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Plant Protection Research ARC-Plant Protection Research PLANT PROTECTION Oct 2018 –March 2019 Newsletter of Plant Health and Protection (PHP), an institute in the Crop Sciences Programme of the Agricultural Research Council (ARC). Inside this issue: ARC Training Centre of Excellence 1 ARC Training Centre of Excellence for Tuta absoluta, Fall Armyworm and Maize Lethal Necrosis First release of a biological control 2 agent against invasive Tradescantia fluminensis in SA Disease ARC’s beetles enter the universe of 2 Big Data The Food and Agriculture Organization of Black spot of tomato demystified 3 the United Nations (FAO) has identified five ARC beekeeping training 3 transboundary pests and diseases, viz. Tuta absoluta, fall armyworm, invasive ori- Third IOBC International workshop 4 ental fruit fly, maize lethal necrosis disease First comprehensive phylogeny 5 and banana Fusarium wilt disease as im- constructed of the fungal genus Podaxis pediments to market access. ARC-PHP Cedara facilitates the 5 initiation of biological control on On 20 March 2019, the Southern Africa parthenium weed in Pakistan Development Cooperation (SADC) Secre- Fascination with the NCI grows 6 tariat launched a project entitled ‘Support Towards Operationalization of the SADC Detection of Plant Pathogenic Bacte- 7 Dr Domingos Gove, Director FANR, representing the ria in Seed Course Regional Agricultural Policy (STOSAR)’ in Executive Secretary of SADC Gaborone, Botswana. Their objectives are Field-based assay developed for 7 detection of Grapevine Virus to enhance information on agricultural pro- absoluta for SADC. The ARC will roll out training duction, sustainability and competitiveness 50th edition of SAPIA News 8 courses on these pests for SADC delegates later for evidence-based decision-making at Leaf-feeding lady beetle wreaks havoc 8 in 2019. on invasive yellow bells national and regional levels, and to improve access to markets through implementation First report of Meloidogyne incognita 9 Contact: Dr Robert Nofemela at of animal and plant pest and disease con- [email protected] Hop cyst nematode (Heterodera 9 trol strategies. humuli) from a bonsai tree Microscopy Digital Classroom facility 9 The ARC has been selected as a training ARC representatives. From left to right: Drs Robert Technology Transfer 11 Centre of Excellence for Maize Lethal Ne- Nofemela, Ansa van Vuuren and Kingston Mashingaidze crosis Disease, Fall Armyworm and Tuta Editorial Committee Almie van den Berg (ed.) Ian Millar Marika van der Merwe Petro Marais Elsa van Niekerk General enquiries Plant Protection Research Private Bag X134 Queenswood 0121 South Africa e-mail: [email protected] website: http://www.arc.agric.za © Information may be used freely with acknowl- edgement to the source. Pa ge 2 PLANT PROTECTION NEWS The first release of a biological control agent against invasive Tradescantia fluminensis in South Africa The ARC organized a field day on 13 March 2019 for the first release of the Tradescantia tip-feeding beetle, Neolema abbreviata, as a bio- logical control agent against Tradescantia fluminensis, commonly known as Spiderwort or Wandering Jew. The field day was organized in collaboration with the eThekwini Municipality and the releases were hosted by the Kloof and Everton Conservancies at the Iphithi Nature Reserve in KwaZulu Natal Province. Tradescantia fluminensis is a low -growing, herbaceous plant which is native to southern Brazil but has become invasive in several parts of the world, including Europe, Aus- tralia and New Zealand. The plant forms thick mats on the ground, particularly in wooded areas and riverine habitats, preventing other herbaceous species from growing and impeding the recruitment of forest trees. In South Africa, spiderwort has a wide distribution which includes most of the nine provinces, although its inconspicuous habit has probably resulted in it being under-reported. It is mainly invasive in areas with high rainfall and in riverine habitats in the drier areas. The adult beetles feed on the leaves of spiderwort, leaving character- istic elongated windows in the leaf. Eggs are laid singly or in small groups on the leaves, and the larvae are grey and slug-like in appear- Tradescantia tip-feeding ance. They also feed on leaves, as well as in the shoot tips of the beetle, Neolema abbreviata, released as a plant. The larvae pupate inside white cocoons in the leaf litter, from biological control agent which the next generation of adults emerge. In the laboratory, the life against Tradescantia cycle takes about 10 weeks. At high numbers of beetles, plants be- fluminensis come defoliated and die back. In 2013, the ARC initiated a biological control programme against spiderwort in South Africa, with funding provided by the DEA: Natural Management Resource Programmes (DEA: NRMP). Although spider- wort in South Africa is not a high-profile weed, the programme was initiated because there was already a successful biological control programme undertaken by the LandCare organization in New Zea- land, which had shown the Neolema beetle agent to be safe and very effective in that country, thereby speeding up the research and greatly cutting the costs for South Africa. A culture of N. abbreviata beetles was imported into the ARC-PHP quarantine facility at Cedara in 2014 and a breeding population was established in quarantine. After intensive research, the impact and host-specificity of the agent was established to show that the beetle only fed and bred on Tradescantia and was therefore safe for release, with the official release permit being granted by the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in 2018. The beetle culture then had to be mass-reared to ensure that we had sufficient numbers for the official field release. Further releases will be made at suitable pro- Contact: Dr Costas Zachariades at Zachari- tected sites and beetle populations will be monitored to access the [email protected] rate of establishment and spread of the agent. ARC’s beetles enter the universe of Big Data The beetle taxonomists at the National Collection of Insects, Biosystematics jumped at the opportunity to take part in the most ambitious molecular systematics study of beetles yet undertaken. With the 1K Weevils project, the National Collection of Insects took its first step into the world of Big Data Science. The 1K Weevils project is spearheaded by the University of Memphis, USA. An international consortium of taxonomic institutions collaborates to generate a mega-phylogeny of more than 1,000 genera of weevils from all over the world. Such a global phylogeny will answer many old and current questions in weevil science. Understanding of these ubiquitous creatures—weevils—will increase. Some weevils are the worst agricultural pests. Other weevils are the premier biocontrol agents. All weevils play roles in the web of life. Weevils are very important creatures, and there are very many kinds of weevil. The 1K Weevils phylogeny will lead to new hypotheses to inspire future rounds of scientific investigation. PLANT PROTECTION NEWS Pa ge 3 The 1K Weevils analysis is based both on morphology and on more than 550 gene sequences per specimen. For over two years, ARC’s beetle taxonomists Riaan Stals and Beth Grobbelaar obtained, identified and processed selected weevil genera from four African countries. Early in 2019 our consignment was dispatched—an astonishing collection of weevils. Some are quintessentially African. Some are endemic to small corners of our region. Some are very scarce, perhaps extinct. And several are evolutionary enigmas of which the true place in the scheme of Life will now become clear for the first time. Sesbania Seed Weevil (Rhyssomatus marginatus). A Donkeyface Weevil (Bronchus sp.). (Photo: ©Riana Bate, CC BY-NC). (Photo: ©Magriet Brink, CC BY-SA). Black spot of tomato demystified Black spot of tomato, a disease caused by seed and seedling- X. gardneri, X. perforans, X. vesicatoria, X. campestris pv. borne black spot Xanthomonas (BSX), is prevalent in South campestris, X. arboricola pv. populi and X. arboricola pv. Africa and can cause substantial yield losses of the crop. juglandis. Five species, X. euvesicatoria, X. gardneri, X. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of two housekeeping perforans, X. vesicatoria and X. campestris pv. campestris, genes (dnaK and gyrB) was used to resolve the taxonomic caused black spots on both leaves and fruits of the classification of 30 Xanthomonas strains that were isolated from susceptible tomato cultivars. diseased tomato plants and had been previously identified as belonging to this genus. Pathogenicity tests on susceptible This study thus showed that all four BSX species previously tomato seedlings cv Green Khaki and matured green tomato reported to be responsible for black spot disease of tomato fruits cv. KO1 were also undertaken. Seedling symptoms were elsewhere are present in South Africa. This is the first report monitored at weekly intervals and the fruit symptoms daily. of X. campestris pv. campestris causing black spot on Disease symptoms were scored and a percentage infection tomato. derived for the seedlings and the diameters of lesions on tomato fruits measured with a ruler. Of the 30 isolates, seven Contact: Dr Teresa Goszczynska at species of Xanthomonas were identified, viz: X. euvesicatoria, [email protected] ARC beekeeping training A group of 15 GDARD officials recently attended an ARC beekeeping training course. The aim of the course was to ensure that officials from the province who interact
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