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Diagnostic Protocol for Carrot Cyst Nematode (Heterodera Carotae Jones 1950)

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Diagnostic Protocol for Carrot Cyst Nematode (Heterodera Carotae Jones 1950) Pest Specific Incursion Management Plan and PRA for carrot cyst nematode Marc Poole Department of Agriculture & Food Western Australia Project Number: VG06115 VG06115 This report is published by Horticulture Australia Ltd to pass on information concerning horticultural research and development undertaken for the vegetable industry. The research contained in this report was funded by Horticulture Australia Ltd with the financial support of the vegetable industry. All expressions of opinion are not to be regarded as expressing the opinion of Horticulture Australia Ltd or any authority of the Australian Government. The Company and the Australian Government accept no responsibility for any of the opinions or the accuracy of the information contained in this report and readers should rely upon their own enquiries in making decisions concerning their own interests. ISBN 0 7341 1892 9 Published and distributed by: Horticulture Australia Ltd Level 7 179 Elizabeth Street Sydney NSW 2000 Telephone: (02) 8295 2300 Fax: (02) 8295 2399 E-Mail: [email protected] © Copyright 2008 Diagnostic Protocol for Carrot Cyst Nematode (Heterodera carotae Jones 1950) Marc Poole et al. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia. Project Number: VG06115 Diagnostic Protocol for Carrot Cyst Nematode (Heterodera carotae Jones 1950) Prepared for: Horticulture Australia Limited VG06115 Ruben Flores Vargas, Abu-Baker Siddique and Marc Poole Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia. Horticulture Australia limited (HAL) Project Number: VG06115 Authors: Marc Poole, Research Officer Abu-Baker Siddique, Research Officer and Ruben Flores Vargas, Research Officer Department of Agriculture and Food Government of Western Australia. 3 Baron-Hay Court South Perth, Western Australia 6151 Telephone (08) 9368 3224 Facsimile (08) 9368 2958 Email [email protected] Website www.agric.wa.gov.au Project description: Carrot cyst nematode has been identified by PHA as one of the top threats to the Australian carrot industry. In 2007 Horticulture Australia Ltd (HAL) commissioned the Department of Agriculture and Food Government of Western Australia to develop a Pest Specific Incursion Management Plan, a Pest Risk Assessment and a Diagnostic Protocol for carrot cyst nematode. It is recommended that these documents to be considered a permanent draft documents to be updated regularly as new information becomes available. HAL disclaimer: Any recommendations contained in this publication do not necessarily represent current HAL Limited policy. No person should act on the basis of the contents of this publication, whether as to matters of fact or opinion or other content, without first obtaining specific, independent professional advice in respect of the matters set out in this publication. The scientific and technical content of this document is current to the date published and all efforts were made to obtain published information. Diagnostic Protocol Carrot Cyst Nematode Page 5 of 28 Contents Pest information ................................................................................................... 7 Host range ............................................................................................................ 7 Taxonomic information ........................................................................................ 8 Common name ..................................................................................................... 8 Synonyms .............................................................................................................. 8 Detection .............................................................................................................. 8 Sampling ............................................................................................................ 10 Sampling tools ........................................................................................... 10 Number of samples .................................................................................... 10 Sampling pattern ....................................................................................... 11 Time of sampling ....................................................................................... 12 Preparation of mounts of nematodes ................................................................. 12 Nematode identification ..................................................................................... 13 Head structure .......................................................................................... 14 Stylet .......................................................................................................... 14 Position of the vulva .................................................................................. 15 Tail shape .................................................................................................. 15 Oesophagus ............................................................................................... 16 Characteristics of nematode groups .................................................................. 17 Morphological identification ............................................................................. 17 Identification of the family Heteroderidae ......................................................... 17 Morphology and anatomy: ................................................................................. 17 Female ....................................................................................................... 18 Male .......................................................................................................... 18 Second stage juveniles .............................................................................. 18 Identification of the subfamily Heteroderinae ................................................... 19 Morphology and anatomy .................................................................................. 19 Female ....................................................................................................... 19 Taxonomic background and differentiation of genera ....................................... 20 Identification of the genus Heterodera .............................................................. 20 Identification of Heterodera carotae ................................................................. 20 Female ....................................................................................................... 20 Female ....................................................................................................... 21 Cyst ........................................................................................................... 21 Diagnostic Protocol Carrot Cyst Nematode Page 6 of 28 Male .......................................................................................................... 22 Second stage juvenile: ............................................................................... 22 Molecular diagnostics ........................................................................................ 23 Records .............................................................................................................. 25 Contact points for further information .............................................................. 26 References .......................................................................................................... 27 Figures Figure 1. Life cycle of carrot cyst nematode. ...................................................... 9 Figure 2. Cyst nematode ...................................................................................... 9 Figure 3. Sampling soil ...................................................................................... 11 Figure 4. Important morphological features ..................................................... 14 Figure 5. Variations in head structure .............................................................. 14 Figure 6. Structure of two types of stylet ........................................................... 15 Figure 7. Variations in tail shape ...................................................................... 16 Figure 8. Variations in the type of oesophagus ................................................. 17 Figure 9. Carrot cyst nematode morphological characteristics ........................ 24 Tables Table 1. Life stage and site of activity of carrot cyst nematode .......................... 8 Table 2. Number of soil core/sample representative to area ............................. 11 Table 3. Typical characteristics of the two subfamilies ..................................... 19 Table 4. Three groups of cyst shapes used as basis for identification of genera ............................................................................................................................ 21 Diagnostic Protocol Carrot Cyst Nematode Page 7 of 28 Pest information The carrot cyst nematode (Heterodera carotae Jones 1950) belongs to the genus Heterodera. This genus contains all true cyst-forming nematodes1. The female body’s wall after death forms a toughened protective structure for eggs to develop inside. In general, species of Heterodera are best suited to relatively cool climates. Carrot cyst nematode is a key pathogen of carrots in many temperate regions of the world. Carrot cyst nematode is a mono-specific and sedentary endoparasitic plant nematode with high degree of aggregation2 can cause
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