Importance of Free Software
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The PORTHOS Executive System for the IBM 7094
A § 1 " * '& I m I ^ ;/ 1 ^ # **W : : : The Porthos Executive System for the IBM 7O9I+ User ' s Manual Table of Contents Title Sheet Preface Table of Contents 1. The 709^-1^01 Computer Installation 1.1. Description 1.1.1. General 1.1.2. Organization 1.1.3* Equipment 1.2. Programming Services 1.2.1. System Consulting 1.2.2. System Development 1.2.3- Associated Programmers 1.3« Library Services 1.3* 1' Program Documentation 1.3*2. Subroutines I.3. 3« Reference Publications 1.3.1+. The Mailing List 1.3' 5* Information Bulletins Date 5/1/65 Section Contents Page: 1 Change 2 Porthos Manual Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/porthosexecutivesyOOuniv : s 2. Use of the Computing Facility 2.1. Conditions of Use 2.1.1. Policy for Charging for Computer Use 2.1.2. Refunding of IBM 7094 Time Due to System or Machine Failures 2.1.2.1. In-System Jobs 2.1.2.2. Relinquish Jobs 2.2. Application for Use of Equipment 2.2.1. The Form 2.2.2. Submission and Approval 2.2.3. Entries on the Problem Specification Form 2.2.4. Changes in the Problem Specification 2.2.5. Problem Abstracts 2.3- Logging and Control of Computer Time 2.3«1« Accounting for Computer Time 2.3.2. Notices to Users Concerning Lapsing Time 2.3.3. Department Reports 2.3'3-l« Internal Reports 2. 3- 3* 2. The Technical Progress Report 2. -
Details Von Neumann/Turing Structure of Von Nuemann Machine
ENIAC - background 168 420 Computer Architecture ] Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer ] Eckert and Mauchly Chapter 2 ] University of Pennsylvania Computer Evolution and ] Trajectory tables for weapons Performance ] Started 1943 ] Finished 1946 \ Too late for war effort ] Used until 1955 ENIAC - details ENIAC ] Decimal (not binary) ] 20 accumulators of 10 digits ] Programmed manually by switches ] 18,000 vacuum tubes ] 30 tons ] 15,000 square feet ] 140 kW power consumption ] 5,000 additions per second Structure of von Nuemann von Neumann/Turing machine ] Stored Program concept ] Main memory storing programs and data Arithmetic and Logic Unit ] ALU operating on binary data ] Control unit interpreting instructions from Input Output Main memory and executing Equipment Memory ] Input and output equipment operated by control unit ] Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies Program Control Unit \ IAS ] Completed 1952 1 IAS - details Structure of IAS - detail ] 1000 x 40 bit words Central Processing Unit Arithmetic and Logic Unit \ Binary number Accumulator MQ \ 2 x 20 bit instructions ] Set of registers (storage in CPU) Arithmetic & Logic Circuits \ Memory Buffer Register Input MBR Output Instructions \ Memory Address Register Main Equipment & Data \ Instruction Register Memory \ Instruction Buffer Register IBR PC MAR \ Program Counter IR Control \ Accumulator Circuits Address \ Multiplier Quotient Program Control Unit IAS Commercial Computers ] 1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation ] UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) ] -
The Largest Project in IT History New England Db2 Users Group Meeting Old Sturbridge Village, 1 Old Sturbridge Village Road, Sturbridge, MA 01566, USA
The Largest Project in IT History New England Db2 Users Group Meeting Old Sturbridge Village, 1 Old Sturbridge Village Road, Sturbridge, MA 01566, USA Milan Babiak Client Technical Professional + Mainframe Evangelist IBM Canada [email protected] Thursday September 26, AD2019 © 2019 IBM Corporation The Goal 2 © 2019 IBM Corporation AGENDA 1. IBM mainframe history overview 1952-2019 2. The Largest Project in IT History: IBM System/360 3. Key Design Principles 4. Key Operational Principles 5. Dedication 3 © 2019 IBM Corporation The Mainframe Family tree – 1952 to 1964 • Several mainframe families announced, designed for different applications • Every family had a different, incompatible architecture • Within families, moving from one generation to the next was a migration Common compilers made migration easier: FORTRAN (1957) 62 nd anniversary in 2019 COBOL (1959) 60 th anniversary in 2019 4 © 2019 IBM Corporation The Mainframe Family tree – 1952 to 1964 1st generation IBM 701 – 1952 IBM 305 RAMAC – 1956 2nd generation IBM 1401 – 1959 IBM 1440 – 1962 IBM 7094 – 1962 5 © 2019 IBM Corporation The April 1964 Revolution - System 360 3rd generation • IBM decided to implement a wholly new architecture • Specifically designed for data processing • IBM invested $5B to develop System 360 announced on April 7, 1964 IBM Revenue in 1964: $3.23B 6 © 2019 IBM Corporation Data Processing Software in Historical Perspective System 360 1964 IMS 1968 VSAM 1970s ADABAS by Software AG 1971 Oracle database by Oracle Corporation 1977 SMF/RMF system data 1980s -
IBM 1401 System Summary
File No. 1401-00 Form A24-1401-1 Systems Reference Library IBM 1401 System Summary This reference publication contains brief descriptions of the machine features, components, configurations, and special features. Also included is a section on pro grams and programming systems. Publications providing detailed information on sub jects discussed in this summary are listed in IB~I 1401 and 1460 Bibliography, Form A24-1495. Major Revision (September 1964) This publication, Form A24-1401-1, is a major revision of and obsoletes Form A24-1401-0. Significant changes have been made throughout the publication. Reprinted April 1966 Copies of this and other IBM publications can be obtained through IBM Branch Offices. Address comments concerning the content of this publication to IBM Product Publications, Endicott, New York 13764. Contents IBM 1401 System Summary . ........... 5 System Concepts . ................ 6 Card-Oriented System .... ......... 11 Physical Features. 11 Interleaving. .. .................................... 14 Data Flow.... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... .. ................... 14 Checking ................................................... 15 Word Mark.. ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ........... 15 Stored-Program Instructions. .................. 15 Operation Codes . .. 18 Editing. .. ............ 18 IBM 1401 Console ............................................ 19 IBM 1406 Storage Unit. ........................... 20 Magnetic-Tape-Oriented System . ........................... 22 Data Flow ................................................. -
Why I Hate Microsoft by F.W
Why I hate Microsoft by F.W. van Wensveen Why I hate Microsoft "A personal, lengthy, but highly articulate outburst" by F.W. van Wensveen Table of contents Introduction A brief introduction, or why this paper needed to be written Abstract The management summary 1. From the people who brought you EDLIN Microsoft and innovation 2. The not-so-good, the bad and the ugly The general quality of Microsoft products 3. The power to bind Formats and standards 4. World domination From business to megalomania 5. Bad practice, foul play Exploring the limits of lawful conduct 6. Caveat Emptor Think before you buy 7. Where are you forced to go today? Price gouging and other monopolist practices 8. The road ahead On diminishing returns and continuing trends Appendix A A brief overview of Windows' most serious design flaws Appendix B Links Introduction "One OS to bring them all and in the darkness bind them..." From the title of this paper you may have guessed that I am not very impressed with the guys in Redmond. One might even say that my dislike for Microsoft is a pet hate gone out of control in an almost quixotic fashion. Why is this? Of course I have been accused of personal antipathy, of being jealous of Bill Gates and his billions, and of being prejudiced against all things Microsoft without any reason whatsoever. None of this is true. I have nothing personal against Bill Gates. Why should I? I don't know the man, I've never met him. I agree with those who say he might be the most successful salesman in history. -
P the Pioneers and Their Computers
The Videotape Sources: The Pioneers and their Computers • Lectures at The Compp,uter Museum, Marlboro, MA, September 1979-1983 • Goal: Capture data at the source • The first 4: Atanasoff (ABC), Zuse, Hopper (IBM/Harvard), Grosch (IBM), Stibitz (BTL) • Flowers (Colossus) • ENIAC: Eckert, Mauchley, Burks • Wilkes (EDSAC … LEO), Edwards (Manchester), Wilkinson (NPL ACE), Huskey (SWAC), Rajchman (IAS), Forrester (MIT) What did it feel like then? • What were th e comput ers? • Why did their inventors build them? • What materials (technology) did they build from? • What were their speed and memory size specs? • How did they work? • How were they used or programmed? • What were they used for? • What did each contribute to future computing? • What were the by-products? and alumni/ae? The “classic” five boxes of a stored ppgrogram dig ital comp uter Memory M Central Input Output Control I O CC Central Arithmetic CA How was programming done before programming languages and O/Ss? • ENIAC was programmed by routing control pulse cables f ormi ng th e “ program count er” • Clippinger and von Neumann made “function codes” for the tables of ENIAC • Kilburn at Manchester ran the first 17 word program • Wilkes, Wheeler, and Gill wrote the first book on programmiidbBbbIiSiing, reprinted by Babbage Institute Series • Parallel versus Serial • Pre-programming languages and operating systems • Big idea: compatibility for program investment – EDSAC was transferred to Leo – The IAS Computers built at Universities Time Line of First Computers Year 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 ••••• BTL ---------o o o o Zuse ----------------o Atanasoff ------------------o IBM ASCC,SSEC ------------o-----------o >CPC ENIAC ?--------------o EDVAC s------------------o UNIVAC I IAS --?s------------o Colossus -------?---?----o Manchester ?--------o ?>Ferranti EDSAC ?-----------o ?>Leo ACE ?--------------o ?>DEUCE Whirl wi nd SEAC & SWAC ENIAC Project Time Line & Descendants IBM 701, Philco S2000, ERA.. -
A Short History of Computing
A Short History of Computing 01/15/15 1 Jacques de Vaucanson 1709-1782 • Gifted French artist and inventor • Son of a glove-maker, aspired to be a clock- maker • 1727-1743 – Created a series of mechanical automations that simulated life. • Best remembered is the “Digesting Duck”, which had over 400 parts. • Also worked to automate looms, creating the first automated loom in 1745. 01/15/15 2 1805 - Jacquard Loom • First fully automated and programmable loom • Used punch cards to “program” the pattern to be woven into cloth 01/15/15 3 Charles Babbage 1791-1871 • English mathematician, engineer, philosopher and inventor. • Originated the concept of the programmable computer, and designed one. • Could also be a Jerk. 01/15/15 4 1822 – Difference Engine Numerical tables were constructed by hand using large numbers of human “computers” (one who computes). Annoyed by the many human errors this produced, Charles Babbage designed a “difference engine” that could calculate values of polynomial functions. It was never completed, although much work was done and money spent. Book Recommendation: The Difference Engine: Charles Babbage and the Quest to Build the First Computer by Doron Swade 01/15/15 5 1837 – Analytical Engine Charles Babbage first described a general purpose analytical engine in 1837, but worked on the design until his death in 1871. It was never built due to lack of manufacturing precision. As designed, it would have been programmed using punch-cards and would have included features such as sequential control, loops, conditionals and branching. If constructed, it would have been the first “computer” as we think of them today. -
Bill Gates – a Story of Success
Bill Gates – A story of Success William H. Gates is chairperson and chief software architect of Microsoft Corporation, the worldwide leader in software services and Internet technologies for personal and business computing. Bill Gates was born on October 28, 1955 in a family having rich business, political and community service background. His great-grandfather was a state legislator and a mayor, his grandfather was vice president of national bank and his father was a lawyer. Bill strongly believes in hard work. He believes that if you are intelligent and know how to apply your intelligence, you can achieve anything. From childhood Bill was ambitious, intelligent and competitive. These qualities helped him to attain top position in the profession he chose. In school, he had an excellent record in mathematics and science. Still he was getting very bored in school and his parents knew it, so they always tried to feed him with more information to keep him busy. Bill’s parents came to know their son's intelligence and decided to enroll him in a private school, known for its intense academic environment. It was a very important decision in Bill Gate's life where he was first introduced to a computer. Bill Gates and his friends were very much interested in computer and formed "Programmers Group" in late 1968. Being in this group, they found a new way to apply their computer skill in university of Washington. In the next year, they got their first opportunity in Information Sciences Inc. in which they were selected as programmers. ISI (Information Sciences Inc.) agreed to give them royalties whenever it made money from any of the group’s program. -
Personal Computing
Personal Computing Thomas J. Bergin ©Computer History Museum American University Recap: Context • By 1977, there was a fairly robust but fragmented hobbyist-oriented microcomputer industry: – Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems (MITS) – Processor Technology – Cromemco – MicroStuf – Kentucky Fried Computers • Two things were needed for the personal computer revolution: 1) a way to store and retrieve data, and 2) a programming language in which to write applications. Homebrew Computer Club • March 5, 1975: the Amateur Computer Users Group (Lee Felsenstein, Bob Marsh, Steve Dompier, BobAlbrecht and 27 others) met in Gordon French’s garage, Menlo Park, CA • 3rd meeting drew several hundred people and was moved to the Coleman mansion • Stanford Linear Accelerator Center’s auditorium – Steve Wozniak shows off his single board computer – Steve Jobs attends meetings Homebrew-ed • 21 companies formed: – Apcose Apple – Cromemco Morrow – North Star Osborne • West Coast Computer Faire • Byte magazine, September 1975 • Byte Shop Both: images.google.com And then there was Traf-O-Data • October 28, 1955: William H. Gates III born – father: attorney mother: schoolteacher • Lakeside School: Lakeside Programming Group – Mothers Club: access to time-shared system at GE – Students hired by local firm to debug software – First computer program: Tic-Tac-Toe (age 13) – Traf-O-Data to sell traffic mgt. software (age 16) • 1973, Bill Gates enrolls at Harvard in pre-law. • Paul Allen is in his second year. January 1975, Popular Electronics: Altair • Allen shows -
Looking Back and Inwards Questions Comments from the Past History Of
Basic Bits – looking back and inwards Questions 1940s: How many PCs needed? • Comments from the past 1950s: Predicted future weight? • BRIEF overview of history When was the first computer? – New technology How long to reprogramme WWII computer? – Problems Cost of 1950s IBM computer? – Solutions 1st PC 2nd laptop – New technology … repeat When •Moore’s law Weight • Some observations Cost Comments from the Past History of Computing H/W • 1940s • Aim to make computer # faster, cheaper and store more data • Changes every decade since 1940s – "I think there is a world market for maybe five • Uses: computers." Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM, 1943 – Computation, automation, communication, control, entertainment, – “Where a calculator on the ENIAC is equipped with 18 000 education vacuum tubes and weighs 30 tons, computers of the future may • What was the initial computer? have only 1 000 vacuum tubes and perhaps weigh 1½ • Early h/w tons." — Popular Mechanics, March 1949. – 4000 years ago: abacus – 1206: “Castle clock” – 1206 Al-Jazari (astronomer) • 1950s – 1623: Digital mechanical calculator – “Computers in the future may weigh no more that 1.5 tons” – – 1801:punch card technology Popular Mechanics – 1820: arithmometer – “We’ll have to think up bigger problems if we want to keep them – 1830s: analytical machine - Charles Baggage busy” – Howard Aiken – 1909: programmable mechanical calculator – Percy Ludgate, Dublin – 1900s: desktop calculators • 1960s – Up to before World War II (WWII): Analog computers – “There is no reason anyone would -
PC Hardware Contents
PC Hardware Contents 1 Computer hardware 1 1.1 Von Neumann architecture ...................................... 1 1.2 Sales .................................................. 1 1.3 Different systems ........................................... 2 1.3.1 Personal computer ...................................... 2 1.3.2 Mainframe computer ..................................... 3 1.3.3 Departmental computing ................................... 4 1.3.4 Supercomputer ........................................ 4 1.4 See also ................................................ 4 1.5 References ............................................... 4 1.6 External links ............................................. 4 2 Central processing unit 5 2.1 History ................................................. 5 2.1.1 Transistor and integrated circuit CPUs ............................ 6 2.1.2 Microprocessors ....................................... 7 2.2 Operation ............................................... 8 2.2.1 Fetch ............................................. 8 2.2.2 Decode ............................................ 8 2.2.3 Execute ............................................ 9 2.3 Design and implementation ...................................... 9 2.3.1 Control unit .......................................... 9 2.3.2 Arithmetic logic unit ..................................... 9 2.3.3 Integer range ......................................... 10 2.3.4 Clock rate ........................................... 10 2.3.5 Parallelism ......................................... -
2 9215FQ14 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Category Pages Facilities & Buildings 3-10 General Reference 11-20 Human Resources
2 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Category Pages Facilities & Buildings 3-10 General Reference 11-20 Human Resources 21-22 Legal 23-25 Marketing 26 Personal Names (Individuals) 27 Predecessor Companies 28-29 Products & Services 30-89 Public Relations 90 Research 91-97 April 10, 2007 9215FQ14 3 Facilities & Buildings Q. When did IBM first open its offices in my town? A. While it is not possible for us to provide such information for each and every office facility throughout the world, the following listing provides the date IBM offices were established in more than 300 U.S. and international locations: Adelaide, Australia 1914 Akron, Ohio 1917 Albany, New York 1919 Albuquerque, New Mexico 1940 Alexandria, Egypt 1934 Algiers, Algeria 1932 Altoona, Pennsylvania 1915 Amsterdam, Netherlands 1914 Anchorage, Alaska 1947 Ankara, Turkey 1935 Asheville, North Carolina 1946 Asuncion, Paraguay 1941 Athens, Greece 1935 Atlanta, Georgia 1914 Aurora, Illinois 1946 Austin, Texas 1937 Baghdad, Iraq 1947 Baltimore, Maryland 1915 Bangor, Maine 1946 Barcelona, Spain 1923 Barranquilla, Colombia 1946 Baton Rouge, Louisiana 1938 Beaumont, Texas 1946 Belgrade, Yugoslavia 1926 Belo Horizonte, Brazil 1934 Bergen, Norway 1946 Berlin, Germany 1914 (prior to) Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 1938 Beyrouth, Lebanon 1947 Bilbao, Spain 1946 Birmingham, Alabama 1919 Birmingham, England 1930 Bogota, Colombia 1931 Boise, Idaho 1948 Bordeaux, France 1932 Boston, Massachusetts 1914 Brantford, Ontario 1947 Bremen, Germany 1938 9215FQ14 4 Bridgeport, Connecticut 1919 Brisbane, Australia