforunforunfortunatelyItlunately the earlieearileearliestvt films are not readily available for research viewing purposesoi posies indications are that all the prints were destroyed by the fox film corporationCorporalionallonatlon in order to emphasize itit3ita 3 commitment to the agreement reached wiwitht h the LDS church historically this is a great losstloestloss although expedienciexpediencyexpediencies3sas of the time may 424 have necessitated such a drastic course of action with the scripts for the 1932 ardand 1939 sound versions in carton 41 of the paramount pictures collection at the AMPAS library in los angeles loose stills and still books carcan be found in boxes 651650 85 and 136 of the same calleccollectioncollec Uilonllonalonjlon see also zane grey the heritageHerritaeeaae of the desert newanew yorki harper and brothers 1910 38statement388 statement by romer grey personal interview adriiadraiapril 4 1973 o 390ne0 one of the first all talking western flimsfilmsflims to be shot in southern utah was greysgrey the dude ranger 1934193 see tour the different world of utahs CcolorL cr country salt lake cityicitys utah travel Councicouncillt fccc 19723 p 16 this is a sixteen page booklet published in conjunction with the five counties of southern utah beaver Garfielgarfielddp iron kane and washington see also the film daily yearear book of motion picturesPicpicturestturest 1935 p 141 for credits and the film dailydally of september 2919329 1934 forroror a review 144 the decision involving the grey films caeancan be described as the first substantive church vicvictoryory in suppressing offensive motion pictures although this also involved a loss of favorable screen time in picturizations of the heritage of the desertdeserts mormon problems with alleged anti LDS photoplaysphotophotoplaysqplays howehoweverversverp did not end with the capitulation 0ofL foxpox over in britain the anti mormon cineastscineasts were as busy as ever

40this chronicled the building of the transcontinental railroads which met at promontory pointpointspointy utah in 1869 41for additional background on grey see virginiaarginiavirginia palmer the man who practically invented the western 7 1 V zane1 ane grey western magazine 9 1 august 1972 P3 333533 35 42other copies of course may not have been destroyed and hopefully will be located at a future date in an archive or personal collection chapter 6

MORE BRITISH antlANTIADITI MORYONISMMORMONISM

it was shown earlier that the british displayed an affinity for unfavorable LDS screen portrayals second only to thatthab of the united states during the first world war periodperiods national interest in the mormon question never really died out and would revive again as tietitle e end of hosthostihostilitiesititlestities neared foremost alonzamonzamong english professional antiantlanti4ormonsaormonscormons was novelist and journalist winifred graham mrs theodora cory she had produced a spatespa ue of aianttintildst 1 LDS books and essays and as early as igiigl1911917 was publiclypub L slycly proclaiming thathat t1tathellelievie salt lake church alitalltatitalltaaultaauthoritiesciori1iori4 tiesblesblee were unscrupulously taking advaitaadvantaadvantagee of the european war situation to increase their proselytinging activities her exertions in conjunction with 1 those of0 L the antiantimormonmormon socsocietyletyrety of liverpool were eventually to lead to a full scale campaign against the

c scourscourgee and menace of mormonism throthrouthrougnoutthroughoutthroluglugtuggnoutrioutfloutribout the whole ofo-L 1 T 1 I theh e unitedni t e d KlangdomkingdomL in a situationsitua i on lilikeilkeke thisthlthithigs it was

1 only a matter of time before ffilnunakerslimmakers woulwouldt leap in to capitalize on the renewed topical controversy

see the interview witwi i winifred Gorahamgrahamaharabaraham entitled thaphephatherhe mormon propaganda in greadgreat Bbritainitaint the christian 145 146 Ms graham made a number of serious charges in her interview in 1917 charges that were to be re echoed following the conclusion of the war she told the new york world reporterdapont er that latter day saint activity at that time posed a dangerous threat to the citizens of great britain her remarks typified british anti mormon thought and fearsfearssrearsbearss during the present crisis I1 am frequently asked whether mormon missionaries have seized the opportunity to proselytize impressionable women whose husbands and brothers are absent in thethaA he enchestrenchesCr there is little doubt that the wily eldereldareidar always afraid of the man of the house can now more safely whisper the teachings of the utah church while our soldiers fjfihtfehtahtxht abroad their women at home are being visited daily by these valuablevoluablevoluable gentlemen in black coats2coatsy I1thehe novelist also alleged that women were being taken to utah only to utterly disappearsdisapp-ear when girls are sent to utah their friends and relatives never hear of them aainigainagain immediately on landinlandinggt their names are changed cederssecedersSe from the faifalfaithfalthk h are placed under the banyban escajeescaoeescape being made practically impossible by the nenetworkiwordwor of mormon spies surrounding the country I1 have in my keeping a number of specific instances that plural marriage hahashes3.3 been tiferiferireelreeiret ifeirelre anonganongamongxong officials of the mormon church since the united states forbade the practice I1 also have affidavits and signed statements of people whose daughters have been enticed away by agentsagen 4ts of mormonismPilormonism these sorrowful instances come from liverpool dudley pudsy Birminghbirminghamibirminghamtamiamtams and other places it is a fact that the majoritymajor Ajt y of mormon emigrants area-awere women always easier vicvievictimsms for unscrupulous men who approach them under the cloak of religionreligionsreligion33 statesman LILT 2 february 19171917t 848684 86 this is a rereprintrint of an article which appeared early in lolloii917 in the new yorkyo world no specific date was given 2 thehe christian statesman fcje ruaryauary 19179179 9 P 35 142147 the grave accusations that the missionaries were enticing unsuspecting girls to utah in order to make them polygamous wives were to be repeated more strenuously after the signing of the armistice and they would provide the basic plot for the anti mormon movies that were to followfollows As in the earlier attacks the leader of the post- war onslaught was winifred graham she launched the new press assault with an article hatthat1 appeared in the london daily taptxpexpressress on april 20 19119199 graham warned let the fiancee picture herself after the public cleansing when she will be disroberdisdisrobedrobed and washed in the presence of her companions having to take the oath of obedience to the Priestpriesthoodhoods with its pledges that bind her forever in the toils of a blasphemous creed thensthengthen when her mormon boy casts a covetous glance at a younger charmer it will be the fate of the wife to join her husbands hand to that of her rival in the secret ceremony of his second marriage unable to protest she will find herself enslaved by a system olof01 unspeakable gradaldegradaldedegradationiai0 141.4 the dallydaily 1koressboressexpressxoress editorialized in its comment on the orahamgraham article the mormon missionary is a pest that is always with us but from time to time his activities become more dandangerousarouserous these evils flourish in darkness once the light of publicity is turned on them two thirds of the lithD ddanderdangeran a L is destroyed the nornonmormon elders are trying to c n beinbedinbeginbe C in a great revival or recruitinrecruitingC cacampaignmpaig herehenehanehere in 3ngiarid and every english family of whatever class or creed should be on their gueiguardd against them there is no return from utah after a while not even letters omecome ulufahutahulahubahah Jsis the threshold of the grave fforor body and soul but it is an umiunpleasantasantamant death to die5dieb

athe3thethe hristianchristianC hristianstatStatsatesmSate e sm aninqengyngiqq flefeefebruaryauaryruary 1917 P 35 graham says in this same aartic 3.3 tha the church vaswas using motion pictures of salt lake as artxrt of the missionary work 148 graham and others continued their crusade against the church well into the early 1920s by 1922 the english mission leadership was forced to apprise the first presidency of the seriousness of ththee situation callincalling graham the oracle of thetche ignoignorantrantt britishT mission head 01orsonson F whitney warned the salt lakers that the forces odjoopposedadjo ed to the church were using every means in heirtheir quest to down the Morcormonsmormonsmons whitney observed that grahams writings were beingbeings

followed up by others even more viciousvicious0 0 from her and several scribblescribblersrs of her borttsorttsort and have been reprinted by other journals copied and recopiedrecopiedt day after daydayt until no less than thirty papers of this stamp the london daily mail the most influential one among themarethem are now revamping the vile slanders all over the uniunitedfl ed kinxinkingdomabomsadoms and howling like wolves for the blood of the iambalamboiamb0lambiamb the charges regularly appearing in the british press that the mormon elders were spiriting young women to zion prompted marc T greengreeny the american consul in birminghampbirmingham to write reed smoot in washington his experexperienceenceeencep he told the senator belied the reports

4 4jinifredwinifred graham Morcormonsmormonsmons in khaki latter day sasaintsintintss new devices in england the christian statesmStatestatesmastatesmansmatitaaritarlttittigrig LIII c funejanerunejjne 1919 appp 236238236 238 this is an exact reproductionreprocepro duc ui on ol01of the article as it appeared in tltnoanoa london dailydaliv espresexpresexpress s 5emphasisemphasis added this editorial eomacomacommenttent is quoted in the rhristianchristian Statesstatasstatesmstatesmastatesmanamansmana june 191919190 p 238 gletter of orson F whitwhitneyey to heber J grant letter M january 27t27 1922 reed Snootsnoot collcollationctionl MSSA 1187118 container14 48 folder 10 BYU archivesArch ves unfurtunaunI1 tmnaieiyvtelycelygely only pages 1 and 4 of this four page letterietterletiet er are on file whitney also 149 the particular phase of this newspaper attach sic which appeals to me as being nothing less than scurri- lous is the emphasis laid on what is characterized the luring of young women to the united states and to utah while this office is notynot of coursedcoursevcourse in a position to take sides in any controversy yet it irks megme personalpersonallylytlys to observe the injustice of the methods these newsdadersnewspapers are resorting to and I1 sincerely believe that this talk of luring is the veriest rot what I1 thought might interest you however is the fact that during the two years I1 have had charge of passport work here out of many people presumably converts who have gone to utah from this large aistrdistrictalsteaisterictsacts there has not beantbeentbeen so far as I1 can remember a single woman of marriageable age it seems 0 0 me that such a fact is in a considerable rafutajafutarefutationlcklc1 0nan 01of at one of itself least r the accusations leveled aaxL your people moreover I1 have made it a point to question the people mostly young mengmen who have left england to go to utah having joined the latter day saints churchchurchpchurchy and I1 have been unable to discover that any inducement of a material nature of any sort whatever has been offered any of themthempshemp other thantthan perhaps the opportunity olof01L doing better for themselves in a less crowded land7landlanda with a continuing controversy of this nature fanned and exploited by the popular press out of a combined sense of public service and nercemercemercenaryaarynary commercial considerations for after allaliallpalap the mormon menacentnacanace 1 I sold paperpaperspapersvsv it was natural for topically oriented moviemakersmoviemakers to take up the cudgel nalmalnalesmalesmakeses mention of the notorious pittsburg sic convention era chionwhionshishic c i likely1jkalygly is a refreferencearence to trekraie activities of the national reform association headarteredhead bartered in that city inin 1919 winifred graham chaired e world Commiscommissionsiorslorslon on mormonism and was scheduled to0 speak before the third world christianchri-stian citizenship conference sponsored by the NRA later that same year see the christian latel 0 1 statesman q june gig919919t o 236 7quoted7quoted in the letter of reed smoot to heber J orantgrantgrantvgranov march 212 1922 reed slsmoot collectionCollect lonsionsiong MS 1187p118 container 48 folder 10 BYU archives official LDS figures for the number of american missionariesmissionamissionalrlesr les in britain 150 typical ol01of the exploitationexploitationalal type of british moving picture company was masilmasiomastomasterer filmsflimsy 9 who operated studios at weir house in teddington formed during the first world warswargwar after 1920 it produced a fairly large output of features and short subjects under the direction of general manager harry B parkinson master aimed at useableuseable popular pictures but largely failed in this because they underestimated their audience withwi k h silly senisentsentimentalimental or melodramatic scripts crowded wwithth incidents 80 and characters in the old fashioned mannerigmannermanneringmanperisperlsnerIg 10astermaster is particularly important fforyoror this study because its studio was responsible for the production in 1922 of the virulently propagandistic tradtraptrappeddedoed bvby the cormonsmormons and married to a mormon for the teriodperiodferiod aree far from overwhelming according to orson F whitneys letter to hebhebb 1 J grant cited aboveabovciabovici before theL e war there were 250 missionaries in britain during thethaL he war only twelve in all europe and as of 1922 y not including the liverpool office force only 1371 37 in the U K these figufiguresfiguristfigurestrestress howehowahoweverversverp do not correlacorreiacorrelateiteicekte with those published in richard L evansevansy A century of mormonism in great brulibrjlibritainalnain salt lake cidcityy the deseret news Ipress1ire ss 1937t p 253243 EveevenevenevansevansnEvans compilation shows relatively snallsnailsmall numbersn ua aersoers of elders working in britain 7hateverfihateverwhatever the truetruanieblayle figuresf iguagurespes it must be accepted that a postwarposipostiwarwarwacI upsurge in fafmissionarya work did help triedtriggerer a renewal of anti LDS 4 tritrl activitiesacacl avitivitiesles these did not necessarilytrier harm the church whitney concludes his letter by noting that he was happy TO be abieable toxo report that this antiantl mormon stistirruprwupup is doing us a whole lot of good every mail brings inquiries about the mormon Cchurch and religion with requests for our literature andendcandkandnand not infrequentinfrequently1 y closuresininclosuresenclosures of money for subscriptions to the star there is also an awakening among the saintssa ints the lukewarmluinrewarmcewarm and indiindifferentfferefeereent are becoming zealous once modemore nd or0 arzr meetings are better attended and more spirited than they have been forror years 151 the screenplay for trantraptrappedmed by the cormonsmormons was actually based upon one of0 winifred grahamgrahams novels of mormon terror entitled the love storzstolystorystonystogy of a mormon frank millers adaptation was faithful to the spirit Q of the book 9 nora prescottiprescottPreprescottyscottsscotty a winsome lass evelyn brent is induced by the mormon missionary isoldisoldieisold keene lewis willoughby to abandon her seafaring sweetheart jim foster george wynn and travelc-ravel with the eiderelder to his home in salt lake city she tells herhedherlherrhedl parents that she is going with a lady authoress to holland this is only a rusetruse for isoldi has told nora that his sister will help them in their plans meanwhilemeanwhilej noras old boyfriend returns upon learning that she has been in conversation with the Mormormonstmormonsmormonemonstt he hireshiras a detective who traces her to LDS headquartershe4dquarters in london

o nora wonders if she has done the right thinthinzthinothing v and begins to discover sides to isoldi she had not known these fears turn to terror when she finds out that his

1 ssisteristelr is really his first wwifel3 fe it the wife takes pity on isoraivoranora andana tries to help her escape this is prevented by the vilywily Mormodcormonsmormonsmormonsqmons and both are condemned on thetohezohe spot to death however the detective has not been lax and he

0 rachael low the history of the filmflim historvof T british fi georgegeor &z p 19111191919291919 122911929 london oeor e lilenalienallen unwin ltdij 19719 j138P 13 forvor more anon parkinsons career and backbackgrobackgroundadoarogro md see appp 139log 291 152 previously told nora that if she ever needed help she was to hang a colored handkerchief out one of the buildings windows nora madanesmananesmanages to accomplish this afterafter many difficulties and thus alerted foster and the detective arrive with to overdower the cormonsmormons and free the trapped women 10 contemporary reviewers recognized that the film was little more than propaganda and noted that it suffered artistically on this account wrote oneonetones there is no room for prodeproDapropagandadandaganda on the screen whatever that propaganda may attack or defend quite dom 1 apart I1fromrom the fact that a case is always putpu I in a one sided waytwayways and is liable to do more harm than good it is inartistic and usually dull if not boring this picture is no exception to that rule there is a sense of amateurishnlamateurishnessss about the film both in the acting and in the entire working out of the storystorykstoryq when compared with foreign and recent english productionproductionsst thoughalthougha one must admit that there are good dramaticdramdramatipatip scenes here and there and some good liahtinglighting effects the story is quite unconvincing and at times is apt to make one laugh rather than be thrilled it is melodramatic throughout r L itL L is probable that the title and the interest the subject is creating alat the moment will be sufisufficientlcclent to attract good audiences but it is quite as probable thatthal uheytheychey will be disappointed this did not prevent the kinematograph weeklywee BOOM FROM MORMON fromL om advising exhibitors to boon THE perllPSRILPERIL ASPECT and stress the fact thathat some of the mormon ceremonial is shown 12

9 X winifred grahamgrahams the love Sstorstomtoivtonvy olof01 a mormon london mills and boon ltdltdoslados 1iihiia also seesee giffordGLG L fford citation number 07397 iliill 1531 53 the female lead evelyn brent was actually rather good in her role of the trapped nora and her 10 simple and direct acting holds up quite well 13 so does that of lewis willoughby as the mesmeric mormon eiderelder 14 popular interest in the first of these anti mormon features must have been stronanstronxnstrong j for soon a second brent programmer reached the market on may 29 1922 married to a mormon made its theatrical debut the story is similar to its predecessor beryl fane evelyn brenbrentLj is a wealthy orphan who marries lionel ventrylaventrydaventryDa clive brooktbrookabrook much to the disappodisappiodisappointment1 ntment of philip lorimer george wynn ventrylaventrydaventryDa now firmly in control of her moneymoneysmoneyp reveals he is a mormon and is iakingtakingeking her back to utah with him he gives beryl solemn assurances that polygamy is abolished but true to0 o mormon movie tradition prepares to marry a second wife once heshe safely returned to salt lake beryl takes her

t protesprotestprotestsll11 s to bigelow booth conway the arch mormon but to no avail she is only saved ffronfromromnom her dishonor by the surprise aDaddearanceappearanceDearance of lorimer who has followed her from 31britainitain in the ensuing struggle ventrylaventrydaventryDa is killed by the dispossessed lover of the prospective second wife beryl and lorimer are thus free to return to england 151

10 see trantrappedTraDPed by Morcormonsmormonsmons kinematograph weeklvweeklywee i march 23 1922 low british film 191919291919 1929 p 468 and the national film archive Catalcatalaccataloccataloguercataloguesoguesrue part illiliIII111iiii silent fiction films 1895193018951821123201821 19301232013320 london the british film institute 1966 p 120 this is hereafter referred to as Natinationaloralonalonai film archive catalofflieCatal offlie lo10 15415 the propagandistic nature of this latter production was also clearly recognized by reviewers typifyingY trade response was the review appearing in the kinematograph weweekly while the acting and technical aspects of married to a mormon drew commendation its social implications attracted condemnation from the unnamed critic he notednotedsnoseds had this film been anything else except the rankest anti mormon propagandpropagandaat it would have deserved more than a little praise on many accounts up to a point its technical excellence has rarely been equalledequalled in a british studio unfortunately it is not only propaganda but very rubbishy melodrammelodramamelodramasap made w-worseworsaworeeorse by the continual hinting at dreadful immoralities which are never shown the result is that the technical values go for nothinonothingnothindthino and in the end the limffilmflimriim falls to pieces inln a manner almost ludicrous it ought not to be popular but herethere is little doubdoubtt that it will be very much soso16

kinematograph weeklywee march 23 1922 12 kinematographkinematoraphkinematozraph weeklywee t march 23 1922

13promfromprom the authorauthors viewing of the film at the LDS church archives prints still exist in thethle british national film archive and copies are also commercially available to collectors in both the united statessta es and britain thephedhe author interviewed evelyn brent personally in her hollywoodoilawoodywood apartment on april 3 P 193193.1973 but she unfortunatelyir I1 ortunatelyunateny remembers very little about her work in the perioddaldakdek 4lod and has no recollection of making these pictures mydonmyronyron 3braumraum also of hollywood an i an avidavld collector of brent memorabilia has an excellexcellentE Ccollectionol of material 1 lection on her life and work although it too suffers from a neglect of her british films see marquis busby she doesnt want to star the june 3 192819280 appp liv11 116 y betty riggs now evelyn brent the moving picture worldwo ridi february 595 1916 p 79278282 evelynevelyn brent the girl who had brentthes the courage to choose her own career picture show oriorlDribritaindritaincbritain3tain july 22 1922t1922 p 21 and jess hoaglin down memory laneevelynlane evelyn brent hoihollywoodyvoodyvood studssndstudiostudloio magazine seseptemberemberctctemberstember 1972 p 19 155 LDS forces were quick to react to the movies robert H summers a church memberm-ember decided to go see trapped by the cormonsmormons for himself in hull summers criticism of the photoplay appeared as a letter in the hull daily news and was later reprinted in the church orcanorgan the millenialmillennialMillenial star calling it a disappointment and a third rate show he also took strong exception to a baptismal sequences the scene showingshowashowj ng the method of baptism was entirely out of order and nothing short of a religious mocmockerykenjhenyheby in the picture it was shown that the candi- dates knelt on cushions then went into the water up to the waist while the elder stood on the edge of the large bath in a sanctimonious attitude now in a real baptism service conducted by the mormon elders the converts do not kneel on cushions the officiating elder goes down into the water with them and theyVriey are immersed I1 note in the circular advertising the picture a copy of a baptismal form this is called a re chrischrlschristeninglening certificate now seeing that we have no christenchristeningsings in the church I1 fail to see where the re christenings come inlinibinlin17inly

141 see the unidentified british periodical photo article on lewis willoughby in the myron braum collection this is illustratedillustrated with a still from trap-trappedped by the cormonsmormons which shows him as the mormon sidereldereidereldedelden glass in hand literally wining and dining evelyn brent

J 15arriedlillii111married tojo11 o a mormonDl ormon kinematograph weekweekly adrilapril 27 1922 see also gifford citation number 0725f07425 and1 low british film 121213121919 1229 p 409 161 kinematograph weweeklyi april 27 192219229 it was noted in the same review leaving the subject matter out of siderationconsiderationconoon the producer deserves high praise for the most part the technique of the limffilmflim is of a very high standard the settingsse gtingsgoings are lavilavishsh without being unduly ornate and the lighting leaves nothing to be desired the II11 continuity is good with th exception of theI1 he rescue scene which has been badly handlhandihandlededtedg the direction has been excellent the acting is very good athecthethe rhotophotographyphoto CD raphyeraphy3 ffirst class 15156 other church leaders saw mixed blessings in the anti mormon film crusade for example G osmond hyde president of the hull conference saw a sllslisilsilversliveraerrer lining in the dark cloud of the antichurchantiantlant church campaign in a lengthy report brother hyde explained that while the photoplaysphotoplays were dartnartpart of the wave of persecution then sweeping britain the moviemakersmoviemakers unwittingly were helping adveradvertiseadventismtisatieg the church fromprom the point of view of advertising the enemy acted wisely when they chose the screen as the place upon which to let the people of these islands know thathatk the Morcormonsmormonsmons are here this fact is realized when one knows that in england everyone goes to the it pictures in this conference there have only been two films on the mormon question projected thus far we were first shown trapped by the Morcormonsmormonsmons and later married to a mormon was brought into our midst it seems that in this part of england these dicturespicturesDictures were the straw that broke the camels back this fact was clearly evident when the london daily mail film critic published the statement that trapped by thee Morcormonsmormonsmons a british ilmflinfalmfilmflim whichwh leh has been showing this week at two west endlend theattheatresthetheartresatresrespes is such absolute rubbish that to exhibit it is nothing short of an insult to public intelligenceitis I1 have talked with several people who parted with sufficient cash to permit them to see this cicilpicilpicturelaretareture many of these believed much of what they had read before but nowtnow after seeingc5ca the show they realize thatthal such rubbish could not be true of a people who are living in a civilicivilisedcivilizedsed country and who claim to be equally as intelligent as any other body of people on earthbartha i

171 7 17letterletter of robert H summers appearing in the hull daily news march 22 1922 reprinted under the title trapped by the iormonslMorcormonsmormonsmons in thethath millenialmillennialMillenial star LXXXIV 14 april 6 1922 222223222 223 for more on the british anti LDS controversy see winifred graham and the MorcormonsmormonsmonsI1 millenialmillennialMillenial star LXXXIVLXXXIVP 3 january 19 1922 42 the new anti mormon outcry millenialmillennialMillenial staristartstars LXXXIV 4 january bov2ov26 1922 5960596059 60 the editorial one of the bubbles burst MglenialmillenialmiimillennialMillenial stars LXXXIV 14 april 6tat6 1922g1922 216- ulenial starstari 11 220 and orson F whitney A clear case of libel 15715 tr trapped by the Morcormonsmormonsmons was followed by married to a mormon I1 thought the first one was bad rankdank but this second attempt to poison the minds of these people can not even be considered from the point of view of intelligence we secured permission from the police and the manager of the hall to tract the people as they left the show in grimsby the only city in this district in which it has been shown thus far ldersidersaderssiderseiderselders melvin T king donald E rose and myself did a great amount of good by this method of contradicting the falsehood that had been witnessed on the screen we distributed a large number of pamphlets andtractsand tracts of course some of the people would hotriotnot accept them others tore them up in our faces but others were anxious to get them and would not leave until they had secured one that was the best stroke of advertising that we have put forth since coming over here in hreethreeahree eveningseveaingsnings we let more people know that we are here than we could have done in three months at ordinary tractinaactingtradingC from door to dor it was a rare experience but one in which I1 am sure j we did a great amount of goodlagoodl8good18 despite church feelings that the two movies were part of an anti mormon conspiracy it is unlikely that they represented any deep felt conviction on the part olof01 ththezhee ffilmflimi1mmakersfilmmakersmakers the screenplaysscreenplays p both by frank illermillerM rather were indicative of master films I1 attempt to capitalize and exploit todicalcodicaltopical bublipublipublicc issues for commercial advantage for examexampleclaclecia the studiosstudious next two releases in naypliaymay 1922 were sensationalized accounts again by miller of the perils of

lon 19 drugC addictionaddiail ion

i1lenialvillenialvilyllII11 L lenial starlstarstary LXXXIV 16 april 20 19221922p 2482512482248 2512 51 18i G osmond0sxrsxnond hyde movie campaigncamPaienaign againstAaairist Morcormonsmormonsmons leads many to investigate Mesmessagemessagessadetsadessaget the deseret news june 3tat3 1922 section 4 p VI cols 131 3 hyde also noted that during the last six months we have made more headway and better progress in this conference than has been made in any other similar length of time since the war oarour meet- iningss have been well attended many strangerstrangerssp as a result of reading the paderspapers and seeing the filmsflimsfilmsp have come out 158 although british latter day saints were apparently seeing the brighter side of the two pictures the american brethren were determined that the filfilmsflimsms would not receive release in the united states this determination was reinforced when canadian showings surfaced in the summer of 1921924 at that tintimtimee canadian mission representatives extracted a Ppromiseamiseomise from the canadian censors that modifications would be made however whenlrawhen trappeded by ththe cormonsmormons rereemergedemerged in novembenovembernovembrer of hatthat11 year its content was little changed joseph quinney jr 9 the president of the canadian mission wrote senator reed smoot apprising him of the developments within the dominion enclosed were advertisements promoting the film which appeared in the london frfreeee press ontario quinney told the Senasenatorstort to see for themselves just what sort of people these much mormons a talked of Morcormonsmons are where are catheringatheringatheringsC were small six monthsnonmon 11 hs ago they are now large this is all evidence of the fact that the lordslord work isio progressing rapidly and that the means the enemy intended to use in their attempt touo have us deported have actually turned out to be one ofoopP the best helps that could have come into our hands this tradingtracItract ing techniquetechniquestechniqueis4 is reminiscent of church activities during thehe shawinshowinshowingss of A victim of the earlier british 1 yolmoryorcormonsmormonsnonsmons in 191119121911 1912 the editor of the millenialmilmiimillennialIlenialtenial star noted for exampleexamples in conversation withwi h a mormon1mormonmormone1 missionarytmissionaryy the manager of a moving picpictuepicturepiccluegluegrueClue theatre in which thecheghe film trapped by the MormonmormonslMormormonistmormonstmonstsl was being exhibited said the film is a great disappointment it is a poor play the attendance is far short of ouour expectation he gave the missionary and his companion permissionperm issionassion to stand in front of the theatre and distribute mormon literature to those who came to see the film nearly three thousand leaflets were distributed the manager and his secretary each purchased a copy of the book of mormon milmiimillenialmillenniallenial star april ot6 1922 p 223 159 this picture no doubt infinyinfluencesluencesluencen a great many people and establishes a deeper prejudice against us as a people and makes it quite difficult for us to get our message befbeabeforeore the people I1 trust that the whole affair will be taken out of circulation and I1 know that if any one can do this you are that one20one 20 smoot readers will recall was instrumental in securing the suppression of riders of the purple saeeSsage and the rainbow trail and in ensuring that future versions omitted all references to mormonism the senator quickly wrote church president heber J grant regarding these new developments in this letter he notednotedsnoseds I1 suppose the question of its suppression wiwillwiilU have to be taken up with the producers in englandeng land I1 have been trying to think of a young mansnanmannans name a member olof01o L the churchlchurchfchurchy who is interested in the picture busi- nessnr ess aandrid has considerable influence with the distribu ters and producers of moving pictures he was closely corconcornecconnectednec ted with david weliswellsweilshowellsHo I1 met him while in london I1 am sure brother talmadge could get in touch with him and it may be worthwhileworthwhilerthethwhile to undertake the matter of having the picture suppressedsudpressed21suppressed2121 inTln a etterletterietter to quinney of the same day smoot told him of his correspondence with the LDS leader and indicated

L that if this cp1ancpl8111 lsis no U successful I1 shall arrange to 22 handle gheghachetchetcha situation in some other way

19 the films were cocaine and cruscrushinglinainiin thehe druedrugD traffic see giffordGifforgiffordfgiffordsdf citation numbers 042604360742 andnd 07427 ilthoughalthough master films company was the producer of the mormon picturepicturessp astra films was the distributer 20from the letter of joseph Quinnequinneyyp jr to reed snootsmootsnootssnooty november 6 1924 reed smoot collection MS 1181187p container 48t48 folder 11 BYU archives according to the letterietterletterflettera at that time world rights were controlled by frederick white cootco 54 victoria street Manchesmanchesterterp england the distribution rights for trapped by the loo1001160 smooths actions appear to have been successful for apparently neither of the films were released commercially in this country 23 unconfirmed statements that the church paid 2000 then a considerable sum of money to the

1 producers not to exhibit them in the united stastalsta1states1esaes were told the author in his researches others felt the pictures were so poor that they went unreleased because p they did not warrant commercial exploitation 24 the most authoritative account must be that of ken A collinsonoiioia011oi1 nson director of the britbritishishisb based stahlstahistabistabl pyramid films ltd his father aquiredacquired the rights to tratdatrappedo ped byhy the cormonsmormons outright along with the original negative in the mid twenties according iltoco collinsonsCoilinsons previously unpublished statementstatements cormonsmormons for the dominion of canada were held by dominion films company who obtained them from a S W smith supposesupposeded to be in london england 11

21 letter of reed smoot to eberheberheben J grant1 november 18t18 1924 reed smoot collection MS 11879118 container 48y48 folder ils11011 BYU archives 222 letter of reed smoot to joseph quinnevquinnenQuinquinneytnevneyt jr novemberNovemoer 18 1924 reed smoot Collectcollectionionslonsiong YZMS 1187118 container 48t48 folder 11 BYUBYIJ archives there is rionowioplo L foder ils furtherfur-ther correspondence in the smoot collection bearing on the matter of the suppression of these british anti mormon photoplaysphotoplays 2oneaone23one evidence is that there is no record of them in ththethae ca-catalogualoaalog of copyright entries cumulative seriesserlesserlestserless motion picturepicturesal 91219399121912193919121 1939 washiziwashizuWashwashingtonlriirlizi91on copyright office the library of Congrecongresssst 1951 this is hereafter referred to as copyright catalog 1912193912121212123901912 1239o1939 161 the mormon church never approached the original owners of this ffilmilmsalms as far as I1 know but once the film had been exploited and started to make its mark here under stahl pyramids aegis my father was approached by ralph pugh or pew at that time managing director of the united kingdom branch or division of the americaname ricannican flimfilmflim company first national films or first nationalwarnernational warner bros films mr pugh was himself a mormon he asked my father whether there were any backers 9 political or religious who were behind him my father answered in effecteffects nonog merely that the film provided a good vehicle from which to make money and that this was the sole purpose for which he had exploited the film afterAL er rather justifiably mentioning that he was sure thatthal my father could hardly approve of a film made about the protestant catholic or jewish peril depending upon whichever religious persuasion my father beiongedlongedbelonged to mr pugh mentioned that this film had got the state wires of washington ringing and then offeofferedredlwedlweds I1 believe o-onrI1 behalf of the mormon churchchurchy to buy the flimfilmflim outright and take off the market 1 it my fafalfather1herlheraher said he was doing so well with the picture here that heliekiekle did not really want to sell but if he could obtain a certain sum from mr pughlpughspaughls bacbaebackerskerss9 which would not be subject to negotiation he would sell to mr pugh this fizzled out because talliestalkiestalki9s were then beginning to come into britain and the writing was on the wall for silent films25films 25 puahpuzhpugh is likely the man smoot had in mind in his letters to grant and quinney howeverHowevers there is a question of dates smoot first became interested in the film inln late 1924 well before the advent of talliestalkies on a commercial scale collinson may have telescoped datestdarestdates for1 or itit is known that his father reissued the 26 in 1928 under the new title the mormon peril

24based upon personal correspondence between mr richard sisson and the writerwriters may 2 1973 sisson who resides in new york city is presently working on a critical biographical essay on evelyn brenbranbrentbrantbrenesbranesess film career for additional background on her life and work see p new richard marskilamarskigamarskiLalamoarskij whatever became of c illiliIII111 yorks ace bookshbooksbooksq i9711971 appp 20620206207206 20720 162 here is chathawhathawhat openedphappened according to collinsons bvmovm statementstatements although the film was and is a rather good in itself forgetting for the moment the probably arbitrary choice of villains the original owownersaaersnaers do not appear to have made much of it my father through stahl Pyrampyranpyramididl reissuedre issued it with a great deal of showmanship and I11 am afraid rather lurid publicity the photos of our posters at the U S H S will show you this2thisthisethis1279271272 engaged a famous raconteuraconteurraconteurraconteu z and actor W J mackay to give a rather sensational lecture a copy of which I11 still have to accompany this which resulted in good business wherever the film was shown my fatherhadfathefatherrhadhad not contemplated then showing it in the states for the specific reason that he did not wantwan to offend the mormon churcncharchochurcho particularly on their own homenome groundground2828 following world war II11 stahl pyramid leased the picture for five years to a lamml6mm16mm distributiondistribu ion kompanyompanycompanyc ompany confining release to the united kingdom more recently it hasf found public distributdistributedistridistributionbut loan and salesaiessales in 8ran8mmaran through keith perry of perrys movies in london the lecture thatthatkhat accomdaniedaccompanied the film in its 1928 re release was published in his firms magazine Hhonehomeome movies

oc 25personal25personal correspondence between ken A collinsonoil lnsonyLnsony director of stahl pyramid films ltd and zhene wwritertert may 11 1973 269 GIfgiffordLford citation number 07397 27collinsonColi inson is making reference to some photos located in the utah state historical society archives part of the john A widtsoe collection hesethese11 were taken in britain in 1928 by LDS missionaries widtsoe was president of the churchschurches european mission at the time 28ro personal correspondence between ken A collinsonColi inson and the writer may 11 1973 163

tradtrantrappedPed by the cormonsmormons is no longer available through perrys as collinson is attempting to halt what he considers pirate sales in the united states and elsewhere prints howhoweverevertevers are being sold in the U S byy gl-glanngiannglerunglerupenn photo supply of encinopencinoy california other distridistributersdistributorsbuters may also handle the film claims to legal ownership in america are complicated because the picpiepicturetuLetuie itself has never been registered for copyright here it is felt by those selling the flinfilmflim that it is in 11thehe public domain in this country anaitanditand it may therefore be copied and sold openly looking back these two anti mormon melodramas must be considered the high pointpoipolnt of the commercialized anti LDS screen movement in the united kingdom although sporadic crusades would continue 2 9 the heart of the cause was dying the utah of 1925 was neither as harsh nor as isolated4 as the deseret of 1855 fears of women never returninoceturninoreturning from the mormon zion just could rlno0 longer be substantiatesubstantiateddg if they ever could timejime was finally catching up with the antip- olygamydoiynolyDolydamygamy campaignedCampaignercampaignerscampaignerslsl for by the mid twenties the hurchchurch was actively suppressing any attempts by its 30 members to practice the plural marriage doctrinedoctrinesdoctrine00 althoughnithoughpolygamypolygamy has not died out completecompletelylyllys 31 itletiet has been effectively confined to offshoot and groups repeatedly condemned by the LDS leadership more than anything eisegelseeise 9 164 the ending of polygamyC as an activeac tive issue has acted to drasticallyrevisedrastically revise the mormon film imadeimagedimage 32 certainly this is true of british cinema where the anti mormon liimfilmflim disaddearsdisappears after the nova of interest in 1922 in the following chaptchapterchapterserters which documents miscellaneous productions during the later silent period we shall see just what changes occurred in the american filmfilmflimalm

29for exampleexamples a stage play called at the mercy of the Morcormonsmormonsmons of was produced in britain in 1925 this was typical of traditional LDS dramatic portrayals with dhetheche elders shawnshown as unscrupulous villains and murderers whose wives were nothing more than slaves see elder addresses theatrtheairtheatree Audienaudiencecepeeg millenialmillennialMillenial staristanistartstars LXXXVII 16 april 16 1925p1925 246 30 30seeseesae james B lilenailenalienallen and richard 0 cowan mormonism in the twentieth cencentury and2nd ed provoprovos brigham young university presspressy 1969 P 36 they note that the first presidency of the church responded to the new criticism by emphasizingt that the continuingC practice was due to an altogether overzealous and mistaken clique within the church on march 21 192419249 an official witawito new statement was issued in which those enteriaenterinenteringtz intoiirita polygamous marriages were again denounced as disloyal to the church 31seeseesae jerald and sandra tanner appp 234244234 244 32polygamy was the heart of the british anti mormon cause typical was the statement that mormonism spells polygamy and polypolygamygaraygarny means the enslavement of women 1 C sheridan jonestjonessjones the truth about the cormonsmormons ecrettecretssecrets of salt lake cityolty london william rider and solsorsolissoilssonsIs ltdltdp 192011920 p ix this can be studied on BBYUIUL crofilmmicrofilmniin15 299 9 chapter 7

miscellaneous FILMS 191719301917 1930

not all attempts at making antiantl mormon motion picture kropapropagandapropa anda made it into the theaters one production failure was the superlative historical picture drama the power of the cormonsmormons to have been made by the fidelity picture plays syndicate of cleveland ohio although the date of the proposed film cannot as yet be definitely establishestablishededledg from internal evidences in a sisix page promotional brochure issued by the company it isLs clear that fidelity operated in the general period 1 191919211919 1921 As might be expectedexpectedyexpectedlyexpect ednedy the syndicates big selling pitch was that POLYGAMY MUST BE BANISHED FROM THE 25 NATION and selling the new group was under a heading modestly stating that theirs was a great masterpiece motion Pilcpictureturetuce to be made part of international propaganda toto remedy a great socialrocialesociale evilfilpvilp the brochure told prospectiveQ roswospos sectiveoective investors that the power of the cormonsmormons was both morally and fiscally a good investment 3 in addition tolo10 reapingCD great monetary profitsprofits backers would help arouse the public to the ever increasing menace of 4 kormonismirmionismpmo with iitst s constantlyconstantlygrowinggrowing power

165 166 despite the hard sell evident throughout the brochure fidelity did have claim to some notable backing although not known for previous work in moving pictures dr george L knapp was established in journalistic circles for many years a member of the editorial staff of the chicago journal knapp had already completed the scenario for the planned movie at the time the fidelity announcement awappearedeared 5 also assassociatedociated with the syndicate was frankprank J cannon a former united states senator for utah cannon whose father was an LDS apostle and polygamist was a bitter apostate from mormonism who had made a national name for himself as an anti LDS author and publicist he was to authauthenticauthenticizentinticizeanticizeizecize the filming of the power of the 6 Mor14ormonscormonsmormonsmonmons

thezhe power of the cormonsmormons cleveland the fidelity picture plays syndicate c1919jcc19193Cc 19193 this publication is a six page brochure promoting the film to prospective investors A copy is found in the LDS church archives and a xerox duplicate of this is included in this thesis as appendix D 0 athe2thethe power of the cormonsmormons brochubrochurerevrep p 1 0 athe3thethe power of the cormonsmormons brochure p 2 4 athe4thethe power of the mormocormonsmormonsns brocbrochurebrochureshuret p 2 5knappknapp 187219501872 1950 had long been an active anti mormon see the power of the cormonsmormons brochure p 4 frank J cannon and george L knapp brbrighamam young and his mormon empire new yorkyorks fleming H revell co 1913 and george L knappknapps treason by divine right the 167 in nostnosmostmos t details the fidelity syndicate promised a film that would appear to parallel through anti mormon eyes the earlier pro LDS one hundred years of mormonism it was to cover the history of the saints from the advent of the dreamdreamerdreameddreamersedsedperp joseph smithpsmithy founder of the mormon church and boucherwoucher for the spurious mormon to the hiding out of the mormon chiefs from the n threthreatenedatenedatoned punishment of the federal governmentgovernments 7 also to play an important part in the picture were the workings of polygamy and the apportionment 8 of immigrant airisalrisgirlsaldise fidelity assured its potential investors that the strong forceful and romantic love story throughout would in no way sacrifice the gig0 pictures historical value harking back to previous efforts scenes were to portportrportraysayidaytraytaysdays the mormon ceremony of marriage and the romances of the children whose parents at mountain meadows were the victims of morman sic hate and blood lustlusts in the most fiendish massacre in the red annals of pioneer days in the west the escape of the girls from becoming the plural wives of mormon elders and their flight back to a christian comminicommunitycommuni k y the power of life and death over mormon wives and the terterrifyingriLying blood atonement in the secret chambers of 4theuhe mormonllolioilorimonranonramon temple1templedtempieTempletemple10101 christian statesman LI 8899 september 1917tigi191 357361357 361 see also albert N marquis t ed j the book of chichicagoanscagianscagoans chicago A N marquis & co9coscocoa 19171917t P 388 and his obituary knapp the chicago sun times may 919 1950 p 35

ifor6forfor more on cannon 185919331859193391859 193391933 see kenneth W godfrey frank J cannon a political profile unpublished paper brigham younguniversityyoung university 1965 and the power 0of the cormonsmormons brochubrochurebrochuresdesdeprep p 4 168 calling the practice of polygamy a cancercanc er upon civilization and a dark blot upon the fair fame and name of our nation the fidelity promoters claimed their film would prove to be a tremendous force in antiantipolygamypolygamy propaganda they also declared that their company was motivated by moral as well as monetary considerationconsiderationsconsiderationslsl and emphasized that the power of the cormonsmormons was to be a quality film production the production of this great picture is entered upon not solely to gain the large pecuniary returns ahilwhilwhichch are inevitableinevitablep but with the belief that the exhibition of this great moral and historical picture will prove a powerful aid to the great organizations now centering their best efforts to eradicate polygamy from the civilized nations the bestbest nosspossossiblepossibleibie historicalhistorical and romantic scenario has been prepared tha best picture talent will interpret it upon the screen thebertthebestthe best direction photography art and mechanical work L settings of natural scenerytscenesceneryryt and artistic treatment of this areatyreatreat subasubjectssubjectysubjactect insures a motion picture production which will rankranigbanig only among the very besbestc and most notable of screen masterdieces1masterpieces

rt the power of the cormonsmormons brochure p 4 0 821hathathe power of the cormonsmormons brochubrochurebrochuresresrev p 4 9the power of the cormonsmormons brochubrochurebrochuresbrochurepnesrepnep p 3 10the power of the cormonsmormons brochure p 4 11 power the of the cormonsmormons brochubrochurerepreg9 p 4 12 power the of the cormonsmormons brochure p 3 the emphasis is in the original on the same page of the brochure it was proclaimed that never has a proposed photoplay created so much interest or brought so many offers of operationcooperationco and support 16969 despite the rousing turn of phrase and the excess hyperbole of their promotional material frank W packer a motion picture producer and fidelitys president and general manager faced serious problems money was the prime factor eitherelther not enough of it coming in or not enough of what was being subscribed ended up going towards actual ffilming although claims were nademade that only the best picture talent would be utilized fidelitys advertisement was vague about who actually would be involved outside of knapp cannon and packer the only name even vaguely connected with the movie industry was H E mills listed as their art director and except for the script being completed no details were provided about the syndicates

1 control of equlpmenequipmentv j studio space or film raw stock etc these serious deficiencies resulted in a failure to effect the translation of the companascompanyscompanys high sounding promises into concrete action no picture appears to have ever been madesmade nor was any further reference to it found in researches for this thesis 13 indeed fidelity may have been more than a failure itt may have been a fraud if sosog it wasnt alone in late december 1920 the vigilance committeeeomcomraitterraitteeraittee of the national association of the motion picture industry a trade organizationorganizationtorganizations announced a warning to the american people about the dangers of wildcat film company promotions they told potential investors that during the past year 170 1919 between 25000000250009000 and 50000000 had been squandered in worthless moving picture stock this bogus cockstocks was being offered to sophisticatesunsophisticatesunsophisticatedun lured on by promises of high profits for short term investments 14 the salt lake nadersdanerspapers carried reports of the national associations findings the deseret news editorializeeditorializedteditorializedidtdi may it be true 9 it doubtless is true that a ffewew of these companies were honorable in their intentions at the start but because of inexperience strong competition or some other handicap it soon became evident that success was a forlorn hope and the promoters saved what they could for themselves letting the rest go hang but many of the companies were swindles throughoutthroughouttouts organized and conducted just well enough to keep within the lawtlawslaw but having no other thought than to make some dishonest money for a few men promoting the ven-venturek ure from the activities of such as these not only do the investorstheinvestors lose but the legilegitimate4timateelmatedimate motion picture industry is greatly injured through the lack of confidence and trust that is createdcreated15151 5 anotherano cherdhenghen factor in fidelitys lack of success were the changes wrought in the american film industry by the great war no longer were the movies exclusively a cheacheapp entertainment aimed at the visually oriented poor working masses and non american speaking immigrants ratherrathers as david robinson points outtoutsout new interests dominated the screen

13the13the author was unable to check the ohio new- spapers from the period for articles on the company although it is likely some reports were filed fidelilfideliaFidefidelitylilili y operated under ohio license number 1261 the power of the cormonsmormons brochubrochurerepreg p 1 171 film contentcontentscontento had altered since prewarpre war days with changing tastes and the changing social context before 1914 the appeal of the cinema to the lower classes was clearly reflected settings were characteristically working class sentiments were characteristically victorian with suffering heroines providing for orphan brothers and sisters sick or dying grandparents handsome heroes miraculous benefactors villains perils and plot situations inherited from nineteenth century popular melodrama the new middle class audienaudiencecep the new prosperous working classes and the will of the conservative business element of america which the film industry so faithfully representrepresentededvedp together conspired to change the characteristic social setting for contemporary film subjects the films now showed predominantly a wholly imaginary leisured class with lovely homes and lovely clothes and lovely cars and lovely lives this was the desired distorted mirror image of american normalcy iolo10.1016 the new national tastes were also reflected in the disawearancedisappearance of a continuing anti mormon film movement the strict self enforcement of the plural marriage ban by the LDS leadership was bearing fruit for as the antiantipolygamypolygamy crusades began to diminish with the new post manifesto post great war conditionconditionsconditionsgsg so did the mormon screen image of the unrelentingly brutal and heartless elder indeed it is axiomatic that the end of the polygamy issue heralded the end of the anti LDS photoplay 17

14the national association of the motion picture industry was headed by william A brady a showman for more information on it see Ramramsayesayetsayeg p 815 15fromfrom the editorial swindling up to date the deseret newsqnewsynews december 29029 1920 p 4 col 2 10david robinson holiHollhollywoodpwood in the twenties new york A S barnes and co 1968 appp 343534 35 172 this does not mean to say that cormonsmormons disappeared from the screen in the twenties on the contrary a number of films containing LDS portrayals were either planned or actually managed to make their way into the theaters although the mormon role was diminished by way of example the american produced the 1921 offered a refreshing change from the largely negative church image this because the cormonsmormons were little more than mentionedmentio ad except in the title of this episode of the exploits 2ofE battling dick hatton series in fairly standard western styles jack wells is in love with kate the fianceefanceefiancee of his brother jim he accompanies her on a journey to meet jim but on the way they are held up by a masked bandit who is shot as he rides away jack pursues the bandit only to find that it is his brother jim for kates sake jack decides to take the blame ILforor the hold up jim however mortallymortailyally woundedwoundadodedo admits his guilt to the sheriff and kate decides to marry jack18 the film still survives and is found in the british national film archive collection

17the17the hackneyed and repetitive sen3ationalizedsen3ationaliaed anti mormon tales were ironically being replaced by sexually lenteddentedorientedor films in which the threat was not it becobecoming some horrible mormons sexual slavesslavesiave but rather inn ramissingissingii out on the fun of what was then called ELamingflaming youth sex didnt become a fearful and degrading act until onethecne last reel of the twenties motion picture this new morality seemed to work despite restrictions brought on by the scandals by 1925 sorsomenelnee 50000000 people were going to the movies every week in america alone see the promotional advertisement by the ueditors of the deseret news entitled wanted one billion people the deseret 1 news august 299 1925 secsectionL ionlon 4 p 8 some church leaders continued to condemn the industry see moving pictures are Denouncedenounceddt the salt laelalaa iceace1ce tribunetribunes february 1414s 19221922p 173 the church made a move to involve itself in the film production business in 1923 the year is meaningful for even at this date anti mormon screen propagpropagopropagandaz tridamidapida at least in europe and canada continued to significantlysignifsignia cantly attract movie goer patronage whether wearied y the anti LDS onslauonslaughtonslaw ht or not it was announced inLI dhe21ie deseret news that a large committee had been establish d with the intention of producing a moving picture this was to capture for aliallaliail time the coming of the utah pioneers into the statstate concentrating on their arrival in the saltsait lake valley altogether more than one hundred and forty church and civic leaders were connected with the project which was to take place in conjunction with the july 24th holiday celebiacelebrationscelebra ionsi ons unfortunately no mention was made as to who would actually film the proposed picture nor has any reference been located to indicate thathatV the project was ever completed 19 although the church was experiencing the difficultiesdifficu 141 4lieskiesules inherent in producing and completing a motion picture other interests were finding utahs scenery and history attractive film incentives p 13 col 2 and david 0 mckay picture showshowashow1 Prodprodigalsigals millenialmillennialMillenial star LXXXV 41 october 11 1923t1923 648649648 649 18i synopissynopsis appears in theteietelethie national this n british film archive catacatalGatacataloguelogue p p 248 the leadinleading roles were taken by james gibbs audrey chapmanChapmant C edward hatton and albert van antwerp no other references in american sources were found for this picture 174 lester park a mormon showman who earlier had protested the exhibition of A victim of the Morcormonsmormonsmons by 1917 was involved in forming the first major non salt lake movie operation in utah known as the ogden pictures corporation and located as the name implies in ogden it enjoyed passing success in 1917 and 1918 producing at least two nationally distributed pictures now only an obscure footnote in cinema his-historys gryporyp ogden pictures nevertheless represents an eaearlyy though brief attempt to createcrea-te a nationally recognized studio in utah so far as is known however no mormon characters appeared in their films 20 ogden pictures ultimate failure did not deter others from coming to utah parts of native son james cruzes classic of the old west the covered wawagon 1923 were shot in the state 21 and in a portentp rtentartent of things to come director brought his ccrewlew to utah to film segments of his saga of the transcontinental railway builders the iron horse 1924 this included an early dramatization of the linking of the central pacific and

Z unionalonnlonnL on pacificpacipacl L ic railroads at promontory pointspointy utah in 18691869 much like that of the later western union 19411941 22

19committeetocommittee to perpetuate 1847 pioneer history by means of moving pictures the deseretde s eretaret newsne ws june 30 A 1 1923 section 2 p 1 cols 2233 see also david kenkentken1k jacobs appp 282928 29 175 although the author was unable to document whether or not parts of cruzes followfollowupup western the pony express 1925 were filmed in utahsutah reports exist to indicate that in the original movie version brigham youingyoung was portrayed its ten reels were cut from 9949 feet to the general release length of 9801 feet and this may have had some effect 23 various versions of each of these major silent era

classics are commercially available in each of the I1 photoplay editions of the novels cormonsmormons are mentioned if only in passing the sympathetic LDS character major howard egan in the book the pony express A romance is not listed in the credits for the novienovlemovienovielmoviel although he may have been included in the screenplay until that is available 24 for study a definitive statestatementstatemmentmantnt cannot be made

20the other major forces in ogden pictures were albert scowcroftSooscowcroft another utah film pioneerpioneplonepioneerserserg and harry revier the two linslimsffilms were the lust of the resaesadesages with lillian walker and the grain of dust for full particularsparticlpartial larstars on the company and its work see the authors essays yinefhe history of utah film an introductory essayessays appp ilgjig151915 19 and utah filmmakersFilmmakers 0of the silent screen era rydTVOryo 15 iai9 2 see cosgrave p 195 the authorauthors the history of0 IE utah filmflimfilms an introductory essayz ssayp appp 373837 38 and the novel by emerson hough the covered waronwagowagon new yorkyorks grosset and dunlap 1922 cruzes real name was james bosen according to luke cosgrave see cosgrave appp 142145142 145 22 see edwin C hillhlllhilli thezhe iron horse new york grosset and dunlap 1924 appp ix xiii also fox folks magazine fox film corporation new yorksyorkayorkqyorkyonk IV 9 september 1925 48 this is found uncatalogued in the BYU archives 176 indeed it was during these mid twenty years that southern utah was to first develop as a motion picture center canabkanab especially enjoyed the prosperity the new industry was to bring although this was to have a profound impact upon utahs economy this activity is nonot strictly pertinentpartipantipentinent to a discussion of mormon film portrayals and is well covered elsewhere 25

1 typltypifying1 ying the new attitude towards mormon subjects was the 1926 comedy hands up I1 starring raymond griffith griffith started his career wilwllwith mack sennett and later rose to stardom in a variety of conedycomedy and dramatic roles he is best known today for his su4vepsuave sophisticated depictions as the silk hat comedian it was in this latter vein that hands up was made true to form griffith plays a man of polish and assurance thrown completely off balance by women in this case two sisters 2

23seesee munden p 609 where it states that the novel by forman and woods was written for the film and published simultaneously with its release brigham young is also said to be among the historical personages depicted the novel referred to is henry james forman and Wwalterwaitedwaiten tvoodsloods the pony EXexpressessaessless A romancenewromance new yorkiyorks grosset and dunlapdunlapp 19251925j like the other photoplay ededitionsiti ons cited above it includes numerous photographs taken from the film 24the script is found in carton 73 of the paramount pictures collection at the AYPASAMPAS library in los angeles loose stills and the still book can be faundoundfound in boxes 56 and 155 of the same collection 25in2 in addadditiontion to the authorautriautriorsors previously cited essays see elayne wareing Fitzpatricfitzpatrickfitzpatricksfitzpatrickvkv where have all the movies gone the salt lake Tributribunetribunesnesnev december 23 19231973 17177 hands aptupt begins as if it were a serious melodrama abraham lincoln george billingsdiscussesbillings discusses with his cabinet the need to indffind new sources of revenue if the union is to survive the civil war word arrives that a western mineowner mack swain is willing to supply the north with all the gold it needs lincoln immediately dispatches a messenger for it general robert E lee learns of the northern plan and sends his own spy graflgriffithgrifl ah4h to forestall the yankees after a series of comic adventures among firing squads and indiansIndiansp9 griffith is finally caught however the two daughters of the mineowner marion nixon and virginia lee corbincorb in have fallen in love with grifithgriffith and act to save his life peace is declared griffith ends up with the gold and the girisgirlsgirlsp although the north wins the war the appearance of brigham young charles K french with a score of his wives gives griffith his cue and he sets off fforyoror salt lake city with thechezhe two girls to settle down into blissful polygamy 27 home magazine sectionsections appp 454 5 and adonis findlay robinson ed history of kane countycou apcnp3snp kane county laughtersdaughters of utah pioneers 197019 r appp 177183177 183 2 this should not be confused with the earlier hands up 1917 starring colleen moore which had a totally different plot 27for27for background on the making of the picture see brownlow appp 441445441 445 the script for hands up 1926 is ffound in carton 37 of the paramount pictures collection at the AMPAS library loose skillss illsliis and the still books can be found in boxes 53 and 136 of the same collection 178 contemporary reviewers were generally enthusiastic about the picture sensing that griffith was breaking new ground in screen humor calling him the leading comedian of the silent drama for ingenuity imaginativeness and originality R E sherwood happily declared that griffith was flying in the face of movie tradition and Q gettingetting away with it beautifully 28 C S sewell was even more ardent in his review and told his readers that hands up was one of the best burlesburlesoueburlesqueoue comedies he had ever seen 29 although still locked into the polygamy eraaraperap one can nevertheless discern that the emphasis has begun to shift from propaganda to comedy this represented a genuine victory for the church and harbingeredharbing theered nostalgic respectability that the chuchu1church1 ch was to cultivate in subsequent years this new acceptance of the cormonsmormons by both filmfilmmakersmakers and society as a whole would result in the making of brigham young frontiersman igo1901940 and other commercial pro mormon productions of0 zo later years

28q R E Sherwoosherwooddg hands up excerpt from the ilentsilentZ dramasdfamasdrama bireslirelife LXXXVII 2258 february ils11 1926 D 2c26ac cited by george C pratt spellbound in darkness kA history of the silent film greenwich Connecticuconnecticutconnecticutsts new york graphic society ltd 19739 P 41313 sherwood found I1 the dual love story gotabnotabnotablenotab e and daring1 he wrote the most notable and most daring feature of the enteenter- taintainmentment is the presence of two heroines who share evelevereveryry love scene with the hero and in the end but itjt would be a low trick to spoil this refreshing laugh by attempting to explain it in cold uninteresting type 179 actually hands Uuplcupl had two endings according to edward finney a personal friend ofolo030010 griffith and himself director of the 1950 documentary the finney recalls ray griffith tsaswastwas one of my closest friends helieife told me there were two endings to hands apiupiup the ending that he liked besbestJ and the first one they made is one in which he marriemarriesS both sisters after ailallali part of the film had brigham young and his wives in it and this was the natural ending but apparently there was some resentment about this original version from either the theater akinersowners or the public 9 so they changed the ending so that he just rides off with the two girls to utah the conventional ending shows the three of them getting into a stage coach with som- ething like off to salt lake city on the back 1 know gheytheyuhey made the other ending with him marrying the girls because griffith told me they did and he should know30 whatever the effects of hands up the LDS leadership still feared a possible renewal of anti mormon screen persecution they sought to hedge this concern by encourag&aencouragingc film development within the state As early as may 26 1927 the deseret news welcomed the temporary stopover in salt lake city of a large contingent of motion

1 picture executives following a hollywood radetrade11 convention after notingnoling that they were keen observers and rare judges of beautybeautys the deseret news urged the filmfilmmakersmakers 31 ioto come again gentlemen

29 C S sewell hands up paramount the moving picture worldiworldieworldq LXXVIII 5 january 3030y 19277192 483 for other viewpoints see munden p 323 hands up paramount photoplay XXIX 4 march 1926 appp 56 114 and Varietzrielyvarietyvarielymariely january 227 1926 180 certainly this extremely solicitous attitude on the part of the mormon owned paper must have reflected serious interest among the church authorities in having a motion picture situated in salt latlallakexi e whatever the causes and inducementinducementssp within ten months of the deseret news editorial the pioneer film corwrationcorporation was operating in the utah capitalcapi ual 32 although norman L sims was named to the presidency of the new studio it would appear that the creative force behind it would be george edward lewis a rather obscure hollywood producer best known for his work on the alaskan 33 madmadee the cheechakosChee chakos announcements of the new groups plans for filming appeared in the march 24 1928 salt lake papers first up was a feature entitled the exodus also referred to as the exodus of the new horldtworldtworld a dramatization of the perilous journey of the mormon p-pioneersioneersioneers across the plains 343 in 1847t184 fromrom the to salt lake valley

30 30statementstatement by edward finney personal internintervinterviewleavlewv december 18918 1973 mr finney now distributes films to collectors hands ud-1 is one of those movies it is also commercially available from other distridistributersdistributorsbuters in both 8mmamm and lamml6mm16mm versions 31movie31 Movie men visit the deseret news may 26 1921927p p 4 col 1 32this salt lake city eoricoriconcerncern is not to be confused with the film company operating out of new york in the early 1920s 181 two grandsons of brigham young were enlisted to aid the new company levi edgar young was to watch the making of the picture so as to make sure of the historical 35 accuracy of the scenes depicted richard W young then president of the utah bar association was named as their attorney and placed on the board of directors others named included frank P stewartstewartt secretary and treasurer J G sargent general manager and financial director george J martin and frank A nance plans were made to build an elaborate twenty acre studio in some picturesque region on the outskirts of salt lake r which would be as complete in every way as any in hollywood 06 by november 1928 it was announced that a twelve acre site in sugar house had been aquiredacquiredaquired 37

33 33filmflinfilmflim producers decide on S L as permanent home the deseret levistnevistnews march 24 1928 p 797 cols 565 6 the kenneth munden edited american film institute catacatalog credits him only for the 1925 arrow production norlinorthh of nome where he suggested the theme but did riotnot produce or direct 34 pioneer trek to be filmed in salt lakenlake the qa L t T 6 2 saltsait lake tribuneibuneabune march 24 1928 9 p cols 121 35thethe salt lake Tribtribunetribunesunetunes march 24 192819282 p 6 36 the salt lake tribune t march 24 1928 p 6 37filmfilm studio soon promised the salt lake tributribune november 23 1928 p 7pap7 cols 454 5 182 there was every expectation that the pioneer venture would prove successful lewis managed to aquire some unusual footage showing the stampede of a large herd of buffalo and this would later be interintercutcut into the linlimflinffilmflim to give it dramatic punch lewis even submitted his proposalDroposalosai to a number of prominent salt lake citizens

I including LDS church authoriauthoraauthoritiest leslasies who gave him their blessing capitalization for pioneer was reported at 200000 which the directors expected to increase to 1000000 following the release of the exodus plans were drawn up for a secoidecondsecond film entitled the malemute kid which was to have been a story of alaskan love and adventure 0838 lewislewis cited more than twenty reasons for his move to utah including the observation that the state actually has more days of sunshine than southern Californicaliforniaat making it possible to go forward with production throughout the year 39 sneakingspeaking for the companycompanys J G sargeant told reporters hatthati pioneer would specialize in sternswesteriswesternsWe and linslimsflinsfilmsflims dealing with the romantic side of western life 4040.400 to bolster anticipated box office popular hollywood stars ben lyon and marie prevost were imported for the exodus and backed by a suDsupportingsunDorting cast that included andrus anders Randolprandolphrandolphtrandolpheht jimmie mason russell simpson and jean the shepherd dog 183 actual ffilming was completed by november 1928 and 41 the editingC was subsequently accomplished in hollywood the picture excited some comment about this time 42jioitoigo including columns by and others lewis proudly addressed the salt lake city chamber of commerce that month and promised the new studio would soon be a reality he told his audienaudiencee that the exodus itself was nearly ready and noted that no less than 5500559000 of outside capital was spent within the state on 43 the production 0 despite the fact that thetlletiie film vaswas almost complete the timing was poor talliestalkiesTalkies were beginning to sweep the country and so plans were made to add a sound track tyrell A richardsonrichardsong a chicago attorney representing the corporacorporationtiong told interested salt lake reporters that aithnithvithwith sound and talkie eatureseatoresfeaturesf eatures the picture would have an appeal all its own to hear the clatter of hoofs and roaring of the wild animals as they thunder overdesertover desert or plains will give the picture a touch of realnealrealismisra otherwise impossible the same will apply to the long trains of covered wagons as they go aing ratrattlinglingiingC over rocky surfacesr44surfaces

38 thephe salt lake TribtrltribuneitribunettribunesTribuneibuneeunetunes november 23t23 1928 p 7

39tlthelp salt lake tribuntrabuntribunet nanchmarchmanch 24 192819281 p 6 40the salt lake tribune march 24 1928 p 6 41 the salt lake tribune novemberNovernnoveraber 23t23 1928 p 7 42 louella 0 parsons mormonM ormononmon histhistoryory now to be shown on movie screenscreens the new york citoltcityolty mericanamerican 184 despite this interest in a recorded sound track one apparently was never added the lililllikely111leely reason was a shortage of funds in the interim pioneer representa- tives previewed a singlesingie reelreel dociLdocumentarymentary travelogue of salt lake city before interested civic officials and announcedthatannounced that plans for a tionalnationalna distribution system 4145 were comdletecomplete money problems however continued to plague the company and caused pioneerpioneers directors to look for alternate modes of financing an attractive illustrated advertisement appeared in the christmas edition of the desererdedererdeqt2et news which urged the utah bublicpublicDublic to take advantage ofor the new christchristmasmas gift plan by purchasing pioneer pyin stock the certificates themselves were offered in units of 60 each these included one share of pref 1 red stock at 35050 and 46 five shares of commoncomm 3nan stock at 2 prp r share augustau ust 14 1928 this was located in the journal hishistory august 11iai4 192819289 p 4 for other press reactions see the journal history september 212 1928 p 4 and the journal histohistoryr october 28 1928 p 7 43 novlemovie43movienovlenovieMovie studio will be built in S L C of C is assured the deseret news november220november 22022 1928 section 2 3dad 1i colcoiool001 2 44 44ffilmlinlim made in S L expected to be on screen by dec 15t15 the deseret newignewsnewsg november 20 19281928p p 2 colcoi 3 4 45saltsaitsalt lazetlazelake utah scenicscenacen film shows officials the deseret news november 13 192819280 p 6 col 4 46 buy pioneer film stock the deseretdesdee eret news december 22t22 1928 church and community secsectiont lonionton p VIII cols 484 8 185 prospective investors were urges to consider the real value such a holiday gift could be for a loved one according to the ad there were also additional benefits owners of pioneer film stock will be partners with p us in our planpianlanian for blostinboostinboostingC and advertising utah to the world THE EXODUS tells a gripping thrilling heart appealing story of utahsutah early days 1 it portrays the heroic historichishie 11 oric journey of brigham young and his group of sturdy pioneers over plains mountains and deserts to salt lake in 1847184 buffalo stampedestampedesstampedesfsf indian attacks crossing rivers and other streams when therthewthere were no bridges raudingmaraudingma gangs of horse thieves thrills that none but our forefaforebaforefathers1 hersharshads have ever experienced all interwoven wwithlthalth a wonderful love story these and scores of others are gripping features of THE EXODUS the story will be flashed on screens throughout the world no single agency will do as much to advertise our matchless state in 1929 the exodus will be ready fatforrahrohrorrov universalliniversalversai release early in january why not join ur happy family of utah boostersblosteostersboosteboastersbo and participant 7 in the profits of the exodusexodus4141 despite these expectationexpectationsst the picture was not to receive its public world premier unilucilur 1II march 2 1929 this was under the new title of all facfabfacesceswes west as it opened at the victory theater in salt lake city 48 enhanced by an impressive 26 piece orchestral and vocal prologue and the organ of jewell boxtcoxtcox all faces west must have nevertheless proved a great financial disrappointmentreappointmentdisappointmentrappointment

101 too the new studio despite public sta-statementsi ementscements to the contrary although it obtainobtaineobtainielobtainedialielI1 oot001ooloo l local reviewreviewsreviewsisi the film only maintainmaintainedmaintainedaedtedaa single week run which wass about average for the period 49

47thethe deseret news december 22122 1928 church and community section p VIII 186 another advertisement appeared in the deseret news on march 6 1929 which re urged investment in the pioneer film corporation 350 response to this apparently was disappointing as well by september pioneer faced an equity suit for 150000 on its failure to pay interest on money owed a chicago businessman named max E miller A receiver was named later that month and the company went into suspension 51 within a month the crash came ending whatever chance there was for all faces west to receive properpropen national or intainzainzeinternationalrna lional distribution so completely has this photoplay been lost that even the generally authoritative american film instdinstinstitutetute catalogcat failed to include it in its listings1 1stletietast lngsangs at least the pioneer film corporation managed to release one feature and 3a short documentary the other contemportcontemporaryary attempt by lormonnormonmormoniN interests to enter the picture business was not even able to manage this this less successful firm was the coriantonCorianton corporation incomoratedincorporated in delawareDelawaretares but whose interests were intimately connected withutahwith utah

j0ja 48see the advertisement appearing in the salt lake Tribtribuneunet march 2tat2 192919299 P 18 cols 464 6 49forfor typical critical response see utah made film has premier at victory theater the salt lake tribune february 24t24 1929 society section p losios10910 col 3 and utah picture holds interest at victonVictorvictoryyv the deseret news march 4 1929 P ii11 col 4 all fafacesces west was also the title of a subsequent musical play by roland parry made popular in utah in the early 1950s1950 As parry 18718 public attention was irstarstfirstf directed towards the coriantonCorianton corporation when the deseret news carried a story in its november 202 1929 issues announcing that a major motion picture version of coriantonCorianton a story based upon ancient american characters found in the book of mormon was to be filmed 522 earlier coriantonCorianton had been a popular utah stage play and had made its authorauthors orestes bean a well known figure among the statedstates dramaticists 53 wrote the theme song to thehe orlgiorLorlgiaoriginal4 gi talialtai film production there is a clear relationship between the two 50buybuy stock in utahs new industry THE PIONEER FILM CORPORcorporationATIONO the deseret news march 6 1929 p lip11 colscois00 1sas 787 8 51seekD seek possession of pioneer film the deseret news SeDseptembertember 19 19291929i section 2 p 1 cocolcoi 4 I1 pioneer film defends suittsuitssultssuitsult the salsaisaltsallsailsal1saibsalb1 lake tribune september 2020p 1929 P 343 col 3 ceiverreceivercelverbeiver named for pioneer filmalimallmplinplimk firm the deseret wa september 21021 1929 section 292 p 1 col 4 and film company gets receiver theT he salt lake tribune september 22922 1929 p 393 9 col 1 also see the utah secretary of statesslaters corporation archive file number 18282 522 52pilmJ wilmfilmpilmplim to be made from coriantonCorianton the deseret neasinewsinews november 292 1929 section 3pap3 P liiIII111 cols 373 7 in the story coriantonCorianton failsfallsfalis in love with a notorious vamdirevampire called isabel he was a zoramiteZorzoramiiveamite r descendant 0 0ofL nephi and beloved of his father following a night of wild revelry in the palace of SeanantumseantumSeseantumptumstump in company with zoan ze isobel as she is called this handsome young son of the hight sic priest almaaimaalmaraimasalmap meets his waterloo but it all ends happily see coriantonCorianton as screen feature recalls pastapastppast the deseret neassnewssnews november 9tat9 1929 section 3tat3 p litlivII11 cols 232 3 530restes530restesorestes U beanbeantbeans cor inton1nton1 an aztecA zteate c romancromance e salt lake city cnnann0 cndandcnd7t for more on bean 1831873- 1937 see merrill dee beal ed biographical sketches of the children of george washington beanbeani elizabetheilzabeth babaumibaumb 188 the venture was to be jointly produced by lester park formerly associated with ogden pictures corporation his brothers byron and alienallenailenkilenklien park and orestes bean also connected with the film entrepreneurs was the lecturer 54cl author napoleon hill the coriantonCorianton group managed to sign an exclusive contract with the to provide music to accompany the proposed photoplay negotiations on this alone took oveover a year and a half to

1 competecom petehpetet and only through thekhe rhusiasmenthusiasmen of0 L bishop david david A smsmithlsmithsith president of the choir were LDS church officials convinced that the magnitude of the undertaking warranted use of the choir dr edgar stillmanStilimanilman kelley actually completed an entire musicalnusical score which occupied twelve wonderful records 55 it appears thatharthacr some filming of the choir was embarked upon 56 emily haws and mary lane wald ap the george washington bean family association 1967 appp 565756 57 A copy of this can be consulted by requesting MSS 965 at the BYU archives sh 54see the advertisements napoleon hill coming the deseret neastnewstnews november 2 1929 section 3 p IV and dear folks the deseret newsqnewsynews deecenberecenderdecenberdecemberDec eaberenber 14 192919299 section 8 1L p 7 cols 686 9

55fromfrom the advertisement A frank statement by byron park the deseret news december 21 1929 amusemlamusementsntsants sectionsections p VI 56according to byron parkspars obituary he was the first to make a motion picture recording of the tabernacle choir see funeral rites helaheldheid tuesday for byron park the deseret news august 22 i501500 p B 5 col 1 and ex salt laker dies after coast15crash the salt lake tribunesTribTribunevunetunes august 23 1950 p 25 col 33pap because these do not definitely state that the film in question was coriantonCorianton 189 primarily it was the musical nature of the picture which was to incorporate the new aliailaall11ll taikinatalkintalkinggp all singing format that attracted church support for example the deseret news felt thatthattthats though it will take over a year in the making coriantonCorianton when produced will be made one of the outstanding masterpieces of its kind in america principally because of its musical features the entire production is already financed and advance preparations are already underwayunderway5757 Unfortunateunfortunatelypunfortunatelyylyslyp despite these claims of fiscal solidaritysolidarityy the market decline had its effect byron parkparkiparks general sales and fiscal manager for the promotionpromotionipromotiontpromotionsi took a full page advertisement in the december 21 1929 deseret news to explain the situation and respond to rumors circulated some innocently soresome maliciously about 535 3 corlcoriantonCoricoriantonsantonantons financialfinlinancial health perhaps influenced by ne failure only months earlier of the pioneer film coroorationicorporation park felt constrained to deny that coriantonCorianton was engaged in a public stock sales program he also denied that coriantonCorianton waswass a MORMON enterprise or is being financed or sponsored by the church as one of its activities nothibothinothingng could be fartherfartherfromfrom the truth the church is rnotroo in the motion picture business and has it 59 .593 never been asked to finance or sponsor CORIANTON 59 there is still doubt as to when this occurred for more on 4this see jack sears anthony C lund and tracy Y cannon sponsor new movie starsstarstarp the deseret neisanewsanewsp december 2121y 19291929y amusements sectionsections p VII 7 57thethe deseret newsnewsqnewsy november 2vav2 19291929i section 3 p liiIII111 190 in the face of these denials park deftly announced that owing to changed financial conditions during the past ffewew months brought about by causes well known to the public a limited number of capital stock of the coriantonCorianton corporation for which finances were pledged cannot be 60 taken up by the original subscribers he then went into a pitch in which he urged those who desired to participate financially in this great production in its all talking motion picture fformorm to0 o send for detailed information as to how they couldcoujckuj d invest 100 or more the entire advertisement is most interestinterestingingi but apparently did not generate sufficient funds to realize the project in may 1930 trading in ththee corapany6scompanascompanyscompanys stock was suspended in new yonktyork and the whole droductionproductionDro duction died 61 a cascasualtyualtybalty of the new economic cortconditionsI1 itionse

58the deseret neastnewstnews deceoerdecederdecem0erDece oer 21921 192919291 amusements sectiosecciosectionratpatwap p VI 0 o 59thethathe deseret newsnewsqnewsy december 21s21 192919299 amusements sectionsections p VI 600 the deseret neastnewstnews december 21 1929 amusements section p VI for further background on the film see theatre sidelights from corlcoriantonCoricoriantonpanton 1 fortiFortlforthcomingcoming talking picture the deseret news november 999 1929 section 3 p illIII111 cols 484 8 and coriantonCorianton producers go west on buslBusibusinesstbusinessfnesst the deseret news december 14 1929 section 3vav3 p IIlip11011 col 2 gi6161. bars sale of stock in talkie ventureventuredventureyVenturey the new york timestimesp may 18 19101930 sectisecaisectj mn 2pap2 appp 121211 212 cols 5 and 1 Imormon talkie company stopped from stock salesaiesalepsalegsaieg the new york city zitstzitszitso may 24 1930 this latter account was located in the journal histhistory may 24 1930 p 4 191 thus ended the decade of the 1920s a period marked with both success and failure for the church and its enemies the thirties would prove to be much quieterquietenquieterp although these years too would exhibit both pro and anti mormon tendencies according to the utah secretazsecretansecretaryy of states corporation archive file number 19209 the coriantonCorianton corporation remained alive in utah until april 4 1932 when it was suspended for failure to pay taxes corlCoricoriacorlacoriantonanton may not have proved the masterpiece the church expected it to be had it actually been completed samuel W taylor an LDS author and screenwrilescreenwritererperyary relates regarding CoriancoriantontGorigoriantonantontont the screenplay does exist but with my memory fforor names I1 couldnt tetellteliteil1 you who has it fforyoror the life of me I1 met him when adearingappearing as speaker at the utah writers roundroundupUupaqpq a tall lean fellow whod worked aroundhollywoodaround hollywood on production crews 1 I remember he was at disneys awhile he called at my home in redwood city CCaliforniacaliforniaccalifornia subsequently with the coriancoriantonCoriantont on scriptscriptsscriptp and a sad story of0 how the producer put in dancing girls and spoiled everything after looking at the script I1 felt there should have been more dancing girls it was terrible personal respondencecorrespondencer between samuel W taylor and the writwriterkarzarnar december lltallt11 1973 0 chapter 8

THE THIRTIES DECADE

the thirties continued the transitional process begun during the later silent years the rabid anti LDS cinematiccinematiptig image was quickly fading although not yet entirely abandoned new problems were to face the saints the church although chastchastenedchasteneyened by the commercial failures of the pioneer and oorCorcarlantoncoriantoncorlantonCoriantonLanton enterprises did attempt to have a motion pictu-picturere made of the clurclarhclurhCl urhh 1 one hundredth anniversary pageant in 1930 this two hour

message o L A production of I1 the ol01of thetha kesaes was presented in the tabetabatabernaclenaclenacie and dramatized the LDS conceptconceptionon of oodgodoodsgodss historical dealings with mankind especially emphasized was gods influence on luther and the reformersreformreformersyersyecsy the later founding of the church of jesus christ of latter day saintssaintst and the directing of the to the safety of the salt lake valley according to A hamer reiser this pageant originally played 30 nights to the tabernacle filled every night president grant wanted to have it photographed in motion pictures in color so that it might be available in that fashion to be presented in many places all over the church an effeffortartort was made to get it in color and ffinally the people who were working with technicolor holographyphotography motion pictures persuadedpursuaded prespresidentident grant 1thatahat it couldnt be done that there was riotnot enough light on the sets and the scenes to expose the film and

192 193 closeups would be very disillusioning because they would reveal with whiskers and the rest of the paraphernalia of an ancient prophet just stuck on his face in other words they talked president grant out of the projectprojectsproject22 As david kent jacobs notes in his analysis of this aborted film version perhaps the project would not have

0 been very effective then but the historical value of0 I1L this production today would be significant 0 however pathe sound news did produce a 400 foot 35mm black and white documentary of the event entitled cormonsmormons celebrate

A centencentenary copy of this is in the church archiveArchivaarchivessj9 but because of the shrunken conditioncondlcondi tion of the 35mm original 4 the sound cannot be reproduced on 16mm dupes m certainly this type of film favorable as it was to church aims and reaching millions of mcviemoviemovle viewers was looked upon benignly by the LDS general authorities

george D pyper the message ofuhe1 the ages A sacred Pageanttpageantpageants one hundred years 183019301830 1930 centennial of the organizationor zationbation of the hurchchurch of jesus celebration 1 o01 1 d 1.1 6 christ of latterlatten daysaintsailtsaints beginningr2 apiadrilaprill 1930 isaltsaitfsaltsalt lake city the church of jesus christ of latter day saintssaintesaintst 19301930i 455645 56 hereafter this is ccitedatedabed as centennial celebration 2quoted2quoted in david kent jacobs p 59 jacobs advertentlyinadvertentlyLn misspelled reisers nainenanenaimename when he cited him cdavid3daviddavid kent jacobsjacobss p 59 cdavid4david4david kent jacobs includes a description of the six scenes found in this documentary on pages 6768677 68 of his thesis for further background on this production appp 5 112 page see centennial celebrationcelebrationicelebrationsi 54 J the first cited includes a photograph of the pathe crew filming one of the scenes 194 around 1931 representatives of electrical research products Incorporateincorporatedincorporatedydy an affiliate of western electric approached mormon leaders with a comprehensive plan for renting motion pictures 9 buying equipment and producing under church direction specifispecifyspecificc films for LDS usage A documentary on church history and four educational movies were to be made a year because of the restricted monetary situation ae during the depression and the lareiarelarladiad 7e initial cash outlay 9 the proposal was rejected however a modified equipment and film rental program was adopted by individual church wards and proved successful 95 the church finally abandoned interest to ffilmflimlm strip production these years have been accurately 56 described as A fruitless dedecadeade while jacobs was making reference to LDS sponsored filmingyli ining the appellation is also apt commerciallycommerccommerce iallybally it is true that theatrical exhibitors were screening the diluted remakesdemakes of many of the silent era melodramas now that sound and

1 the 1alkiesalbiestalkies had come in but as has already been notedno 1 ed these generally removed all references to mormonism and utah like riders of the purdlepurplepurdiepurpunpie sage 1931 and 1941 most were virtually unrecognizable when compared to the original works

cdavid5daviddavid kent jacobsijacobssjacobsv appp 626362 63 195 other pictures with utah titles but little else about the state also made their appearance among these were the utah kid 1930 the man from utah 1931934 an 1 7 early john wayne oater from monogram 7 and the utah trail 1938 this latter film starred tex ritter and Q received some favorable critical comment 8 another development vas the making of short semidocumentarysemi documentary travel utilizing the still new sound technology typical of these was the mormon trail 1935 and the miracle of0 laitsaitsalt lake 1938 the mormon trail was part of the E tu newman see america first series distributed by warnerwa ner brothers included were scenes significant in mormon and western history during the years 18651876186518651861861876 and a number of views of salt 9 lake cityC itynty several other short movies ere made among these were a karchmarch of time documentary on the LDS church welfare 10 program released in the late 1930s1930 and a short black and white film showing LDS J reuben darkclark presenting his credentials as american ambassador to mexico to the president of that republic in 1930

cdavid6daviddavid kent Jacobjacobsjacobsssi appp 5858j 68 7 amark7markmark riericricciricelcajelgeigcij boris zmijewsky and steve zmijewsky4mijewskyp the films of john daynenayneayne new yorkyonkyorks the citadel press year 1 19701 P p 57 see alsoaiso the film dadailydallydaliyly book 1935 p 169 wayne is a deputy sheriff who infiltrates a gang of rodeo thieves and acts to expose them also featured was polly ann youngyoungsyoungo loretta youngs sister wayne 196 although anti mormon screen activity generally ended by the mid twenties this does not mean to say that earlier church practices had summarily received film industry sanction for while polygamy had ceased to be a burning social issueissuedissuep favorable movie use of the plural marriage theme was strictly prohibited for the vast majority of picturepicturemakersmakers behind this ban was the stringent language of the industry wide production code administered by the association of motionpicturemotionmotlon picture 1 AMPP 12 Produceproducersproducerstrst9 incorporated disclaims smoking or drinking in this picture butbucbu c this is the only reference that could construe and LDS background for his character 0 8seeaseesee douglas W churchill metro spends a dollar wisely the new york timestimesq sectionection 99pap p 3 cols 454 5 frank vreeland forforemostacostamost films of 1938 new york pitman publishing company 1939t1939 P 317 and dimmitt appp 187018711870 1871 the Uutahta Ttrailallaliail was produced by edward finney and released through grand national 9 seeee opyrightcopyrightcopyrightC odyopyright catalocataiocatalog&1212191219391912 11939 t appp 545955 560 the Mormormonlinonrinon trail is still used in utah educational circles see the mountain plains educational media councicouncil jointloilol nt film catalog 19691971196919 69 12z1971 cnp3sCnpap the mountain plapiaplainslnsans educational media Councicouncillt 1969 p 33243 324 10david kent jacobs believes this was filmed in either 19381933 or 1939 see david kent jacobs p 66 however and unidentified english newspaper clipping in the authors collection dated may 28 1937 indicates that a march of time newsreel about the supreme mormon pontiffpontiffyt heber J grant and church sponsored publics works projects was shown in britain that month david kent jacobs pd 666766 67 12the code was adopted in march 1930 for additional background see kennethkennethmacgowanjmacgowan behind the 197 the production code was a voluntary system of self regulation drawn up by the major studios in response to the periodic censorship outcries raised against them although independent filmfilrlmakersfilmmakersmakers could choose totidtiptjo110 ignore the code by opting not to seek the adminisadministrationstrationslons seal they were in the small minority and lacked adequate distribution all the leading producers were AMPP memmembersberst and because of fear of the more vocal censorship forces the code strictures dominated the film output of the thirties and forties 13 despite a liberalizing of attitudes following the close of world war I1 most americans continued to believe that polygamy and were mutually contradictory this was certainly true ofot official hollywood according to olga J martin in her authoritative hollywoods movie commandments A handbook for motion picture writers and reviewers g polygamy is considered as multiple adultery under the codecoccicodci and therefore any ststoryodyory dealing with this theme must have sufficient compensating moral values to permit its dramatization on the screen it may not be treated in a favorable or glamorous light and no details of the intimate life of a colony devoted to polygamy may be portrayed on the screen it must be shown as illegal wrong and subversive to the standards of christian societyi4societysociety1414 screen the history and technique of the motion picture company 1 go finewfenewnew york dell publishing Companyl 19055 I1 PapppP 356359356 359 13byby the mid thirties th11n production and exhibition of motion pictures had become a major industry according to iguresfiguresagures appearing in the salt lake telegram on august 79 1934 there were 19311 motion picture theaters in the 198 there was one independently produced commercial screen attempt to capitalize on news items appearing in the mid thirties about an offshoot mormon sect in short creekcreeks arizona which had embraced plural marriage with renewed enthusiasm predictably enough polygamy 1936 took a dim view of thehe practice the developed largely because of a quirk in geography the small town now called city lies north of the grand canyon in an isolated area known as the arizona strip while this harsh dry country is linked to0 o utah culturally it is officially part of arizona for law enforcement purposes because of its remoteness statestabestalp and federal authorities seldom visited the area As laws against polygamy began to be more strictly enforced in utah some disgruntledisgruntlpdisgruntledd cormonsmormons looked to the strip as the ideal location fro which to continue the

I clandesclandestinet inne marital doctrine unitedurluriuziit e d states and 720000007290009000 tickets were sold weekly over 30000 persons were employed on production in hollywood alone while more than 260000 others worked throuthroughouthout the country in theaters and associated businesses the hollywood studios were making about 550 features a year and spent aodroximatelyproximatelyapproximately 1000000001001000000 advertising the industry taxes paid out equalledequalled the advertising budget the source article for these statistics was located in the journal history august 7pap7 19341931 P 5 14 1 olga J martin hollholihollywoods1 wo oklldokll s movie commandments A handbook for motion picture writers and reviewers new torkyorkyorks H W wilson company 1937 p 174 ieslesMsIWs 0 lylartinmartin was the former secretary to joseph I1 breenbreens the director of 199 the LDS church began exlommunicatingexcommunicating members of the fundementalistfundamentalist sect in 1933 by 1934 a number of the leaders of the movement visited short creekgreek and made plans to move there in order to escape threatened legal action after the utah legislature amended existing state law in 1935 to make unlawful cohabitation a felony instead of a misdemeanormisdemeanors the move was effected soon a thriving polygamist colony was evident 15 missionaries were sent out to recruit other plural wives many of these proved to be teenage brides thorothorouglythoroughlyugly convinceconvincedconvincedofdofof the purity of their vows and the righteousness of their actions decisions in short creek were made by a council of high priest apostles who quoted brigham youngs sermons on polygamy over and over including frequent use of the observationobservations A plural bifwifwifewiree must overcome weakness 16 although these and other modern day polygamist offoffshootsoffshoots ffromrom the LDS church are commonly called cormonsmormons because of their belief in the book of mormon and the divine missions of joseph smith and brigham youngyoungsyoungg it should be noted that the utah church even today disowns them as apostates and fully ellowshipsfellowshipsfellowshipsdisdisfellowshipsdisy ellowships excommunicateexcommunicatess them when their unauthorized plural marriages are discovered 17

I1 of the production code adminisadministrationI1 zatlationatationatat the time her book was written 200 after the polygamists settled in short creek they began to attract public and ecclesiastical notice Ironicironicallyallyl the mormon leadership vehemently denounced them in terms reminiscent of those used by opponents of the church in the late 1880s at that time the then apostle heber J grant spoke of the membershipmemberships virtue for sacrifice because of their refusal to forego their honest convictions by deferring to the militant federal majority As nels anderson obserobservesvessi what he called a virtuevir ue for sacrifice in 1885 was less than a virvirtue6ue in 1935 when as president of the church grant raised his voice with the gentiles in condemning the clandestine polygamy of a few isolated saints in the dixie region church authorities said they were moved by lustful urges they were condemned by bishopsb shopsq stake presidents and apostles in the same language that gentiles used against bishopbishopssp stake presidents and apostles in 18851885t when bishop john5residentstsharp was removed from ecclesiastical office because he had decided to obey the antipolygamy lawlawilaws 0b

15seesee john marshall day A study in protest to adaptation unpublished masters thesis university of utah 196319639l9639 appp 495149 51 arthur F bruhnbruhns southern utahs land of color salt lake city bryce carlyoncanyon natural history association and zion natural history association 1962v1962 appp 515251 52 james carygary the untold story of short reekcreekneek american medmermercury LXXVIII may 1954t1954 119123119 123 and multiple wivessivesswivess arizona prisoner defends his conduct on religious Groundgroundsgroundstst the literary digestdigestij cxx1iCXXIIP 5 august 1 1936 9109 10 theliteracolony never numbered more than 400 even at its heightheights see day p 51 16wallace turnerturners the mormon establishment houghton mifflin company 1966 appp 209 210 17thereq17there however is a reluctance to publicize the fundementalistsfundamentalists as they are called see turner dp 214215214 215 201 not surprisingly it was the most bizarrbizarree aspects of the short creek polygamists that drew the interest of moviemakersmoviemakers advertising for Polvgamypolygamy in its re release used catch lines like OLD WIVES TRADED FOR NEW unbelievable fantasticoFANTASTIC BUT TRUE A revelation for america a strange social problem rears its head again EXPOSED TMTHE DARING TRUTH IN THIS STRANGE CULT A

1 FATHER IS FORCED TO SACRIFICE HIS DAUGETERDAUGHTER I A DRAMATIC thunderbolt sensational BOLD startlingmSTARTLING and A story that will grip the whole nation husbands of 5050p brides of 15 startling facts that outstrip ficfiction1Fictionfictionstion 191 perhaps because of its strong denunciation of plural marriage the film receivedrece lvedivedalved a code seal of n approval number 2732 20 according to david PF friedman 21 palygapolygapolygamy was made in 1936 by J D kendis this roughly corresponds with library of congress copyright registration data 22

ft 18i anderson p 417 although several raids have ienbeenInen en conducted on the polygamistpolygamistspolygamistspsp the community still exists and they continue an active though covert missionary campaign 19these are taken from the four page press book issued at the time of the films re release under the title illegalmalmai wives in 1951945 this and zherotheroochercher promotional material for the movie including still photographs were provided the author by david friedman friedman is also president of the adult film association of america a trade group comprised of producers 9 distributerdistridistributersdistributorsdistributerslbuterssl and exhibitors of adult andanc sex related motion pictures see jerry beigel adult film makers plan counterattack the los angeleangeles timestimisttimest july 18 1973 part IV p ioslos10910 cols 252 5 202 material on the picture is rare no record of it exists at the academy of motion picture arts and sciences library nor in the various trade annuals for 193619371936 1937 or 194519461945 1946 although the american film institute has beenbeen interested in the film they have no materialmlatmiat erial documenting the production 23 trade reviews are notably lacking the general outline of the story can however be gathered from the promotional material provided by david friedman one photograph provides a definite tie in to the short creek community Tthis1 ads1ds shows the crowd at the RKO downtown theater in detdetroit011014o i waiting to view polypolygamysamzdamygamy the advertising is clearlyelearly visible and states that the ffilmflimlim is a revelation OF A steSTRSTRANGENGE SOCIAL PROBLEM THAT 24 NOW EXISTS IN SHORT CREEK ARIZONA another publicity still is an actual news photo of two short creek polygamists on their way to prison according to friedman this happened sometime in the 1930s1930sp and mr louis sonney used this in the exploitation of illegal wives 25

20 illegal wives press bookrbookbooekr p 1

21personal correspondence between david F friedman and the writer may 8 1973 friedmans company controls the present rights to polygamyzillpolygamyillegalPolygamyZIllIllegal1 wiveswivernwivesn but in this letter he indicated that they no longer have prints of this picture and I1 am not certain as to the condition of the negative friedman also stated that kendis has been dead for many years 22copyrightcopyright catalacatalog 91219121 9121939193919291939i p1pap 62672 according to this source polygamy was a nine reel sound feature registered by unusual pictures on november 1515v 1936 basis for the limffilm was the novel I1 am a polygamist by peter aliaailasaliasaiiasaila 203 from the available stills and publicity brochures now available it is clear that the picture was an early sound sex ploitation potboiler friedman relates that as far as he can recall polygamyillegalpolygamyzillegq1Polygamy Illegal wives is the only american made adult film dealing with the question OA of mormon polygamy the polygamists are pictured as hillbilly types lazily resting about while their plural wives do all the back breaking work director patrick carlyle apparently concentrated on the plight of one young beautiful child bride torn between her religious duty and her desire for a non polygamist lover 27 readers will note that this theme is not too far removed fromipryroncpr om the earlier anti mormon films 01of the silent period the cast itself was mostly nonstellarnon stellar featured were charles Maurmaunnauricemauricemauricesicetices ruth also listed as ann marien bruce wyndham robert stevenson ted Edwardedwardsedwardspsp emilie Straubstraubeeg frank pharr simms and Q helen pennington 28

23personal23personal correspondence between pamela wintlewintie archives assistantlibrarianassistantalbrarianAssistant Librarian at the american film instituteinstitutedinstitutep and the writerwriters may 2 1973

jh 24other advertising visible in the photograph parallels that used in the flinsfilmsflims re release as illegal wives

25personal25personal correspondence between david F friedman and the writer may 8 1973

26personal correspondence between david F friedman and the writer july 19919 1973 204 patrons were dared to read the actual code of the polygamists according to the promotional material they advocated 1 many wives for every husband 2 many children 3 brides must be virgins 4 all males must wear underwear 5 brides are prepared by concubines 6 no divorces 7 no 8 29 marriages at minniomidniomidnightC ht only although copyrighted in 1936 the film appears to have received only limited bookings it is known to have been screened under its original title polegpolygpolygamy in detroit because of the photograph provided by friedman nearly ten years later it was elsreissuedeissued under the illegal wiveswi-e es name by continental Picturepicturespsp incorporated of hollywood this was in conjunction with another sex ploitation picpie junjuniejuniajunglajunglele viryirvirginin whose advertising was a lurid as the title would suggest the promotional material for this double bill indicates they were receiving their firfirafirsfirstst pacific coast showing 30 it is not clear whether this means

27although the actress playing the child bride presumably ruth or ann marienmarten looks old enough in her photos to know what she was doing 28OQ illeillegal1 wives press book appp 1 4 205 ilillegalledallegal wives or juneljungijunglee virvirgin singly or as a combined program were going into a first west coast release today largely forgotten polygamyillepolygamyillegalPolygamyllielileIlleIllegalga 1 wives remains a neglected cinematic curiosity it principals as well as the film itself are obscure in hollywood annals the lack of traderefedefe referenceleneeLence during its initial exhibition and subsequent re release would teritarltani to indicate that despite its productiproductsProductproductionion codef- ode approval polygamypoly did not make a major screen impact 1 later research hopefully may turn up more on its oriorloriginsgLis production nd influence

29this is taken from one of the photographs donated by friedman it probably is a relatively accurate reflection of the fundementalistfundamentalist polygamist beliefs for a detailed study seq john marshall days thesis cited earlier the referreferencence to male underwear presumably is an allusion to the use of special temple garments see jerald and sandra tannartann r appp 45961459461459 46161 on 30thisthis consists of a two page advertising brochure for illegal wives and junrjunglee vivirgin which contained copies of ads appearing inhi california newspapers in 1951945 included were ecerptsexcerptscerpes from the movie sectionssectseationslons of the glendale news presetpress september 21021 1951945 the long beach Ppressress telegramandtelegram and sunsunssunn august 3tat3 1945 and the aaisanazi pedro news pilot august 20t20 1945 undated advertadvertisementsadventiisementssements were also reproduced for the colony theater at 6523 hollywood blvd in los angelesangelest which stated that the bill was in its ath5th smash week there exhibitors were told to writewr A te or wire continental roadshowsRoadshows in care of continental pictures incorporated 6362 hollywood blvd hollywood california for information on their complete exploitation campaign and special lobby gratis with every cocontinental1linental road show unit 3although31although the later illegal wives jungle vivirgin brochure alleged that this double bill is NOW smashingsmas all box office records and will smash yours histhisL claciaclaim 206 this essentially marks the end of the anti mormon screen eras brief sound phase while during the thirties several other commercial motion picture proposals were put forward in attempts to cash in on the pioneer sacrifices of more orthodox mormonism these attempts came to nothing nevertheless general interest in filming the LDS saga seems to have retained a continuing fascination for the hollywood studio chieftainschieftainsbains 32J eventually this would culminate in the making of the best known picture of mormon life frighambrigham3righamam young frontiersman 33 its premiere in 1940 brought a whole new image of latter day saint society to the and laid to rest the cinematic horrors of the silent years remains somewhat suspect hollywood is not noted for the restraint of its advertising claj3ciacla L s 32see may mannomann events in mormon pioneering of salt lake will be chronicled in hollywood production the deseret news december 26 1936 weekly magazine section pr 3 this was to be a pro LDS romantic melodrama about the days ol01of the starring tom keene mann also notes that in the three year period 193319361933 1936 a number of studios including metro goldwyn mayer paramount and universal toyed vithwith the idea of a major motion picture about the mormon pioneers none of these ever reached completion including the keene vehicle

33seesee for example weston N nordg-nordgrenren brigham youngsoungpyoungp the improvement era salt lake city XLIII 9 september 1940 532533532 533 and the special brigham yoyoung world premiere section in the salt lake tribune august 23 1940 appp 2738273327 3833 for typical utah response for further background on the film and dean jaggers later conversion to mormonism see james darc dean jagger prophet I1 to convert therhephe daily universe brigham young university provo utah november 19 197319739 appp 787802807 808 cols 353 at5t5 chapter 9

conclusions

approximately forty motion pictures bearing on mormonism were made in the thirty year period 190519361905 1936 in reviewing the genre one detects certain trends first the strong relationship especially in the prepare 1923 anti LDS film to the sister arts of literature and the stage the carry over of traditional victorian melodrama to the nascent cinema is well establishestablishededledp andtandsand as this hesisthesiscesis documentdocumentssy found expression in the anti mormon screen thriller second despite a vast array of top- flflightA aht and second rank talent evident in many of the pictures discussed most of these cineastescineastes admittedly were not in their best or most memorable form the movies themselves were largely imitative and to a degree this fact helps explain their relative obscurity in the history of the cinema non innovative and often heavy- handed in their propagandpropagandaag they have lacked the more enduring terestinterestJn of the more purelypulelyrelywely entertainment pics it appears that the cormonsmormons were slower to develop a positive screen image than most other churches and religious groups despite LDS claims of being the only true church in the period under discussion it was still

20720 208 too small numerically to bring about the social and political acceptance that the catholics protestantsprotestants and even jews were to effect 2 A number of other factors further acted to inhibit the growth of LDS influence among these were the saints relative isolation from the major literary and movie centerscenterstcentersterss the strangely prophetical nature of the relirellreilreligionreligionireligionsgioni and a continued doctrinal emphasis on the principles of plural marriage long after its abandonment as a practice polygamy crystalizedcrystallized positionoppositionoD to the church and seems to have held a strongfascinationstrong fascination for silent moviegoersmoviemovlemoviegoers&doersgoers 3 certainly the majorityTajority of films made about the saints during this period focused in on this one aspect of pioneer mormon society As we have seen these often0 L ten gave viewers little more than a repetitiously one sided and distorted expose of the churchs missionary effortsefflortsborts7orts

see appendix E fforor a table of known motion pictures extending through 1938 containing proposed and realized mormon screen characterizations ain2in 1900 the church had an estimated 264000 members worldwide by 19103819000iglo1910 3819000 19205081920 508000508 tooooooo 1930 631000 19407590001940 759000759 000900gooOOO and today embraces approximately 3500000 people on its rolls As the church grew so did its influence figures based on those appearing in allenalienailenklien and cowan p 51-51e 3the reason for this cannot be stated with certainty however as one scholar puts itsitz there is in every literature an undercurrent of wicked 209 the cumulative effects of the anti mormon photoplaysphotoplays were mixed while in some people they apparently spurred the adoption of an anti LDS viewpoint or strenghenedstrengthened an already existing prejudiceprejudicci in others they worked the opposite and caused many to investigate and eventually join the church although the films today are little more than historical and sociological curiosities in their day they were representative of the linking of0 F mericalcommericalcom interests and a well organized international anti mormon movementmovements attempt to influence public opinion against the utah church to some extent these exertions were successful with its secular power outside utah weaker than its rivalsrivaisrivalsirivalsp the church was not able to build and maintain the political and cultural leverelever- ge necessary to deeply im-impresspress american and european society until the 19308 latter day saint scholars generally recognize these years as the transitional period for popular 4 acceptance of the Morcormonsmormonsmons according to church writings those whose appeal is to the antimoralanti moral and socialasociala of the public taste nineteenth century americans victorian descendants of puritan foreforebearshearsbears as they were found in anti mormon literature what the present generation finds in pornographpornographypornographyiyi a way of experiencing sex and sin without participating in the wickedness they could enjoy the evil while still feeling quite smug and superior with frequent descriptions of flaggelationsflaggelations and decenciesinindecencies anti mormon novels were an interesting combination of self righteous piety and titillatingAtillating suggestiveness arrington mormonism viewsfromviews from without and within appp lal414148147147148148 interestingly enough a recently produced and self styled pornographic film from denmark called bordelletBordellet 210 historianruisir1isi iorianforlanaorian leonard J Arrarringtoninton

own A by not producinproducingC their imaginativeimalmaC inativeinactive literature image the latter day saints lost the battle duringC the period of their westernves terziterjiterry pioneeringen in fact it was not until the 1930s that the literary laageimarreimareeimage began to change substantially the lormonmormonlv scholars in eastern schooschoolsisilsi the tabernacle choir broadcastsbroadcastbroadcastsysy and inincreasedreasedceased tourism halhelhathelped people know us better publicity surrounding the church welfare kianplanpian1 during the great depression helped change thehe laageinageimage of present day saintssaintsp and thethathe uncovering and E publishingnubDublishingc 0of pioneer diaries and histories by andrew jenson juanita brooksy preston nibley dale brooks4 morzanmoczanmorganTJ 0rgan and nels anderson oldoidtoldI1 theL impressive storlastoriastoriesas of0 the once maligned early day saints aboiaabove ailsalipallailali it seems to me our image changed as a result of our productionproductproduclproducallollojioln of a signifsignificantsigniaicarticant body 052032of hhigh quality inalnaimaimaginative1 natnativelveive literature by a number of ceoniepeople reared in our own cultureculture5cuilure5cultures 5 arongamongmong the attitude chan-changinging books mentioned by arrineonarelardiArriarringarcingardingneonfconacon in his essay is children of oodclodgod by vardis fisher it was the critical receptionreceprecap lonlan of this novel following its publication in 1939 which prompted theche

I1 1 youyoung filmlngfilming 0of twentiethtwant le h centurvcentury 1fobsioxsfoxs brihambrigham 6 frontiersman the following year thelnerneune new mormon screen inageimaget emagemmage had arrived

the bordello 1972 utilized a mormon piestp2ppa iestlest in some 0of the sex scenes 4 alienailenallen47ienaen1en aadand cowen state 0onn psp 66 of their book on mornionismmormonisramortMormonMornionismisra in the twentieth cencancentury that it was not until these years that it ctrct3cth3 mormon image crossed the line from a predominantly negative to a more positive character 5arrinbarrinarringtonton Mormonimormonismmormonismssms views from without and within p 150

6jarnnesjames V darcdarcy brigham young9youngyounga epic filmy the daily universeun verse brigham young universiuniverseuniversitygysgyp provo utah 211 it is unlikelyisunlikely we will ever experience a repetition of the anti LDS screen crusade such as existed in the first quarter of this century but while the emphasis has changed since trampetra2petrappedd by the mormoncormonsmormons was released in 192219229 interest in mormon pioneer life has never dimmed television like the cinema has found the mormon experience including polygamy one of continuing fascination and iai4is1 s likely that as long as there are filmfilmgoersgoers there will be cormonsmormons on the screen october 9tat9 1972 monday magazine sectionsectionsSectiong p 6 originally the title was just brahambrigham youngbyoungsyoungg but apparently frontiersmfrontiersman was added later to indicate that the film was less about the religious office of the mormon leaderaalthoughleader although that was an integral parpartpant1cac of the story than his pioneer role bibliography

212 bibliography

A BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS lilenalien james bpB and richard 0 cowan mormonism in the twentieth centcentury and2nd ed provo brigham young university press 1969 allvine glendon the greatest fox of them allalialiaallaaila new york lyielyle stuart inctcinctinc 19691909

1 anderson nels desert saintssain V s the mormon frontier in utahstahautaha and2nd impression chicago the university of chicago press 1966 angertangartanger kenneth hollywood jaylonbabylonBa phoenix arlarizonisarizonatarizonasAriadizAriz onatonaszonas associated professional services inc 1965

A mae murray ardmorerdmadm ore 9 jane the selfseif enchanted image of an era new yorkyorks mcgraw hill book companycompanyg inc 1959 beal marrillmerrill dee ed biographical sketches of the children of george washingwashingtonon beanjlbean elizabeth Bbaunebaumibaume emilyemliy haws and meamaamarmer lane oaidvaldvaidwaidwald npap s the george washingtonVasyas hington bean family association 1961967 bean orestes U coriantonCorianton an aztec romance salt lake city nnpnngnp nd bergsten bebe the great dane los gelessangelesangelessangeleseAn locarebocare research 1973 bettsbelts ernest the film business A Histohistoryjy of the Bbritishr 1lishkishvish cinema 189619721896 19721922 london george alienallenailen & unwin ltd 1973 boadbogd3ogdanovitchbogdanovitchanevilanovillchach peter allan anThedwanthedyantheDw last pioneer new york Praegpraegererlers 1971 the book of mormon trans joseph smithsmithtsmiths jr salt lake citescitycitys the church of jesus christ of latter day saints 1968 brooks Juardjuanijuannjuanilajuaniiejuaretajuardtataza the mountain meadows massacre rev ed norman university of oklahoma press 1970 Brownlobrownlowwt kevin the paradesparaded gone by new york alfred A knopf 1968 213 214 bruhn arthur F southern utahs land of color salt lake city bryce canyon natural history association and zion natural history association 1962 bukalski peter J compiler film research A critical bibliography with annotations and Esessaysazsay bostonbostons G K hall & company 1972 butler ivan cinema in Britbritainbritainsbritainaainiains an illustrated sarvsurvsurvey new york A S barnes and company 1973 religionreii rionglongion in the cinema new york A S barnes and company 1969 annonscannonannonaannont frank J and george L knapp Bribrighamahanahamghan young and his mormon emempire new york flemfiemfleminginding H revell co 1913 catalog of copyright entriesE cumulative seriesserlesserless s motion picturesPicpicturesttureSt 1912191219391222193912 22 washingtonwasllwasilWasli ington copyright office the library of congressicongress 1951 chase william sheafe catechism on motion pictures in interstateinter state commerce ard3rd ed albany new yorks the new york civic league 1922 the cinema in denmark copenhagensCopenhagens the danish film foundation 1970 conant michael antitrust in the motion picture industry economic and leialleiailepai analysis Berkeberkeleyleys university of california presslallai1960 cosgrave luke theater tonight hollywoodHollyhollywoodswoods house carvenwarven 1952 darter michael the four rejected revelations celestial marrimarriage ord ed salt lake cibyolby npap 1948

MillecamilledamilledeDa cecil B the autobiographAutoautobiographybiographv olof01o L cecil B demille ed donald hayne new york prenticehalloprentice hailohallohallhalihail 1959 commencement address provos brigham young universityspeechesuniversity speeches of the year extension division 1957 dimmitt richard A guide to the talliestalkiesTalkies vol II11 new york scarecrowtitlepress 1965 the doctrine and covenants salt lake citescitycitys the church of jesus christ of latter day saints 1968 215 dodletdoyledoyiedoylet sir arthur conan the completecom lete sherlock holmes garden city new york garden city books nd engberg marguerite dansk filmlitteratur Copencopenhagenhagent detdel dalskedanske flimFilmfilmmuseumfilmmuseumpmuseum 1964 evanstevansevansa john henry one hundred years of Mormonimormonismgm A historyofhistory of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints from 1805 tto 12051905 salt lake city the deseret news press 1905 evans richard L A centurycen u of mormonism in great britain salt lake city the deseret news press 1937 Evereversoneversonssontsons william K the detective in film secaucusSe caucus new jersey the citadel 1pressIreispressp 1972 A lipelgeigpictorialorial history of the western film new york the citadel press 19691909 faullfaulifaullsfaullp george L compiler inside Mmormonismmonismormonismormormonism joplinjopliui missouri college pressipress 1969 the film daily year book of motion pic-picturestures 121.21927 new york the film daily 1921927 the film daily year book of ytotionpicturesxmotion pictures i I133519351 new york the film daily 1935 formanformans henry janesjamesjamessjamesp and walter woods the pony exexpresspress A romance new yorks grosset and dunlap 1925 Fran joe of the screen A pictorial franklinfrankilnfrankiinklint classics silentpressapressp treastreasury new yorkyorksyonks the citadel press 9 1959 gifford denis the british film catalocataloguee 18951970189519115 1970 A guideguldeU ade4de to entertainmententeraenterualnainailmentainmentnentment films newton abboabbot p devon englandEnialandglandgiand david and charles holdings ltdtltdludt 1973

winlywiniyW 1 mormonmon orahamodaharagraham 1 winifredniyredded the love story of a mornon london Mmills4ilslis11s and boon ltd 1911 the cormonsmormons A popularlar history from earliest times to the present day london hurst and blackett ltdjltd 1913 greygneygreys zane the heritage of the desert new yorksyonks harper and brothersBrotherst 1910 the rainbow trail new yorkyorks harper and Brotbrothersherst 1915 214216 riders of the pupurplepurniepunniee sage new york harper and brothers t 1912 gruber frank zane grexagrey A biography roslyn new yoyorkkt walter J blackblacky incpincinca 1969 hampton benjamin B history ofof the american film induindustry from its berintiberinnibeginnings to 1931 new york dover Publicationpublicationssp inc 190igo1970 hartman dennis motion picture law diredigestdige incleincluincluding all court decisions from 1900 to june 194 los angelesc3ca published by the authorauthors 194947 hendricks gordon the edison motion picture myth berkeleyberkeleysBerkebenkeleys universityuniversityof of california press 9 1961 hermanhermans hal C ed how I1 broke into the movies sirsigsignedned autobiographies by sixtyS i atyxty famous screen stars hollywood published by thetiiee authorauthors 1930 hill edwin C the iron horse new yorkyorks grosset and dunlapdunlapp 1924 hough emerson the covered wawagonn new york grosset and dunlap 1922 illegal wivesjungleWives Jungle virvirgin advertising brochure hollywood continental PictureicturesincjpicturesincP sinesInc 1951945 illegal wives press book hollywood continental pictures inc 1951945 ingberingbert nahfNahrnahmannan motion Picturepicturessp encyclopaedia dalcabalcajujudaica new york macmillan Compacompanynyp 19711971p vol XII thehe international jew vol II11Is jewish activities in the united states dearborn michiganmichigans dearborn publishingpubl lshingashing company 1921 jacobjacobssi lewis the rise of the americankmericankmer ican filmafilmflim A critical HhistoryJstolytoKy new yorks teachers college press 1968 jehovajehovahjehovahshs witnesses in the divine purpose brooklynBrooklyng new york watchtower bible and tract society of new yorkayorkgyork inotincinoinos 1959 jensenajensenpjens en bernhardt da aarhus var hollywood et capitelkapitelka itelitei af stumfilmens Historiestorlehistoric farhussaarhuss universitets forlagetforforlagetforlagerlaget 1 19691960 217 jobes gertrude motion picture empire hamden Connecticuconnecticuticonnect icutacuttis archon books 1966 Jjonesones C sheridansheridane the truth about the cormonsmormons secrets of salt lake Ccity londonlondonslondona william rider and sons ltd9ltd 1920 lahue karlton C ladies in distress new yorkyonkyorks A S barnes and Compacompanycompanypnysnyp inc 1971 the sageaagesagebrushbrush heroes of the silentsilentscreenscreen new york A S barnes and Compacompanynysnyp inc 1970 lamparski riehardrichardrichardsricharde whatever became of p vol lilliiIII111 new yorks ace books 1971 leetleeslee john doyle mormonism unveiled st lauistlouist bryanbryantbryans brand and companygC kompanyompany 187718 77 lewis howard T the motion picture indestindustindustry new yorkyorks D van Nostrannostranddp 1933 lindsay john S the cormonsmormons and the theatheatre saltsaitSalt laklakee cityolty century printing 1905 lowslow rachael the historbistorhistory off the british film 191419181914 1918 london george alienallenailen sc unwin ltd9ltd 1950 the hiathlathistoryorv of the aritibritibritishsh film g 19191191919291919 12223221929 londonslondona george alienallenailen & unwin ltd9ltd 1971 macgowan kenneth behind the screen the history and technigutechniqueses of the motion picture new yorkiyorksyonki dell publishing company 1965 Manchemanchellq frank film studstudy A research guide rutherford new jerseys farleigh dickinson university press 1971973 marquismarquist albert N ed the bookbookofchicagoansof chicapchicag bansoans Chichicagocagosi A N marquis & company 1917 martinmartins olga J hollywoods movie commandments A handbook for motion picture writers and reviewers new yorks H W wilson company 1937 mcconkiemcconklemcconkietMcConkletkietkleg bruce R mormon doctrine and2nd ed salt lake cityicitys bookcraft 1966 millermillert joaquin the canitesdanitespantiespanitesDa and other Selectionselectionsst ed A V D honeymanHoneymaH nitesnew york 1878 mormonbyens blomst aarhustaarhusx AS fotoramaFotFotofotoramagoramaramasramag igli19111911 218 Mormmormonessmormonensonens offer aarhus AS fotoramaFotorama 1911 mormonism new york derdedderbyby and Jackjacksonjaekjacksonssontsons 1859 the most hoholyly princprineprinciple e 3 vols murray utahutahs gems publishing company 1970 the motion picture studio directory and trade annual ath6th ed new york motion picture news incpincinca 1920 the motion picture studio directory and trade annual ath7thth ed new yorkyorksyocks motion picture neastnewstnews incinelneincy 1921 the mountain plains educational nedlanediamediaviediaoviedia council joint film catalocataiocatalog 1969197112691971019691269 1971 npap the mountain plain educational media councilsCouncily 1969 muir leo J A century of mormon activities in california 2 vols salt lake city the deseret news press 1952 munden kenneth W ed the american film institute catalog feature films 19211192119301921 19301 0 2 vols new yorkyorks R R bowker company 1971 national film archive cataloxxueCatalcataloguercataloguesogues part hi silent fiction films 189519301895 1930 london the british film institute 19651966 neergaard ebbe storienhistorienhistorianHi om dansk film copenhagensCopencopenhahagensxen GyldengyigyldendalGylgyldendalodendaldaisdalo i9601960 the story of danish filmflimfilms trans else orossgressgross copenhagencopenhagensCopenhagens detdel dalskedanske SelskaseisselskabSelsselskabjkabbj 1963 riversnivers kemp R in the beginningbeginning programProrani notes to abcoxaccoxaccompanydanybanyoany one hundred early motion pictures fyountmyountmount vernongvernon new york brandon books 1967 motion pictures fronfrom the Liblibraryrarrynarry of congress paderpaperpaner print collection 18241912918241894 19129 ed bebe bergsten berkeley university of californiaCalx ornia press 1967 oakley C A where we came inseventyin seventy years of the british film indusindustry london george alienallenailen & unwin ltd 1964 one hundred years 1201120183019301830 11930 centennial celebration of the organization oflioiiioilothe church of jesus christ of latterlatten day saints beginning aprilapril 6 190igo1930 salt lake city the church of jesus christ of latter day saints 1930 pearson george flashback the autobiography ofgf a british film maker london george alienallenailen & unwin ltdpltdylady 1957 219 peterson martin S joaauinjoaguin miller literary frontiersman stanford stanford university pressfpresspressa 1937 R L polk & cosgosoos salt lake city directory 1912 vol XXI salt lake city R L polk & company 1912 the power of the Mormormonemons cleveland the fidelity picture plays syndicatesyndicates c1919 pratt george C spellbound in darkness A history of the silent film greenwich connecticut new york graphic society ltd r 1973 ramsaye terry A million and one nights A historbistorhistoryHistorv of the motion picture new york simon and schuster inc 19251926 rehrauerRehrauert george cinema booklistBoo klist tuchenmetuchenmetuchentMe new jersey the scarecrow press 1972 ricci mark boris zmijewsky and steve zmijewsky the films of john wayne new yorkyonkyorks the citadel pressapressppress 1970 roberts brigham henry A comprehensiveco rehensiveprehensive history of the church of jesus christ of latlallatterlattente day ailtsaintssaints 6 vols salt lake city the deseret news press 1930 robinson adonis findlay ed history of kane cocounty npap kane county daughters of utah pioneers 1970 robinsonRobinsont david hollywood in the hentiesgentlesgenventiesventies new yorkyonkyorksyonks 3 A S barnes and company 9 1 roper william L s and leonard J arrington william Ls governorgovernor sprysorysony man of firmness 9 overnor of utah salt lake city university of utah press 1971 sadoulcadoulsadoult georges french film london the falcon press 119539 3- saliasallasailaS a11a peter1133 e-ter I1 am a polzpolypolygamistgainist Schmidschmidtschmidtstp jrgenJargenrgenagen W oh du zion i vest denddn dalskedanske mormon emigration 181801801900019000 1900 kbenhavnkjbenhavn rosenkilde og bagger 1965 Sinclasinclairirvirp upton upton sinclairsin lairiain presents william fox los gelessangelesangelessangeleseAn published by the authorauthors 1931933 slide anthony early americanamerleanameri can cinemaC inenanema new york A S barnesbarneebarries and Compacompanycompanypnyp 1970 220 smithsmithp josephjosephsjosephe histhiethistoryorzoryony of the church of jesus christ of latter day saintspsaints ed B H roberts 7 vols and2nd ed revirevlrevisedsede salt lake cityolty 195919601959 1960 smith joseph fielding blood atonedatonementatonem nt and the oriorlorigin of plural Marriamarriagemarriagesgesgep salt lake citescitytcitys the deseret news press 1905 essentials in church hishistory 24th enlarged ed salt lake city deseret book company 1971 sutton wain ed utah Ajaj4 centennialceni annial hishistory vol II11 new york lewis historical publishing company 1949

1 table of cases second decenniadecennialI direstdigest 190619161906 1916 st paul west publishing company 1923 table of cases third decennial didigestzestgest 19161926112161921916l1216 1921926 st paul west publishing company 1929 table of casesfourthcases fourth DecenniadecennialI digest 19261192619361926 19361 st paulpauls west publishing companytcompany 1938 tannertannery jeraldjeralds and sandra tanner mormonism Shadowshadow or Realrealityrealitylityl enlarged ed salt lake citescitycitys modern microfimicronimicrofilmlm company 1972

1I tourL our the different world of utahs color countrycoun salt lake city ucahtravelutah travel councicouncilit c1972 turner wallace the mormon establishmentestablishments bostonbostons houghton mifflin company 1966 US congress senate committee on privileges and elections Proceproceediproceedsproceedingsediedl before the committee on privileges and elections of the US senate in the mattermattl er of the protests against the rilihtrihtht on reed 0 o snootsmootSMOO L a senator from the si-statelate of utautah hold his 11 ip congecongo senates no 486 1 sess document seatsearseerI 35th ist senate january 16 1904 april 1313v 1906 4 vols washington government printing officeoffices 190419061904 1906 vreeland frank foremost films of 1938 new yorks pitman publishing company 1939 whitneyWhitneyp horace the drama in utah salt lake cicitescitysL y the deseret news press 1915 who was who in america 18228221242189719421897 12421942 chicagochicagosChicagos A N marquis Compacompanynyp 19431 221 aidswids yearbook 19211922192119001921 19001922 new york wids films and film folks inc 1921 wilk max the wit and wisdom of0 af4f hollhollywoodgwooywoo d new york atheneumAtheathenaeumatheneumgneum 1971

B newspapers advertisement allaliailailall faces westtwest the salt lake tribune march 2 19291 P 18 advertisement buy pioneer film stock the deseret news salt lake cityqcity december 22 1928 church and community Secseesectiontiong p villYIIIVIII advertisement buy stock in utahs new industry THE PIONEER FILM corporation the deseret news salt lake city marchmanch 6 1929 p 11 advertisementAdvert sement dear folks the deseret news salt lake city december 14 1929 sectsectionsection1onionlonaon 191 p 7 advertisement A frank statement by byron park the deseret news salt lake cityrcitercityolty december 21y21 1929 zmussmencsuseusausementsments section P VI advertisement jungle virginillegalvirginillagalVirgin Illegal wives the glendale california news presslpressi sepisepseptembertemberl 21921 1945

1 advertisement junglebungiebungle virginl11virgin1illegal1 legailegal wiveswives1 the lonbonlonalong beach california press telegram and sun august 33pap 1951945

11 advertisement jungle virginvirgin11 illegal wives p the san pedro california news pilotpilotipaloti august 20 1945 adveradvertisementisamentisamentisamenasement napoleonna oleon hill coming the deseret news saitsaltsaltsaitsait lake city november 2 1929 section 3pap3 p IV advertisadvertisementement one hundred years of mormonismMormonismy thehe deseret evening news salt lake citycityi february 1 1913 section 2p2ap p V citti advertisement one hundred years of mormonism the deseret evening news salt lake city july 8tat8 19131913p ppe 4 advertisement wanted one bilionbillion people the deseret news salt lake city august 29 1925 section 4 p 8 222232 amusements Colocolonialniallnials the deseret evening news salt lake city july 2 1913 P 3 amusements colonial the deseret evening news salt lake citytcity july 3 19131913t P 12 amusements colonial the deseret evening news salt lake citvvcityolty july 4IPP 19131913t P 3 amusements colonial the deseret evening news salt lake city july 5 191319139 section 2 Dp IV amusements colonial the deseret evening news salt lake city july 898 191319139 P 4 antantiantl i mormon1mormonmormone drive in maine keeps elders unusually in demanddemandtdemands the deseret news salt lake citytcityolty july 16 1921 section 33pap P vilVII bars sale of stock in talkie venture the new york tinestimes9times may 18 1930 section 2tat2 appp 121 2 beigel jerry adult film makers plan counterattack the los angeles times july 18 1973 part IV p 10 book of mormon to be seen in films the salt lake tribunetribunes december 21 1913 p 15 brigham young special section the salt lake tribune august 23 190igo1940 appp 273827 38 new brooklyn york ealebaiebaleeadleeadie 9 september 17 1918 busby marquis she doesnt want to star the los angeles times june 3 1928 appp 11 lo1610 business men see libel in utah filatfilmtfilmflim the salt lake tribunetribunct january 11 1912 p 16 to censorship111 1 of film against utah sought the deseret news saitzaitcaltsaltzalt lake city july 55pap 1921 section 2 p 1 century of MormonimormonismemismI t the deseret evening news salt lake city9cityolty february 393 1913 P 2 Churchilchurchilllt douglas W netrometro spends a dollar wisely the new york times section 99.9yay P 3 club president wires protest against film said to defame utah the deseret news salt lake citypcity july 2 1921 section 292 p 8 committee to perpetuate 1847 pioneer history by means of moving pictures the deseret news salt lake city 223 june 30t30 1923 section af2f2 p 1 company demands payment to quit the salt lake tribune january 13913 1912 p 9 coriantonCorianton as screen feature recalls past the deseret news salt lake city november 991 1929 section 3 ppe II11hishinnin coriantonCorianton producers go west on business the deseret news salt lake city december 14 1929 section 13 p II11 I dangerfdangersdangerfieldieldsieldp jim thesis studies cormonsmormons in movies TV wam provo the daily iverseInuniverse Brighbrigham young universiluniversiauniversityUniversilvensiltly utah march 191 19731973p P 9

V Itt ittbrigham young darc james brigham C the daily provo U universe brigham young university provot utah P 1972p mam 6 october 9tat9 1972 monday magazineMaaC azine section appp 677

dean jagoerjaggerCD prophet to convert the daily universe brigham young university provo utah november 1919p 19731973t appp 787 8 dommer cindy author discussesdiecDisclusses controversial book the daildalidailydallydailyv universe brigham young univeuniversityrsityp provo utahmarchutah march 4 1974 p 2 editorial bad films Suppresssuppressededsedg the deseret evening news salt lake city february 5 1912 p 4 editorial growth of the movies the salt lake trltribuneitribunesTriTributribuneqbuneinevneq december 1pap1 19131 P 6 Ib 511 editorial Morcormonsmormonsmons in thethahe loviesmoviesiblovies 9 the deseret evening news salt lake cityqcity december 27v27 1916 p 4 editorial moving picture shows the deseret evenievening news salt lake cityqcity january 8sas8 1909 p 4 editorial movie men visit the deseret news salt lake cityoltycityt may 26 1927 P 4IT editorial swindling up to date the deseret news salt lake citycityt december 29t29 19201920p p 4 ex salt laker dies after coast Cicrashraship the salt lake tribunatribun2tribunesTribunetunes august 23 1950 p 25 filmcensorsfilmflim censors right on the hobtjobtjob the morning teieteletelegraphath new york city february 1 1912 p 12 film company gets receiver the salt lake tribuneTribunet september 22t22 1929 p B 9 224

film made in S L expected to be on screen by dec 15 the deseret news salt lake city november 20 1928 p 2 film producers decide on S L as permanent homethomhomehomatet the deseret news salt lake city march 24 192819289 p 7 film studio soon promised the salt lake trtrltribuneitribunesTrilbunebuneiabune november 23 1928 p 7

I1 fifilmflimlmL m to be made from coriantonCorianton rhephehe deseret news salt lake city november 2 1929 section 33pap p iliIII111 limsfilmsF to picture mormonismsMormoni sms story the salt lake tribune january 272 1912 p 14 fitzpatfitzpatrickrick elayne wareing where have all the movies gone the salt lake tribune december 23t23 197319739 homeT oneome magazine section appp 4455 folketsfolkens avis copenhagen october 3 1911 fox to film true story of utah after recalling picture which belledlibelledLi activities of church the deseret news salt lake city june 171 1922 section 3 p VI funeral rites held tuesday for byron park the deseret news p B- salt lake city augustC 22 195019509 5 grad student tackles mormon flinfilmflimfilm portrayals califerncaliforncallcaliforniaCalifornia intermountain rawsnews11 aws los angeles may 17 1973 P 1 head of company is interested the deseret evening news salt lake city february 2 1912 p 3 heeds request for suppression of film the salt lake tribune february 4 1912 p 28 helped suppress libelous film the deseret evening news salt lake city february 10 1912 p 2 hishistoryory of mormonism in picture the deseret evenevening awsbawsews3aws salt lake city january 25 1913 sectionsec lonion 3 p VIII hyde G osmond movie campaign against Morcormonsmormonsmons leads many to investigate message the deseret news salt lake city june 3 1922 section p VI knapp the chicago sun times may 9 1950 P 35 mae murray silent screen star dies in actorsactors1 home on coast the new york times march 24 1965 p 433 225 mann may events in mormon pioneering of salt lake will be chronicled in hollywood production the deseret news salt lake city december 26 1936 weekly magazine section p 3 massacre picture nearly causes riot the salt lake tribune january 25 1912 p 3 mormon film has cmem wobbly the morning teleteietelegraphgraohgraah new york city january 3030v 1912 p 2 mormon film to be censored by national boardboarde the morning telegraph new york cityoltycityt january 31931 191219120 appp 191 2 mormon governor to utahs threatens 1 bar films in utah the 1 I f in morningM 0rn i ng telegraphI new lorkyork klitotcityoltyalityt january 28 1912 section 4 part 2 appp 1 6 the mormon maidmaldmaidamaid1 may come to utah the salt lake trltribunetribuneitribunesTribuneibuneyq aprill 22 1917 magazine section p 5 mormon talkie company stopped from stock sale the neknewnem york citoltcityoltyv zits may 24 1930 mormonism in picture the deseret evening news salt lake city february 5tat5 1913p19137 P 4 Morcormonsmormonsmons ejected liveraliverpliverpooloolooi001 england daily post and merMercurmercuryimercurycurzcuryYi december 12t12 1911 Morcormonsmormonsmons peeved over films that depict massacre the los anangelescaielaleselesaieq record january lys1 1912 p 10 mountain meadows filmsflims obnoxious the deseret evenevening news salt lake citytcity january 20 1912 p 1 motion picture producer dies as blasts wreck laboratory the salt lake Tributribunenepney october 2424p 1929 PP 121 2 movie studiostudlostudiostudlo will be built in S L CG C of C is Assurassurededtedg the deseret news salt lake citycityp november 22t22 1928 section 2 p 1 movie pictures are Denouncedenounceddg the salt lake trtribuneibuneabune february 14 1922 p 13 moving pictures stir up feeling the dedeserets eret evenevening news salt lake tribune january 25 1912 p 5 notes writtwritten1 en on the screen the new york times december 171 1916 section 212 p 8 2262 r-06v offensive films are Suppresssuppressededg the deseret evening news salt lake citycityt february 3tat3 1912 p 2 one hundred years of mormonism the deseret eveningeven news salt lake city july 5 1913 section 2 p IV parsonsparsonss louella 0 mormon history now to be shown on movie screenscreens the new york city americanamericansamericana august 14 1928 pioneer film defends suitsultsuitt the salt lake tribune september 2020y 1929 p 34 pioneer trek to be filmed in salt laketbaketlake the salt lake tribuneTribtribunesunetunes march 24 1928 p 6 Politpolitikeniken copenhagen october 3 1911 receiver named for pioneer film firm the deseret news salt lake citycityt cseptembereptember 21f21 1929 section 2 p 1 rochester new york democrat and chronicchronicle september 17t17 1918 the round of the theaters one hundred years of mormonism the deseret evening news salt lake city p february 4 1913 P 3 S L film blast kills 191 traps 3pap3 gas hurts many the deseret news salt lake city october 23 1929 p 1 salt lake breaks into the movies the salt lake tribuneTribunetunes october 27t27 1914 p 14 salt lake city woman brands lecturer on iormonsmormonsmormone as liariliarillaraliar t the salt lake teleteietelegram january 16t16 1914 Tthehe salt lakedakeT telegram august 7 1934 salt larelakelaretlares utah scenic film shows officials the deseret news salt lake city november 13 1928 p 6 scene from one hundred years of mormonism the deseret evening news salt lake city july 339 1913 p 12 sears jack anthony C lund and tracy Y cannon sponsor new movie starstart the deseret news salt lake city december 21 1929 amusements Secsectionsectionstiong p VII see their history inYininylotionlotionmotion Picturepicturessp the salt lake trltribuneitribunettribunesTriTrib buneiunet march 19199 191319139 P 9 22722 seek possession of pioneer film the deseret news salt lake citytcity september 19t19 1929 section 2 p 11 should be suppressed the deseret evening news salt lake C itycity january 22 191219129 p 4 summers robert H letter to the hull england daily newsnnewannewsq march 22 1922 suppression of films Demanddemandededsedg the deseret evening news salt lake citycityt january hiils 1912 p 12 theatre sidelights from corlcoriantonCoricoriantonjantonantonsantonj I1 forthcoming talking Picpicturepicturetpicturedturatturet the deseret hewsnews salt lake cityqcity november 1929 section 3tat3 p lililiillIII111iledig twenty million persons go to movies dailydallydaliy the salt lake telegram december it1 1919 unidentified english newspaperr clipping c1922 tradtratrap232ednedoed by the Morcormonsmormonsmons unidentified english newspaper clipping may 28 1937 the march of time utah made film has premier at victory theaterTheaterterv the salt lake tribuneTribunel february 24 1929 society section p 10trl utah picture holds initereinterestestmst at victory the deseret news salt lake city march 4 1929 P 11 variety january 272 1926 westt john F antlanti mormon crusade onoon rhethe box elder news brigham city utahtutachtutah june 4 1920 p 4 will aid effort to SimsimdresssuppressDress films the salt lake TtrltribunesTribuneiibunebunesabune february i11L 1912 p 16 zane greygrayoraygrlayzeyaay picture is barred in michigan the deseret news salt lake city july 16 19211921t section 2tat2 p 8

C periodicals advertisement the canitesdanitesDa the momovingv1vai picture world dijxijXI 8 february 24nites191211912 653753 advertisement the MormonMorcormonsmormonsmormonsgmonssg the moving picture worldworldiworldie XI 4 january 27279 1912 323 228 advertisement A mormon maid the movinemoving picture world xxxiqXXXI 9 march 39 1917 130813091308 1309 advertisement A mormon maid the moving picture worldworlds XXXI 10 march 109log10 1917t1917 144814491448 1449 advertisement A normonmormon maid the moving picture worlds xxxijXXXI 11 march 17 1917t1917 1714 advertisementadvertisements A mormon maid the moving picture worldworlds xxxitXXXI 12 march 24 1917t1917 1887 advertisement A mormon maid the movinmoving picture world XXXIPXXXI 13 march 3131p 1917t1917 20205 adveradvertisementsadver11 nell shipman photoplaywright the movimovingjg picture world XVPXV 7 february 15915 llottlljtt11 s 707 advertisementadvertisements A victim of the Morcormonsmormonsmons the moving picture newsqnewsynews vtV 8 february 24 191291912 W advertisement A victim of the Morcormonsmormonsmons the moving picture news V 9 march 2 1912t1912 21 advertisement A victim of the Morcormonsmormonsmons the moving picturepicpie udeure world XI 9 march 2 191291912 791 advertisemeAdvertisadvertisementsmeemeent A victim of the 14ormonsMorcormonsmormonsmons thenhe4 movinamoving picture world xivXI 11 march 16 1912t1912 993 advertisement 7 me grey library parade february 18t18 197319231973i 28 alienallenailen douglas drama among the Morcormonsmormonsmons theatre artsiaresiartsq XLII 12 december 195891958 525525552 555 anti mormon pictures in edinburgh the latter day saints milienialmillenialMiliemiimillennialMillenialnial starstari LXXIV 29 july 18 1912 462 arrinnadrinnarringtontont leonard J mormonism views from without and 7 within141 hin BYU studies provo utah XIV 2 winter 197474 140153140 153 and jon haupt intollerablelntollerable zion the image of mormonismMonnonism in nineteenth century american literature the western humanities review XXIIPXXII 3 suedsummedsuersummer 1968 243260243243 26026 0 and the missouri and illinois cormonsmormons in antebellumante bellum fiction dladialogredialogueDiadialoguetdialogueslogRe A journal of mormon thouthoughthtahtq vpV i oring 1970 375037 50

betty riggs now evelyn brent the ovingcoving11 picture world february 5tat5 191691916 782 229 the bioscojelondontbioscope london march 7pap 1918 6 blackhawk bulletin davenportDavenportv lowasiowaviowahiowalowa 149 september early october 1964 p p 4 A trip to salt lake cityC blaisdellbialsBlaisdelidelldeil george A mormon maidtmaidsmaidmald the novinamoving picture worldworlds XXXI 9 march 3 1917t1917 1372 blakebiakeblakel reed H the mormon image today and tomorrow the improvement era salt lake city lavitlxvitLXVI 1 january 1963 303130 31 carygary james the untold story of short creek american mercusmercepmercupmercury LXXVIII may 1954 119123119 123 clawson rudger the anti mormon moving pictures and play the latterlatterdayday saints millenialmillennialMillenial star liverpool england xxiiivLXXIII 51 december 2121t 1911 808811808 811 crusade notes the christian statesman Pittsburgpittsburghpittsburghphp lipLI 898 9 september 1917o191719170 375 cummings D VW utah censorship discussion the movingmo picture world XXXIxxxiq 8 februaryFebmary 24 191719179 1237 the DanitecanitesdanitesdanitespDa sp the moving picture worldworlds XI 7 februarynites 1717p 1912 614614 the nitesDanitecanitesdanitesDadanitespsp the moving picture world dijxijXI 9 march 2vav2 19121912t 780 MarcotdemarcoDe mario A real west movie hall of famefamewilliamwilliam farnum real westWes t derby connecticut XVII 124 february 197091974 323332 33 the edison kinetogram VII july 16 1912 january 3131p 1913 editorial one of the bubbles burst the latterlatterdayday saiinlsaintss millenialmillennialMil lenial star liverpoolliverpooltLiverpoolt glandsglandaenglandenglandp LXXXIV 14 april 6 1922t1922 216220216 220 sditorialeditorialditorial the sectarian film once modemorehorevmorev the movingmo picture world XI 4 january 2727t 19121912v 282 elder addresses theatre audience the latterlatterdavdav saints millenialmillennialMillenial star liverpool englandenglandq LXXXVIILXXXVIII 16 april 1516 192519251I1l9251 246 the era asks about church motionmotlon picture production the improvedimprovemimprovementent era salt lakefake citycityv LXXIPLXXI 3 tmarchtomarchmarch 1968 101410 14 230 avelynevelynpvelynPvelyn brentthebrent the girl who had the courage to choose her own career picture show britain july 22 192201922 21 the film dailydaliyD september 29 1934 fox folks fox film corporation new yorktyorksyonktyork IV 9 september 192501925 48 foxfoxpox to film true story of utahtutahutacht 1 the latterdayday saints 1 latter millenialmillennialMillenial star liverpooLiverliverpoolliverpooopoo 4 england LXXXIV 28 july 1313v 1922t1922 444444444044544644544 446440 queen fulbright i tom nell shipmanqueenshipman of the dog sleds classic film collector indianaIndianatanas pennsylvaniapennsylvaniatpennsylvanian 25 TFfaliallalifall 1969 0313031300 31 graham winifredP Morcormonsmormonsmons in khaki latterlatterdayday saints new devices in englandEnglandt the christian statesman 7 pittpittsburghsburghoburgh 1 ililiiiiLIII1111 6 june igi19119199 23623236238236 23238 gravestgravesgravas george W A mormon maid Motomotggraphymotographymonographygraphy chicago XVIIXVIII 9 march 3 1917 483 great northern special feature film co9coscocoa the moving picture nelsasnews aqVvq 1 january 6 191291912 121412 14 great northern special feature film cotcocov the movinmoving picture news V 9 march 2 1912 21 gripping drama artistically donesdone attacking mormon polygamy aidswidswidsq illiliilisIII1119111 8 february 22t22 igiigl1911917 hands uoluobol paramount the movimoving picturepicpie clure world LXXVIII 5 january 30oos 1926 483 harrison P S the rainbow trailtrall foxfozyfoxy motion picture news XVIIIXVIH 14 october 5 1918t1918 2244 2602260 riders of the purple sage fox motion pictureL ctureacture nenewsesqwsq XVIIIXVIIII 12 september 21 1918191879 1913 natch edwin D moving picture misrepresentationsmisrepres enhatentat ionslons the latterlatterdayday saints millenialmillennialMillenial star liverpool endlaendiaenglaengland LXXIII 45 november 9pap9 1911tigiligli1911 71071171071 07110 711 hill walter K riders of the purple sagesages the novinenovimovimoving picture world XXXVIIXX 11vilVII 12 senseptemberSeDtember 21j21 1918 1771 hoaglin jess down memory lane evelynevalyn1 ve lyn brentbrentsBrenti hollywood studio Magazinmagazineeq september 191972t2ta 19 231

hyde stuart W the antiantimormonmormon drama in the united states the western humanities review salt lake citycityt ixxax9 2 spring 19551955i 11182177182177 182 independent the Morcormonsmormonsmons the rovingmoving picture worldworlds XIPXI 5 february 3tat3 1912 393 index april to june 1913 the movimoving picture world XVI 1913 9 i viivilviii1 et jubilaeum AS fotoramafotorainaFotorainaoranaorama izerinemigennem 25 aar s bioblobiograff bladet copenhagen 11 193391933 262 6 jump herbert A religious possibilities of the motion picture the motion picture story magazine brooklyn new york II11 7 august 1911 appp 949594 95 kirkpatrickkirkpa rlickrickzick L H utah in the eyes of the nation utah educational review latlvtLV 3 januaryJanuanj 1962p1962 151715 17 knapp george L treason by divine right the christian statesman Pittsburgpittsburghpittsburghphp LI 898 9 september 1917t1917 357361357 361 lambert linda the image of cormonsmormons in filmsflims the new era salt lake city II11 5 may 19721972y 1211121512 1115

lambert t neal saints sinners and scribes is A look at the cormonsmormons in fiction the utah historical guartquarterly salt lake city xxxvirXXXVI 1 winter 1968t1968 6376637063 76 and richard H cracroft through gentile syeseyes A hundredh-undred years of the mormon in fiction M the new era salt lake city ilsII11 3 march 197201972 141914 19 marriage or death the movinmoving picture worldworldiworldie XIX 7 february 17 191291912 61414 arriedaeriedmarriedM to a mormon kinematoraphkinematographkinematograloh weeklywe london 1 11april 27 1922 mckay david 0 picture show prodigalsProdigals the latter day saints millenialmillennialMil lenial star liverpool england LXXXV 411 october 11 1923 648649 mcquade J S the nitescanitesdanitesDa A revival the momoving picture world XI 8 february 24 1912l191219121 660 melton horace A king of the dime novel writers golden west rockville new york IX 12 november 1973 161916 19 t 232 megalomegawmegawo ruth the american image and australian cinema management 189619231896 1923 journal of the royal australian historicalhistoricalcical societysoc sydneysydnekto livaliv9llyliyLIV 2 june 1961968 194204194204194 204 milne peter A mormon kaidnaidmaid motion picture news XV 9 march 3 igi1911917p 1419 the mormon the moving picture news IV 52 december 30 igil191191911 20 then mormontmormon the movinemoving picture world XI 3 january 20 191291912 242 A mormon episode supplement to the bioscope london september 12 1912 p V A mormon maidmaldmaido the biosblosbioscope london september 5 1918 A mormon maid the christian statesman pittsburgh litLI 6 june 191791917 276277 A mormon maid and the national antiantimormonmormon league the christian statesman Pittsburgpittsburghpittsburghtht LII 10 rmaramoctoberober 1918 476478476476428478 A morronmormon maidmaldma id unusual production featuring the captivating mae murray is first series for open market offered by friedman enterpriseenterprises kotomotographyMotomonographyraphygraphy chicago XVIXVII 9 march 33pap 1917 452 mormon Picpicturesturestturess motomotographymonographygraphyraphyra phy Chicachicacrofchicagocrofcrog VIII 3 augustau C ust 3 1912 110 mormon pictures in demanddemandt the moving picturepletpielpicl ure world XI 6 february losios10 1912 470 the mormon propaganda in great britain the christian ststatesmanesman pittsburghpittsburghq liqLIlaiq 2 february 1917 848684 86 lornlornonensmormonessmormonensMorm onens offerofferlferg forcadesforbadesForbades i amerika skandinaviensskandin4viens stiernestienne copenhagen LXI 5 march 1 191219123t 727772 77 mormonessMormmormonensonens offer i narvnarvikbarvikik skandinaviens stist1stastjerneerne Copencopenhagencopenhagenthagent LXI 6 march 15 1912 091909190ogi0 91 multiple wiesswiveswi ess arizona prisoner defends his conduct on religious Groundgroundsst the literary digest CXXII 5 august 191 1936t1936 9109 10 murray mae my memories serialized in american weweekly may 24 1942 july 12 1942 233 the new anti Mormomormonnl outcryOutcrys the latterdatterlatterdayjatter1 day saints millenialmillennialMil lenial star liverpoolliverpooll england LXXXIV 14 april 6tat6 1922p1922 216220210220216210 220

N nordgren weston brigham young s the improvement era salt lake city xliiitXLIII 9 september 1940 532533532 533 oes ingvald C growth of the feature filmflimfilmsflims the movinmoving picture worldworlds XIVsXIV 8 november 23 1912 759760759 760 palmer virgina the man who practically invented the western zane grey western marazinemagazinemaciazmaczaz ines V 1 august 1972t1972 333533 35 powellpowells P M doings at los angeles the movimoving picture world XV 9 march 1 1913 875 doings at los angelesedisonangelesangeles edison players join los angeles colony the movingpicturemoving picture world XV ao 1 january 4 1913tiglo1913 331606o doings at los angelestheangeles the mormon picture the moving picture worldworlds xvixv9XV 3 january 18 1913 251 doings at los angeles oUtahtwoutahTw M P companies the moving picture worldworlds XV 7 february 15t15 1913 667 the quakeress blackhawk sales fixflyflyer davenport iowa F 229 october 1972 12 roll of the states utahtutahutacht Motomotographvmotographymonographygraphy ohlohichicanotchicagoChichicagotcagotcagos VIII 12 december 7 1912 452 the romance of the utah pioneers the moving picture world XV 1 january 4 1913t1913 844 salt lake city utahsutahutahp and its surroundings the movimoving 11 picture worldworlds XIV 6 november 9 1912 v 58586 sewell C S hands up paramount the moving picture worldworlds LXXVIII 5 january 30 1926 48348 3 shepard mrs lulu loveland the campaign in buffalo moves on sithvithwith a powerful swingswings the christian statesman Pittsburgpittsburghpittsburghtht lilLIILIT 4 april 1918 186187186 187 sherwoodShe rwoods R E hands up excerpt from the silent drama life lx4viiiLXXXVII 2258 february ill11111 1926 26 234 simmonsS imnimm ons f michael K the dime novel and the american mind mankind los angelesangelestangelesqAngel esq IIilg11911 3 october 1969 586358 63 A study in Scarlescarletscarletvscarletytv the moving picture world XXII 13 december 26t26 1914tt1914 189318941893 1894 A study in scarlet samuelson film Companycompanysts picturesque adaptation the blosBiosbioscopecoDecone london october 15 191491914 203 summers t robert H trapped by the Morcormonsmormonsmons the latter day saints millenialmillennialMillenial star liverpool engienglengland LXXXIV 14 april 6 1922v1922 222223222 223 trapped by Morcormonsmormonsmons kinematograph weeklywee london march 23t23 1922 treeingfreeingTre eing maemac ifturramurray just to shoot herlhenlherhenheng photoplay february 191791917 P 3535p whitney orson F A clarciarglar case of libel the latterlatterdaydazday saints millenialmillennialMillenial star Liverliverpoolwollmollmols england LXXXIV 16 april 20j20 192291922 248251248 251 wilcock keith D utahs peculiar death penaltypenal ICYs dialoguedialoguetdialogues A journal of mormon thouthoughtt los angeles vilsvilVII 2 summer 1972 william farnum scores in ridersiluders of the purple sage7jsage the movimovingig picture world p XXXVII 13 otemberozemberseptemberse 28 1918 1899 winifred graham and the Morcormonsmormonsmons t the latterlatterdayday saints millenialmillennialMillenial star livenLiverliverpoolpoolt englandenglandtEnglandt LXXXIVLXXXIVI 3 januarytianuary 1919v 1922 42 Woodburwoodburyyp lael J mormonism and the commercial theatre BYU studies provoprovos utah XIIIXII 2 winter 1972 234240234 240 youngyoungg levi edgar mormonism in picture the young comanswomans journal salt lake citycityt XXIV 2 7februaryfebruary 191319137yp 748074 80 Zollmanzollmannnt carl moving picture abuses and their correction in the united states marchettemarcuettemarquetMarcmercmera uettet e law review xxi9XXI 3 april 19371937p 105115105 115 235 D unpublished LETTERS AND interviews bradley david S personal interview april 1313v 1973 brentbrents evelyn personal interview april 3 1973 Collincollinsonsong ken A personal correspondence with the writer 4 may 11 1973 finney edward personal interview december 18 1973 fox william letteroetterT to reed smoot october 30 1924 reed smoot collection MS 1187 Brighabrighamyoungbrigham youngmYoung university archives proveprovo friedman david PF personal correspondence with the writer may 808 1973 personal correspondence with the writer july 19t19 1973 garvin george letter to reed smoot february 13 1925 reed smoot collection MS 1187 brigham young university archives provo grantgrantagrantp neberheberhebennebenT J letter to william fox october 1113 1921 reed smoot collection MS 1187 brigham young university Achiverschivessarchiveschivess provo letter to J H rayburn october 13 1921 reed smoot collection MS 1787 brigham young university archives provo letter to reed smoot august 24 1921 reed smoot collection MS 1187 brigham young university Archiarchivesvesp provo telegram to reed smoot august 31p31 1921 reed smoot collection MS 1187 brigham young university archives provo letter to reed smoot september 14 1921 reed smoot collection MS 1187 brigham young university archives provo letter to reed smoot october 14 1921 reed smoot collection MS 1187 brigham young university archives provo letter to reed smoot october 20 1921 reed smoot collection MS 1187 brighamyoungbrigham young university archives provo 236 telegram to reed smoot april 21 1922 reed smoot collection hisbisMSVIS 1187 brigham young university Archiarchivesvessvesp proveprovo letter to reed smoot may 272 1922 reed smoot collection MS 1187 brigham young university proveprovo letter to reed smoot novenovemberabermber 14 1924 reed smoot collection MSlylsTVIS 1187 brigham young university archivesArchivestivess provo grey romer personal interview april 4 1973 Jacobjacobssp david kent personal interlieintervieintinterviewervleerview april 25 1973 moses edward pearsonpearsons letter to reed smoot september 818 1918 reed smoot collection MS 1187 brigham youngn university archives provo pontoppidan clara wieth personal correspondence with the writer march 20 1973 quinney jr joseph letter to reed smoot november 6 1924 reed smoot collection MS 1187 brigham young university archives proveprovo rogers saul E letter to reed smoot september 2 1921 reed snootsmoot Colcollectionlecton MS 1187 brigham young uni7ersityuniversity archives provo sisson richard personal correspondence with the writer may 2 1973 smoot reed letter to william fox november 10 1924 reed smoot collection MS 1187 brigham young university archives proveprovo letter to heber J grant september 22 1918 reed sloetsmoetsmoot collection MS 1187 brigham young university archives proveprovo telegram to heber J grant august 30 1921 reed smoot collection MS 1187 brigham bounoyoungyouno university archivesArchivessvesp proveprovo

P letter to heber J grant september 797 1921 reed smoot collection MS 1187 brigham young university ararchiveschivesp provo letter to heber J grant october 2 1921 reed smoot collection MS 1187 brigham young university archives provo 237 letter to heber J grant october 15 1921 reed smoot collection MS 1187118 brigham young university archivesarchivistarchivestArchivest provo letter to heber J grant october 22 1921 reed smoot collection MS 1187118 brigham young university archivesArchivessvesp9 provo letter to heber J grant march 292 1922 reed smoot collection MS 1187118 brigham young university archives provo letter to heber J grant march 15 1922 reed smoot collection MS 1187118 brigham young university Archiarchivesvessvesp Pprovoovo letter to heber J grant april 13 1922 reed smoot collection MS 1187118 brigham young university archives proveprovo letter to heber J grant november 10 1924 reed smoot collection MS 1187118 brigham young university Archiarchivesvessvesg provo letter to heber J grantgyantg-rant november 18 1924 reed smoot collection MS 1187118 brigham young university archivesArchivestivess provo

pearson M c 0 letter to edward mosesoses september 20 1918 reed smoot collection MS 1187118 brigham young university Archiarchivesarchivespvespvesg provo letter to joseph quinneyQuinneyl jr november 18 19241927 reed smoot collection MS 1187118 brigham young university Archarchivesivestivess proveprovo letter to saul E rogers september 7tat7 1921 reed smoot collection MS 1187 Brighabrighamyoungbrigham youngmYoung university archives provo taylor samuel W personal correcorrespondencecorrespondcorresponspondence withthewith the writer december liv11 1973 whitney orson F letter to heber J grant january 27 1922 reed smoot collection MS 1187 brigham young university archives proveprovo wintle pamela personal correspondecorrespondedcorcorrespondencerespondence with the writer may 2 1973 238 E OTHER unpublished MATERIALS

Arringarringtontont leonard J and jon haupt community and isolationisolations some aspects of mormon Wewesteriswesternswesterns1sterns unpublished paperpapers university of californialoscalifornia los Angelangelesessesq nd coulterCoultersterp forrest B elimination of polygamy among the Morcormonsmormonsmons unpublished masters thesis university of colorado 1939 conantcowancosans richard 0 mormonism in national periodicals unpublished doctors dissertation stanford university 1961 day john marshall A study in protest to adaptation unpubishedunpunishedunpublished mastermasters thesisthesisq university of utah 1963 dunham haroldharoidhanoldhashaxroldaroldq and anthony slide G B samuelson undated program dredaredDrepreparednaredDared in assistance with the silentS ilent picturee magazinemaaz inelne great britain hands uo script loose stillsstillststillet and still books 1926 the 1 paramount pic-picturest ures collection the academy of motion picture arts and sciences library los angeles henitaheritagee of the desert Scripscriptstst loose stills and still heritabooks 1924193219391924193271939 versions the paramount picpicturespiclliuresturesaures collection the academy of motion picture arts and sciences library kjosos angeles elltoneliton jerold A polygamy in utah aandid surrounding areas since the manifesto of 1890 unpublished mastermasters thesis brigham younguniversitylyoung university 1965 hock cassie hyde the cormonsmormons in fiction unpublished doctors dissertation university of colorado 1941 hunsakerHunsalcer kenneth the twentieth century mormon novel unpublished doctordoctors dissertation pennsylvania state university 1968 hyde stuart W the representation of the west in american drama from 1849 to igi1911917 9 unpublished doctors dissertation stanford university 1954 illellielileillegal1 wives polygamy still photographs 0193619450.19361945 journal historbistorhistoryHi stolstor april 17t17 1913 church archives historical department of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints salt lake city utah 239 journal histhistory january 15 1911914 church archivesArchivest historical department of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints salt lake cityolty utah journal histohistory december 101 1919 church archives historical department of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints altaitsaltsait lake city utah journal history august 14 1928 church archives historical department of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints salt lake cityolty utah journal histohistory september 2 9 1928 church archives historical Departdepartmentmem of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints salt I1lake city utah journal history october 28 1928 church anchArcharchivesivestivess historical department 0off the church of jesus christ of latter day saints salt lake city utah journal history may 24 1930 church archives historical department of the church ofoleoie jesus christ of latter day saints salt lake city utah journal history august tt 1934 church archives historical department of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints salt 1lakejake city utah klenk lawrence D saints alive or deseret detested an overview of the mormon imageZ in american drama 184619141846 1914 M unpublished paperpapery brigham young university 1972 list of educational films recommended for the use of the L D S schools by the committee on films adamadainadarn S bennion speech collection filefliepile on films nd brigham young university librarylibraryr special collections roomsroom proveprovo utah mimeogradhedmimeographedr4imeographed lovendahl agnes the cormonsmormons in fiction unpublished iasterfasterfastenbastermasters thesis columbia university 1920 lyons timothy the silent partnerpartners the history of the american film manufacturing companyGomcomoomdanyeDanyonanye unpublished doctors dissertation university of iowa 1972 lythgoe dennis leo the changing image of mormonism in periodical lteratureliteratureL I1 unpublished doctors dissertation university of utah 1969 the manuscript history of the southern states rismissionMis sigri 122192019201923012201320 1221321923 church archives historical department of the church of jesus christ of latter day saintssaintsp salt lake cityolty utah 240

A mormon maid script 1917 the paramount pictures collection the academy of motion picture arts and sciences library los angeles the mormon peril still photographs 1928 john A widtsoe collection utah stastatee historical society librarytLibralibrarypryt salt lake city utah nelson richard alan the history of utah film an introductory essay unpublished paper brigham young university 1973 utah filmmakersFilmmakers of the screen era younsilent unpublished paper brigham youngC universityuniversityii 1974 ollerton fay the american periodicals treatment of mormonism since 1850 unpublished masters thesis columbia university 1927 the ponyfxdresspony express scriptscriptsscriptp loose stills and still book 19719219255 the paramount pictures collection the academy of motion picture arts and sciences librarylibraryii los angeles smootsmoodysmooty reed correspondence to first presidency 1908- 1935 MS f 240 church Archarchivesivestivess historical department olof01 the church of jesus christ of latter day saintstsaintsf salt lake city utah papers reed smoot collection MS 1187 brigham young university archives proveprovo trade reviews 12401124019401981 theatre arts library university of californialoscalifornia los angeles utah state corporation records archive filesfliesfalesF A lesies utah secretary of states officesoffofficepiceieelee building salt lake city

F LEGAL CITATIONSCITATTONS brown v paramount publiapublix Comorationcorporation 240 app div 520 270 NY supp 520 1934 merle v sociological research film corporationcor oration 166 app div 376 152 NY supp 829 1915 appendixes

241 APPENDIXAYPENDIX A

242 APPENDIX A S ANTI As THE rrtantlANT IIMORMONMORMON MOVING PICTURES AND PLAY

LATTHHDAYLATTHH navDAY barntllalntaHAINT m1ilknmalmiuxmmm stahsrahsrailBTAK sl a written denialdeniful riolifromfl olloli utilurnormomm 1jjjnpcs ijnlativctit tiv atnt siisilStistiderlandsuudfcilandderland oatmat hiiythiiita olof01 tltili hirdkird liappynd so far aathethe ninonsninonamominonaionstons venwerve- THE JWIYERDAYLATTERDAYJWIYERLATTER DAY SAINTSAINTS MILLEN NJAL STAR cneeneanc 1 1 s c tiletilk lattek millennialmillennialmillennjal cnc nednadnfdi and tw letter andhnd becbeea sc byb thtiie 3lormon 11hrotliurhtkjdth it A to titettmanari ofor thtiletiiu show As to thtinrinrih rtsturbnnc e atrilrut nrrtr totit tiniunbun ncconnt of whicliho is KIVC tlllksday hkckmhkhIYCEMBER 21 mi1911 helowuelbel t lie knurunurritt r hdtlrrtlfl sedned a ietterletter to thetiitir editor ofor the Liverliverjolliferjwulioljol aiiyaidyimy Pptjullutiut t muimulA mrameamrm avigAslimiimil kigingvig upq tiitjitiie iimiiiiis or ththeeheehu h10wlioichic birutrbib ttirsstirsitlen loftorfo-roth thtiie inloilinlidildhinloi nsniiontion iiirairalandii I eliglaimetcnliplit nmeiit of chethetthethem alm&dccfcivid hienietiieHIC anttANT MORMONINIORMON MOVINO PICTURES AND PLAY tni5t ntiietite lattatietter wiil h is milijoiued wiwawiss rt jelte d itir iis hcvtiia niven iin coiuiectionactionection vithwith thetb obieivtitiousol rvativ mademado tto lilsiislishowsnow tlthe thetiletilkTHK inhfnuitvinetingt nititv of inanman isi bcinnbsingabsing taxed at dlthe vrewntwrehvrespresantprescntpresentcnt time hiin urilurit faitfiit ti wards thetiletlletiie day srinln itisdiffic111lia dinicultdinieullculteuil hfgremtl brititinJiribiltjirituinBrit ilinitintaintuin to lindfind onktltinometlihig halhulhutthatthutthao uilwilwllvill enisetrouseloiseenise a spirit ofott an tiittiltfiit i txhibitfd latierlatter it loi 1 get a lnkrinankrinlnh vrinviig ini I1 tintiietiletide ne puperrs ott tlleoaftileoasuus 1 y occnhiotiallyi ilyliy theytiley uaginisinii haiisstagaimgai t the chilchitchithchurchh of jesujenu chiltchiistchristchilchii t tfof latterdatterr dyday bahtsaintssnints ft krin nepuperinicinieJalc dy oc ttoiii1 saht il b iliiiiH e i i 1 will iltept foiitributktit fr-tiolu usti whichhi in ill atieh caescacscaa cs ii highyhigliyhiglin I htritrttionitgitntion off tnt t hilknilkwrinprinprig ami1 I in mner nliicjihid times waswan frosfron hib cachae i llietiie ist intnerinmner at tinn ave id 1 nppiccilfd batbut iikryzikryn re ottttiottatiat1t lejpct the-them we would like thetlletile titniions tindsind violent in chiirm ter I nilcanilcd in itslonloh unholy putpirposfpup public to knobknow soluelhiir conlconeenuiipjt thetim weaponsv p s usednned1 d agiagiintaglintagaimt tisitsayiy bbitsebetaubeenuiiseitsetisee theth dc imi anpng pletpictpleipicterrederredd ind intin t tletictie moimot menmon mljasiojzsioionaiiej int dg in nn itnepialpial njust ustunt atut whenn heliheii ibeubetheibehe prenpre s is closed to us we diffltly tindtundd tbtththe moionilonilontloniionmoonlonisononionlon iffalrehiffh indirfctlyindiitctsyindirectly leilelfelielifell to the gmulvground iuenitlitnetinehialpiai conicontntntustt itutut l prelpreipres toustons ti yute i ense 11 vve orn caume 3 l biedbreduve eifelf1111 in a enbeen&e bostnostuost 1011liel pl s howeverevet ivewe reitfeitfeltreieafea it oiorrr which for lackluck or evidenteevident3 they wereaniereaviere boinborn 2u1niihiiniltud 1 brturebi fdd oiof falfaital and jt a evident loin shood i i is righteous withwilh him wiiowiloio is thetl judge of allailnil thetlletile earth namyttiliinrynnmy inirilri thtiletilo hetihotiinvstsnitnhotiglionglion chihxhihhk h it ndertodundeitoodnderton wasviivil imd& quietly by thetiie homehomonome SecseesecrelusecretoSecresecretarsecretantetarretarlu dlfdirulfthronthionthronirliirliL ai1i thetiletilcohe loolivepihicejoolive departiurntdepritait rit MOHMONSMOICNIONs MECTEDEJECTED 1 pv1 vinvuivulVIA y H ititicu waftwadtwadd redredareiiderpdM by theth evionI ltidellstidelllt idellion ofot theth eropemeolo an 0 AT roxron leionliionli lonion atiatl811mid thtiretirc cntvnnce preidmt far v i wn coplitsoplitso clit1121plit tesetexeIKXK rt kytklttalnmkxr .411 ehia i i- allail411 hrrmatioukitoiiimtioii iitiused ehivteliui e u tl liiovrinfula of thetiteuheulie tuiluilul in levluvieicv off the tru&flf kjinontltroiihonuhe fpunlrynhuht mnmornionisiui i andd tie moriummoritionmorlmorationMorimovi tyon birc jm by tlcl e church filnil 11.1yioylo A f ionxrie tlethe tion ir iiilii tirctireiirc jmblidpnblirhdblid linithfinith tbcabc te ainoinoln Y 0oom nm tnqh ln ti 111 th aag 1 i andnd tributestributeddiiribtitelji nhinamganinahrnamk thtiietile pelpeipeoplep pl rt randilyundilylily mod iillnklyvillviii niy gly fi-fir 111 nemRownemrowiiii il tincin lirutr on lleilehii1ii mrk iiiuiix tliifc wcrlvk i irtklarly iiitfrtf t 1 1 mhdni6hdltdledhed AAs A ir altuitultit olof01 tlethetie niitaiiohg iHt wav 1 l5ni51y11 i I1 I1 v did i icokeoreo etedred tthatI1 t id that pp1ppa 11 4 in ei I i- ihtiietile cheliha izesiuzeszes lnadlideanad iigah4 the lot inon ere crevre witloutlont foudfouoroudtoinitcouo a hidi I tr ia iide nkiit vidt ini tat1tietle alyulyutyloty of th illtil A u n roserosc antlantind c I1 t t 1 ocmnrd ioty i11illlil iiiii3 piolet tiomi iilllil111 titatitx alier wn tiv 6ly 0 unintil piole gitritgi tiontioii ttillwb aadand tlier that thererheue va lu theth iwatawatituatitin agh 1 thinh 1 tu ish 0 hallhailhali gilgic I 1it0y ohnonhonn up upa igh 61c 11ipftiiiiin1416ring addersadvers e legislttioiiit uraipahisthint iinpoptilar gr 11y 1 I ader sislntion ariiarilipa histt thithl iinpoinlar and greatly aptly r 1 cpr d nder lhthe ir1irlihislibis eieerearcerc promptlypr ptly arndnrnd up lirlidtir lie haphamien iprp it facedfpcedspeedp dilyoilydllyly jejerti d 1 1 rin f arcpreprc eutfdlittit caritichritiihlichii ti ni hectsectt thrahr h 1 r f th hallhailhali jd i ippnetits liivha tikentakaiken anotlk1oth tricktkt lidandmidana aiearer now NVI gi v 1 il s th gi 1 it hombomhohow lt ily111 exel14t4tingitinaitinp A& vileil and1 I i ilufllloiluituiluff fl ur &dh eiitaeatipti ningitiovinsn ing 141riheiiiicture mr atkinatwin thalthat h 1 d itt111 h he brdbrohabrohmardbro h A entitledentitlxdenyitlcd A victim 1 theon mcmo moilmolino o and n dianadinnadinniadinnin kilk-knownii nias ahijhi ahiiqh jptliP th vallvalivailvalleyv orov thtietle momoiiiion levilperil thetiie nu th tin 1tat ow s at ight vid t nabnvb lloyaloy y cirilsurilsuvit that is pxiipti lintin iatilatilatt t miaeeftimmidemi ideudede iainelinetinagainstin t an 1t lloalomiu sirilpit latt iiin the ccilrunnt hdhad haihal iianitanlimn thehi sturcneurenturc 1 pi0tfcdl ith WAW A 1 i ii imini neut fyplceievie v liiill oneionel btbe ted by R llolioclo e obobserveri ver 1 1 ininentnentt ieleivie at onri itlfltrt lioeeloecloe fnrtlk i niicnuption fiarfinr iioifolim i uiiif V iefiii rr th 11 niethedie 1low rt aditiaeludvcrti fd by iniluii iifidiitiilgaig1ig lutiutbuthut iuiruibui j msational ir illniilluallubillni iiittdted lihirlbill that afe n digdldiv aufnuenuf to thetiie piotttoiurs btbut D1 U cnbetfeniberfeniger lithith wil11111 tills and tilc t 0 n bein inul1iieiit appmntlyhppifently kmKIHIOKimi livvrpd1uau vrpiwt altyailynilyifully podpuslporpustpost ondd memwyMermerammercmmeememmycm tat1 rever i to kepkokeh aqxqup tiie iultlfint lestlentt to fever hettheat t finineltimsy3 dohedobe ru sw sorted 1U it i made to iippfjippeai ir tliitthmahm tiuliudiedleule mormonc aiaanata 31tiii in YOMyour isilieissue ol01 t111lyto dnyadny apierHp ler tinrin1111 iteaitenH under thethu leid endigendig hin v citlcn prot ts wliitli160 it not heeded v inteitter inain1I1 hpierneierneler itel 0 eldirendirdiR prottsprotty sifsieaie to off normonmormonno ted scenescenoseenoier carstongarston itokriph y A v t lk kitedkieielelek ud Aat inrni filfollonfollov edvd by anHU nromtit dfiuniiittttiiiu atnt tiuth avhow aliniitait kiitertrtinnient ilijidtaiirou ly both t sinnlrrliinl tt 1 l itronwtront roirolton it is itimnnmmiufdetimaltiiiedivied ud troi Trjiii rema kivegiveivr un nn onnt olof01 in jpeident thmahm hapihnedhappny att i i hav lwilyu feadfend ivelve oint tlat happnm thlghtluorlhthigh thtilctile ansprepns 013cowtlhit tintiu nianka jivturetun hpvlipw had leivii eecn ivilyl d piid miltml nirol hd eeiviivI the siidsildstidid entrrlninintnt dnriiieduviug tltiietite pij e of ai tiliufibucibu ntitludentitledentitlyd at flu thlile morno ltisiistlsi od pcotf fiustiiust tiietile emertahntt ittin lettiett fiufrn oiltihoddthed irotprot tig igaint the A viet nu of tink molMorcormonsmormonsmons in that a nartu hose andnnd exflitiuied nodmodnd vi itif alicy si nirtu loseiose ictnrs thrtedgthfftittnin thtlicy werrwerere mtnot withdrawn 1 oliff I prottirole t ngalstgaisttint 116 i tirfetiife brint Ahown in this hall totonightnight 1 faist and notvotnotliiinhavighavhg 6lenileenen vitanvithni tinnrinn n A rriihrithvith h aidoiduid nn atttt nkn k waa hladed rh tiietiuet nilfiinplerhitvrrupter wit it istilre ridaldaidd initucdmtvlyfiddyfimdy and juditywed wuditywud liyity fjocttil liiilu1 t bightuightni littit to itoh thethuihu ptrloi niniuinininiiveiceive tlle ftttr lias bffori him th in

23243 244

10 LATTYKDAYLATTYK davDAY haintrthainertSAINTS m111mlllknnlalENNIAL stanszanSTARBTAK tighthroti ghrh door atnt thci reafreare- or tiethetle liidlleidl ththetthee 11 cormonsmormonsM n were con ttfcied rithvithwith thithllliiy hidnthiddidnt nt iui tiietiret followingfoll qingving mnmanner airhirbirmr gggeorffgeorgf atlatkatkiii the inukrbagurinunagerino nagurKr sliitrd 111 1 thuthdinnth reemtrepmt1 rmisamis thatthut hi- received a 1 ttrttatr tunfromfunjiomjun tllellietiletb mornionnormonmormon botheKothekotherhoodmotherhoodB otherlrhoodA in liverpool lastI t saturdaysmmamm jayday thrftt4niik tlttliuftitalt ita uronpron l wouldhi hhe ilieille ntt gaitnGaigatgaxwngaian tnitif thlthe picture wero lion i lieilelle howverhowvorhow1 vefvervorr itdltddid nott ard the matterin tterater seriseriouslymeuimeul i4ytoxibyidy andawlami detroydestroyedcd the lettiettletterleot liwerliwhoweverer theth threat wasgas lastlibitulivst i0ghtnipiil aridcarriedrrid outo&cguoomc nwI1 M r ediedlaitmittorr mrM r george atkialkinatkin maymayoor adotmayydotdotoot haveI1 rreceivedevc i d nH idlerietterletter ofsorneor hofnehoane kind on satterdaysiundiysattirday hostbostlist hittbitt behe certainly did hotliotnot rccdvt ita letterietter fionfronhornnormnomm theth nonmondouMonmonnounou hiollurhoodbroth h d in livcnoul tion111011 thattiittitt dnydatadnydaa 01or bitnyitnyit allniiafi otiletntliefotilea ilnilinieini heilig inilllillii uhnrtte0181rge oft tletheohe mihld brotherhood I11 speakleikfeik withoriuakantliorit itittliliilivulyelyvelyvuly wev arciarlearef not in duannifouannijoiuuinni attictinactintttietin on lutlidutlietliitli mr atkin have never nielnietmelmet him andini know uonothingtaigtalgthiK about Wiiiruimiru bmbutbulunt itliililiiiliimlilgi m wattmattluittterofof tesrpt titttiltthath a he bouhlbonldlendlenaiena lend hhhimselfelfeif to ditchmitchueliuell a transparent sclkschtacht nienic if bvbi iiis icorrecorrectlytlyaly reixirtedrielxwted to wladvertiadvertisertiarti se thithlthis mahioronmahimahlintiloiicitnnoron draduadidrdifiniadiviniasinlafiniaa lopi 0wino lvereceiveive writtenarittvritt irotprotottot ivt khinkhiun loinaloiniuiitta a 1vednrrvcediiruoof 1txllicubici bic inoinuiiitererett are not in thethehrtbithabit ort yiujz iu dtdtlruyin thtlieiu smsiicith cvitcnce v olidoladolld beW highly iisefutrulfulrui in c0cacaseensee ofut a icnialic11w orOV AU inelne tgation mr allinatlinatkin nhynlayuaynay be a tirsitsittsrrbrn cefcee tridfid11ll movinamovinpluovirig picture shownirnis1lownirai butbittuntblot helielleile is dreadfully 1lackingking iniiiliiitt hlirettdneas thetilo pinpiu o e of it rilhllnil11 ivas and is evidently to work tipup a fiuelwgendralgenvralflu iniint sensationsen titionaition on the MorimortiiunmoritionmorationMortimorgiunionlonliontionllon lilililtclitutieutletionlionllonstion and inwitletitinu ident rilyally secure a ilaeienerenckrenek edca interiiiteteiiilriteietete t iniiiill a vile miirepteseutationxiiircpieseumtion of a muchmueh alignednimaligned people vhicliwhicli would plapiaput pounds and peneepeenencepencee intohito sojusomebodyhoaywodyhody s pocket while wewc diwittimdibchihu the autljor461uitholuithoi hip of any such communication insimsMS the otieotleolieoneoue fcrredfurredreferredfc rred to I11 oikeokketike tinsthis occasion to make A publicpiiblic and IMPLUXemphatic piotetpioletpiore 4 forfou inyelf andd awor thetiie corraomorrnoMorjormonmorraoraorno roliepeopleppople against thellietiueliue txploitatiotiea piol tittat ionlon of tlethetie moving iicturevicturepiettirepletpietpicttirekire known asa A victim of the mormon and dieoieoterim dramadraina fitnritledtitletitlc d through deith valley or tithe mormmormon peril thestheeththetheges e andd allailmt similariinilar ppiodnctionsodctio8 arearme bbdbasedd upon lctionactionn of thetlletile nuikinuigi st kikilkiikindhind1 undimd constiintctimte a basbagbasebage lidandundmid aruelcnieleruel libel on lttiietile characttrcharacterh tr aalaniibidanliiid lilivracivra of the lattebatte1atteflatter day siltsaintsalutmaint they11ltv y are utterly dedevoiddevoldid of tathtruth lulluiandmul are unworthy the notirfnotivemotive of intelligent people thetiietile writtwritewriterswilterswilternrs ifof thcietheseethcie omu yzy tuncun ards wurfworfverevurevervwore araiaaratavarcftil itin ealc-eolearilearlieaciloi iiituince to usexiuyee tictitiounctitious namehnames for the citnrictcrs ruiscscrtel in theth momovingvintving picture andnd thithis I11 takemke it wawaswaoWHO oivioiiilyobvicmly doneaoneane for ttwo0 retiresirettre oianzonz firt theathem itis no fandtfwndtfounda- tion inhi truth forfeirreirror thetileitilee stofstoratorstorieslesiehleh andatul crondlycvoudly tinthe lisetiseilseuse of fitioasnctitioiisificnienne in I linniclinnie is n protection to thelile madieramadaevamadnimiagersnimiman aeraaevaagers apunstag iinstdinst ilbelibel hnitaahnitaifftuditifit it is1 hainhrinfictionnain andnndd not fajtfacts that iti beingbelij disidisheddis i up to the ooror nuffermunnersuffer- ing public natymanynary ofeliom nliom ninonipoappu111111rentlyfitlyiitly aeniv liyelmelp ly lnodwinkedlawdwinlctj A ttrnuou uitritorfmit r wiswihwmi 1mdcie loyoytoy hiirtiirmu opponiits during thtahttiiellie ilg 1111.1111 sprint14111 itgliflik and summernommernii111nhi111. totcktek indfil11 MHC irictiilcricrectiti off tirethtiry mormoni jt i waemdeimaetmadei tood obat mi lllt0ll tliurrliulcmrchifl t1etbtietae tex homelieulleu11cn seretsvretneretavretsecretaryy tktooklook a badilindhad in thethoML investigation at leatlatI at it isi knknownn to theth writewrivewriter thttliateliat manytnyiny inquiiiniiiries werwere madeaaduad ththroughugh thelt pIilieillepoliceie depart

lalierLATTKRUAYLATTKRLATTICR DAYUAY baietabaintabaint6 stllnniarutytfvnial STARUTAR sllsilsiiSH tuentsofof vaiiotiscitie of the kilikdoinkiliKki doindoln it isi llly111ycfjiitilly iiliwellweli11.11 undermyder toodstood thntlliattant noiornlnimcw6cwb were foundround enkvenEevenn ththe man wiloh 06061111claimed0.611111111 thttliateliat hi wife hadllad ILbeenueenI L tolttolpla-n by thtix normormoriimormorismuMor morlimorii lutput hinliimscifaf inhl a I 1 leealeen asa ait amt hilalyhalalyinyldy ridiculesridiculmsridleridicrid ulmsdou bitinsitinniitniiniit nii ieca1iecatiecaeen it wawaswan proven that imt4 tertencenorof fact no suchstiehstichhuehnueh linthitinthl iluikillitigsluik ililuidcluidi1ntlintisnt nt occuircd1 nfirlicr that nor thtiietite spiritingpirlpiri ting awny of knlillkylillKn 1111lill kirk by nordornonnornonMormornonmormonnon mi ionarics nornoc tiieti invciihiiiikaig bling of peiehleemleepie imint thorharitariterho normonmormon 1hiirhiircitliilitcith agdwtnain t iig fchiuzs imputed thir hellerbelterhetler iudiofntliz mt nor anyauyY of thefl t1litlertorriblecertyrribletyrtulit fluierible thhgl to thathem oftittoffittof titttitiettith thigthinthio 0theuhe moimonaernumaornumMo imon hiehi e Aab ohmoluifrlyly innoinnocenttentcent 1 i lindnd it would aloaionio bemeemfem aholutrlyjtjy heillehelilebelilehelileilleilie s raintaaintadintga U t thetiietiiu unfair isifthtid employed totitofi lit tliembliem thtilctile Mmormousareuiiioiiilarn du 1nairdI if itligatliglotliiii canz beb broiurhturnuen uht azautind t thetilem inillirilri tmthsmth171th totat1 ththirtlifirir injury why omcthinomcomewomworthingwomthingthingthin ol011 I idfalralrai clieljb odjoddtandnd miisiepict ntationnatation itamustmunt1 1 A be1 nademade tjtu do dmnymnyeoman eviceeviencvicn ilin viewvi ofA tiietilewe eafiic it elleilelieiforteirortort now put forthfouthfi th by the moving vic-pic- ture bowmen tjto lik0111kk up aI1 felselyeli ch itioii161m by prej tentiiisentiris11tilg tot thetiie public i aht mr m is litlibailtilt fedfadeedffd ativictimkti of thtlletile morii itir siniznificntsinincantincant thtlliat clchurchillraill in akingpkpkingpmeakinpeakinakininalnaing of the moomonnensmonnunsMon nonsnunsnonn 1weulrtderoerweawe a t ilemenfc iu anulvnulpaili umentnt lntl theth milmiith laslayaaydasiayday tftj may thisthia yearyeav vito the effectennett th ithett lieilo had iiotbiotot coveteddicoveteddi any croundicroundi foi or lefilativeickiflitivu actiontion agunatagun&tgi t ththem git yryour firnficafhirnnr a hithrthithertohith rt mr edlEdiedioredloreditredierkditortr in allaliit mattimatters of gaerigeneral imblitimbliimblicemblic ii ert I1 haveha oboudoun n vedd it leads me to believe that youyonyo mill accfptaccepthatmdandana bublipublipubliah thi muninmunmncoiiimuinralionlo as eontacontaconfiningcontiningeoncon tininginingainangaa fwfew qiao wordi i & of xplanatiuilexplftiiation audand dafcikdefcikilcfnmee of the utherothertiler iaolaoideside reqmtfullyrespectfullykespectfully rtRUDGERDGKK clauclawsonCLAM ON P yidttttidutadut tff theth euripetn liffonlifionjj i1i1 of tetheclantheclunchurlhchurchch ofofjcoiiajc61ls chiistcbfistchihst of latterblikuliku day sintslutsiutS intlutiut

kirnirkifTHK fonoiui arliciaarliciv will hllhilulvildullildull ildiidlid in pamphlett ftformfoum and citiicirii bbe ecurfd at thi llict ai one fliilling nd tjlirt rouceronceimn nceuce0 jorlorpor tlouand APPENDIX B

245 APPENDIX bt MOVING PICTURE diisrepresentatmisrepresentationslonsIONS

U 44. tolvolUL lynlie ibbtklay beairreair 9 tillIS 11 drwprwpri 0 desaypesay

71ihi141 LATTIMDAYLATTIMLATTKR day 6aintbttalntb atlmknnial stakSTAR MOVING PICTURE misrepresentations theretherkTHKHK artadtadkmismts apppariutallpeariug throughout llielitetiieliitiitil vaivailonveriousvnriousiouionlou provincial citiitieeltieliiitlecitiec revernfeveralbeveral tvmovinvinz jipicturet tire ailinvs v plheinv 6leforebeforefor theehe public ththe muchn h 1 nh wk1talkedtnlked of ththihthighigh fabulous eilellevlinvilevils ftf mf nnnifi not many cveninkevencven inK MI e it was my cxdcad fortune to wilne oi of tle cxhibttionft thetlletile feenseenerne off action is notnoonnot aneell tiedniednned though anyny pnrtf kolindknlind mthfc it tilt it wa uo plot worth mentioning myn i andnd the mirmiemin object of ththe pictures1 virtmirt i uw mak niomniomymoneyy outofbutofontout f the conicommontuonhuonbuon I1pedueftsainttlilieeiiliee arnitagnitarniagaiagni t the mormonvirnafyirn1f yrtl1m11 without any i ehulanulgaenulg to0 truth in advanvnnv letoiictushtictulIc tultoltoiilltil tictoetietle piettarlinlim tiretirc wiriifirne scc d by nianieme verewere trof mitenntmmit e to rrspps ialkalkaial titt none butbul tlienntltlieiin6 inkingikiiiikiri theihnrheuhe dealviadearviamilearntddearviA uror ththe 1 fximinely cic i iuloiistdtilotiiuloiis to llsefllwseelse juloved1 f rded ifot inysziy knknowlrdeknowlrdelwoiwo of tlletiietile subjectstibjectmubject in iiilardtriiriirl tinthe thing wnsavasxvas nti iiiiloiii on thellietiietho partparo of the originsorigi N s prrntpernt lowinorincnn t1ta is lispsi tecliveltvcly A i-ini aitaltnitalmostst everewerevery ststentscentseenescenetntent foforrorrou instnnrf englifengli1knylissKnyeny lisS17 raikrauuiiyy lrierierl mesmcsmex efexerverfre ee on suppopuppop d Aalueiiuanvam6m railrallrali1 I vas andd ehilie tm damiedamicdamle ilierilleralier as iiloiklo re afterarter tbtthe ordoraorderordeeoi deraeraee of an Xxcnrrion11 1iai hatmat tliodladiaolaalio th111uilull reireare1leailealieni thing there walwai neitlterneltneitlierlteriierr diatoms ogiuials dir cuuiiioiiitom liliiliuii1 t ntllalia thehavhychnvv york edende d off the vygbygvuynp 1ju aR sippsippeduplwseded shlnhis-cent hiin altfltir rkliker k city thetlletile stnsantetets we e nairroxnairnarrowroxvox andd the houses wfre of typcyp al engfihfiniifinai h deignde irliigli ieiliaps the atnktnatnut5t ard4rdb tirdaird ffeaturem oi01 zwthezhe eiairbiairentire atiallafiiffireffirflirfuir icaivav the iirriali livalcival of ttnollouloano english nouhyouhyouths infmuth wholloiyo110 rileareruleaule horiihowii as followfollownifoll viligni the stiistilstrifeupbeup fad brwnmrwn a truc e repre n agthe g t ffd iuruion villivillain from triamtritmtire repientiiidepre nt gthetiletiietlle gritugrftu mornioii temlitemietemi1rripip wliiclihlohidhiofino0.0 oleone itolioit110 hashnsha atietheuhcti the righi oior a real photograph of tbtthe tlewpbtcsuple ivoniaivonidivoilid have resognireciiedrecitedbesogni cl lutbut whichmch withith its pilladiliinpilla d ircliircle amid bfohil rohlerobletfiietone steissteih extendingding acroiacroaacrosss thetiie entire ffillfrontilltit 1bry thetilctile emraticeentrmiceemremuariceatice to ita modern velynesltyancllrtnelotheleileli c 1 or the fromfront of thtirliollo clitharlihmrliiviA otilieof lie madeline in friraifall i to10 hisllis honiehouiehoule vilerevilevlieherere afttafatafterr behilbehig everaleverni liinusliinuxi fildf lidiidild bylitiitieoieuseose mormon they eventually siedmiedaleialelmirisxax fedeeded ini n thetile reci-reenere eueenee of thetlletile faufarfair maid blokblohstokstolen froinfroni her hohome niidnaidd lavlarntparpavrarcnrnr in kilnndKilnet71ndellandkilandeliaelin nd it i mohrst curlcuriouscuriom thipalsthithlthripthhipPalsaloalaionio o nuitunitnult hintehinie in Eelleil andklndd thetiie ioniloniNmmontonioitonitonikimonoi sf niedanted to be endowedimd d ith almoaimoalmotit snferliiuim cunnigcunning 1anoanul iai&iii friedfeiedfviedfrieidfrield were nluuerou ataidadd Bsa stedistedstejiftedgifted himhi atD dintdin t everyry taltulturnturut 11 ytatet on hi retireturnrettuett rn tot uthutah liereh one oidoad014o1dvould nitinili iipidipi e hisliis infliinnminna ileeilem andknaunduna the nniubcr of hishimliililiii fttriiiidsi & to bbi vaflysaflyvanhyvannyvi tisalytly gvvterirfarfkre ierrurrfr hisilisliislils curnacurnm crnfritiecraeraern f tinerine feilfell iromiroinfrombroin hinibinibinl f ai iiiintlf audandhud1 ti1111.tilo e of liiiiilil own lin imidlioldamid veieverewere hi worstrstastrssvst eideldeelemiteuemitfiic anduldold everseveryry mail s liandirand ansvvns binglyt minminglyeeininilygly raivaivalvaidvaldis d ngiiiiit him raid agit got itjt itx not my linielinliupurposel e hemacmhcmhoctcvrr t de criberib att nnyy imlengthcoi tethitwi s I1 i pittittpictittpicturesf z rhownbownshownhom ti thetile 1lintmoinipoiniint to idiilihk h atidtidairedalredoire itto cillcallcalicail attention l- ithe ftbfab surdilysturdily of MK h isif fetched teiltell rnlititn while in mine uva oherohmther mintrycountry ftbhue be11foreroue ntedantedwd thetlletile loitiionloitiionlon is rilerjivrajivrepirfiludtea pocse t red olof01 vatgatkreitg at ag iyityay inomiiiliin umeh atoetoetuctot mirfiiihy eliidealiide aliailhll iu ak offteffeuoffortsoutst madead to captincnplnrecapvaptiutin hinliinileini by liutiu polic tbthoughriirilalirli Iaj11jue aremre1k jxzejazelxsesiedd of a wilglilulltolltoil ddenenplionipilipti of iliillliinileini andnd th tiu yyoiikyoick g itdylidyiedy1 dy whom itIh t 11 dipti s onay bahw htoiun fonf-forfur sumoou thuetime preloprpreviouseioelo tto Mliitlait lingleaving thetlletileohe country

LATTYCH DAYHAY SAINTS mlllknniai stanSTAR 111411711 thithlthis iiis to say the 6lentt ilotnot at acivciveryvevyy flatfintfinsfintteiint tc0119 or cnillililucoinjlinientirytary redactionredection uinujuponn tltilctile effect iv nfsnesnen flol01 ttietleliilil lopjlicopolicoilive of I1 heehethesee countries more absurd still thouth ghti apprehended111 1 on boardbotidardtrd tthna ocean linerar by nibiehnniehn olvirofvircf irelfsI tegraphytetcieprnphygraphy thtahttii ilhlililuitin ivelve Mmonmormonon evades all of hi puihmrx 1andI hncanc aeedceed init ntnutnot onlyayiy leahmleavm new york litycity unobjunob arvederved butIW traviltravill i liny31fenilynenilyhy tvoovoteo tloumdthmahm tv hundred n6lenilcsnale iiifitihuillyliy ireyarey ey ifin through the uiiited1 iiiled stnstflttsan st and lazidshisltndslands iijriieyjrey sitsaltsait lake city here he isi ilt intin t entiatn I byliy tvotwo loneioneone engilengli b lislysarys1 xrysis of jwjhapperhapspeihaps Aghikhteenaghteenteen or tivetwentyrity detriyetri lrnf igeigoio while the ixliccjx1icc of ttwo0 gretprealmregreprenot rations weie held utt biybaywiy1 Y V henhanhcn1111i iiiliiwillwiilill tluthtietioalu peolapeople wake iund c jebe Vpulledtilltili1111tj1111 tj by MK h mtreprereutation up and reluserelosereiukeiu to 0 ay the-theisethesse pitlirilepitlerdlepit lirlictic andnd storistorlito ritric ol01 likeik babbvabbctlibeaieri oulyonly1y t xfeedcd in their 1jervpervcr f ilonion of thetl e tolthtruth 13by theirtheiu absorfityabsurdityubsurdity by them the g d aenheoebenee e uhls people andd policpolice syntfinsylo t of theeth eounlriciuntrhuntr i ibe gd benbeoee of thiuhiuhlthis the moimormoral nl htatusstatus off wouitiniiood0 o 0 av ehniphaiphalehaehnpha dl uiihiiniioii an cxcec binklydinkly iovlovlowjov pianeplane ohliewhile thetileulle figitityalty tinflit liiill11 poirpo ir rudpudd iurvelmsmarvolousious executivexecutibecuti abilitynullity of a lormon 1elbraldeieldei1hah r is exalt d aboveb the hills cheohechesterfieldsterfleld euwinEOWIN 1D HATCH

246 APPENDIX C

24724 APPENDIXAPIPENDIX CsC MORMONISM IN PICTURE

YOUNG kv0iWOMANSkiavlanaan1aNS JOURNAL

1 l XNIVP FEBRUARY1 ri rl K liiillln no 2

mormonism in picture

Pn 1 levi edgar i

I1 llietiie I11 I I1 nu itjior uu on aliulluilwithnli he ad iiiiliill 1 tiittl in m i tirol th mahmaw itt oiol01 ti rinonimiimm il lilttlletile ii r mlwidmid lutkutku t m dt thttl ir uini marvmurv w v 11111 1 i aviinV cutC ut 6 b JI tii 1 nvii I i liililtil ailnilniiaudand ivi v iIdvhiiulihit s plaglaptaikrtdtiiip la nw11innwdi11liiiii111 11 iiiitiii 4.4i trailtrawl ani cmiC mn tot w octh i a t 1mpedtrl oonki irirtinl6cthtinitinl nu nl uiibtt rl ni in i hehli e hiladhilhd inn ilki n I1 h I1 m thivtmiv id ti m th 1 1 1 l 1 I ilatrial11al dw gosevgospv f 4.4 th w dc 1 i 1 l ji i tlirist ir riiulmi illtil illaliail in n i i M rknl 1 getliutilitlit I1 dor ah1h J a docs6ocs and fr ca of trmarm I1 I1 ttiatiu Nuiluit n ori tinthe huihulin n mcc 1 I p illlatim ngi incIKC vt the oriorlorlioils i ui nirln iriirllri I niri y ed 1 mmyammy u nlnninm 4 r 111 1 mmw milicimiliuiMiulliui iiilinmv clrnlr iiiili nhu ardtr thlu biitltirt i MM hvh v ch th ng 1 olkoiwOIK moM 1 IH 111 I1 1 I1 I1 1 illili ulin llistalist 11 I t II11 n I1 v t tiltit palmpplm loltbolt f illilytty dracyd racy hawryh4wry11 11 1 nnihiiknmac andui tin iarodotiiiilcod ntiuti ni At pir nilnbiln i ofwc AV I nir1 d 1 I be hftcd M ti I1 1 1 I11 W morM 1 Aaliaitalipit isil smalimu F t pijprapeaprj olof01 truth oidoldmidh ssis tlethetl e mi l11111111 smtl 11. i ow tulivl 1- ad not g tindaindiind f iielieaie iiililhii1ii tia 0 I1 1 1 .111 r 1 hatout W htidhaid tilctiletitlittil I1 aitile111 iru fiddid in 6 hi ihetheahe comancommnco nnionanion feupeheombeompeoapeupe the it di0101.01 ar to feelfeul illtil divi aki t ulicIK i t 1 1 1 I11 thigthulthui addedillihl1ki ilictile n of 11ir hitft thithlhishin irlill1 b r u jnht il t inrs nmlgatin tinthe tholethone bu tnulkin iili111.1 shic tiiu ii un unu n lixlinsixje pj vviiaviidi i iun nu lis ajitijit llimisnil mismts r rinuinulu t niinilmii t n n liam nck1lti in the idd k 11 uxiunsnatnal litm ckel in tirtin is p i liwm11t 11 itt r i iiiitiiitidlii VM I 1 1 rqrciititnireprsewativv ftof tinth laueriii tc divdi n t Iic nillittmiljilt 11 hi tt it lirairiir i i work aderoder tlletiiefile 4.4 nm 1 h xxloxl C d r f 0 11 I k1 of cd iwer iiintiliivilcountrynti of ln o in I d inll11 or tot it thierthinrilltil r 1 iii if 111ilii i 1 1idtiditdaid 1 I1imn bab1 n1 the omhcii stid inn ilitllM itlliudludinditel mfwermerrrtrairat allailIItl 1 in pulputpi turir s0 ani U li Il is a ts omin 4i tho andhndlunlsilthatn m I1 m tettit uilitprtintvpvt thilltimu arearc stilltill in a somsumit u i i ondiCO ililil mue rn t ridnv i 16ging16lrinalringingin timtion the oiiotioilo il hiliallailah i inbecbevhevi n lilflikiiiiiniiiiinilwiled thein ridnidrilallnil rll 0to irr leytr fi ors inndI1 lyotyo pli 1 j 1 1 totv itono pcoplepeople on thetl i mailmaii att litlelitle1tn KS jp1 nrv vv arearv n ru i tintile i ptdi- irlarl irniruiniinj in 1 1 ilit ithishinhan iccnicanccncan liardilard to g t thetiietile me ng li I1 ird gt nearlnwarlinina ralmpllvrii ofot rer 1owlinlonibow u li ri s tlt xi f ril 1 ol01 cilotclint s missionin loilolibii0i beforenarsntrs thetilc ditdifdlf n ctuichui tytherilther nl arnrn inillilitit 1 mi alther1ltikil lrn fi i 0 immrantrcnt inojtks4 a ph 0 11111711 pei iprsvpti smith untioi isil 10o o 10t nuni itiutiutu givegave ait to the worldworlilworlie linguagesLIlanguagesLinguaigingcges a knolknolciknrenr 1cdg4cI ofot ticthe worldond anialid art

1 r

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riI1 v plttirp 1 1.1 F 1 RA IMIDING RFKrivenken OSN tittietletinTIM rialiriPIArialsPIriapla atialiatsA t IS

248 249

hoaVOA usa AV PAiictukf117 RE taliihlitwli ihrahr i loving pi tinne s iiolio thlileilic filfilmglim sh tuntonvun omeomc iff the nlrii flunevou illlit illtittil llcilcalc aliconiiconiten npotui riilkiil iiilii111 tl h rr of of4.4 ththe ahlrhl taltattili111 s ory of thinkiR animd dromhdroghI1 ir vdi ofadi mormon iiiialoi oi md waiiwaliwailwalwainailinvili riooaiooi iis aeucenveneeu m liiiliill mtm t leelleclleei e hiiriiir clidalidfludflid ly I tloi ithbollihollithtlin Nnettnewtneww york and sihashanghaiglialgliai 11. in I1 talttalltaitah avimvimovingg pictupiceupieuire coniamconpamL orfalyorpalyor palY m at teet 1 samenamewame timeim 1 fsiin A I1 illiii m 71 cilcitcamichmi the thhr att lo10 forniaforniniliforninili within 1 L lioxhiy thec buildingmilmii liny of the ulimnionhion 1a.1 fmfew weeks sim compinccom pinc ulliwih I1 kigikK igil kiihnl c- ilelif liet kiionl vilfvile likt s in sniinsniseiin in thithl nliccinl icci iti111 il lull is not only of interest to the people n f ilic civilixc worm nd thediedledic tottotalif 1 f l 11.11 I siilsillsaltsaiknaik k city audandnud iivrr hutbut mimtiitiioiinkiiutim niinoiinIM of 111111.11 iin uru r iiliiliiiiill ieICC omsonnonmon itits dramairimnncic historyii istoryastory alicaalcainIS to tictiletlle riveft c thousandthjusandiharha ililiiiii miles the lindi n ik IHIIUIH viuvinIIU off allalinil clashesc C iiiinI roihoi or Min ign ililii11311. rcntcn ini thetlletile intlur redreanea 1 ritt it thrltirlterlterburgburg so tiletlletitet I le moving11 mg dpictingdepictingpicpictinpectintin one story iiini thetiiktilklutastoryustoryi of i 1 A picture owelc of the modem means tlt I i movigluonigovig picture i1 ii ille ni

r i i 71 L si v k I1 i

jscthjostfijosefi Ssmithith tmitjiltilsn tiltflitthetile 1 k 4jaj momithiMo mitHi andunduhd muffin fla ris 1I nf flaisiia fr 1cligicila S sci t we have of brhgitiglirintrltipr the nistpatnast lomiIOMI theibe workrk beleinun iin limetime to hhe errv 6ordorflooisaloois of thellietlletile pooled1 m t 12igli1912 at thit ttinuainuc 1.1 itonunetl andrind motmo t lo10lniyinisinlylnig cropleprople it htconieht1 conieconleIM otriciotrichfI1 ici il ofd one off the liregtt in ii 4 ivoinboing L thtiltii memetismetin of4.4 ifoinioingL ai ork lh rein pirlcrepirl cre computescompuues of thtilcilictile uelaclacinei looks wouldvm ad fail itco cameme to siltsaltsait I1 NC citycit nlad I1 lktheI1 1 mormon church haI1 i hadi armrutcndwrm intoint i conirict aliniinilnli rile a 1histonhintoni full of tragedy mnidaidaldd ourdcmclibourd authcrlmtlumalu ritcriteit es 101 produce theth 1 1 dathondathpathospathonpath lidildiidI intelnlalnlc ilit I1is an i6111in tim toiiol tol of momormoniiismcismm V i fonalnonal histhiathistoryorv prpinepinc mdand fmcimci mc thetilc avnaanawn I1 cptcntaptV t stiputiptiprlatidflatdfladd thttntahtlint tlcalc11vtic celitceiitscalit thitthat iistrodiicf nu to thisthinh im cliniccilclinrcCliclitirchtirchurcnrc ts merely to sanction the htntionalstitutiouil aitorhitorliiiliill tr imhave to be re 1m4igalmarodrctionctionaction ofi tilc hiwricalliistorical scmanc rnc iadladlitIAMl it d lohbothhothlob ini 1bookhookk and in elcvicpicpicturpictuupictoupichurtur adihaihalhdihich thetilctile conimbonimco hadllad cliocilo cn to 1 nim inyiks cit 1 weme lacli ac sonicnonickonicsonc 2odbod k ciln thetiietiletlle enartenacticI since thatthar time the ork I1 subject n-sownow we arcare to lureimreamihmi a llaliailahrshis jrnearne stcidilstcstadilvidil on ind aas a1.1 re g 1 suitruit 1111 1 movingm picturepichire tiittilt over nine thousand feet of llisilismctimctm1r11am YUsMLses ml 1 111111.11istlluIStliliilltiilU VALLEYV CUTTING A rodkonronROAD AN t MKKST aninaminIMINlin1 IS 2502 50

788.8 YOUNG WOMANS JOURNAL iuloi uluuloniu sv INv pclriirifaclpel TLturiturlcrlCRIhi

111 nlnimm uli botlelliell1 semen 0oxeneltcitell prairie uv iiiitiiu iuirtrlm 0of illlittinilu nin moven icky mnncsmancs utiuilWA wHwhoiiwhoieoii have lailalimi lriluirlin t iliilltii moved uu rcky T A 41 lihithaih many tiletlletite 16 ackleacklv ifiltirkuilkviltigkfil together iih of the rrlifrulif lunliunitunigunl d tii liratritrtl nitiscmus the itcoitchtivo in lill11illuillnii lirtirtip earllearil ltvliva UI1 talltalttaitt i lleilelirifasiifvsitecsi i thetic midmulmui ccittnryventurycentury derixperixperimcr nh ansvasvnsas aafuf lilliiill sluuii m n lfuutlk m rrcilrrarcil cilvilvii iyay shnliril thl titetiie ciiiiny rfcilitic mittnincramrnmr th I1 1iai might piicryprulwrly druss their iorialtersaliersnitersionstoni tiitililiall inaninvn carfcaricarfnivarini niv plinncplinplinnypien nc t andnl cn it tilltilk111 mr r aitatiattand the fnniiturcfuruittire etiiisitletl ui tii vir actedactactctCt midermiden tikthe suihrviinsti1wrviion uiof A 1 I I1 N 1 wgnarv II11 1 T maficmatic to or lerier hybv N M nGngrvrv r w hno has tatakenk J rt lotislotin seem was illadfillad orler xnrvilom enrmnr lleilelietiletilc comciimpinvcampaycompaypaY s sihviil ciqhnirs ailarlarian ilterinlnv t in bixinbivinhavinhi xinvin rvcrvavryevryvvry cntent n ththe vearinenariovnarincvuirio fistsvists of wineminesmile depdepillalciclildepitlaitLA a truth ully as p 6111 sill one hundalhundred of the kioanioamo t important thtlicalic cinrccinocatirabir fini iccivelveivc in a c niuvicil 1 11 ay V e I1 in the historyhisloryaaraor ofi thtilc chnreichnrdic111tc11 slonystonyt rv llelie salasaiasdsalantsaiantnt vvcpt in the IFII yy 1 earlycarly bohoihovliooil tory ofMonnononno morinomsmmonnonisinnisin at willW illwil ap3 i y A buitboiibgiibrinninbfinninig kithwith the caly boho it k9 V 4 fitfirwir 11 day samaatmant of the prahmrihctprphmct OIKone ofpi thtiie fittfirtwirtt lwiicallcaljwlawl I illailall the laitrlaieriutcr davnasoasnay wintin N 1 l 1 inpicturelurcsluhcs is rihhishi riulirculirc uliuil ow1 mknl ifof andatul vi semgemer e a aI patentpotent iacorlacoriactorbactor in jnrenr lo10 hisbisbin mother if ansanany cfof shshovchovov tiutin world sosouson ethinelhinalhinI hintz of you lack wisdom let him aska k of 11 r loaindlod J 1 I i illilitil liberally I1 mormonizinnizin CI1 l ihmloittoit eithgigithivcthth tot allailaliit men rkerise anda tid grogrowthathvth of MormobonnonimonnoniMonnoni i niiaitatt italitplulrclr rai1vthrkrhth th not andmid it halihailhall be vn1inwilitin ileilcliethe nett nalniontlinfl tiie11 libiilllibi illlillii uivtuiva n liim ththe hill cumcumorahralrai he pludplaced in thtili icatleat ir ISKV airl ticthetiv andinnndin rfof thetilctile boidixbocdendoc of 1ictimpicturevictim tlrtrethemtartre of4 bothholhhoth I1 iiriliri ie anii j li 1 JIM rhaltaaif snishi w 0uau y si ru flrrfarr morrittimorvittimornhmMorvitti its translation thetletic oran theibe I1 litititi1itlditlnitel statstates thtlletile i-ualalldi v Jf iniif I1 v patur jfisriisri hinhiubiu ttitatit tn jaunajnunah uie by tiutin uniyduniyunixuary thab buimwuimixationfixation off tilctiletiie burclhurhurclcl tinthe cxpcri iin iiitiupwtur i coljcolaoiniiiiiyy halias aireainealne dy F m i emilii ami me I1 1 fm sithmilii anid ihcf ii marledmbrled cnhri ii encarfcnrf itin tlictlwelw eflyehlycarlscarisearly movements matmvtvc received orders i-lortor thtiletlle powrpwwrvicturepicture irtirilirlirii I1 pt WwaniMI tilcilic days ofot independenceindependelceawl and aliinlb ii st lterIteriri rollerolic yuu wariwarl nlii iterlrilri rivlorivl ha kiimii niidnaid it mn ame pme suu ui ii d hvby Mmr frdwitfroTII f m 1 Q f Q I v N iid I of mirlyirlyI 5 0 tn oril r somracomravomravomnariim tinaini in ionm ofi the great colcoi l iv iin ton reatreal 1 1 1 tjfc 00nm00.00 erter t sn t t1ta iiiliilil I1 I1 I tiilirttiiiitriit ot nrsidursidilalil al eritt1riuprittpruttariu iceriverlver C nimbdikintkinilullKini lullimil and1 ohcrs it ran i cut fivdivfivegive i lilliiiii f linlihtin tciitli ht rtn ct to ir th irv imrrli aciwci 1 I1 t i ln eliut 1. tihint itil i uliifli ii fkcfac tliuttl iutlutint nttyfl circitillv ilsbvliyily nicie1 wih l lars rsitt r il1.1 vmfinirifinikir mnrun inglr with tiietile innlr I1 lv i ltrs tltiiml ttniliir 1 i 1 I 4 ltamr liefalieen tl ir rmr lireitaf itifn fiiiclci livitlivct nff ikseinseIKSCIK SC iriirl lillitill nverover itrf pihirpioir rr i I1 s f ti illtiiail 1 i n- l pu laclveive lh iil ikeu lvc iantanitken pulpolpot in tirilu faifa4eaifaa iiiuriiiliilit ur iloitoclr v of itdvtdlili inilllii cnnrtinifnarti f thilclir amricncnirinchirinmriirin A hlf nnieil V 1 llr 0. I1 1 0 lit h 1 proicbroicpro Ic in immigrationqlatim cicanyonnyon viiikinlivbiilinli visolsolg ncfinafivd t poipor tinvdinv in nd i t1ta ert vt vn s I f v C fr p 1 of thitthut tr r I1 fill in t I1 1 r f ntnnlnnan tiritirl unn cdntcant lu varlvarivani mrridiii niidnaid is li tiilitifni theiliculic or- 15 I1 1 Iu iettitittttt andid lihtheibe vewvm tij iii ni whiwhy tniiirnii ion off tillthe garnoarngaun n tltiietite move I p inteliniint ii llifalif IF n- iiaI smitiismitie6 iilalithiilh nn otit jf the hito thetiietile tri j iiqlih jh church eitoelto far i il ral rnl iuinbuin z icksifksk in ai rircisileaidehidebidefid west all ithaveve bebeenen vivividlyixyaxy shown J tv of lk iriiitrilliriki 1 tiitilti etileniliTil fliufitoaliu riliiy ilclie tjviiiv afuf ic 1 jihu ai lvritavrit illlillii inrtinart of ilriiaririhuri hu arnmrn nion s iwoimolmo the west lonion jsethjitscijeseth smith readingkideideld in the etleti ofoj janjauejanejun s ttllif1 nishisliislilsiris ashtsht r

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111110s sidlovsidluvSidsudnudirv itifiio kvvic 1 luv vie dutrealMumutrealtreal childchildrseliildrmrv f lleile1 1 lanislanik childrv of lie laburlauuritierilieritteralier day sitsijsajsaintssalnis pxriir N vorkyork w it win he sjj 1 wd moremorc thilthan intinterestingrestina to pekin eliatI latljt theth am willx il nim restinr tliat f cause tlthe veoplepeople off the worldoridorld forfillailtaalt mor inacinucmuch comment 1acsocs ivitliout sly siy inonimn loniong ary liasilas callad ing it is shown withw th arlaslar callldcalicallcati ld them the sanction6 toU talk andawlami tot aonderuonder f III111ir I1 iralirvl I1 aieole0ie thingtiling i1 irrsidcnry alilaliiabil the is arf Z aiil irf tilc moving iictnrcwhire to knwlede of histhis wiilwilliliill add tuI1 itst L ielhcr with 1 1 interest all Ilic oilierr Imodem vitinventionsYItlonsiOnS is to help ustustvs carry thetiletlletiie thefherhe picture will hophelhei 1.1 theodle hoa wridlurid mission of clicilCIIcheslchnsli M tto all theileilclie worldu orldorid M laricI ar9carac t1tato an understanding of our 0 alidarld to lirbringm liumahgiumaM nty boineIl ilieilicjIle to ththe ititoryIti toryiry itt w ilH serveve a1aa a means hm truftrue princiileprincipleprinciprinclilellelie if sulvalior to an endcrideriderld it will appeal to the APPENDIX D

251 APPENDIX D t THE POWER OF THE MORMONS

the fidelity picture plays syndicate mastkhpikckcinCENmotlonMOTIONIMOTION PICTUREs capitlizationcapitalisationcapitalization 50000530000 all CcamioncomionCo uzoneomionuno storstok Nno honsbonsnons noN prcferrfil stock ffllfallfullykully Ppillipiiilpibildd aniami sonNnonn asssableA tibletibiertblc OHIO 11cilc N no 1 l THE jmt1MOTIONyon PICTURE BUSINESS IS makinoMAKINGIMAKING biobloBICBIG MONEYadloney1 INVEST IN A QUICK MONEY MAKITGMAKING BUSINESSBUSLNIESS great masterpiece motion axtpxtpicturerc to be rmademazeie part of an intematintermatlnimtortaoriaortaomia Pproporig ln 4aaaJ against polygamy stupendous superlativeSUPEUILATVE photodramaPHOTO SDRAMA JLHE TORICAL DF luxe THE POWER OF THE MORMONS pwruredraniaS

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joseplijoseppijo calieplicpliepil F snutlisnullism illtilili wvi breidircmtpreid nt4iunta rf luthe morttiMormmormtimornwnti ciiuitchurchl r ii hadhod fichiebic les ies and ausvasvus the fattlerfattier of 13 childchildrenriarim 353 of chimiuhimiloinboinioin ariartare ilnishosinislnisl 1.1 inilllil111 thisth pilulpiculpiluitiottolinLUl telfteleteie of bishisliisilisills childrctuliircnii were boinhornborn since tilc mornionimornionanorMormorgioniMorn ioniionslonsnionA isiuedissuedis iuidluideuid theitheltheir luinifrsto aniibolibibolib illiiliinsliin pilipitipitl ii this great picture wiilwill ilellelie1 shown in allaliAH ctmteiiciviticipiti ed countriescounticountr kak1 of the world lnIN EVERY CITY TONNtowyTOWNY AND VILLAGE IN TTF 1 NITFINI t ED IATFarnS kng1andAM CAN jdaanaADA FRANCE1 asceanaranceancr walyUALY 1 srn rnadanad ltvITV villar 1 1 KI GREECE I1 IjLAHIAlarlalahla erlnaakinaekinaK U ItirlI A 1110111 lkiyihlyalnnlnAEN nunsiaKCSSIAI slaSIA JAPAN sorthSOUTH ANIFRICAMERICA CENTRALCENTKAL AMERICA austriaAVSTKIA 111unabyHLNCAKY cilinaCHINA scandinavia australlaALSTKALIAAUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND SUPPORTED inBY CHURCHESOFTHE OF THE WORLDWOULD ENDORSEDENDOWSED IYBY ALL CHRISTIAN PEOPLE i1oiyaPOLYGAMYay 1y EXISTS IN AMERICA TODAY thenie honlionitonnon frank J camilicinnoiiCincamiminoiinoil init hlilili lilctlililetlilotlctiet liklih on moiinonion says josfilijosfiliplipil F sinith the litilittlate lunliwadawad ofor thtiutin knlouknkaloulon lou hadri licollcrbegolinbegolkn ovive1vivetwelve children lybv five viveswives sincsine lielreire cleillpleill hisilisliinliln relrei rd indul oitlditltiltiiall tll 0too elstunilstunil stun frfiniwl pxhimouplyganmus hiistiis g tiietlletiletncrcre ardmorearemorearearc borcnorc elulplulpluralal wives in theth kiihiihllkiiiluindom now thin crctrclr itcfoivbeftwe POLYGAMY MUST BE BANISHED FROM THE natiosNATION jifxmttij trtnrr Iilaisailaija iinhtrat homehomonomo officeofficer suites300suites 30003010 301 friehrickrichrieprieprio buildingnolinuil din CLEVELAND OHIO

252 253 great masterpiece emotion picture to be ctadeamadecmade part of international propaopaopaopropagandat anda to remedy a great social evil

A company coincolncomposedposed ofot bankers business and professional inenmen and people in allaliailnil valkswalks of life are preparing for the making of a big masterpiece photodramaphoto drama which villwillviii be exhibitedexbilembil itedcited throuthrough- out liethelleile unitunited states and the entire world upon aza subject which concconeconcernsorns thetiietile social and moral wel- fare of modern civilcivilisationcivilizationiza tion the preservation of ulcdicule sancitysanctity of thetiietile marriamarriagegc bond and thetlletile safety of thetilc alneamericanAinerican fireside

polegpolygpolygamyhillyhilty11113.11113 must be banished froalfromfroni the united slatesstates contrary to thetlletile general public impres- sion polygamypoipollyganiv is not dead nor even sleeping two thousand proselylingproses tingling priestspricslspriesis of polypolygamyanlyanty arearcave workingvorkingonshntlycon azintly in nericaamericaAi and europe 509 mormonidiINI lorinon womenvoinen agentsagcnts arcarenrc novnownom proselyting in europe it is reported bvbynn prominentprox ninentnonent english authoress that 1200 new converts loto10 mormoniinailornionisnMormo niin enenglish1 I isahis1h worenwomen and rouixyouixyouhgyoung girls are even now awaiting passportspassportsspurts loto10 thetilctile united states theilietlle ninnlnniomostst powerful antiantlantimormonmormon forces in the united states and europe arearc associated with this company and nreanre giving the project their hearty support tiietile exhibition of thistitisflits greatbleatgleatgi eat moralmorai indandund hisioricaj11i01icw jIpicarejiclurepicmreCLure willwili prove a powerfpowerfulpowersilililtil aid to the great organizations irwiwwno x centeringc nierinbierin theirtlicir bestbost elfcitortsvitortsfort ioi aradicradieradicateteate polygamy from the civilicivilisedcivilizedsed nations and to oppose the iniimpendingpending drive for WORLD podPOLPOLYGAMYgailyGAlIY now in prospectprospeci mormon1iornion history in all its polygamouspolyganious iniquity will be shoshownviitiitil froinfrom its inception down tollstoilsto its present day political power lecessinecessinecessitatinglatin a picture lotzotnot less thanthallthail threeilliiiii1111 ce hoursbours long thetlletile purpose of thithlthis great picture is ioaiontontonhousetonrouseto rousearouse thetile public to the eereoreverewer increasing menace of mor lonisinmonisinmomoninisinm vithwith its constantly growing power then allaliajl the great christianahrachraistian organizations of thetiietile united states villnvillanvill unite in a demand to congress at washington for the passage of an amendment to tiletilctlletiie constitution prohibiting polyapolyainypolygamyiny anywhere in thetilctile uniteduntied slatesstates and ritoriesterritoriesteitel our great picture villwilli receive the strong support and patronage of the millions of church peo- 1 n ple as wlvellveilveli as thetiietile patronage1.1 of the usual run of theatre patrons Tthislistis trenietremendousdous attendance should result in big profits to our stockholdersstoOkholders as well as the accomplishment of the great moralmoraimoramorn purpose involved the thrihjngthrluing events in innlorironmormon Ihistorylistoryhistory will provide unusuallyunuseunusu allyaily inteinterestingreslingnesting mheriamaimoimolmaicrialerialcrial for one of thetilctile greagreatestiestlesttost picture drainaseverdrainadramas eversever flashed upon the screen it willwiil bebc a picture niehiethe public wants thetiletlle subject carries a universal appeal experts have predicted that thistins picture will be enormously profitable A weilwellweli known big special picture to latedate I1has earned for its lucky stockholders at the rate of 1soo1800800 for every loa1003003100 invested with moreraore profits to followfollov our project should produce even helterbelterbetterhetter results than this all things considered YOU can sharesbare in this rare chancecliance for big profits itif you act quicklybilicjilicmy the motionmotlon picture industry hadbad made many fortunes in the last 10 years and is makingnialsingking big money todaytodzigodzity get in a fast money making businessbusun esscss 1thefidehtvlle fidelity picture flaysplays SynsyndicateLicate is capitalized at 500000 all Corncommonnon stock fully paid and rionno nasn as usableissessableassessable shares 140014.00 each each share participates equally with every other share in the profits of thetiie picture GET TJIE FACTS we havebave good reason to believe that olishitsthis crealgrealgreatgreot picture will earn big pro- fits you can share in it this is inan investment chance OUT OF THE ORDINARY HERE is your opportunity on account of thethe nature of thistills picture wo want as manyananyynany stockholders as possb1cpossible to be- come finanrfinanafinanciallylally interested in this great and tobeto be very plofitalfepiofhable picture the number of shares we will sell to any one person is limited dividends of 1000 have been made in thefhe BIG FEATURE PICTURE BUSINESS each loo10600 invested in the birth of a nation Mmadeadeabcadc isooLSOO eachea h s 100 investedinvented in the trolfic in souls made 3000 facheach 100 invested in the spoilerspoilers madmade 1000 each 5 loo100doo3001005100 vestedinvestedhi in the million dollar mystery made 700 many other pictures have nnamadede great fortufortunesaesacsnes for their lucky owners 254

THE SUBJECT to arouse the public to this grgrowingoving danger ththatt their the subject is exceptional and cut of the beaten path efforts are meeting vithwith a tremendous response from the of picture production theme is of vital nttcrcst it public is evidenced by crowded churches and enthusiastic the uttrcst audiences haihalhasha i the virtues of novelty and great apiappealal tiltn millimillionsodsors of people as0 veilwellweli as true andaridarld important historical value large pro6tsprottsprontstpronest are sure to the motion picture producer who gives PUBLICITY PONVERZ OF the public an interesting production with a vital andund soul tremendous POWER tiieTHE grippigrippingrg theme we will give to the public a great master- MOTION PICTURE SCREEN TO REBE USED piece picture with a great moral thcrnethcraethurne as its foundation to the spoken and printed word it has been decided to polygamy must forever be eliminated from the united add the tremendous scopicscope and afpfpowervervcr of lleileliethe motion picture states of Ainericaamerica it nis a cancer upon civilizaioncivllizaiioncivilization and is screen which can carry its message to millions of people a powerfully organizedorganiorganipedorgalli7edped and flaunting insult to the mother- the press pulpit andaridarld screen will each drdo itits part in effect- hood of america and the world it is a dark blot upon the ing the desired end and give its ututmostinist aid in voicing the fair fame and llainename of our nation and a reproach and a tremendous protest of an outraged public this is a time mockery to civilization for nothing but sledge harninerdomnhomnharningerer blows against this gigantic the mormon religion was founded by joseph smith about social evil the yearyeanveayea r I1s301s30 at which time heliehie claimed to have found some hiddtnhidden plates fromfroin which the mormon bible was written THIS IS A MOTION PICTURE WITH A this is disputed by joseph spauijingspatilspacilaingiing a learned advocate of that period who claimed that the book was nearly identical MISSION with one written bby his uncle solomon spaulding several the screen talks to twenty million people daily reaching years before thitthat time larg andalidaridarld smallsmailcommunities and can so arouse the public the fIfioversfinversfolowcrsovers of joseph smith were the first to openly that the great pressure of public opinion will be felt in praitprattpratticcpraniccpranichpratticoicc polypolygainypulygiimvgainykalny in the untedutilteduntilted stalesstates As the years hivehave quarters vheahewheree mcdialmedialremedialrc laws billvill be passedpanned cecicecivelsi veisvelsvelvtv passed they have grown immenseimrnen&ely1 popowerfulerful their grow- to aid in this gleatgreat propaganda now being launched by ing ppowerver andantianciancl increasing activity has roused the press a christian civilization against polypolygamyaarnsgainy a great master- pulpit and public to the necessity of strongly combating this piece motionmotlonmotion picture is being prepared for exhibition through- growing menace to society out the uniteditnitedignited statsstata and the entire world once i I1 history to secksseekssec is better than a thousand tellteiltelitellingsngs 0orientalrientaarienta this great picture will embrace the complete of proproverberb mormonism from its inception down to the present day will love story no written or spoken word can reachrench thebuind ruindroind so swiftlys 4iftly it carry a strong forceful and romantic andaridarld buthutits historical will in no way be sacri- surely as the thingtiling seen motionmotlon pictures arcare a newne throughout value which most ficed ory records no more thrilling and adventurous medium attractively addresses itself to the llisilisliishlsory minds of people withoutvit times than those of early illinois missouri andantiantl the frontier the sit hout the intervention of words all the world sees motion pictures twenty a of the year 1830 romantic figures of the pioneer million people day states taneanear the picture theartresthe leaders ofdf these stirring times stand out clear colossal and attend 25000 theatresatres ruggedrugge ii in the vinvanvau of pioneer progress as conquerors of the productproductionon ifof this great picture is entered upon the wilderness andarid the plain not solely to gaigalgaiagalagain the large pecuniary returns which arcareancane inevitable but with the belief Is one manaran whose name is known to almost that the exhibition of thisibis there rran moral alidaridarld prove a ken whose life and are known great and historical picture will PGpowerfulcrfu1 every american citicitizenien character aid to the organizations now ccittering scarce ly all man isi brigham young great nov cciiterint their best scircescarcely at that efforts to eradicate polypolygamygarny from the civili7cd nations everyone rccrgni7csrccognipcs the name everyone knowskn 3 that civilrcd nation brigham had a great ninnymany viveswives and that he was bead of the best possible historical and romantic scrnartoscenario has the normonmurmon church hismismls ifelife was as adventurous been prepared theb bestst picture talent villwill interpret it upon and romaromanticitic as anything that the history of the western the screen the bestbetbent direction photography art and me- can show was preacher pioneer prophet pope contcontinentnent hefie chanichanicalch calcai work settings of natural scenery and irtiartisticariiarilstic treat- andarid polyganu&tpolnovpov1 garnisr all rolled into one he was head of a harernhabern head of a church head of a itriclittle kingdom hidden ment of this greatgrcateat subject insures a moti n gti 0 n picture produc- away in the mountains heileflefie made war against the unitunitede d tion which will rank only among the very bes andaddaridarld most statestates and was never punished for it he founded a state notablnotabknotably of screen masterpieces builbullbulibuiltI1 allaliarian empire and prepared for this nation the most diffi- cult prproblcinprobleinoblein which it has to face today the proprobiernproblembiern of a politicalpolpoi church fromfroni brighambrihamBriZham sousoungyoungyou g and his mormon general greatest georgcgeorge details aniand flirtplirtphni of the empireempiric by hon frank J cannon and dr L knapp lhotodrama111hotodramaphotodrama enterprise olof01 the times history combined with maticemariceroromance has never before been DOES POLYGAMY EXIST IN AMERICA pictured in such a stirring and realistic marinermanner interest TODAY curiositycu riosit fascinationfa suspense desire and history in heart throbs aliallail have been created for eachcactieacil succeeding chapter cannon in his book on mor- to the honron frank J latest a great climax months of preparation and much care and monism sayssuys effort have been involved in the of this kingdom ir creation great master joseph F smith the late head of the had picture A perfect furore will be by lie pledged of interest wilwll aroused it begotten twelve childenchildren by five viveswives sincesence his and it is predicted that large box office receipts will living 6 follow word and oath to abstain from polygamous wherever it will be shown t will score an ic asns in kingdom artivieartivicartis weilwellweli as there are inoremorcmore plural wives the now than ever a financial triumph before first announcement of the plans for this pic- of mormon is in many of the great the power the church felt the has been greeted with much enthusiasm never a aridarld leadingmading of this ture has great corporations and nadingit industries country proposed photoplay created so much interest or brought in in pc is washington itiitsith sinister inucnccuenchuencc politicsiitics manifested at so many offers of operationcooperationco and support D1 C as c 11 as in a number of our states themihepihe ernieiusarlcsernisaricssaricssariessarles of the mormon church arcareancane now proselytproselyte ing in war torn europe aas veilvellveliwellweilweli ass in our owno i country SCENARIO BY DR GEORGE L KNAPP their recent activities have caused manyoi new reform acknowledged famous aunioauthorityAudiority upon organratloissorganizationsorganizatious to be cievedclevedcicated for the cpexpressress purpose of oppos- ing their pernicious teachings fronifrom these great organiza- mormon history tions a large number of lecturers have gone forth throughout dr george L knapp editor of the chicago journal the length and breadth of the land in a concerted endeavor author and historical writer who is acknowledged to be a 255

famous authority upon mormon hshistorytory and who collabor- the public to thetiie necessity of speedily crushing this hydra ated with hethe hanhon frank J cannon in the book brigham headed viper upon the hearthstone of our country that tre young andarld his mormon empire has given freely of his menjousmetijous pressure will be brought to bear upon the govern- knowledge of this subicsubiesubjectct for the benefit exclusivelyexclusiexclusia vely of ment at washington for aran amendment to the constitution thitthis picture makingwalking project andalidaridarld is closely associated with of the united states to the effect that polygamypoty gamy be prohibprohibitedted our organization in all our states and territories his excellent scenario for this great picture is already therhe moral and fincticlalfittafirta igal support thatthaith at yiuyou give tot0 this written dealing with the thrilling events of mormon hstoastohistoryy truly great project at thithis timeilme will affirmaniroanirm in rono uncertain fronfrom the advent of the dreamer joseph smith fotindcrfounder of tones that the gleatgreat bodies fr christian organizations through the mormon chuchurchh and voucher for the siousrouspuriousrious mormon out the land are now and awavialavi1jys billwill be againstainaainm thezhe practice bible joseph smiths dreamdrearnbrearn of power as president of the of polygimypolygamy with its degradation of the female sex andaridarld united states its standing menace to the sinctitysanctitysarictity of the marriamarriagegc bond the dramatic history of the cormonsmormons in the early days its apostles are bold andalidaridarld defiant Foriformerlynerly t theyneyncy verewere con- of illinois the work at and flight fromfroni burning nauvoo tent with enlisting recruits from england wales sweden the dramatic death of the prophet joseph smith at the and other parts of scandinavia but now emboldened by hands of the mob at carthage jail the handcart migration toleration they send their emissaries throughthroughoutout testhis coun-coun westward over the greitgrettgreatgre it plaitpialiplainss to utah the bulingbu illing of try antancand obtain disciples from aliau211 the statestates in the union the tabcrn1ctabernacleke at salt lake city the mountain meadows will you stand supicupisupinelyoelynely by andalid show lyty your nonresistancenon resistance massacre berewhereiere 130 arkansas immigrants were mutmilderedmulderedrnuideredMUL dered that you tacttactitlytactlilyitlylily aid and ahalabciahcl this blaunflauntingti ng social delinquency by the nforniorascormonsmormons uldand indians the comingcorning of tohnstonestohnstoiwsTohnpohn stones of one of the great states of our union or will you do all army and ththe arrival of gen connor in the early days of within your power to rid america of this plague spot upon the civil ajrvjrvarwar the exccutioiexecutioaexecution of thetsietyle arch murderer john our civilization DT ce lee foror ihkehkhc slayinglyinLyalyinin of fleeodredorctet e inibiginimiginimlgrintsirants aia mountain meadowsicalasaLwsIcicalws the workings of pohponpolygamygarny the hiding out of the motion picture screen is the greatest publicity med- the mormon chiefs from theohe threatened punishment of thetilctile ium in the world today crime and lawllawlessess living hate pub- federalfejeralfejeran governmentg rnnient the immigration rneasumeasureses from eng- licity publicity can right many social and economic wrongs 1 you in thistinstius for social betterment landd therh apportionmenta of immigrantirniarninigrantmigrant girlsg ris among tct e willWM yu join great movement mormon viderstimersulmers and the common goud every share in this project that you grom the nloaionmornortMormornoutnorinort ceremony of marriage and the romances purchase Is a brovblowbrow against mormoninformonismm aidealdeaside fromron that of thetechildrenchilchii irenfren whose parents at mountain meadows were desirable fact the imesrrrentinvestmintinvestinvestmentmint will he highly profitable therhe victims of morminmormanmerman hate and blood lust in thetiietile most fiend ihish massacrerassacre in the red annals of pioneer days in the werwest A big american drive against polygamy is a cryingi the escapees-cape of the girls from becoming the plural wives of need cfof today our picture will prove to behe a tremenastremendous morannformonmormn elaceldcciderss aadand theitheltheir flight back to a christian commulcommuscornmuncom mul force in antiantipolygamypolygamy propaganda itjt will turn the bright ityiryty poverpovenpowerpowen of life aridoridorud over mormon wives and spotlight of national and worldwideworld wide publicity upon the the andond death 1 the terrify g blood in the thathe wo ingskings of 0the polygamous priests and priestesses of the tcrrifln7 atonement secret chambers of mormon momormontnoilanoil temple mornion church s these thrillingthrillineinclne events in Mormornmorpiornionpior history wilwllwitwillweil1 provide wewc arearc formic a tremendoutremendous bulwark of financially in- unusually interestinterc&tiigng material for one of the greate3tgreatest picture terestedte scopipcopipcopl against which the politicalpolpoi tical ana innfinancialcialclai dramas ever flashed upon the screen it will be shown guns of polygamous mormonisrnimormonisin may thunder in vain wilwll throughout the lecythlecgthleugth and breadth of the land and will be you join tlthe great army mobilized against polygamypolpotlygamy exhibitsexhibitcexhibitedd over tlelieeleeketiette cetirecutirccutire world this will be truly a masterpiece picture its great scope in exhibitexhibitionon over the civilizedcivilizcdciviliyij wiworld00 wiltwillwiit reach not only church because of its truthfulness andaridarld of its promotion of social goers buibutbuu thousandsthouthuu sands who never attend any church betterment this great picture production will riotnot be pro- hibitedhabited by any slatesiale or city when one realizes that this STRONG endorsementENDORSEIVENT OF OUR master motion picture will attract all the usual patronage PURPOSE ever attracted by any other big feature picture and iinn addition will have the support of interestinterestedcd miliionsmillionsmili ions through- non J cannon former U S senator from the honlionilon frank out the entire suntrycountry and the world together withwith the co- utah needs no introduction to the public nor to religious but operoperationatlon off palpi press chuchchurch zicodendandti4141.41 other innijrtinflucra1z1 in- orcaniationsorg nizations throughout the united statesstateS tate andalidaridarld the world pres tlifalifi twenty fififafiffie e darscarsears of consistent fighting against the stitutions and patriotic and social orgnnizuionsorgnni7mions is it not teachings and thetllellietile practices of mormorisnimormorisizinililizi has made his btlbri ifl il lilze Mormoris reasonable to ci itiitimaicitimateintimatemaiemate that this greitgreat picturpichurpicture production ialihlwih vaccvamc a householdhold word throighoutthroughouttbrosebros frholitfrholit the lengthleileliel gth and breadth iianu oue ath prove a tremendous and notable sticacs s of the land in hisinsiuslus lectures during a long period upon the scs lecture platform he hasbushus dfouncddcnounccd mormonism and poly- the motion picltirepletureplexurepictpicl tire businebuslbusi nes has plovenn itself a mar- gamy belorebefore uyupwardsards of forty five illionmillionm people 1heilelielle will velous wealth producer the plain truth as to the profitable give the gratgreat power of his e idoisemcnridorsenicni to this picture both results thus far obtained seem incredible bbutit they arearc true in press and ulonubonupon the lectirelecaireiceturcicclectiretirc platform he is the author and the remarkable and extraordinary profirrprofitnprofiro constantly being of the widely rcdrczdbcd booksbocks briabrighamhrlghambrighainBrighain young and his 211mor-ror alicdrealierrealicdrealiedre ailedfrom the business arearc becoming better and better mon empireempiric andin under the prophet in utah helielleire is known especially when substantiated by the most reputable the best known authority upon mormon history in the world publications in the land and his great knovieknowledgedge of the mormon subject has been placed at the disposal of aiealeihedieahe producers of this picture EVERYONE CAN participate our organiorganlti2 a horinorihosit oa iiss planned so that everyone who be- lieves in the aboliiilnnentnbolishrrwrit of polypo5yrnriypolygantyranlyrantyganty can acquire a finan- PROBABLE governmental ACTION cial interest in oilthisuiaula ctiicrprisrciitcrprise if they act promptly se- this picture will bring home the horrors and menace cure their shares beibekbeforeorcore the ailoallotmentment is all sold ofMormo mormonismnisin to everyone in the civilisedcivilizedcivili sedzed world for years the fidelity picture plays Synsyndicatedrate is capitali7cdcapitalipcd at to correcomecorne anianeano it shosholdshouldid prove to ber of the utmost moral bene- 500000 all common stock fully paid and non asc&sableasse sablesabie fit to the whole people it is predicted thattharthut the nationwide shares 140014.00 each the syndicate is owned and operated exhibition of this great and timely picture will so arouse by its shareholders on a operativecooperativeco basis every share 256

participates equally with every other share in the profits of is much more it actuarruactuallyidly aopossessesr frite features of advantage pos- the picture sessed by absolutely nonoinoa ohermarrmaer motion picture ever produced we reserve the right to return any application or to the valitevalue of whichuhtchich iiis utterlytriyeflytfly jtrweimpnsslbleJt rWe of roeneven approximate malemake allotments of sharesprosharsharesespropro rata if the issuelue isi over sub- copulationtcomputation scriscribedbed we arc utteflutterly confident that the FIDELITY PICTURE all the directors of a company can do to protect their PLAYS SYNDICATE is destined to even outclass the phe- shareholders has been done in this case faeryeveryraeryewery phase of nomenal successes and the sensalisensolisensationalihalohaionai profits which other the question has been carefullycareful considered and analycdanalyzcdanalyzed by great companies have made and the legal yoryour the best experts most careful talent your is investment will be as safe as careful management and con- great opportunity here an opportunity that bids assuringly fur profits asa s phenomenally great as was ever servaservativetive policies can bakemakeC it true bakmak in motion picture historyhisthibi ory if you are interinterestedted it is advisable not to lose any timelimeeimeelme but send in your subscription at once if you arcare secksecaseeaseek-k but this opportunity will not tarry it will not be availa- iziing an investment out 0ot the ordinary here is your oppor- ble long so to get iqIinq 00 share in these enormous profits tunity which we have every reason tuto look forward to10 with confi- dence and expectation you mustmusemuso not wait fouyou muhomuso nlact THE FIDELITY PICTW-E PLAYS SYNDICATE not and you mutmust ACT AT ONCE if you fail to secure your pictije portion of this exceptional investment you have missed what was even claimed vhal only possesses every facto for success that ever in our opinopinionloaioa103 is one oiof the greatestg rcatest opportunities of the aceage by any of the GREAT motion picture productions but what ae Mmanfmanymahyany Ilotionmotionmotlon1 pictures havellaveslavesiave madede niablabig13io iumoneyoney A good feature film may earn 100000 a year or more for its producers these films reitscttrent fo as much as 1000 a day to the largest thethcattcstheatiestheadiesaties iniralra tieticthe large cities in smallercities clues the rental may be 100 a day or more often such a pictmepsciuic wiliwillwiil run six otor eigheightbeight years before it has visited every section of thithis country as well as foreign couiinescouitricscouiinesfonesfomes A single bigig picture of this character has proved a frfortuneturleturic maker for itits producers thetoe etcinaleteinaleternal city danion and pythias theeheI1 he lstlnstenst dasdays of pompeii the juggernaut judithjud th of bethuliaBc thulia ireare amonamong those which arcare said to livltv made profits of over 100000 2a year trafficti affiaaffic in soul is said to have cost about 6500 n to havhave earnedcarried more than 1000000 to date the blich of a nation which costcoat 200000300000 to produce and which people clamored to see at 2003002002.00 apiece has made upwards of 3000000 to &datete with many smallsmail cities still to be shoshownn ththisi s greatreat picture showed for a solaldoidsot0183ldsollsolisotii yercarczr at the liberty theatre new yo k city andantianciancl for eightei ht months in Chicchicagogo lately in clclevelandclatdcladd ohio it vvhsvvzswi vitpdvitwitncwienc A by 67294 people in three weeks at euclid opera house over ten million people in the unledunked states have cericerlseen thispdgreat picture production and its success in london england and paris as viell as other fortlfortiforeignn countries has becabeenueen phenomenal cabiracaberaCabira andwidmid sepneptunesneptunusNepnepunesuneStunes daughter are each reputed to have earned over 500000 to date while quo vadis has made 1000 for gogcorgegeorgelorgecorgegorge kcinekainekislne civnerownercavner of the Arneamericanrican rights the spoilspoilerslerstersvers fatedmatedfilmed from the book by rerex reachbeach has had a great success and has made its owners 1250000 to dateelate tiietitealie1tliehe sasea votfvoffvvolf by jack london is said to have earned 150006150000 the first year the million dollar mystery which is cfsrcos aboutZ out coojioojiO93fiofjOJ tuto produce hishas earnedcarnearnearnd d something like 1000000 it said in less thandiandlan a year 9soaso9scic iain dividend were paidpurlpuri to lletherhetletie snstrock7kolklcrsoldcrsi in the organizationorga &7ation back ofot this feature the serials exploit of elaine romance of elaine and perils of pauinepauline dreareanere repreportedr neite1teawei to have made 2000000 profits 500000 is said to have been paid for the rights to the gaungahn oiof allah for the entire united states tletiethe cascaslibasliii rcceifzsrcrcips fortor oleooieoneie veekweek fotfoithe great foxfo spectaclespectticle A daughter of the gods were 104780 in only six cities new aorlyorl chicago philadelphiaphi I1 adelofadelpf a detroitDctroit san francisco and london charlechariecharlie chaplins picture A dopsdogs life attracted 1514116141 people who paid 5610035610.03 into the boxbov officedomceomce in the first day thetiletlletiie plctupicture waii run atac the strandstr d thcatrtheatre nvnev york ciry on april 14 191819113 THthin smashed all attenattendanceclance record att the strand fortor a siris day the weeks buiinssbuinrss for week of april 14 was estimated at 2701027000 ambassador jahjamjarn s W gerards niymy fourpour years in germany at the regent theatre at patterson N J during six daysclays of thetva veekweekweck of aprilpriiaprilpril IS15 ils1913 totaled receipts of sloos10392s100 92 the business records of foxs cleopatra with thedatheja barabarzblara are as follows bcrrcchrccc iptapt new york lyric theatre 111 weeks 77000 los angeles dunesclunes auditorium 3 weeks 3581735917 detroit washingtonrcr thtarrethcarre 3 vccssccswecks aou 2ou320002 OU seattleseattie metropolitan theatre week 11155 omaha boyboydsVs theatre 1 I1 week 9 850851 builbraiobuaiolo10 teclteck theatre 1 week 9100 schenectady van curler opera house 2 days 1951 exhibited in 7 cities for 20 weks total receipts 17687300176873.00 allailAH above thcatrestheatresthetheartresatres are booked for return engagements trzantarzan of the apes at the broadway theatre new york attracted receipts of 2045502045.50 for one day and night on feb 2 191819118 5903500350000 peoplpeohldeoppeop in two days at convention hall in kansas city saw the kaiser the beastreast of and 5000 weresverenvere turned awayavay tsth ilhtlihtxightbight of the iccoaccocc d day the unpardonable sin shown at the broadway strandstr nd detroit during week of darchmarch and2nd took in the sumsurn of 253919025391.90 in abisiadisiadmissic ii asns alone besides sdiingskiingsening over 2500102500lo250oc02500 LO of state rights these arcare gayoaygny a few of theth successes there are manym any others who have made all the way from 50 to 500 per cent on the origorlinalaaliaalinal1 cost of thepicturetheplcturcthe picture it is estimatedestiniated that 20000000 each day attend 25000 picture thetheartresthearreshcjtresatresarres spending 1000001000000 a day 300000 people are said to be engaged in the motion picture businesshu iness 257

OFFICERS AND TRUSTEES board of trustees

H E mills motion picture art directorDire clor frank W packer prespros & gen agrmgr frank IV packer motion picture producer cleveland ohio C A dimmdinini attorney motion picture producer repositoriesdepositoriesDeposit ories D V prepres J F noble al custar 0 ohio savingsavingsgs bank & trust co toledo 0 H E mills secretary cleveland 0 state of ohio depository W A kobergober treasurer toledo 0 lucas county depository U S depository postaipostalposta savings funds the cleveland trust co cleveland 0 northern national bank cleveland 0

the motion picture has become an ever increasing factor of im- portance in our national life it is daily being brought into the fullest contact with the nations needs the film has comecorne to rank as a very high medium for the disseminaliondisserainationdissemination of public intelliintelligencegnoe and sircesince it speaks a universal lanuaelannaelaneianelanulanian taxetagelageae it ICleadslendslemisICWISmismlsWIS iitself iMPimp01111importantly01111 1 0yay to the drentadreprentapre nta tionlionllon of public plans aldandaid purposes

the mormon revival of polygamy mormonism is still a burning issue the honlionflonnon frank J cannon in everybodys mnyizinemagnizinemaxMagnizine viper is the church of jesus christ of latterlatier day 1I propose to show that the leaders of the mormon saints it lies coiled enon the countcountrysrys hearthstonelicartelicarth stone church have broken their covenant withw th tleflefluhehue e nationn and asksahks onlyodly timelime to grow and collect a poison indand I1 undertaket 11lel take to expose and to deinonstratdemonstrate what I1 astrenstrenstrengthth to strike iebelievelielleile tcto be one of the most direful conspiracies of treachery in theteeiteelteeithe history of the united states attorney hans P freecepreece of new york and son of a mornionmormon elder says burtonburteurtonionkonson J kendrich in mccluremccsukss migmzM auzineguzinegu zinekine brands the mormon chirchcl as a great secret so- despite lleileliethe beneralgeneral belief mormonism andjnoano ciety existing largely for criminal purposes polgmypolygainypolypolguygainy are not deitadeitdd pohgamyPoh1101 gainsgainygamsgamy as practiced now is muchnuich vorseworse ihanthanihm it ever was froinfrom 7007 10 to revR e v S E wishard in missionary review of the 800ELO convertson verts cosilymosilymostly oinenwomenNv pahpasipaspast through boston world every earyearcar fromfroin abroad to saltsaitsuitsult lkeake citacitvC ity modmor1101 the mornionmormon system is utterlynttcrlyntterly antagonistantagonisticc to mons arcare urbaiginuiginging girls in london factories to gog to the institutions of our country A constitutionalcomtitutional alt lallaulaledaulakelauedakedauee city city telling theinthem of excellent posi- amendment must be secured forever prohibiting tions hereycre and of their rirertergrelerbreler olioliportuopportunitiesportu nj ties to ob- polpoljgamypolygamyyeanyygany in al the states and territories of our tain husbands this talk of polygamy to repopulate union the world emanates fromfroin utah richard lorralorrvlkirrv in peirsonspearsons magazine london cable april 3019 19193919 thehe lizard olof01 polypolygamygainy now basks in the stirstinsun of pub chicago leraldheraldj and examiner april 201920 19 statehood not at all ahnmedashan ed and yeryvery little afraid ahamed 19 mormon thethesee is but one way nowPOW to stamp out his new london april mornion emissarieseiniscinissariessarles atearcare dis thee 1 pinyingplnyingplaying great activity chrithroughouthotit fhe countrycou polypobgimypolyginlyginly thathat is fofor the federal government to0.0 linying thri botit the itry but act vigorously pariicularlyparucularlyparticularly in the north no fewer than 509 women Imissionariesrussionaries laehaehave been appoinedappointedappoined to labor in what alfred henrynenry lewis in cosmopolitan magazinemammaggazineagazine is called the british miatonmiaionMiM alonaionof theethese ninety began a series ofor articlesarti ciescles entitled the viper on seven are working in lancashireLanca thireshire and 103 in york- 1 e the I 1 earth with the words the nanamei of the shireshishl re 7thehe fmlelliyicie11tyfixFLI W picture plays syndicate Prothproducericer ofolioie THE masterpiece MOTION PICTURE tinTIMTKE POWIEPOWER11 OF THE MORMONS homenomenomo11omeomo okictopictofficess suites 300301300MO 301 frieerieerleeyle building prospect at oth CLEVELANDCLILINE LAND OHIO01110 APPENDIX E

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261 INDSXINDEX abrams charles 46 brook clivesclive 153 adamsadamso Kathkatherinekatherineserineserineo 123 bucklandBuckbucklandylandslandy wilfredwiifredwlifredwilfredo 108 aduladultlt film association of burdesBurresburressburdesssp williamwilliamp 126 E Ameamericaamericasricatricas 201 calnecaine joseph 9 596059 60 the adventures of deadwood carlyle patrick 203 8 nancynancys dick 191591915 22022 888988 89 1 91 Caswelcaswelllt 123 all faces west 1929 see chapman audreyaudney 173 the exodus Chapchapmanmantmang edythe 97 gheechakoscheechakosq 180 american film manufacturingCD the Ghee chakos company 505250 52 churchill winston 29 american mutoscope and clark J reuben 195 biogiabiograbiographoh company see Clawclawsonsontsons chester y9yaY 828382 83 biograph company Clawclawsonsontsong rudger 293229 32 antiantimormonmormon society of clawson shirley 828382 83 liverpool 145 collinsonooioolCoilinson ken A 160163160163160igo 163 association of motion picture continental pictures inctcinctinc Produceproducersrstrss 196197196 197 204205204 205 astra filmsflims 159 conway booboobeboobhthtaht 153 atkin georgetgeorge 30 corbin virgina lee 177 beanabeanvbean orestes upU 187188187 188 corlcorianlonCoriGorigoriantonanlonanton 192919321929 1932 beck philip 47 187191187 191 beery noahtnoahanoah 97 108 142 coriantonCorianton corporation besserer ltugeneeugene 67 186180186192192 billinrrsBillinbillingsdrsrrs george 177 the covered waonwagon 192391923 binghbanghbinghamam edfrid 139 174 biograph company 12 13 23 colvcoxvcox jewell 185 1213 T the bjbirthrthoforthofof a nation 1915 t cruzecruzes jamesjanessjamessjameso 174175174 175 101031041033 1041049L 111 121 cumningscummings richard 97 bison life motion pictures daniels bebebebes 142 company 81 the canitesdanites 1912t1912 22v22 blaekBlackblacktontonstong J stuart 12 646964 69 91 blom august 29 deadwood dick see the bordelletBordellet the bordello adventures of deadwood 17211972 209210209 210 dickbihindihin borzage frank 97 derilderliDeMildemillelesieslep cecil bpB 108 bosworth hobart 67967 9797t 107 Dendenmarkmarksmarko films made in bradiBradlbradleyeyt david s9saS 104105104 105 245024 50 61 63t63 84 1089108 111 103103p 209210209 210 bradybradys william J 132133132 133 dickson W K lpL 9109 10 Bragbragintonintong james 85 dobbs james A 117 braum myron 14154 dominion films Compacompanynysnyp 160igo brent evelyn 1511519 15315153154153 15415 doyle arthur conan 46 laligi161 838483 84 868786 87 M brigham Yyounoung frontiersman driggs frank MPP 59 1 19409 178128 202066 2210211210A 021102211 dwangdwan allan 515251 52 262 263 edison thomas Aat 9139 1313t grand nationalnationals 196 15t15 71 grant heberheber J t 1291299 131- Edwardedwardssp nyrtlemyrtlemyrtiemyrtlesmyrties 11116 135 159159t igligi161 1921931921939192 1931939 Edwardedwardsst tedtedt 203 196 200 electrical research Productproductsproductstst great britainbritaintbritainaBritainttaing films made inc 194 in 838983 8989t 145164145 164 ellayeelfaye motion picture great britainbritaintbritainaBritaint films shown companyComDanynany 737473 74 intin 293329 33 5053635053.6350958505863505363 639 75 Elliotelliotttj F h9haH 130 838983 8989t 114 137 145- an episode of earlyear v mormon 164 days 1912p1912 see great northern special A mormon edisoepisode feature film company the exodus 19281192819291928 19291 2ypcyp 424342 43 4646t 50see509 see also 18018618018 1866 nodisknodiaknordisknordick films kompagncompagnikompagniKompKompagniagn the exploits of battling dick theI1P hegreatdegreatgreat train robbery hattonhat ton the mormon trail 7903t1903 131413 1414t 35 19tq1921 172 grengreantgreeng marc T t 148149148 149 famous playerslaskyplayers lasky grey ronerromerromers tt13613136 137t13 corporationcorporationtcorporations 141142141142141 142 see 140141140 141 also lasky feature play greytgreygreys zanezanet 120144120 144 company Griffitgriffithht D wtW t 103 121 farnum williamWilliamsamy 123127123 127 griffith raymond 176179176 179 fidelity picture plays hands UI 1926 176179176 179 syndicatesyndi cate 165170165 170 harbeckharbe qkj W H v 697069 70 finneyFirineyp dwardsedwarddwardv 1791799 196 hartehartesharteg betty 66 fisherfishers vardis 210 hatch edwin D 32 Fitzgeralfitzgeralddp P a9aaA 65 hatton C edwardedwardsedwardp 173 the flower of the mormon cityC hays will H 138 19119 11 see mormonbyensnlormonbyensns Heohegheoengreenhe enengreendaensreent gunnar 47 blomst trtriee heritage1 of the deserdesertt ford johnjohnyjohnv 174 132419 24 it 141142141 1421 42 9 144 forrest annanns 126 hill napoleonnapoleons 188 fotoramaFot orama astAS 46 hiller and wilk incorpor- fox film corporation l617igli161716 lyv atedatedp 113114113 114 121122121 122 124126124 126 1289128 howellshoweust daviddavids 159 1301309 133139133 139 141144141 144 hyde G osmond 156157156 157 foxtboxtfox william see fox filmflimfilim illeilieillegal1 wives 19451945t see corporation polygamytpolygarmn france films made intinsin ls13l3s the iron horse 1924t1924 174 15153 5860585 60gotgog 878 jean the shepherd dog 182 company frederick white 159 johnston albert S 9 53 french charles kjK 177 keene tomtoms 206 friedman david F t 201205201 205 kelley edgar Stillstillmanmansmang friedman EnterPriseenterprisesenterprisespft sp 113114113 114 188 general film company 16181618916 18189 kellatkellykeilykellyt frank A 737473 74 35 kendis J D 201202201 202 gibbs james 173 kerrigan J warrentwarrenwarrens 51 gish liilillianlillianaLillilliangliang 106 king melvin Tt9ta 157 glenn photo supply 163 knapp george L p 166 169 glynne j agnes 85 laskalaskvlasky feature play graham Winifrwinifrededsedp 145149145 149 company 95 107107p llosliosliollo110 151 114 1411 1 see also the grain of dust 1918 175 famous playersplayerslalalaskysky 264 law motion picturepictures 939493 94 the mormon 1912s1912 21t21 34 lee john DPD 55 41 46 50535053950 53539 555655 56 leonard robert z9zaZ 105107105 107 103 lebislevislewislewisflewisa george edwardedwardoedwardp 180 the mormon battalion 1950 182 179 the lifelijalijie of an american mormon church history of fireman 1902t902 13 272 7tat7 loiilolilolisloiis10111011110 ilslis11111 5356535595356953 56559569 74 literature and stage plays 808180 81 9999v 163164163 164 antlanti mormontmormon 787897 898 19201920019 20o20 167 198200198 20op200 207210207 210 29 46 646664 66 69 8393 A mormon episode 1912 22v22 120125120 125 136137136 137 14141t 565756 57 62 151 164 1211711719 2029202 207 A mormon maid 1917 95- 209210209 210 120 1219121 1291291 141142141 142 lloyd frank 124DIL the mormon peril 1928 los angeles chamber of see tratrappedarapvrapeadpad by thetitetalltage Comcommercecommereecommencecommencesmercesmeneesmencey 59 616261 62 Morcormonsmormonsmonsnsiansi the lust of the ages mormon tabernacle choir 19171 175 188189188 189 lyon ben 182 the mormon trail 1921 mabey charles r9raR 130 see the eniexploitsoits of MacmacgregorGregort norval 7777p 79807980798879 80 battling dick hatton mackay W J 162 the monTrailmormontrailMornormonmormon trail 193519 the malemute kidskid 182 195 the man from utah 1934 mormonmormonbyens blomst the 195196ige195ol01 196190 flower of the mormon the march of time 1937 oltzchycityolty 1911v1911 21 46- 051961951961951 05 196 50 84 103 marien ruth annjann 203204203 204 nlormonensmojmonensI1 offeroffen0 1911sigli1911 marriage or death 1912t1912 saeseeieelae A victim of0 L the 22 636463 64 cormonsmormonsM rm0ns mormon rfivraiv married to a 192291922 the nonsmonsons 1912 9 see 1031033 1501509 153157153 157 the mormon martinmartino Ygeorge jpJ 181 cormonsmormons celebrate centecentenary masonmasons jimmie 182 19309Q 193 master films Compacompanynyp 150150p morionmorton william A 83 1571579 159 moses edward pearsonspearspeanson Matthewmatthewsst samuel d9daD 1616118116118ilg116 118 128129128 129 mauriceMauricet charleschariesoharlescharlesy 203 motion picture directors mcquarrieMcQuarriet Murdocmurdockkv 122 association 79 meliesmeilesmeilMeliessesq Georgeorgesgaorgestgess 13 motion picture distributing merch mary 122 Compacompanynysnyp ages and sales the iviesaamessagege of the 17 v 40 193091930 192193192 193 roonmotionmotlonmoon picture patents mayers metro goldwyn mayer 206 company 1518151 18 9 3535p miller franfrank 151 157 42942 505150 51 64 miller joalanjoaqanJoajoaqqAntinainiin 646564 65 motion picture producers niilermillermillert max E 1 186 and distributersdistributorsDistributers mills H e1eaE 169 associationassociations 138 the miracle of salt lake mountain meadows Massamassacremassacrescretcres 1 l1938 r 195 7 535753 57 62 69 mogensen 47 mountain eadowseadomsmeadowsM laura ggs the monson walter P p 959695 96 illlillii111 massacre igi1911912 21021 40940 586258 62 26526 murray mae 97t97 106108106log 108t108 pearson Winifrwinifrededsedp 85 114 119 penningtonPenningtonstong helen 203 nanceenancenanceq frank a9aaA 181 perry keith 162 national antiantimormonmormon perrys movies 162163162 163 league 116119ilg116 ilg119 129 pewspew ralph igligi161 see national association of the also ralph pugh motion picture industryIndustryp photodramaphoto drama of creation 169 171 U1914 1 20 national board of censorship pickford madymarylmadysmarymarys 106 107 334233 42 4343t 50 60 64 pioneer film corporationcorporationtrations 9797v 130 180186180 186v186 189 national board of reviewreviews polygamy 1930194519361945p see national board of 198205198 205 censorship pontoppidan clara see national reform association clara wieth 115118115 118 the ponzponxpony expressexdresspress 1925 neslen C clarence 130 175 new york peoples institute porterpoterspo ters edwin op00. 13 35 1 monnone 35 the powerk ower of the PIormonnonspiormonsdior mons newman E M 195 Tcl9191919t919gig 165170165 170 nielsen peter 47 prevostcl mariemarlemarlesmaries 182 nixon marionmanlonmanion 177 the price of ambitaambitjambitionon nordisknordick films compagnikompagnikompagnipKompaKompagnignip igliigil1911v1911 20 242524 25 29 42 see also ilanderlianderpsilanderPsphilanderpsilanderp vlademar 26 great northern special 29 feature film company pugh ralph igligi161 see north of romenomeN 1925o192519250 181 also ralph pew the nun 19111911t 20 tr quakeress iglo1913191j 20 T ti nuttall william TP 76 quinney jr 0 josephjosephsjosephp oesoess ingvald C 424342 43 158159158 159 P ranbow ogden icturespicturespicturesIcturestunes corporation the Ranrainbowbawbow trail 1918 9 70yosyog 174175174 175 188 126128126 128128t 1361307 143144143 144 olsen ole 242524224 252 5.5 Randolprandolphhp andrus anders one hundred years of 182 mormonism 19131913t 22922 rankinrankinsranking mckee 66 728172 81 167z7za rayburn J H r 135 W packer frank 9 169 revier harry 70 175 paramount pictures Reynoldreynoldsst lynn 139 corporation laisiallalibisibi1419141 206206 richardsonrichardsong tyrell A 183 park lilenalienallent 188 riders of the purplepurdiepuddle sazesage park t byron 45 1881901881.90188 190 1918 9 122138122 138 143- parkparkr leserlesterles er 444544 4545v 70709 14414444.44 174 188 ridersR i ders of the purniepurplepunniepurpun e sage parkparko walterwaiterwaltert 70 1925 193119319 1941 parkinson harry B 9 150 versions 139140139 140 194 patents company trust see the rise and growth of motion picture patents mormonism 1913 see company one hundred years of pathe freres 586058 60gotgog 636463 64 mormanismormonismormonismMormonis 193 ritterritters texteaptexp 195 paultpaulgpauigpaul fred 85 88 Robbinroboinsrobbinssst M B 123 paulopaulot harry 85 robinsonrobinsonnrobinsonp james FE 63 pearson georaegeorgegeorgep 84 roelsgaardRoelsgaard jenny 47 266 rogers saul e9Eea 132133132 133 stahl pyramid films ltd 137138137 138 160162160162160igo 162 the romance of mormonism Stevenstevensonsont robert 203 19121 9 21 6970699709gyo70 Stewarstewarttj frank P 181 the romance of the utah straube emilie 203 pioneers 1913 22922 Strostrongengep nathan S 118 818281 82 A study in scarlet 1914 EB rose t donald 9 157 Britisbritishvbritishhv 22 83883 87j8 7 rosher charleschariesoharlescharlest 1051059 108 git91 103 sales company see motion A stuystudy in scarlet 1914- picture distributing and 1915 french 22 sales company 87 91 salt lake city utah and A study in skarlitsharlit 1915 its surroundisurroundsSurrosufroundingssurroundingsundi 1912p1912 22 87 22t22 707170 71 sumnerssummerssumme rstmst robert H 155 salt lake commercial club swainswa mack 177 H 434443 44 596059 60 130130t 135 srsv sonson william 1 35- samuelson george B see 36 39403940394439 4o40ao 61 company C samuelson film taylortaylors elliott p 130 samuelson film company 84- torrence ernest 142 87t87 888988 89 trapped by the cormonsmormons oarsargentmargentmargent J gpG 181182181 182 19221928 v loj103 150- schmidt aage 47 1531 53t 1551631551551631163 211 schramm p F C t 130 A triotrintripo to salt lake city scientific charities 1911 tritrl1905 21 232423 24 20 twentieth centuryfoxcentury fox film scottfscottascott william 123 corporation 210 scowcroftScoweroitdoitdolt libertalbertlibertsalbertt 175 the secret of the corporation 206 fessionalsessionalconfessionalcorcon 1911t1911 20 unusual pictures 202 seemann henryhennyhenrys 13 utah development league selig polyscope company 595 64 66 69 the utah kdkid 1930 195 Shepshepardshepardtshepardeardt lulu lovelandLove landllands 116 the utah nalinalltrailT 1938t1938 119 195190195196195 196190igorail shipman nell 798079 80 utah motion picture short creek arlzoarizonaArizonasnap 198205198 205 company 71 74 simmssimmstsimmat frank pharr 203 utah movinmoving picture simpsonSimpsont russell 182 company 74 simsfsimssimpf Tormanrormannorman11 L 180 van antwerpantwerpeantwerpp libertalbertalbertt 173 smithsmithssmithp albert egE 12 van slingerlandSlingerlands nellie B smith david A 188 116117116 117 smithsmithtsmiths jr josephjosephtjosephs 35 53539 A victim of the cormonsmormons 54549 57 63639 7377. 114 Mormmormonessmormonensonens offer 167 199 19 21 24462424 7646 50- 4 iliiii111ilslis119 sm 1 smithithth joseph F j 39399 7373p 75p75 51 1 61 t 63 78 129 Vitavitagraphvisagraphgraph company 121312 13 smith S W 160 walker lillian 175 smootsmoots reedreedt 39 109loglogtlogg 1281291281299128 1291299 warner brothersBrotherst 195 131139131 139 148 158160158 160 wayne johnjohnsjohng 195196195 196 sonney louislouls 202 west john F 118119118 119 spry william 334133 41 43439 5151p west paul ft959695 96 130 26 western electric 194 western union 19411941 143 174 whitneywhitneyt orson f9faP 1148 wieth carlocariocarlotcarloscarios 226 wieth clara 26026 29 wiggins frank 59 wildcat film stock 169170169 170 wilkwiik jacobjacobs 114 illoughbyWilloughbwilloughbywilloughbypyp lewis 151 153 wyndham brucebrucas 203 vynnwynn georgetgeorgegeorgeg 151 153 thehe yiddisher colbocowbocowboyr 1909 igli1911p1911 2620 v loungyoung brbrightabrighaaBrigighaahhamam 5566 t 3838 t 55 p 57 63 65 9710297102997 1029102 175- 176 1781791781799178 1791799 199 206 210211210 211 youngyoungs levi edgaredgan 73 181 young Loretlorettalorattalocettalorettastattas 195 youngyoungs polly annsann 195 young richard wtW 181 A HISTORY OF LATTERDAYLATTER DAY SAINT SCREEN portrayals IN THE antimormonANTI MORMON FILM ERA 190519361905 1936

richard alan nelson department of communications M A degree april 1975

ABSTRACT polygamy was the key issue hichihichidich acted to popularize opposition to the lattelatterlatte1111 day saint church during the years 190519361905 1936 As a result of the continuing controversy over the so called mormon question secular moviemakersmoviemakers in this period planned or actually produced nearly forty motion pictures containing mormon characterizations although several important pro LDS movies were made some with church assistancesassiassistanceassistanceystancevstancey the anti mormon photoplay dominated the silent film era portrait of the saints murder and polygamy as basic themes drovideprovide clear reference to traditional literary and theatrical images ariyarlyearly attempts by utah and church officials to censor thearoffending pictures werfwer unsuccessful following world war I1 U S senator reed kabotkaoot3 oot was able to effect the pressionsuppressionsuD of a number of anti mormon productions after the church reaffirmed its plural marriage ban in the mid 1920s1920st the antiantipolygamypolygamy movement died out As the nolenoieDolepolemicalmicalmicai film aimed at the church was abandoned the saintbsaintiesaintfe gradually took ogrmqre0 ore favofavq3ftblecreencreen image g0nih14ittpCOMMITTEE APPROVALAPPROVALSs Z barneyp 6a9611 tteeatee C

abn bn 1 JRitsiths comrprttee 0epkber

oocffanq committee member Z 1 dwin haroldsen Departdepartiedepartmement chairman

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