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Energy Usage in Supermarkets - Modelling and Field Measurements

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Energy Usage in Supermarkets - Modelling and Field Measurements Energy Usage in Supermarkets - Modelling and Field Measurements Doctoral Thesis by Jaime Arias Division of Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Department of Energy Technology Royal Institute of Technology 2005 Energy Usage in Supermarkets Modelling and Field Measurements Jaime Arias Trita REFR Report No. 05/45. ISSN 1102-0245. ISRN KTH/REFR/05/45-SE. ISBN 91-7178-075-0. Doctoral Thesis by Jaime Arias Department of Energy Technology Royal Institute of Technology Jaime Arias 2005 ii ABSTRACT This thesis investigates a special type of energy system, namely energy use in supermarkets through modelling, simulations and field studies. A user-friendly computer program, CyberMart, which calculates the total energy performance of a supermarket, is presented. The modelling method described in this thesis has four phases: the first phase is the de- velopment of a conceptual model that includes its objectives, the envi- ronment and the components of the system, and their interconnections. The second phase is a quantitative model in which the ideas from the conceptual model are transformed into mathematical and physical rela- tionships. The third phase is an evaluation of the model with a sensitivity analysis of its predictions and comparisons between the computer model and results from field measurements. The fourth phase is the model ap- plication in which the computer model answers questions identified in the beginning of the modelling process as well as other questions arising throughout the work. Field measurements in seven different supermarkets in Sweden were car- ried out to: (i) investigate the most important parameters that influence energy performance in supermarkets, (ii) analyse the operation of new system designs with indirect system implementation in Sweden during recent years, and (iii) validate the computer model. A thorough sensitivity analysis shows a total sensitivity of 5.6 %, which is a satisfactory result given a 10% change in the majority of input parame- ters and assumptions, with the exception of outdoor temperatures and solar radiation that were calculated as extreme values in METEO- NORM. Comparisons between measurements and simulations in five supermarkets also show a good agreement. Measurements and simula- tion results for a whole year were not possible due to lack of data. CyberMart opens up perspectives for designers and engineers in the field by providing innovative opportunities for assessment and testing of new energy efficient measures but also for evaluation of different already- installed system designs and components. The implementation of new energy-saving technologies in supermarkets requires an extensive inte- grated analysis of the energy performances of the refrigeration system, HVAC system, lighting, equipment, and the total energy usage. This analysis should be done over a long period, to evaluate and compare the real energy performance with the theoretical values calculated by Cyber- Mart. Keywords: Supermarket, Energy Performance, System Analysis, Model- ling, Simulation, Field Measurements, Refrigeration Systems, Indirect Systems, Heat Recovery, Floating Condensing, TEWI, LCC. iii iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people have contributed to carry out this work and to whom I wish to express my gratitude. First of all, I would like to thank my super- visor Professor Per Lundqvist for his support, guidance and invaluable advices. I also want to thank my roommate Martin Forsén for long inspiring dis- cussions and many useful ideas concerning systems, modelling, and pro- gramming in Delphi. Special thanks go to Joachim Claesson, Cecilia Hägg, Anders Johansson, and Åke Melinder for many valuable comments and stimulating discus- sions about systems, secondary refrigerants, heat exchangers and this dis- sertation. I am also grateful to Jörgen Rogstam for useful comment about the manuscript and to Dorothy Furberg who corrected my Eng- lish. I extend my gratitude to all the staff at the Division of Applied Thermo- dynamic and Refrigeration, Professor Björn Palm, Professor Eric Gran- ryd, Benny Andersson, Klas Andersson, Getachew Bekele, Erik Björk, Carina Carlsson, Yang Chen, Inga du Rietz, Richard Furberg, Peter Hill, Hans Jonsson, Nabil Kassem, Rahmatollah Khodabandeh, Peter Kjaer- boe, Fredrik Lagergren, Susy Mathew, Teclemariam Nemariam, Jan-Erik Nowacki, Shota Nozadze, Wimolsiri Pridasawas, Dimitra Sakellari, Ox- ana Samoteeva, and Benny Sjöberg for being part of a stimulating at- mosphere and an excellent place to work in. I would also to thank, Raul Antón, Primal Fernando, Claudi Martin, Wahib Owhaib, Samer Sawalha and Branco Simanic to give me the possibility to play football with you in the dream team of the Department of Energy Technology. Thank are also given to the financial support by the Swedish Energy Agency through the Swedish National Research Programme “eff-Sys - Efficient Refrigeration and Heat Pump Systems” in cooperation with the companies COOP Sweden AB, ICA AB, AB Fortum Heat, Asarums In- dustry AB, Hydro Chemical AB and the Swedish National Testing and Research Institute. Special thanks go to Lennart Bjerkhög and Gösta Andersson from COOP Sweden AB, and Per-Erik Jansson from ICA AB for support, ideas, discussions and encouragements. I want to express my gratitude to my parents, Luis and Lucila, and to my sister Luisa and hers family for all support and understanding. Regards are also given to my relatives and friends for their support and friendships. Finally, I would like to thank Birgitta, Sebastian and Veronica, my family, to whom this thesis is dedicated for their love, patience and understand- ing v vi TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 5 1.1 BACKGROUND..................................................................................7 1.2 PURPOSE............................................................................................7 1.3 METHOD ...........................................................................................8 1.4 PUBLICATIONS..................................................................................9 1.4.1 Papers to Conferences and Journals............................ 9 1.4.2 Report........................................................................... 9 1.4.3 Other Publications ..................................................... 10 1.5 DISPOSITION OF THE THESIS..................................................... 10 2 ENERGY USAGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IN SUPERMARKETS.........................................................................13 2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 13 2.2 ENERGY IN SWEDEN ................................................................... 21 2.3 ENERGY USAGE IN SUPERMARKETS......................................... 23 2.4 REFRIGERANT EMISSIONS .......................................................... 29 2.5 TEWI AND LCCP......................................................................... 34 2.6 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................... 35 3 REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS IN SUPERMARKETS .......37 3.1 DIRECT SYSTEM ............................................................................ 41 3.2 INDIRECT SYSTEM ........................................................................ 43 3.2.1 Completely Indirect System........................................ 43 3.2.2 Partially Indirect System............................................ 47 3.2.3 Indirect Cascade System ............................................ 49 3.3 CARBON DIOXIDE........................................................................ 52 3.3.1 Cascade System with CO2 .......................................... 52 3.3.2 CO2 as the Only Refrigerant ...................................... 53 3.4 HEAT RECOVERY AND FLOATING CONDENSING IN INDIRECT SYSTEMS .................................................................................... 56 3.4.1 Heat Recovery Systems............................................... 56 3.4.2 Floating Condensing System...................................... 59 3.4.3 Heat Recovery and Floating Condensing System ...... 60 3.5 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................... 61 4 FIELD MEASUREMENTS ..................................................63 4.1 OVERVIEW ..................................................................................... 63 4.1.1 Field Test 1................................................................. 64 4.1.2 Field Test 2................................................................. 65 4.1.3 Field Test 3................................................................. 66 4.1.4 Field Test 4................................................................. 67 4.1.5 Field Test 5................................................................. 67 4.1.6 Field Test 6................................................................. 68 1 4.1.7 Field Test 7................................................................. 69 4.1.8 Test Instruments ......................................................... 70 4.2 RESULTS.......................................................................................... 71 4.3 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................... 94 5 CYBERMART, SYSTEMS AND MODELS..........................95 5.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 95 5.2 THE
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