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Etude De La Diversité Génétique De Quelques Espèces D'eucalyptus Par L'utilisation Des Marqueurs Morphologiques

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Etude De La Diversité Génétique De Quelques Espèces D'eucalyptus Par L'utilisation Des Marqueurs Morphologiques REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATQUE ET POPULAIRE MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE Université Saad Dahlab - Blida I- Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie Département de Biologie des Populations et Organismes Mémoire de fin d’études En vue de l’obtention du Diplôme de Master En Biologie. Option : Biodiversité et Physiologie Végétale Laboratoire de Recherche en Biotechnologies, Environnements et Santé Etude de la diversité génétique de quelques espèces d’Eucalyptus par l’utilisation des marqueurs morphologiques Présenté par : Date de Soutenance : 16/09/2018 DJELLATO ABDELKADER Devant le jury : - MmeZERKAOUI A. Maitre de assistante (A) USDB Présidente - Mme KEBBAS S. Maitre de conférences (B) USDB Examinatrice - Mme AMEDJKOUH H. Maitre assistante (A) USDB Promotrice Promotion 2017/2018 REMERCIEMENTS Merci à Dieu de m’avoir donné la foi et de m’avoir guidé dans la prospection, pour la réalisation de ce travail. Nous exprimons nos profonds remerciements et notre vive reconnaissance à Mme AMEDJKOUH H., Maître assistante A. à la faculté de biologie Université de Blida I pour avoir encadrer et diriger ce travail avec une grande rigueur scientifique, sa disponibilité, ses conseils et la confiance qu’elle nous a accordé , nous a permis de réaliser ce travail. J’adresse mes sincères remerciements aux membres du jury. A Mme ZERKAOUI A, Maitre assistante (A), à l’Université de Blida I, d’avoir accepter d’assurer la présidence du jury de ce mémoire. A Mme KEBBAS S, Maitre de conférences (B) à l’Université de Blida I d’avoir consacré une partie de son temps à examiner ce mémoire et l’enrichir par ces propositions Nous tenons à exprimer également notre profonde reconnaissance à Mr. AFIR AREZKI et Mr.HIMRAN HOUCINE Chercheurs à l’Institut National de la Recherche Forestières (INRF) pour leurs contributions à la réalisation de ce travail et leurs précieux conseils qu’ils trouvent ici nos sincères remerciements Je remercie également Mer SAID ingénieur du laboratoire de pédologie USDB I, Mr SAMIR chef de circonscription des forets Blida, et Mr ALOUCHE En fin, que tous ceux qui ont participé de près ou de loin à la réalisation de ce travail, trouvent ici nos remerciements les plus profonds. Dédicaces Je dédie ce travail : A mes très chers parents qui m’ont soutenu et aidé tout au long de mon cursus universitaire, A mes frères et ma sœur, A mes très chère tantes et oncles, A mes cousins et cousines A ma promotrice Mme AMEDJKOUH qui m’a toujours soutenu. Enfin à toute A tous mes amis et collègues Et à tous ceux qui ont contribué de près ou de loin pour que ce travail soit réalisé. Résumé Le présent travail est une contribution à l’étude de la diversité génétique de six espèces d’Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camadulensis, Eucalyptus rudis, Eucalyptus bosistoana, Eucalyptus gomphocephala, Eucalyptus blackelyi, Eucalyptus cladocalyx), provenant du foret de Bainem (Alger) et du parc national de Cherea (Blida), par la caractérisation morphologique des feuilles. L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer la variabilité existante entre les espèces étudiées en se basant sur la description morphologique des feuilles des Eucalyptus par l’analyse univariable (biodiversité interspécifique et intraspécifique), et multivariable (Matrice de corrélation, Analyse des composantes principales). Les résultats obtenus ont permis la réalisation du dendrogramme de la classification hiérarchique des six espèces d’Eucalyptus et des diagrammes d’ordination dérivé de l’analyse des composantes principales (ACP) et ont montré des différences phénotypiques fortement significatives entre les espèces étudiées. Mots clés : Diversité génétique, Eucalyptus, morphologique, intra et inter-spécifique, dendrogramme, ACP. ملخص هذا العمل هو مساهمة في دراسة التنوع الجيني لستة أنواع من اﻷوكاليبتوس )كامادولينسيس ، روديس ، بوسيستوانا ، غومبوسيفالفا ، بﻻكلي ، كﻻدوكالكس( ، من غابة باينام )الجزائر( وحديقة الشريعة الوطنية )البليدة( ( عن طريق التوصيف المورفولوجي لﻷوراق. الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تقييم التباين الموجود بين اﻷنواع المدروسة على أساس الوصف المورفولوجي ﻷوراق اﻷوكالبتوس بواسطة التحليل المتغير المتغير )التنوع البيولوجي بين النوعي والخصوصي(، ومتعدد المتغيرات )مصفوفة اﻻرتباط، تحليل المكون الرئيسية(. النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها تحقيق رسم شجري من التصنيف الهرمي لﻷنواع الستة من اﻷوكالبتوس ومخططات الرسامة المستمدة من تحليل المكونات الرئيسية )PCA( وأظهرت اختﻻفات نمطية كبيرة جدا بين اﻷنواع المدروسة. كلمات البحث التنوع الجيني، اﻷوكالبتوس، المورفولوجي، ضمن النوع وبين اﻷنواع، الدندوغرام ACP Abstract The present work is a contribution to the study of the genetic diversity of six species of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camadulensis, Eucalyptus rudis, Eucalyptus bosistoana, Eucalyptus gomphocephala, Eucalyptus blackelyi, Eucalyptus cladocalyx), coming from Bainem Forest (Algiers). of Cherea National Park (Blida), by the morphological characterization of the leaves. The objective of this study is to evaluate the variability existing between the studied species based on the morphological description of Eucalyptus leaves by univariate analysis (interspecific and intraspecific biodiversity), and multivariable (correlation matrix, component analysis main). The results obtained the realization of the dendrogram of the hierarchical classification of the six species of Eucalyptus and the ordination diagrams derived from the principal components analysis (PCA) and showed strongly significant phenotypic differences between the species studied. Keywords: genetic diversité, Eucalyptus, morphological, intraspecific and interspecific, dendrogram, ACP. Abréviation ACP : Analyse des Composantes Principale. AlCl3: Chlorure d’aluminium. ANOVA : Analyse de la variance. APGIII : Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III CE : Conductivité Electrique CH3CN : acétonitril. CH3COOH : acide acétique. CH3OH : méthanol. CV : Coefficient de variation D.O : Densité optique. E : Eucalyptus FAO : Food alimentary organisation. H2O2 : Eau oxygéné HCl : acide chlorhydrique. I.N.R.F : Institut National de la Recherche Forestiere. K2Cr2O7 : Bichromate de potassium. KMn O4 : Oxyde manganète de potassium. MO: Matière Organique. ONM : Office Nationl Métorologique. UPGMA: Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean. Liste des Tableaux Tableau I : Situation géographique des stations d’étude……………………………………..13 Tableau Ⅱ : Relevé des températures moyennes (Tmoy) mensuelles de l’année 2016/2017 en C°……………………………………………………………………....annexes I Tableau Ⅲ : Relevé pluviométrique(P) de l’année 2016/2017 en mm…………....…annexes I Tableau Ⅳ : Résultats de l’analyse granulométrique des régions d’étude…………………..28 Tableau Ⅴ : Résultats des analyses physico-chimiques des quatre régions d’étude………....29 Tableau Ⅵ : résultats d’analyse de l’étude morphométrique de la longueur des feuilles (LF) …………………………………………………………………………….…annexeⅤI Tableau VII : résultats de l’analyse de l’étude morphométrique de la largeur des feuilles (lF)…………………………………………………………………………annexe ⅤI Tableau VIII : Résultats de l’analyse du rapport longueur/largeur des feuilles (Lf/lF)……… ………………………………………………………………………………………annexe VII Tableau IX : Résultats de l’analyse de l’étude de la longueur des pétioles (LP)…..annexe VII Tableau X : Résultats des analyses morphologiques de la longueur des feuilles (LF) des six espèces d’Eucalyptus…………………………………..……………………annexe VIII Tableau XI : Résultats de l’analyse morphométrique de la largeur des feuilles (lF) des six espèces d’Eucalyptus ………………………………………..………………………annexe IX Tableau XII : Résultats des analyses morphométriques de la longueur / la largeur des feuilles (LF/ lf) des six espèces d'Eucalyptus…………………………………………annexe X Tableau XIⅡ : Résultats des analyses morphométriques de la longueur des pétioles (LP) des six espèces d’Eucalyptus…………………………………..…………………annexe XI Tableau XⅣ : Matrice de corrélation des différents paramètres étudies……………………36 Tableau XV : L’inertie totale expliquée par les axes de l’ACP (pourcentage expliqué par les axes principaux) des valeurs propres…………………………………………………………36 Tableau XVI : Matériel de laboratoire et appareillage………………………….…..annexesⅢ Tableau XVII : Normes d’interprétation du pH eau…………………………….….annexesⅣ Tableau XVIII : Normes d’interprétations de la salinité totale (CE)…….................annexesⅣ Tableau XIX : Les normes d’interprétation du calcaire total…………………….....annexesⅣ Tableau XX : Relation matière organique et les propriétés physiques du sol……....annexesⅣ Tableau XIX : la valeur de DDL et l’erreur pour test ANOVA………………….….annexesⅤ Liste des Figures Figure 01 : aspect générale d’Eucalyptus…………………………………………………..…4 Figure 02 : Répartition Eucalyptus cultivé dams le monde (FAO Map 2008)……………..……..…..8 Figure03 : Situation géographique des zones d’étude………………………………………..14 Figure 04 Morphologie des feuilles des six espèces étudiées…………………………..……22 Figure 05 :Diagrammes ombrothermique de Bagnols et Gaussen d’Alger…………….........25 Figure 06 : Diagrammes ombrothermique de Bagnols et Gaussen de Blida………………...25 Figure 07: Climagramme pluviométrique du quotient d’Emberger (Q2) des zones d’études...27 Figure08 : histogramme représenter les moyens résultats de l’analyse de l’étude morphométri que intra-spécifique…………………………………………………………………………..30 Figure09 : histogramme représenter les moyens résultats de l’analyse de l’étude morphométrique inter-spécifique……………………………………………………………..33 Figure 10 : Diagramme d’ordination des variables dérivées de l’ACP dans le plan de projection des axes 1et 2……………………………………………………………………………….…37 Figure 11 : Diagramme d’ordination dérivé de l’ACP dans le plan de projection des
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