9 FOUR YEARS PASS

Ka‘ahumanu Meets and Marries Kamehameha May 25, 1922

Concerning this famous warrior of Kamehameha, there is not a great deal in his own story if not for the famous story of his royal foster son whom he Chad instructed in the use of the spear and the staff, in boxing, and in the ancient profession of lua. Kekühaupi‘o’s life was bound with that of his hänai ali‘i, and also he was involved with him in the policies of that period. It would be appropriate to call this famous warrior of Ke‘ei an accomplished and famous kuhikuhipu‘uone of the court of Kamehameha for he joined his father-in-law Holo‘ae in guiding Kamehameha in matters concerning his kingdom. Because Kamehameha heeded the advice of these accomplished leaders, he moved to achieve the foremost position in government. Kamehameha heeded advice, and he did not despise men of low status. Those words of advice helped his kaikaina [younger brother] Keali‘imaika‘i, whose sacred name was Kalanimälokulokuikepo‘okalani. They were: “Take care of the big man and the little man,” and the good treatment of men was what made those maka‘äinana of Kïpahulu trust in the kaikaina of Kamehameha and was what saved his life. It was described in the recent number of our beautiful story of the ali‘i of Hawai‘i Nei and of the very brave men of the ancient times of our ancestors. It has been said also in our story of our warrior and his beloved ali‘i that there were two female ali‘i in the court of Kamehameha, the ali‘i wahine ki‘eki‘e Kalola and the ali‘i wahine ki‘eki‘e Peleuli. In the year 1785, Kamehameha was forty-nine years of age and he took in marriage Ka‘ahumanu, the high-ranking daughter of Ke‘eaumoku Päpa‘iaheahe and Nämähanaikaleleonalani, who was one of the sisters of the mö‘ï Kahekili of . Ka‘ahumanu was seventeen years old. They were married three years after that famous battle at Moku‘öhai at which time Kamehameha became aware of her commanding poise when she appeared before him to plead for the body of Kïwala‘ö with these words:

223 Kamehameha and His Warrior Kekühaupi‘o

“E Kalaninuimehameha ho‘i ë! Let me have the body of the ali‘i.” These words caused Mö‘ï Kamehameha to admire her greatly. At the time that this young female ali‘i, who was born on Maui, spoke so freely to Kamehameha she was only fourteen years of age. Perhaps there are some things which our readers of this era can learn concerning the story of the birth of this very famous female ali‘i of Hawai‘i Nei. The readers of Ka Hoku o can benefit from learning a little about the remarkable story of the famous ali‘i of their land. Ka‘ahumanu was born at a certain place adjoining the celebrated hill of Ka‘uiki, called Ponahakeone, Pueokahi, Häna, Maui. She was thought to have been born in 1768, and her aforesaid parents were ali‘i ki‘eki‘e of the land. Her parents were in hiding because Ka‘ahumanu’s father was attempting again to oppose his brother-in- law Kahekili and, because of this trouble, he and his wife had been in hiding. Perhaps because of the relationship between Ka‘ahumanu’s mother and Kahekili, he did not take vengeance on his brother-in-law, but, instead, Ke‘eaumoku was able to flee from the court of the mö‘ï of Maui. He was unable, however, to return to Hawai‘i at that time because he had aroused a rebellion against Kalani‘öpu‘u, the uncle of Kamehameha, and had to flee from that battle and sail to live on Maui. He had been received hospitably by his brother-in-law, but because of his nature as a great general, very brave in battle, trouble arose between him and his brother-in-law, Kahekili. After his wife gave birth to Ka‘ahumanu, they again fled to the upland of Häna, until the very time that they heard of the death of Kalani‘öpu‘u. He quickly returned to Hawai‘i and went immediately to Kohala to give his support to the ali‘i Kamehameha as he was a makua käne to him. Kamehameha quickly embraced his hulu makua [esteemed elder], and he became the commander-in-chief of Kamehameha’s faction. He was at the head of Kamehameha’s faction in that celebrated Battle of Moku‘öhai in which he almost lost his life as has been described in previous issues of Ka Hoku. Perhaps these brief words are sufficient concerning the birth of the steel-hearted queen of Kamehameha, the woman of whom Holo‘ae spoke frankly: “There is only one rebellion remaining in your kingdom, e Kalani, and that is your wife, Ka‘ahumanu. If the love of your wife turns to another ali‘i and she rebels against you, then your kingdom will become unstable because the only supports of your kingdom are makua käne of your wife.”

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This was the reason that Kamehameha set up a hard and fast law concerning Ka‘ahumanu, making her person very kapu, and only to be free to Kamehameha. The ali‘i who opposed this sacred law of Kamehameha concerning Ka‘ahumanu would be punished by death. It was also said that Kamehameha’s kingdom was secured by his taking Ka‘ahumanu as a wife. This was due to those makua käne of Ka‘ahumanu who were very brave ali‘i and who had men to aid Kamehameha in his conquest of this archipelago which brought the kingdom under one rule. Perhaps this is a sufficient explanation concerning Ka‘ahumanu, this steel-hearted queen of Hawai‘i Nei whose life is widely known. On the 24th of June, 1786, some foreign ships appeared in Hawaiian seas, perhaps the first of the ships to arrive again after the death of Captain Cook at Ka‘awaloa, South Kona. On the 26th day of this month those ships entered the bay of Kealakekua. They had sailed from London, and they were the ship King George under Captain Portlock and the ship Queen Charlotte under Captain Dixon.84 These captains had come previously with Captain Cook, and they knew of his death at the hands of the Hawaiian people, and they were familiar with some of the shores of Hawai‘i. On the arrival of these ships at Kealakekua, the Hawaiian people called these ships ‘alomakani and olo. These ships first brought those bead necklaces favored by the ali‘i wahine and the Hawaiian women of that ancient time, which they called lei olo. On the arrival of these ships at , there was no powerful ali‘i living there. Keli‘imaika‘i, the kaikaina of Kamehameha had returned from Häna, Maui, and met with his elder brother (hänau mua) at Kohala, where he was staying at the time these foreign ships arrived. The Hawaiian men sailed out to the ships to bar- gain with hogs, sweet potatoes, chickens, pumpkins, and other vegetable foods. The Hawaiians bargained with the foreigners of those ships, giving a fathom-long hog only for pieces of iron hoop which they greatly desired to make into fishhooks. During this bargaining between the Hawaiians and the foreigners, the ships’ people noted the unruly nature of some of the Hawaiian men, attempting to start a commotion such as that at the time Captain Cook was killed. Seeing this behavior, the captains became doubtful as there was no ali‘i ‘ai moku ashore to quiet this

84 Compare with the written accounts given by Dixon (1789:50–51) and Portlock (1789:58–64).

225 Kamehameha and His Warrior Kekühaupi‘o

commotion. Therefore those captains determined to depart from Kealakekua and sail somewhere else. Some cannons were fired which frightened the Hawaiian people, and those in the canoes fled ashore. The ships hoisted their anchors and departed from that place.

Foreign Ships Arrive in the Islands June 1, 1922

Those two ships left Kealakekua Bay and sailed to the island of Maui, and as far as the island of O‘ahu. The ships arrived at a place called Wai‘alae at this Ttime, on the island of O‘ahu. They remained there for four days, replenishing their water supply. By the testimony of Captain Portlock in the book he wrote, that place of Wai‘alae was filled with people. The land was cultivated by the Hawaiian people, and he also noted the real industry of the people of the land in farming and in fishing. Also, he noted that they were an amiable race. For the benefit of the ships’ people, fresh food was purchased in exchange for house nails. Fathom-long hogs were exchanged for the nails and other produce. At this same time Captain Portlock saw King Kahekili. He also saw some for- eign swords and some knives gotten during the previous arrival in Hawai‘i Nei of Captain Cook and his people. This British captain said that King Kahekili had a good physique and a regal appearance and seemed to be greatly trusted by his maka‘äinana. He ruled with intelligence. He was staying on O‘ahu at that time, and it seemed that the island of O‘ahu was under his control. Before the arrival of these British ships, this king of Maui and King Kahahana of O‘ahu had fought, and Kahahana had fled and hid in the forest until the very time he was betrayed by some of his kahu. He was killed by King Kahekili and his body placed in the heiau at a place close to Pu‘uloa. This British captain said that he thought Kahekili to be fifty years of age, but he guessed wrongly because his correct age, according to the chronology by S.M. Kamakau, was eighty. However, in spite of these years he was strong. Kahekili did not drink rum (he ali‘i inu rama ‘ole). When he went on board those British ships, one of these captains attempted to have him drink the foreign rum, but Kahekili strongly rejected the temptations of these foreigners. This was a good thing about this ali‘i who

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had not been educated in the foreign manner, perhaps having seen the harm done to some other ali‘i who drank the strong rum of the strangers from a foreign land. (It is amazing that these ali‘i ‘ai moku of Hawai‘i Nei saw the harm in drinking intoxicating liquor and did not desire that this harmful thing spread amongst their race. After the time when the entire kingdom became Kamehameha’s, he announced his law forbidding intoxicating liquors and he forbade his people to drink them. He also made a law absolutely forbidding the making of intoxicating liquors in his land. When some foreigners living in the country broke that law of King Kamehameha, he ordered that these foreigners of his be beaten on the back with a rope. How great was the wisdom of these kings of this land at that time of unenlightenment. The minds of people in this period were not enlightened, but great indeed was the wisdom of the ali‘i who loved their people and acted to save their lives. Yet here in this age of enlightenment and wisdom, actions of pepehi kino [beating] and harm to the spirit are triumphant.) After these British ships left Wai‘alae, they sailed to Waimea, Kaua‘i, on the 13th day of June, 1786. From this place they sailed elsewhere, and in the months of November and December of this same year, they again visited at Hawai‘i, Maui, O‘ahu, and as far again as Kaua‘i. Captain Portlock was incorrect in saying that Kahekili was only fifty years of age because Kahekili was thirty years old when Kamehameha was born. At the time these British ships arrived in Hawai‘i Nei, Kamehameha was almost fifty years old. Kahekili had become eighty years old, but he was vigorous in his old age so that Captain Portlock was mistaken in thinking that he was fifty years old.85 Shortly after the arrival of these British ships in Hawai‘i Nei, two French ships arrived at Maui under command of Captain La Perouse. It was said that these French warships arrived at Honua‘ula, and from thence sailed to Lahaina, as Lahaina was a place of many people in the times of the ancient ali‘i. Between the years 1786 to 1790, more foreign ships arrived in Hawai‘i Nei, and these were the years in which Kamehameha was preparing to make war on Maui. He was attempting to snatch that island from the reign of Kalaniküpule, the keiki and heir of Kahekili. Kahekili was on O‘ahu at that time.

85 Kuykendall (1968:Appendix A) gives Kamehameha’s birth date as 1753 and Stokes (1933:23–65) gives 1756 as his estimated birth date.

227 Kamehameha and His Warrior Kekühaupi‘o

In the year 1787 the foreign ship named Nootka arrived, commanded by Captain Meares. This was the ship which took Ka‘iana to China. Perhaps three Hawaiians besides Ka‘iana were taken with him. When this Kaua‘i chief arrived at that land [China], he was taken about by the foreigners living at Canton. Ka‘iana was garbed in his helmet and feather cloak, so cleverly made by the Hawaiians of ancient times. Ka‘iana was tall and of truly distinguished appearance. The majestic appearance of this Hawaiian ali‘i was very much admired by those who saw him, and many of the foreigners made friends with him. In China, Ka‘iana learned how to use the large weapons of war, such as the cannon, and some other foreign weapons. After Ka‘iana had stayed with his friends at that place in China for a while, he was returned to Hawai‘i Nei. He had been given many gifts by the foreigners, that is, cattle, sheep, turkeys, and also some orange and lemon trees as well as some other foreign plants, because of their admiration of Ka‘iana’s imposing appearance. He also returned with some foreign weapons, gunpowder, and muskets (pü kau po‘ohiwi). Perhaps Ka‘iana thought of returning with these good gifts to the land of his birth on Kaua‘i. However when that ship left China, it did not return directly to Hawai‘i, but sailed on a trading mission to various places of South America, and also traded with the Spaniards on the west coast of North America. Because of the wanderings of this ship, all the animals given Ka‘iana died and the fruit trees dried up. The only gifts remaining to him were those weapons given him: two cannon, a num- ber of muskets, and gunpowder. Those weapons were kept until the very time Ka‘iana arrived at Hawai‘i. He heard of the bad feelings of King Kä‘eo of Kaua‘i toward him and because of this news, he stopped at Kealakekua Bay. On the arrival of the ship, Kamehameha was staying at a place close by, per- haps at Kailua. When Kamehameha heard of the arrival of this foreign ship with Ka‘iana on board, he quickly arranged for twelve double canoes covered with feather cloaks to adorn his trip to see Ka‘iana (a i uhi nani ia këia mau wa‘a a ke ali‘i Kamehameha me nä ‘ahu‘ula). The ancestors of this high chief who was born on Kaua‘i had come from Hawai‘i, and the account of the historian Kamakau gives this informa- tion concerning Ka‘iana:86

86 See Kamakau (1961:153).

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‘Ahu‘ula was the father of Ka‘iana and the son of Keawe, the mö‘ï ‘ai moku of Hawai‘i before the time of Kalani‘öpu‘u. Ka‘iana’s mother was Kaupekamoku, a woman of very high rank. Perhaps Ka‘iana’s father and his wife had gone to live on Kaua‘i and Ka‘iana was born on Kaua‘i. In another version it was said that Ka‘iana was born on Hawai‘i and his parents went to Kaua‘i when he was very young. His hoahänau, Nämakehä and Nähi‘öle‘a, were born on Kaua‘i and Ka‘iana found his wife on Kaua‘i. Ka‘iana also had some prominent hoahänau living on Hawai‘i at that time, such as Ka‘ianaukupe, the father of Kaikio‘ewa, the governor of Kaua‘i during the reign of Kauikeaouli, Kamehameha III. Ka‘iana also had other hoahänau living on Hawai‘i and in the court of Kamehameha, such as Kalaniküaiwa, and also some ali‘i amongst the men living under Kamehameha.

Arrival of the Eleanora June 8, 1922

Kamehameha had known Ka‘iana and had admired this imposing ali‘i. Perhaps this was the reason for honoring him with the twelve double canoes Kand for his offer of hospitality. When Kamehameha saw the foreign weapons Ka‘iana had, he made up his mind to ask him to stay with him in the land of his royal grandfather Keawe. Captain Douglas had become a good friend to Ka‘iana, and he told of his idea of assisting him by fetching his wife from Kaua‘i and also his chiefly hoahänau, by having them return with him to Hawai‘i. This made Ka‘iana happy and he sailed to fetch his family at Kaua‘i. However before he sailed for Kaua‘i, he gave those foreign weapons to Kamehameha. These gifts by Ka‘iana to Kamehameha were of great assis- tance to Kamehameha’s warriors and were of great importance later when his warriors were trained in the use of these foreign weapons. Ka‘iana also became an instructor to some of Kamehameha’s warriors, aided by those foreigners [John] Young and , the grandfather of Miss Lucy Peabody who now lives in . Another reason for Ka‘iana’s strong decision to live in the land of his ancestors from ancient times were those good words uttered by Kamehameha: “Here is the land,

229 Kamehameha and His Warrior Kekühaupi‘o

here also are the men and here also are our chiefly companions. Let us live here in Hawai‘i Nei. Do not return to Kaua‘i, as we have heard of the bad disposition of our chiefly relative toward you.” These were words which Ka‘iana could not mistake as to the good intent of Kamehameha in detaining him. Ka‘iana did indeed fetch his chiefly hoahänau, Namakaeha [Nämakehä] and Nähi‘öle‘a, and also his wife, from Kaua‘i, aided by that good-hearted captain. They lived under Kamehameha until the very time of that alienation between them because of the ali‘i wahine Ka‘ahumanu, and when Ka‘iana rebelled and deserted Kamehameha and was killed at the Battle of Nu‘uanu. Kamehameha dwelt at Kealakekua in those days after Ka‘iana had sailed to Kaua‘i, preparing himself and his court with the weapons to make war on Kalaniküpule at Maui. In these days of preparation at Kamehameha’s court, Kekühaupi‘o was instructing the young chiefs in the ancient martial arts of the land, and his extra time was filled with training Kamehameha’s armies. Kekühaupi‘o was a man fully involved in the activities of those days, and his efforts in preparing the warriors of his chiefly foster son were well supported by his makua käne hoahänau. In those days of preparation for this important work by Kamehameha, the ship Eleanora commanded by Captain Metcalf (Meka) arrived. This was a sealing ship from the north and was accompanied by the schooner commanded by the young son of Captain Metcalf, only eighteen years of age. In the winter of the year 1789, these ships arrived in Hawai‘i, and some days later this ship sailed and arrived at Honua‘ula on Maui. On board the ship Eleanora was , later called ‘Olohana by the Hawaiian people, who was later one of Kamehameha’s very strong helpers in his conquest of the kingdom. On the arrival of this ship at Honua‘ula, Kalola, formerly one of the wives of Kalani‘öpu‘u, was living at Olowalu with her new husband Ka‘öpüiki, and they were rulers of that district. When Kalola’s husband Ka‘öpüiki heard of the arrival of the foreign ship at Honua‘ula, he desired to sail there to barter for nails with the for- eigners. He also wanted to purchase red cloth which was greatly desired by Hawai‘i’s chiefs. He also wanted to purchase gun powder for some of the chiefs of Hawai‘i well understood the value of those things in fighting with their enemies.

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Ka‘öpüiki filled his canoes with goods for barter with the people of the foreign ship. These were the customary goods of the people of Hawai‘i: chickens and pigs; growing things such as sweet potatoes, bananas, kalo, and sugar cane; and some other goods which might be wanted by the foreigners on the ship. Ka‘öpüiki left with his canoes filled with these goods and sailed to meet the foreigners at Honua‘ula. The foreigner’s skiff had gone ashore, and some of the goods on the ali‘i Ka‘öpüiki’s fleet of canoes were sold. Because darkness fell, the bargaining ceased between the two sides. On the next day, Ka‘öpüiki went out to board the foreign ship to resume the sale of his remaining goods which had been brought from Olowalu. However, the strange thing was that on the approach of the canoes near the ship, they were forbidden to climb on board. The foreigners were angry at the Hawaiian men because some of them persisted in climbing on board. They were beaten by the foreigners, and some were pushed and they fell into the sea. Because the people were not allowed to board the ship, Ka‘öpüiki was per- plexed. He sailed around the foreign ship. He saw the ship’s skiff floating behind the ship, and realizing that it was full of iron nails which he greatly desired to secure, he determined to take it under cover of darkness. The ali‘i Ka‘öpüiki’s canoe left the foreign ship and went ashore at Honua‘ula to await darkness since he coveted that skiff which had nails in its hull. When darkness fell, Ka‘öpüiki sailed out very quietly until he approached the skiff which was floating there. There was a watchman on board the skiff, and the remarkable thing was that the watchman was fast asleep. Ka‘öpüiki cut the rope which secured the skiff to the ship, and they stealthily took the skiff without awakening the watchman on board it. In the morning, when the foreigners awakened, the skiff with the watchman was not there. This angered Captain Metcalf and his people. Because of secret infor- mation by a certain Hawaiian man, Captain Metcalf knew who had stolen his skiff and caused the disappearance of his watchman. Perhaps by the direction of a certain man whose name was Kealoha, the foreign ship sailed to Olowalu where the ali‘i wahine Kalola was ruling with her husband Ka‘öpüiki. The skiff, however, had been completely demolished for its nails by Ka‘öpüiki and his people. Of the foreigner, nothing has been known. Perhaps he was released (ho‘oku‘u) or perhaps he was hidden.

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Olowalu Massacre June 15, 1922

When the foreign ship arrived at Olowalu, Kalola quickly imposed the kapu of ka mau‘u mae [the withered grass]87 which was for men and lasted for three Wdays. The men were strictly bound by it under the threat of death. No one at all dared to oppose this kapu by the ali‘i wahine Kalola, until perhaps that foreign ship which arrived off Olowalu sailed away. After the passage of three days of this kapu, it was lifted, and the canoe fleet with their produce for barter went out and surrounded that foreign ship to barter with the foreigners for house nails. There were people around who were passing the time watching the actions of the foreigners. When some men attempted to climb on board, they were beaten on their backs with ropes by the foreigners which made the foreigners on board laugh. This canoe fleet was not only from Olowalu, but some were from far away places such as Lahaina, Kä‘anapali, as far as Honolua and Honoköhau, and also from the island of Läna‘i. There were crowds of people on the canoes close to the ship, and the people on the canoes were doing no mischief. However, the people on board the foreign ship were angry because of the theft of the skiff and also the disappearance of the foreigner. They were determined to punish the blameless people of Hawai‘i. At this time, when the canoes had all gathered together, one side of the ship was made kapu, and no canoe was allowed on that side. When any canoe attempted to go on that side which was kapu, the foreigners hurled a piece of wood or anything that was possible to throw. The Hawaiian people were unable to understand the reason for this, nor the reason they were allowed to gather on one side of the ship. The ports of the cannon on the side of that ship were tightly closed. The people on the canoes did not understand about the foreigners’ things which caused death. At this same time, the people on the canoes gathered on the side of the ship which was free of the kapu, and were passing their time in barter with the foreigners without realizing the preparations

87 The kapu called ka mau‘u mae required men to remain in the immediate area in which the kapu was imposed. It was one of the kapu imposed during heiau kapu pule periods although it could be imposed at other times and places. According to Pukui and Elbert (1986:243), mau‘u mae, literally wilted grass, was the “name of a taboo on men, said to last ten days (sexual union was forbidden, and each man urinated in a particular spot only, where the grass wilted, hence the name of the taboo).”

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being made for their slaughter. Those blameless Hawaiian people were oblivious to this wicked deed. While the people were absorbed in trading with the people on board the ship, a certain man whose name was Akakäne came from ashore. He climbed on the ship and stood at a certain place close to a gun-port. While he was standing watching the actions of the foreigners, he saw them opening the ports which hid those large guns. These large guns were filled with small shot and iron nails. The carriages of these large guns were run out and they were aimed right at the place where the people were tightly packed. They didn’t realize that this was their death which was being prepared while they were conversing about the many things concerning the foreign ship. The people of the ship had no thought of the true wickedness of what they were doing. In a short time those large guns thundered, carrying the burden of death amongst the multitudes on the canoes floating who did not realize they were close to their calamitous end. Death instantly spread amongst that multitudinous fleet, and the dead bodies of the people killed by this wicked ambush sank in the sea. The Hawaiian people died in great numbers from this truly evil action by this foreign ship which was described by John Young (‘Olohana) who was an eyewitness at the time this cruel deed was done. Many, many people died. Some who sank into the depths of the sea were fished up, and their dead bodies were pulled ashore by those who loved them. This wicked slaughter of the Hawaiians by the black-hearted foreigners was called the Burst Brains (Kalolopahü). Perhaps the reason for calling it so was that, when some of those bodies were pulled ashore, the brains of those corpses had burst. It is a terrible thing to think about this black-hearted action by those foreigners toward those people who had done nothing wrong to them. They had the blame placed on them for the wrong the ali‘i Ka‘öpüiki had done in stealing that skiff and causing the disappearance of the foreigner. These people did not know of the stealing of the skiff as they had come from various places to barter their goods with the foreigners, and yet they were paid back with death. Over a hundred, and perhaps almost two hundred, people were slain by those on board the ship. When this cruel slaughter was heard of ashore, the people wailed in mourning, and the families of those killed came and wailed in grief for their beloved ones killed by the foreign ship. The shores were full of the lamentations of women

233 Kamehameha and His Warrior Kekühaupi‘o

for their husbands, parents for their sons and grandparents for their beloved grand- children. Here are the words the Rev. J.F. Pogue wrote in his history book concerning this cruel deed by those on this foreign ship and placing the blame on that wicked Captain Metcalf.88

On the day of judgment, this captain of the ship Eleanora will meet with those killed by his people. He will answer to the most high judge as to the correctness or incorrectness of all he has done, and perhaps, the correctness of what he did in placing death upon those unfortunate people.

It was not known whether Ka‘öpüiki died with those people so cruelly slaughtered on account of his wrong-doing. Perhaps he escaped death at the hands of the foreigners, but the fruits of his mischief with the foreign skiff descended on those numerous blameless ones. This kapu, ka mau‘u mae, was imposed on the men by the ali‘i wahine Kalola. It was a kapu which followed the name of the days of the week, in other words by the calculations of Hawai‘i Nei, it was the fourth night (Pö‘ahä) of the week, which was called Mau‘u Mae. The fifth night (Pö‘alima) was called Ahi Wela and the sixth night (Pö‘aöno) was Ahu Awakea. The Sabbath was Kahakino, and on the first night (Pö‘akähi), the kapu of mau‘u mae was freed.89 This was perhaps the day on which these Hawaiian people were cruelly slain by the wicked guns of the foreigners of Captain Metcalf’s ship so that the corpses of the dead were heaped up on the sands of Olowalu. This is a black mark in the story of the arrival of this foreign ship in Hawai‘i Nei. At noon of that day of slaughter, the ship Eleanora left Olowalu and sailed to the island of Hawai‘i. The Eleanora arrived at Kealakekua and awaited the arrival of the two-master Fair American commanded by the son of the captain of the Eleanora. Let us turn to the story concerning this two-masted ship. It was seen off Puakö attempting to sail to the harbor of Kealakekua, for this was perhaps the place they had agreed to meet. This wicked captain was paid back by the killing of those on this little

88 See Pogue 1978:84.

89 No other sources for the names of nights in the week given by Reverend Desha were found. He does not name any other nights of the week.

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two-master by the ali‘i Kame‘eiamoku, the brother of High Chief Kamanawa, they two being known as the sacred twins of Kekaulike. At a previous time this twin, Kame‘eiamoku, had boarded a certain foreign ship. Perhaps while he was handling something on the ship, the ship’s watchman mis- takenly thought that Kame‘eiamoku was doing some mischief. The foreigner struck Kame‘eiamoku on the back with a rope, and because of this humiliating action (hana ho‘oha‘aha‘a) by the foreigner, this high chief of Hawai‘i Nei became extremely angry. He swore an oath that if he boarded a foreign ship thereafter, death would be the punishment for the people of the ship. Kame‘eiamoku and some other ali‘i were staying at Ka‘üpülehu at that time, and when he saw this small foreign ship sailing, he immediately prepared his canoes to pursue it. These people of his court were aboard his canoe: Nauki, Küäiwa, Kuahiku, Manohili, Näluhi, ‘Ahu‘ole, Pe‘e, and some other persons. They were equipped with the weapons of those ancient times. Also on board with Kame‘eiamoku were some of his hoahänau: Kalaukoa, Manuhoa, Kanuha, and Keakaokalani.

Attack on the Fair American June 22, 1922

These people sailed on their canoes to the schooner and climbed on board. There were only seven persons on board the foreign ship: Isaac (‘Aikake) TDavis, the young captain, and five other foreign sailors. Kame‘eiamoku mä [his people] were hospitably received on board that foreign ship. However, this twin, Kame‘eiamoku, having been whipped (hili) on his back with a rope by a foreigner, had made an unshakable oath not to forget this. The people of the canoe fleet surrounded the foreigners on board their little ship. Kame‘eiamoku seized young Metcalf, the son of Captain Metcalf of the ship Eleanora, and threw him overboard. Others sprang to kill those foreigners. Isaac Davis, the grandfather of Miss Lucy Peabody, barely escaped with his life but suffered numerous wounds. The remarkable thing was that Isaac’s wounds were attended to shortly afterwards by Kame‘eiamoku himself and Davis was taken ashore as a captive.

235 Kamehameha and His Warrior Kekühaupi‘o

A valuable object gotten from this little two-master was a large cannon which was afterwards named Lopaka and was one of the famous guns used later in Kamehameha’s conquest. Also taken were some muskets, swords, axes, gun powder, much clothing, and other goods. These valuable goods were taken by Kame‘eiamoku and offered to Kamehameha. He also offered the prisoner, Isaac Davis, who afterwards became a favorite of Kamehameha. Davis assisted him in many battles, until the very time he was poisoned by Ke‘eaumoku, the father [brother] of Ka‘ahumanu. This came about because Isaac Davis secretly helped Kaumuali‘i by telling him that the chiefs under Kamehameha at Honolulu were plotting to kill him after he and Kamehameha had seen each other. The harm to this ship was a result of that oath by Kame‘eiamoku after he had been beaten. It was said, however, that it was Captain Metcalf of the Eleanora who had whipped Kame‘eiamoku with the rope. Because this high-ranking ali‘i of Hawai‘i Nei had been whipped thus, the repayment was the killing of his son. Because of this action by Kame‘eiamoku, he was later called The Ship-Breaking Twin (Ka Mähoe Wäwahi Moku). In the history by the writer Kamakau,90 he says that on the 17th day of March, 1790, when the ship Eleanora arrived again at Kealakekua, John Young (‘Olohana) sprang ashore taking with him a gun and a sword. ‘Olohana was forty-six years of age at that time. At this time, Kamehameha had a great desire to acquire foreigners to aid him with the use of foreign weapons, and he also wanted them to teach some of his people to use them. When John Young, or ‘Olohana as he was later called, sprang ashore, his sight- seeing took him far to the inland of Ka‘awaloa. When the skiff of the Eleanora came back to the ship, Captain Metcalf saw that John Young was not with those who returned. Therefore a gun was fired to recall him. The reason that ‘Olohana did not return was that he had been detained by the ali‘i Kamehameha. ‘Olohana had heard of the killing of those on the two-masted ship by Kame‘eiamoku [perhaps from Isaac Davis]. Kamehameha was very doubtful, having heard of that wicked slaughter of the people at Olowalu on Maui, lest that cruel captain hear of this and repeat his wicked

90 See Kamakau (1961:146–47).

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deed. Kamehameha imposed a kapu on his people that not one of them should go to visit that ship which killed people. Another reason was that, if Captain Metcalf learned of the death of his son, he would punish with death those Hawaiian people who sailed out to sell their produce. For two days the ship Eleanora awaited the return of ‘Olohana, but he did not return to the ship. He stayed at the court of the ali‘i, and he and Isaac Davis became Kamehameha’s favorite foreigners. Kamehameha gave them high-born chiefesses for wives, and each had very high-ranking hapa haole descendants. , the son of ‘Olohana, later became the kuhina nui during the reign of Kauikeaouli. We know at this time of a descendant of Isaac Davis, Miss Lucy Peabody, one of his granddaughters who established the Ka‘ahumanu Society. Jarves, the historian, wrote in his history of Hawai‘i Nei of the disapproval by the ali‘i Kamehameha of Kame‘eiamoku’s actions in plundering that ship and killing the foreigners on board: Kamehameha was enraged at the cruel actions of Kame‘eiamoku in taking that two-master. He did not follow that law which Kamehameha had established concerning the peace of his kingdom which was known as the Mämalahoa Law. Perhaps because his kingdom was not firmly established at that time, he was unable to punish Kame‘eiamoku. He found great fault with this uncle of his because of his bad actions toward that foreign ship. While Kamehameha was rebuking Kame‘eiamoku, his tears fell because of his distress at this action by his hulu makua käne [esteemed uncle] toward the foreigners. He ordered that the schooner be hauled ashore with the thought that it might be returned to its owner if it should be sought. This showed the equable mind of the ali‘i nui Kamehameha.

Another story has been told concerning the ship Eleanora. This was that, before the ship had sailed to Maui and that cruel action had been taken toward the people at Olowalu, Ka‘iana had thought of capturing this ship and killing the people on board. This was to have been done at the time when the ship was drying out its sails. Ka‘iana thought of doing this because of his desire to secure this assistance for Kamehameha. This ship would be able to sail, full of warriors, to make war on the chiefs of some of the other islands.

237 Kamehameha and His Warrior Kekühaupi‘o

When Kamehameha heard of this thought of Ka‘iana about plundering the foreign ship, he absolutely forbade it. A majority of Kamehameha’s chiefs secretly favored Ka‘iana’s idea. At one time these chiefs and Ka‘iana sailed to board Captain Metcalf’s ship with the idea of carrying out this idea of killing the foreigners. However, after those chiefs had left, Kamehameha heard of it, and he quickly called his paddlers and sailed after those chiefs on board that ship. When he boarded the ship, he looked at those chiefs with fearsome eyes and spoke these harsh words to them: My law which was established is the Mämalahoa, a law for peace, there is to be no violence, no persecution, no taking by force. Let the old people go and sleep in the roadway, and also the little children shall sleep in the roadway, and no one shall harm them. Therefore, all of you go ashore, depart from this ship, and relinquish your thoughts of beating and violence.

These words by Kamehameha terrified these persons. When they saw the blaze of rage in Pai‘ea’s eyes, they became fearful and dubious lest Kamehameha tell the foreigners on board the ship the reason that he ejected them, and perhaps the foreigners might shoot them. They quickly descended to their canoes and returned ashore as commanded by Kamehameha. That ship of Captain Metcalf thus escaped being taken and plundered by Ka‘iana mä.

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