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Current Status of Designer Drugs CURRENT STATUS OF DESIGNER DRUGS Bert Toivola, Ph.D. Scientific Director Norchem Drug Testing Laboratory Cordant Forensic Solutions Flagstaff, Arizona AGENDA Definition History 1960s-1970s Hallucinogens (LSD) 1980s Fentanyl analogues Ecstasy Methamphetamines 1990s Phenylethyamines Tryptamines AGENDA 2000s Synthetic Cannabinoids (Spice) Synthetic Cathinones (Bath Salts) Mitragynine (Kratom) Desomorphine (Krokodil) Kava Kava Acetylfentanyl DESIGNER DRUGS “drugs which are created ( or marketed, if they had already existed) to thwart existing drug laws (CSA) usually by modifying the molecular structure of existing drugs to varying degrees” DESIGNER DRUGS WHAT THE HECK DOES THAT MEAN? METHAMPHETAMINE ECSTACY DESIGNER DRUGS . TERM COINED BY LAW ENFORCEMENT IN 1980’S . REFERRED TO VARIOUS HEROIN-LIKE SYNTHETIC SUBSTANCES, MOSTLY BASED ON THE FENTANYL MOLECULE . TERM GAINED POPULARITY WITH BOOM OF ECSTACY (MID 80’S) DESIGNER DRUGS SECOND INTERNATIONAL OPIUM CONVENTION . HELD IN 1925, GENEVA, SWITZERLAND . SPECIFICALLY BANNED MORPHINE AND DIACETYL ESTER OF MORPHINE (HEROIN) . ALSO INCLUDED CONTROLS OVER CANNABIS (“INDIAN HEMP”) . APPEARANCE SHORTLY THEREAFTER OF ALTERNATIVE ESTERS INCLUDING: Dibenzoylmorphine Acetylpropionylmorphine . LEAGUE OF NATIONS (1930) EXTENDS CONTROL TO OTHER ANALOGUES DESIGNER DRUGS Designer Drugs: 1960s – 1970s . INTRODUCTION OF A NUMBER OF SYNTHETIC HALLUCINOGENS (MODIFICATIONS OF LSD AND PCP) . DOM/STP (“SERENITY, TRANQUILITY, PEACE”) . LITTLE SCOPE TO PROSECUTE PEOPLE OVER DRUG ANALOGUES . UNITED STATES V. SAND, 1973 . ALD-52 (ACETYLAMIDE OF LSD) DESIGNER DRUGS CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ACT - CSA (1970) . Title II of Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 . Scheduled Drugs – I, II, III, IV, V . Schedule depends on medical utility and abuse potential . Controlled Substances Analogue Enforcement Act of 1986- “substantially similar” to Schedule I or II drugs DESIGNER DRUGS CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ACT - CSA (1970) . Schedule I – heroin, psylocibin, LSD, marijuana, synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones . Schedule II – cocaine, methadone, oxycodone, morphine, hydrocodone, methamphetamine . Schedule III – buprenorphine, marinol . Schedule IV – benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax), Z-drugs (Zolpidem, Zopiclone) . Schedule V – antitussives with small amounts of codeine, pyrovalerone DESIGNER DRUGS WHAT DRIVES THE PRODUCTION OF DESIGNER DRUGS? .Consumer preference .Law enforcement control DESIGNER DRUGS • PHENYLETHYLAMINES • Hallucinogenic • 2-C drugs • 25I-NBOMe (n-bomb) • TRYPTAMINES • DMT-Dimethyltryptamine • 5-Methoxy-N,N diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT) • “Foxy Methoxy” THE QUEST FOR LEGAL HIGHS • PUBLISHED IN 1991 • AUTOBIOGRAPHY • DETAILED SYNTHESIS INSTRUCTIONS • OVER 200 COMPOUNDS • “ESSENTIAL AMPHETAMINES” • “MAGICAL HALF-DOZEN” THE QUEST FOR LEGAL HIGHS • PUBLISHED IN 1997 • AUTOBIOGRAPHY • DETAILED SYNTHESIS INSTRUCTIONS • OVER 55 COMPOUNDS • PUBLIC ACCESS DESIGNER DRUGS PHENYLETHYLAMINES AND TRYPTAMINES • Euphoria • Hallucinations • Empathy • Visual and Auditory Disturbances or Distortions • Disinhibition • Dilated Pupils • Nausea and Vomiting • Seizures • Death THE COST DESIGNER DRUGS This is your grandmother’s Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme SPICE This is not your grandmother’s Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS DESIGNER DRUGS CALLS TO POISON CONTROL CENTERS • SPICE • 2010 2,915 calls • 2011 6,890 calls • 2012 5,228 calls • 2013 2,668 calls • 2014 3,595 calls • 2015 (7/06) 4,337 calls DESIGNER DRUGS • Designer drugs that are CB1 and CB2 agonist. • Synthetic cannabinoids started out as legitimate scientific endeavors. • More than 400 synthetic cannabinoids synthesized. DESIGNER DRUGS • ∆9-TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL • HU - 210 SPICE: FIVE BANNED COMPOUNDS- 2011 JWH - 018 JWH - 073 JWH - 200 9 CP 47,497 CP 47,497 C8 Homolog ∆ -THC Cannabicylohexonal DESIGNER DRUGS • HEBREW UNIVERSITY • HU 210 • HU 211 • HU 243 • HU 308 • HU 331 • PFIZER PHARMACEUTICAL • CP 47, 497 • CP 55,490 • STERLING-WINTHROP PHARMACEUTICAL • WIN 55,512 DESIGNER DRUGS • JOHN W. HUFFMAN,PH.D., CLEMSON UNIV. • JWH – 007 • JWH – 015 • JWH – 018 • JWH – 019 • JWH – 073 • JWH – 081 • JWH – 122 • JWH – 200 • JWH – 250 • JWH – 251 • JWH – 398 SPICE: • BOTANICAL INCENSE • NOLA GOLD • BAY BEAN • SIBERIAN MOTHERWORT • MARSHMELLOW • STEVIA LEAF • LEONOTIS LEONURUS • BLUE LOTUS • PASSION LEAF • AROMA ESSENCE • DAMIANA • JWH _ 018 _ NOT FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION • JWH 073 DESIGNER DRUGS SPICE: PHARMACOLOGY • Euphoria (“high”) similar to Marijuana • Relaxation • Altered state of consciousness • Distortion of sensory experiences • Impaired motor control • Increased reaction time • Decreased cognition • NO effect on appetite DESIGNER DRUGS SPICE: ADVERSE SIDE EFFECTS • Elevated Blood Pressure • Increased Heart Rate • Hyperventilation • Anxiety and Agitation • Paranoia • Seizures • Vomiting • Death (unsubstantiated media reports) SPICE WHEN ASKED IF HE FELT ANY RESPONSIBILITY THAT HE MADE THE DRUG……… “YOU CAN’T BE RESPONSIBLE FOR WHAT IDIOTS ARE GOING TO DO.” John W. Huffman, Ph.D. Professor, Emeritus JANUARY 26, 2011 Chemistry Department CHEMICAL & ENGINEERING NEWS Clemson University DESIGNER DRUGS BRIEF HISTORY OF SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS • 2004 First appearance on the Internet • 2004 First Appearance in Europe • 2008 Wide Spread use in Europe • 2008 First Appearance in United States • 2008 First Analysis of SPICE at University of Freiburg • 2009 Wide Use in United States • 2009 First inquiry Fall 2009 • 2010 Laboratory Testing of Spice Available • 2011 Temporary Ban by DEA • 2012 Temporary Ban Extended by DEA • 2015 18 synthetic cannabinoids are on schedule 1 DESIGNER DRUGS • SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS • JWH-018 * • JWH-073 * • AM-2201 • UR-144 * • XLR-11 * • PB-22 * • 5F-PB-22 * DESIGNER DRUGS • SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS • RCS-4 • AKB-48 * • AB-PINACA * • 5F-AB-PINACA • AB-FUBINACA * • ADBICA • 5F-ADBICA DESIGNER DRUGS • SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS • AB-CHEMINACA * • WHAT NEXT????? DESIGNER DRUGS BATH SALTS THE REAL STUFF • Epsom salts or sea salt, or both • Baking soda • 1 or 2 teaspoons of glycerin (optional) • Essential oils – mandarin orange, lavender, sandlewood and patchouli DESIGNER DRUGS: BATH SALTS DESIGNER DRUGS: BATH SALTS DESIGNER DRUGS CALLS TO POISON CONTROL CENTERS • BATH SALTS • 2010 303 calls • 2011 6,137 calls • 2012 2,691 calls • 2013 995 calls • 2014 582 calls • 2015 (6/30) 267 calls CATHINONES--KHAT PLANT • FRESH LEAVES CHEWED OR CONSUMED AS TEA • ORIGINATED IN ETHIOPIA • CAUSES RELEASE OF DOPAMINE FROM BRAIN AREAS • SALE OF KHAT LEGAL IN - Australia by permit Oman Yemen United Kingdom CATHINONES - EFFECTS • MILD EUPHORIA AND EXCITEMENT • TALKATIVE, UNREALISTIC, EMOTIONALLY UNSTABLE • CONSTIPATION • ANORECTIC • MANIC BEHAVIORS • DROWSY HALLUCINATIONS DESIGNER DRUGS: BATH SALTS • Central Nervous System Stimulants • Similar in action to methamphetamine • Thought to be highly addictive • MDPV is 5–8x potency of methylphenidate • Available as research chemical in 2007 DESIGNER DRUGS BATH SALTS: ADVERSE SIDE EFFECTS • Elevated Heart Rate and Blood Pressure • Anxiety and agitation • Hallucinations • Extreme Paranoia • Delusions • Seizures • Nausea and Vomiting • Death BATH SALTS 4-Methylmethcathinone Methylenedioxypyrovalerone Mephedrone MDPV 4-MMC Methylone Methedrone 4-Methoxymethcathinone DESIGNER DRUGS • SYNTHETIC CATHINONES (BATH SALTS) • CATHINONE • METHCATHINONE • MDPV • MEPHEDRONE • METHYLONE • BUTYLONE • ETHYLONE DESIGNER DRUGS SYNTHETIC CATHINONES (BATH SALTS • NAPHYRONE • FLEPHEDRONE • METHEDRONE • 4F-METHCATHINONE • 4F-METHAMPHETAMINE • DMAA • Alpha-PVP (flakka, gravel) DESIGNER DRUGS Alpha-PVP (alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone) aka: Flakka, Gravel Increase blood pressure and heart rate Extreme hyperthermia Hallucinations Paranoid Delusions Bouts of rage with extreme strength BATH SALTS: SIDE EFFECTS DESIGNER DRUGS • KRATOM • Mitragyna speciosa • Indigenous to SE Asia • Mitragynine • 7-OH Mitragynine • Mild stimulant at low doses • Opioid at higher doses • Legal • DEA-drugs of concern list DESIGNER DRUGS • KAVA KAVA • Piper methysticum • South Pacific Islands • Kavalactones • Sedative (social anxiety) • Anesthetic effect • Hepatoxicity • Legal • DEA-drugs of concern DESIGNER DRUGS ACETYLFENTANYL Potent fentanyl analogue Spiked into heroin Numerous deaths reported Schedule 1 DESIGNER DRUGS • KROKODIL • Russian Heroin • Synthesized from Codeine OTC • Ethanol, HCl, gasoline, iodine, • red phosphorous, paint thinner • Desomorphine DESIGNER DRUGS • KROKODIL • Desomorphine • Sedative, analgesic more potent than morphine, very addictive • Patented in 1934 • Discontinued 1981 • Schedule 1 DESIGNER DRUGS Krokodil lab DESIGNER DRUGS Krokodil syringe DESIGNER DRUGS Effects of Krokodil injection DESIGNER DRUGS [email protected].
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