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Corneocytes Undergo Systematic Changes in Element Concentrations Across the Human Inner Stratum Corneum
Corneocytes Undergo Systematic Changes in Element Concentrations Across the Human Inner Stratum Corneum Ronald R. Warner, Rodney D. Bush, and Nick A. Ruebusch Miami Valley Laboratories, Procter & Gamble Co., P.O. Box 538707, Cincinnati, Ohio, U .S.A. Using analytical electron microscopy of freeze-dried (as potassium declines), and then decreases to values cryosections, physiologic elements were visualized comparable to those in the innermost corneocyte. within individual cells across the human inner stra The cellular sodium concentration (per unit volume tum corneum. Human corneocytes undergo system of tissue) is relatively unaltered in transit across the atic changes in element composition as they advance inner stratum corneum. The initial potassium and through this region. Phosphorus is largely excluded chloride movements are oppositely directed and have from the stratum corneum, undergoing a precipitous the appearance of creating an electrical charge drop in concentration at the granular/stratum cor imbalance. The position-dependent alterations in neum interface. The cellular potassium concentra corneocyte elemental composition may reflect se tion has a profile similar to that of phosphorus but quential stages of chemical maturation occurring with a slower decline, thus migrating further into the intracellularly during stratum corneum transit, an stratum corneum. In contrast, the cellular chloride example of which is the breakdown of filaggrin that concentration increases in the innermost corneocyte occurs over this same region of the inner stratum layer, increases further in the subsequent layer or two corneum. ] Invest Dermatol 104:530-536, 1995 he stratuin corneum (SC) has often been considered Hkely reflect innate biochemical alterations occurring intracellularl y homogeneous in its structure and its barrier proper as cells transform from a viable granular layer into "mature" ties [1,2], but this concept is increasingly difficult to corneocytes within the unique SC environment. -
Structures of the ß-Keratin Filaments and Keratin Intermediate Filaments in the Epidermal Appendages of Birds and Reptiles (Sauropsids)
G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Review Structures of the ß-Keratin Filaments and Keratin Intermediate Filaments in the Epidermal Appendages of Birds and Reptiles (Sauropsids) David A.D. Parry School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; [email protected]; Tel.: +64-6-9517620; Fax: +64-6-3557953 Abstract: The epidermal appendages of birds and reptiles (the sauropsids) include claws, scales, and feathers. Each has specialized physical properties that facilitate movement, thermal insulation, defence mechanisms, and/or the catching of prey. The mechanical attributes of each of these appendages originate from its fibril-matrix texture, where the two filamentous structures present, i.e., the corneous ß-proteins (CBP or ß-keratins) that form 3.4 nm diameter filaments and the α-fibrous molecules that form the 7–10 nm diameter keratin intermediate filaments (KIF), provide much of the required tensile properties. The matrix, which is composed of the terminal domains of the KIF molecules and the proteins of the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) (and which include the terminal domains of the CBP), provides the appendages, with their ability to resist compression and torsion. Only by knowing the detailed structures of the individual components and the manner in which they interact with one another will a full understanding be gained of the physical properties of the tissues as a whole. Towards that end, newly-derived aspects of the detailed conformations of the two filamentous structures will be discussed and then placed in the context of former knowledge. -
A Rapid Method for Determination of Alpha Hydroxy Acids in Seawater and Biological Fluids at Trace Levels
Scholars' Mine Masters Theses Student Theses and Dissertations 2008 A rapid method for determination of alpha hydroxy acids in seawater and biological fluids at trace levels Ryan Lee Schwiderski Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses Part of the Chemistry Commons Department: Recommended Citation Schwiderski, Ryan Lee, "A rapid method for determination of alpha hydroxy acids in seawater and biological fluids at trace levels" (2008). Masters Theses. 7140. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/7140 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A RAPID METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF ALPHA HYDROXY ACIDS IN SEAWATER AND BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS AT TRACE LEVELS by RYAN SCHWIDERSKI A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the MISSOURI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY 2008 Approved by Shubhender Kapila Advisor Paul K. Nam Virgil J. Flanigan iii ABSTRACT Alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs) – carboxylic acids with a hydroxyl substitution on the alpha carbon are an important class of molecules. Hydroxy Methyl Thiobutanoic Acid (HMTBA) is an α-hydroxy analog of essential amino acid methionine; it finds extensive use as a feed supplement for avian and bovine species. Efficacy of alpha hydroxy acid uptake is important for nutritional studies and such studies rely on accurate and precise methods for determination of these chemicals in biological samples. -
The Epidermal Lamellar Body: a Fascinating Secretory Organelle
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE See relatedprovided article by Elsevier on page- Publisher 1137 Connector The Epidermal Lamellar Body: A Fascinating Secretory Organelle Manige´ Fartasch Department of Dermatology, University of Erlangen, Germany The topic of the function and formation of the epidermal LAMP-1. Instead, it expresses caveolin—a cholesterol- permeability barrier continue to be an important issue to binding scaffold protein that facilitates the assembly of understand regulation and development of the normal and cholesterol—and sphingolipids into localized membrane abnormal epidermis. A major player in the formation of the domains or ‘‘rafts’’ (Sando et al, 2003), which typically serve barrier, i.e., the stratum corneum (SC), is a tubular and/or as targets for apical transport of vesicles of Golgi origin. To ovoid-shaped membrane-bound organelle that is unique to date, a large body of evidence supports the concept that mammalian epidermis. In the past, this organelle has been LB, which shows morphology ranging from vesicles to embellished largely with descriptive names attributed to tubules on EM, are probably products of the tubulo- its perceived functional properties like membrane coating vesicular elements of the trans-Golgi network (TGN) that granule, keratinosome, cementsoms, and lamellar body/ is a tubulated sorting and delivery portion of the Golgi granule (LB). Over the last decade, data from several apparatus (Elias et al, 1998; Madison, 2003). Recently, laboratories documented -
Neostrata Brochure
SKIN ACTIVE WINNER 2017 COSMECEUTICAL RANGE/SKIN ENLIGHTEN TREATMENT OF THE YEAR RESURFACE RESTORE REFINE TARGETED PROSYSTEM www.neostrata.co.uk NEOSTRATA® IS SCIENTIFICALLY ADVANCED, CLINICALLY PROVEN SKIN CARE RECOMMENDED BY YOUR DOCTOR TO VISIBLY RESURFACE, RESTORE AND REFINE YOUR SKIN. YOU WILL LOOK AND FEEL BEAUTIFUL AS YOU SEE A DRAMATIC, NOTICEABLE CHANGE IN YOUR SKIN. NEOSTRATA® HAS BEEN PROVEN EFFECTIVE ACROSS A WIDE VARIETY OF SKIN TYPES AND SKIN CONDITIONS INCLUDING PHOTOAGING, ROSACEA, HYPERPIGMENTATION, SEVERE DRYNESS AND ACNE. Discover Dermatologist-Developed Skin Care Recommended and Highly Regarded by Experts Around the World. The creators of NeoStrata®, Drs. Van Scott and Yu, have been recognised with the most prestigious accolades in the field: THE FIRST GOLD MEDAL GIVEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF COSMETIC DERMATOLOGY THE MASTER OF DERMATOLOGY AWARD FROM THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY THE FIRST HEAD OF THE DERMATOLOGY BRANCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH 3 Unprecedented and unsurpassed in the field, with continuous advancements, scientific innovations, clinical studies published in major peer-reviewed medical journals of dermatology and numerous U.S. and foreign patents. Dr. Eugene J. Van Scott, MD, Dermatologist, and Dr. Ruey J. Yu, OMD, PhD, Dermatopharmacologist Advance to Healthy, Radiant Skin with the Science of NeoStrata®. Core Technology Platforms ALPHA HYDROXY ACIDS Glycolic Acid, a natural constituent of sugar cane, exfoliates the skin by enhancing cell turnover, evens the distribution of pigmentation, refines the appearance of pore size and helps smooth the look of fine lines and wrinkles. Our Glycolic Acid products deliver optimal efficacy at an ideal pH and concentration. -
Antiaging Effects of Topical Lactobionic Acid: Results of a Controlled Usage Study Barbara A
STUDY Antiaging Effects of Topical Lactobionic Acid: Results of a Controlled Usage Study Barbara A. Green, RPh, MS; Brenda L. Edison, BA; Monya L. Sigler, PhD There are numerous clinical publications supporting the use of traditional a-hydroxy acids (AHAs), including glycolic acid, lactic acid, and citric acid, to counter aging. Studies have demonstrated sig- nificant dermal effects, including increased deposition of glycosaminoglycans, improved elastic fiber quality, and collagen gene induction. These dermal effects provide antiaging benefits to skin. Lacto- bionic acid, a next-generation AHA possessing a polyhydroxy structure (a so-called polyhydroxy acid), has been shown to provide textural and smoothing benefits to skin and to increase skin thickness via digital caliper measurements, thereby providing multiple antiaging benefits. Lactobionic acid is also an antioxidant chelating substance that suppresses matrix metalloproteinase enzymatic activity, helping to protect against further sunCOS damage. Lactobionic acidDERM has also been shown to be gentle to skin without causing the stinging and irritation associated with some AHAs. This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of topical lactobionic acid 8% to reduce the visible signs of aging skin on the face and to deter- mine histologic and dermalDo thickness Not changes on the armCopy during 12 weeks of controlled usage. Results indicate significant improvements in clinically graded parameters, a significant reduction in mild pre- existing irritation, and significant increases in skin firmness and thickness. Histologic examples of reduced matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity and increased staining for glycosaminoglycans were observed. When used alone, either as a preventive or an active treatment, lactobionic acid provides beneficial antiaging effects. -
(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2006/0120980 A1 Eber (43) Pub
US 2006O120980A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2006/0120980 A1 Eber (43) Pub. Date: Jun. 8, 2006 (54) NOVELDERMATOLOGICAL COMPOSITION Related U.S. Application Data USING BO-ACTIVATING ORGANOCATALYSTS (60) Provisional application No. 60/632,479, filed on Dec. 2, 2004. (76) Inventor: James J. Eberl, Hilton Head Island, SC Publication Classification (US) (51) Int. Cl. A6IR 8/49 (2006.01) Correspondence Address: (52) U.S. Cl. ................................................................ 424/62 COLEMANSUDOLSAPONE, PC. (57) ABSTRACT 714 COLORADO AVENUE BRIDGE PORT, CT 06605-1601 (US) The invention provides novel dermatological compositions and related methods useful in the activation of skin growth factors and growth receptors. Compositions of the invention (21) Appl. No.: 11/292,227 act upon follicle cells and other skin targets to induce hair growth, facilitate dermal cell repair, and enhance skin health. Compositions comprise a bio-activating organocata lyst in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adapted for use (22) Filed: Dec. 1, 2005 on an animal’s skin or hair. US 2006/0120980 A1 Jun. 8, 2006 NOVELDERMATOLOGICAL COMPOSITION over rate is at least a couple of years. Thus, every living USING BO-ACTIVATING ORGANOCATALYSTS tissue is in a dynamic state of chemical change via chemical reactions. RELATED APPLICATIONS 0010. It is a novel concept that the biological reaction 0001. This application claims the benefit of provisional rates can be modified by non-enzymatic chemical catalysts application U.S. 60/632,479, filed Dec. 2, 2004, the entirety thereby drastically changing human processes. Chemical of which is incorporated by reference herein. catalysis has been applied to a myriad of inorganic and organic reactions and huge chemical complexes produce FIELD OF THE INVENTION billions of dollars of products used in about every endeavor of mankind, however its use in biological processes has been 0002 The invention relates to novel dermatological com limited. -
Stratum Corneum Moisturization at the Molecular Level
Abridged from the Dermatology Progress in Foundation Dermatology Editor: Alan N. Moshell , MD. Stratum Corneum Moisturization at the Molecular Level Anthony V. Rawlings, Ian R. Scott, Clive R. Harding, * and Paul A. Bowsed Unilever Research, Edgewater Laboratory, Edgewater, N ew Jersey, U .S.A.; ' Unilevcr Research, Colworth Laboratory, Sharnbrook, Bedford; and tUnilever Research, Port Sunlight Laboratory, Bebington, Wirral, U.K. n any living system, control of water translocation is essential corneocytes embedded in a lipid matrix (see Fig 1). The main func for survival. Being in close proximity to a non-aqueous envi tion of the epidermis is to produce the stratum corneum; a selec ronment this control is a fundamental property of our skin tively permeable outer layer that protects against water loss and and it uses mechanisms that are complex, elegant, and unique chemical insult. However, as will become evident from this review, in nature to achieve it. the barrier function of the stratum corneum is not its only function. IThe skin preserves water through intercellular occlusion (water The combination of the barrier properties of the stratum corneum permeability barrier) and cellular humectancy (natural moisturizing and its inherent cellular humectant capabilities moisturize the stra factor or NMF). The mechanisms for producing the water perme tum corneum, which is important for maintaining the flexibility of ability barrier and NMF are not only complex but also susceptible to the stratum corneum and its desquamation. The most characterized disturbance and perturbation. components of the stratum corneum are keratins, specialized cor This review begins with an overview of the vast amount of work neocyte envelope proteins, lipids, NMF, specialized adhesion struc that has led to a greater understanding of the mechanisms of mois tures (desmosomes), and enzymes. -
Alpha Hydroxy Acids
DianaYvonne Skin Care Characterize by light to moderate penetration, and minimal or no discomfort. These peels/exfoliators are excellent at improving the texture of the skin and evening out the skin tone. For maximum results, they can and should be alternated. Alpha Hydroxy Acids: While Glycolic and Lactic acid peeling agents have equivalent results, the following shows that lactic acid peels have many benefits over glycolic acid peels. Glycolic Acid is the most commonly used AHA. Because of its small molecular weight and size, it is presumed to have a better capacity to penetrate skin. Lactic acid on the other hand, has a larger molecular weight than glycolic acid but is capable of being converted into pyruvic acid (an alpha keto acid) which is presumed to be a more effective exfoliating agent. Lactic Acid: Lactic Acid is a normal metabolite for mammals. It has no toxicity. With its longer reaction time, lactic acid is safer than glycolic acid. There is a better control of the peel without burning. Lactic acid enhances the absorption of other substances and is a superb humectant -- it attracts water molecules already present in your skin to the surface, making it an effective moisturizer. There is a minimal chance of adverse effects. Glycolic Acid Glycolic Acid is of vegetable origin (non-mammalian). There is a rapid reaction time. There is less control of peel irritation. In working with the higher clinical strengths 70%, there have been many reported incidents of adverse effects, like discoloration and scarring. GLYCOLIC ACID is an alpha hydroxy acid derived from sugar cane. -
Makingcosmetics®
makingcosmetics ® Updated: 10/26/2018 Lactic Acid Specification Sheet Description : Lactic acid is a naturally occurring alpha hydroxy acid (or AHA) produced by fermentation of milk. It is the alpha hydroxy acid most frequently used for peel products. Synonym: 2-hydroxypropanoic acid. Clear, water-white viscous liquid. Characteristic odor. Concentration: 88% (12% water). Grade: CG. pH Value 0.5. Easily soluble in water. CAS : 50-21-5, 79-33-4 INCI Name : Lactic acid Benefits : Very useful to rejuvenate the skin by encouraging the shedding of old surface skin cells Can reduce the appearance of fine lines, irregular pigmentation, age spots & decreases enlarged pores Good choice for first-time peel users or for those with sensitive skin Often used in creams & lotions at a lower concentration for a more gentle acid-based peel. Use : Typical use level is between 1-20%. Important : Do not use lactic acid pure and undiluted; the solution is highly acidic and can lead to skin irritation and skin burns. Storage: stable ~1 year, store cool & light protected. External use only. Please note that when using this ingredient regularly in skin care products, the skin will be very sensitive and needs to be protected from the sun, wearing sunscreen or any other protection. Applications : Peels, creams, lotions, masks, cleansers. Due to its acidity the final product needs to be tested for safe pH. Optimal pH range from 3.5-5.0. Some over the counter products, after adding lactic acid, will separate as a result of the low pH, and need to be stabilized. Country of Origin : USA Raw material source : Corn starch and various sugars Manufacture : Lactic acid is produced by bacterial fermentation (various Lactobacilli ) of carbohydrates (sugar, starch). -
Process for Producing Alpha-Hydroxy Acid Or Alpha-Hydroxyamide by Microorganisms
Europaisches Patentamt 19 European Patent Office Office europeen des brevets (TT) Publication number : 0 666 320 A2 EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (2j) Application number : 95300485.0 @ int. ci.6: C12P 7/42, C12P 13/02 (22) Date of filing : 26.01.95 (30) Priority: 28.01.94 JP 24888/94 (72) Inventor: Hashimoto, Yoshihiro, c/o Nitto Chem. Ind. Co. Ltd Central Res. Inst., (43) Date of publication of application : 10-1, Daikoku-cho, Tsurumi-ku 09.08.95 Bulletin 95/32 Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa (JP) @ Designated Contracting States : (74) Representative : Pearce, Anthony Richmond DE FR GB MARKS & CLERK, Alpha Tower, Suffolk Street Queensway @ Applicant : NITTO CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CO., Birmingham B1 1TT (GB) LTD. No. 5-1, Marunouchi 1-chome Chiyoda-ku Tokyo (JP) (54) Process for producing alpha-hydroxy acid or alpha-hydroxyamide by microorganisms. (57) A process for the production of a-hydroxy acids or a-hydroxyamides in which an a-hydroxynitrile compound or a mixture consisting of an aldehyde and prussic acid, which corresponds to the nitrile compound, is allowed to undergo a microbial reaction to produce the corresponding a-hydroxy acid or a-hydroxyamide, wherein the improvement resides in that phosphite ions or hypophosphite ions are allowed to be present in the reaction system. According to the present invention, since hydrolysis or hydration of nitrile compounds can be carried out by constantly keeping a low concentration level of aldehydes which are considered to be a cause of the enzyme inhibition in the reaction system, the enzyme activity can be maintained stably for a prolonged period of time and the formed acids or amides can therefore be accumulated in a high concentration. -
2 Current Knowledge Status of the Stratum Corneum Structure and Transdermal Permeation Enhancement
2. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE STATUS 2 Current knowledge status of the stratum corneum structure and transdermal permeation enhancement 2.1 The organization of the mammalian skin The skin consists of three distinct layers [2, 8]. The subcutis and the dermis , forming the bulk of skin, are made up of adipose and connective tissue elements, respectively. The overlying, avascular epidermis is composed primarily of keratinocytes and is divisible into four layers, namely the stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, and corneum [2]. These layers present different stages of the cell differentiation, termed keratinisation . The continuously dividing stem cells on the basal layer generate columns of keratinocytes, which finally differentiate into the flattened corneocytes (Fig. 2.1). The innermost epidermal layer, the stratum basale, is a single layer of columnar basal cells that remain attached to the basement membrane via hemidesmosomes. The next epidermal layer, the stratum spinosum , has a spiny appearance of its cells in histological sections due to the abundance of desmosomes. First in this layer, lamellar bodies (also called membrane coating granules, keratinosomes or Odland bodies) and increased amount of keratin filaments can be detected. In the stratum granulosum , a quantitative increase in keratin synthesis occurs. The keratohyalin granules containing proteins (profillaggrin, loricrin and keratin) become progressively larger and give the name to this layer. Simultaneously, the uppermost cells in the stratum granulosum display a unique structural and functional organization of the lamellar bodies consistent with their readiness to terminally differentiate into a corneocyte, during which the lamellar bodies are secreted to the intercellular domains. The uppermost layer of the epidermis, the SC, creates the main skin barrier.