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AȱNorthwestȱCompanyȱinȱtheȱPursuitȱofȱExcellence AAilgilent T ech nol ogi es R ecepti on SOFT/TIAFT San Francisco, California September 26, 2011 For Forensic Use. Current Trends in Designer Drugs Bert Toivola, Ph.D. Technical Director STERLING Reference Laboratories Tacoma, Washington For Forensic Use. TRIVIA QUESTION What Seinfeld character failed a drug test due to poppy seed consumption? For Forensic Use. AGENDA • Brief History of Designer Drugs • Spice – His tory – Pharmacology – Legal Status – Analysis • Bath Salts For Forensic Use. A Brief History of Designer Drugs Designer Drugs: “drugs w hihhich are crea td(ted (or mar ktdifthketed, if they had already existed) to get around existing drug laws (CSA) usually by modifying the molecular structure of existing drugs to varying degrees” For Forensic Use. A Brief History of Designer Drugs What the heck does that mean? Methamppyhetamine Ecstasy For Forensic Use. A Brief History of Designer Drugs Desi gner D rugs: 1920 s – 1930s first International Opium Convention (1912) second International Opium Symposium (1925) For Forensic Use. A Brief History of Designer Drugs second International Opium Convention held in 1925, Geneva, Switzerland Specifically banned diacetyl ester of morphine (heroin) also included controls over cannabis (“Indian Hemp”) Appearance shortly thereafter of alternative esters including: 9 Dibenzoylmorphine 9 Acetyyylpropionylmorphine League of Nations (1930) extends control to other analogues For Forensic Use. A Brief History of Designer Drugs Designer Drugs: 1960s – 1970s Introduction of a number of synthetic hallucinogens (modifications of LSD and PCP) DOM/STP (“Serenity, Tranquility, Peace”) Little scope to prosecute people over drug analogues United States v. Sand, 1973 ALD-52 (acetylamide of LSD) For Forensic Use. A Brief History of Designer Drugs Controlled Substances Act - CSA ()(1970) Title II of Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 Scheduled Drugs – I, II, III, IV, V For Forensic Use. A Brief History of Designer Drugs Controlled Substances Act - CSA ()(1970) Schedule I – heroin, psylocibin, LSD, marijuana, MDMA, PCP Schedu l e II – cocaine , me thado n e, o x ycodon e, mooprphin e methamphetamine, amphetamine Schedule III – buprenorphine, hydrocodone, marinol Schedule IV – benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax), Z-drugs, (Zolpidem, Zopiclone) Schedule V – antitussives with small amounts of codeine, pyrovalerone Federal Analogue Act (1986) For Forensic Use. A Brief History of Designer Drugs Desigggner Drugs: 1980s – early 1990s Modern use of term “designer drug” coined in 1980s Ecstasy (MDMA) “Fake” heroin sold on black market based on fentanyl or meperidine Fentanyl analogues sold as China White For Forensic Use. A Brief History of Designer Drugs Anabolic Steroids For Forensic Use. For Forensic Use. SPICE This is your grandmother’s Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme For Forensic Use. SPICE This is not your grandmother’s PlParsley, Sage, Rosemary an dThd Thyme For Forensic Use. SPICE and BATH SALTS Calls to Poison Control Centers Calls to Poison Control Centers • SPICE – 2010 2,915 calls – 2011 (July 31) 3,787 calls • BATH SALTS – 2010 303 calls – 2011 ((y)July 31) 4,137 calls American Association of Poison Control Centers, July 31 2011 For Forensic Use. SPICE: HISTORY • 2004 First appearance on the Internet • 2004 First Appearance in Europe • 2008 Wide Spread use in Europe • 2008 First Appearance in United States • 2008 First Analysis of SPICE at University of Freiburg • 2009 Wide Appearance in United States • 2009 First inquiry Fall 2009 • 2010 Laboratory Testing of Spice Available • 2011 Temporary Ban by DEA For Forensic Use. SPICE: Nola Gold Botanical Incense • Bay Bean • Siberian Motherwort • Marshmellow • Stevia Leaf • Leonotis leonurus • Blue Lotus • Passion Leaf • Aroma Essence • Damiana •JWH _ 018 •JWH _ 073 NOT FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION For Forensic Use. SPICE: ¨9-THC and HU - 210 ¨9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol HU - 210 For Forensic Use. SPICE: Synthetic Cannabinoids • Hebrew University – HU 210 anti-inflammatory – HU 211 anesthetic – HU 243 – HU 308 – HU 331 • Pfizer Pharmaceutical – CP 47,497 analgesic – CP 55,490 For Forensic Use. SPICE: Synthetic Cannabinoids • Alexandros Makriyannis – AM 2201 – AM 694 – AM 2232 • Sterling-Winthrop Pharmaceutical – WIN 55,512 For Forensic Use. SPICE: Synthetic Cannabinoids • John W. Huffman,Ph.D., Clemson Univ. – JWH – 007 – JWH – 015 – JWH – 018 – JWH – 019 – JWH – 073 – JWH – 081 – JWH – 122 – JWH – 200 – JWH – 250 – JWH – 251 – JWH – 398 For Forensic Use. SPICE: Synthetic Cannabinoids • John W . Huffman , Ph. D., Clemson Univ. – Made first synthetic cannabinoid in 1995 – Published formula for JWH – 018 in Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry – Noticed by “underground” Chemists in 2008 – Synthesized over 400 synthetic cannabinoids, none patented – Retired in 2008 For Forensic Use. SPICE When asked if he felt any responsibility that he made the drug……… “you can’t be responsible for what idiots are going to do.” JhJohn WHffW. Huffman, PhDPh.D. Professor, Emeritus January 26, 2011 Chemistry Department Chemical & Engineering News Clemson University For Forensic Use. SPICE: Preparation Botanical Material Herbal Incense • Synthetic cannabinoids sppyrayed on herbs, allowed to dry • Residual solvent • No qua lity con tro l • Batches inconsistent • Expensive compared to marijuana • Caveat emptor For Forensic Use. SPICE: Where to Buy? • Internet • “Head” Shops/Alternative medicine stores • “Conveni ence” St ores • Magazines • (800) phone ordering services • Ebay • Individual distributors For Forensic Use. SPICE: Where to Buy? For Forensic Use. SPICE: Where to Buy? For Forensic Use. SPICE: Where to Buy? For Forensic Use. SPICE: Where to Buy? For Forensic Use. SPICE:DoItYourselfSPICE: Do It Yourself For Forensic Use. SPICE: Public Menace Seattle – December 2010 • Defendant noticed slumped over steering wheel of car • 1997 Subaru side-swipes a parked car • Goes airborne • Strikes three pedestrians; no deaths • Crashes into a produce truck • Admits to smoking K2 prior to accident • Charged with vehicular assault • Plead not guilty For Forensic Use. SPICE: Public Menace Des Moines – June 2010 • Young man – David Rozga • Graduation party celebration • Smoked K2 • Hallucinations • Extreme anxiety • Commits suicide For Forensic Use. SPICE: Pharmacology CB Receptors: For Forensic Use. SPICE: Pharmacology • Cannabinoid Receptors •CB1 – Central Nervous System • Sensory Perception • Motor Control • Cognition • Emotions – Lunggy, Liver, Kidney •CB2 – Immune System For Forensic Use. SPICE: Pharmacology Pharmacological Effects of Synthetic Cannabinoids HU-210 CP 47,497 JWH-018 JWH-073 Etc………… All act as THC agonists For Forensic Use. SPICE: Pharmacology • Euphoria (“ high” ) similar to Marijuana • Relaxation • Altered state of consciousness • Distortion of sensory experiences • Impaired motor control • Increased reaction time • Decreased cognition •NOeffect on appetite For Forensic Use. SPICE: Adverse Side Effects • Elevated Blood Pressure • Increased Heart Rate • Hyperventilation • Anxiety and Agitation • PiParanoia • Seizures • Vomiting • Death (unsubstantiated media reports) For Forensic Use. SPICE: Legal Status in U. S. States • Some or all Synthetic Cannabinoids Banned Alabama Arkansas Georgia Illinois Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Michigan Missouri Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico Oklahoma Oregon Tennessee Utah Washington West Virginia For Forensic Use. SPICE: Legal Status U. S. Military • Banned in All Branches of Military – U.S. Army – USU.S. AirForceAir Force – U.S. Coast Guard – U. S. Marine Corps – U.S. Navy For Forensic Use. SPICE: Legal Status U. S. Federal DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE March 1, 2011 Drug Enforcement Administration 21 CFR Part 1308 [Docket No. DEA-345F] Schedules of Controlled Substances: Temporary Placement of Five Synthetic Cannabinoids Into Schedule I AGENCY: Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), U.S. Department of Justice. ACTION: Final order. **************************************************************************************************************************************** SUMMARY: The Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is issuing this final order to temporarily (CSA) pursuant to the temporary scheduling provisions. The substances are 1-pentyl-3-(1- naphthoyl)indole (JWH-018), 1-butyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH-073), 1- [2-(4- morpholinyl)ethyl]-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH-200), 5-(1,1- dimethylheptyl)-2-[(1R,3S)-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]- phenol (CP-47,497), and 5-(1,1-dimethyloctyl)-2-[(1R,3S)-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]-phenol (cannabicyclohexanol; CP- 47,497 C8 homologue). This action is based on a finding by the Administrator that the placement of these syyypynthetic cannabinoids into Schedule I of the CSA is necessary to avoid an imminent hazard to the public safety. As a result of this order, the full effect of the CSA and its implementing regulations including criminal, civil and administrative penalties, sanctions and regulatory controls of Schedule I substances will be imposed on the manufacture, distribution, possession, importation, and exportation of these synthetic cannabinoids. For Forensic Use. SPICE: Legal Status U. S. Federal • Schedule Status November 24, 2010 DEA published in FdFedera lRl Reg itister itinten ttt to pl ace five synthetic cannabinoids on Schedule 1 of CSA. March 1, 2011- Final rule published. STATUS: Schedule I – illegal • Temporary For Forensic Use. Spice: Five Banned Compounds JWH - 018 JWH - 073 JWH - 200 9