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“CANTIDAD Y CALIDAD DE ACEITES ESENCIALES EN HOJAS DE CUATRO ESPECIES DEL GÉNERO Eucalyptus

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“CANTIDAD Y CALIDAD DE ACEITES ESENCIALES EN HOJAS DE CUATRO ESPECIES DEL GÉNERO Eucalyptus UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL CENTRO DEL PERÚ FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FORESTALES Y DEL AMBIENTE “CANTIDAD Y CALIDAD DE ACEITES ESENCIALES EN HOJAS DE CUATRO ESPECIES DEL GÉNERO Eucalyptus - EL MANTARO” TESIS PRESENTADA POR LOS BACHILLERES: DIAZ ARCOS, Jhon Mauro MARTÌNEZ CHUQUILLANQUI, Jesús Domingo PARA OPTAR EL TITULO PROFESIONAL DE: INGENIERO FORESTAL Y AMBIENTAL Huancayo,Perú 2013 1 ASESOR: Ing. Ms.c. TAQUIRE ARROYO, Alejandro 2 A Dios por permitirme bregar el día, A mis cinco motivos que hicieron de mi un puño, para con esta coger el mundo; Y a todos los que confiaron en mí. Jesús M. 3 AGRADECIMIENTO 4 Nuestro profundo agradecimiento al Ing. Alejandro Taquire Arroyo, docente principal, Jefe del Departamento Académico de Ingeniería Forestal y Ambiental, por su apoyo y constancia durante el asesoramiento de la presente tesis. A nuestros padres Rolando Martínez Meza y Juana Chuquillanqui Inga, Mauro Díaz Chucos y Clorinda Arcos Díaz, por su incondicional y valioso apoyo en el proceso de nuestra formación profesional. A la laboratorista bachiller Isidora Gonzales Casimiro, por su apoyo, paciencia y valiosos conocimientos que hicieron posible el desarrollo de la tesis. A los docentes de la Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente de la Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, por sus enseñanzas técnicas y morales. Y a todos aquellos que hicieron de esta investigación una realidad. RESUMEN La investigación fue desarrollada en el Laboratorio de Tecnología de la Madera e Industrias Forestales de la Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente, con la finalidad de 5 analizar la cantidad y calidad de aceites esenciales en hojas de las especies; Eucalyptus cinérea, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus nitens y Eucalyptus viminalis, procedentes de la Estación Experimental Agropecuaria, de la Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú. Ubicada en el Distrito El Mantaro – Jauja. Para el estudio se recolectaron 20 kilos de hojas por especie; realizando tres destilaciones de 5 kilos por cada especie; el método que se empleó para la extracción, fue la destilación por arrastre de vapor. La evaluación del rendimiento de aceite esencial fue en base a la N.T.P. 319.079, para la determinación del contenido de humedad del material la N.T.P. 251.010 y para la evaluación del contenido de cineol la N.T.P. 319.086. El proceso de destilación se efectuó en el extractor de aceites construido y diseñado para este fin, ubicado en la Av. Yanama, cuadra 17 interior , cuyas características son : altura 1.50 m, diámetro 0.50 m, de hierro con una capacidad de carga de 20 kilos ; con termómetro incorporado. El tiempo de destilación fue 180 min. en promedio, por cada destilación. En función a los resultados obtenidos en la investigación se tiene los siguientes valores: contenido de humedad de hojas de las especies en estudio fluctuó entre 80,28 % a 121,51 %. El rendimiento de aceite esencial fue entre 0,08 % a 0,49 %. La calidad del aceite esencial en base al contenido de cineol (N.T.P. 319.086) fue: E. cinérea 68%, E. viminalis 51.5%, E. nitens 46%. Respecto a la especie E. camaldulensis, no se obtuvo el valor correspondiente, debido a que dicha especie presenta un contenido de cineol entre 2 y 26% (Huertas, et al. 2009, De León, M. 2008 y Alzogaray, R., et al 2010). 6 1 I. INTRODUCCIÓN El uso de los aceites esenciales hoy en día es de gran importancia debido a que suelen ser utilizados en distintas industrias tales como: la industria farmacéutica, cosmética, alimenticia, etc. Esto hace que los aceites esenciales puedan ser parte importante en el desarrollo de la industria peruana, ya que como sabemos, nuestro país posee una amplia riqueza en lo que a flora se refiere. El eucalipto es una de esas plantas que poseen aceites esenciales y puede ser utilizado como componente activo, principalmente en la industria farmacéutica, ya que contiene grandes propiedades medicinales y es utilizado ampliamente e muchos de estos productos, así como en la industria cosmética e incluso en la industria alimenticia. Existen diferentes especies de eucalipto, entre éstas tenemos la especie de Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Dehnh. Eucalyptus viminalis Eucalyptus nitens Eucalyptus cinerea. Dichas especies poseen características muy enmarcadas pero no en la misma proporción, ya que contienen propiedades fisicoquímicas muy diversas las cuales dependen de muchos factores, como por ejemplo, la época de recolección, su ubicación geográfica o incluso pequeños cambios genéticos propios de la especie. En el presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo; Evaluar la cantidad y la calidad de aceite esencial de cuatro especies del género Eucalyptus. Determinar el contenido de humedad de las hojas de las cuatro especies de género Eucalyptus. Cono el rendimiento de aceites esenciales en hojas de cuatro especies del género Eucalyptus. Conocer el contenido de cineol en hojas de cuatro especies del genero Eucalyptus. 7 2 II. REVISION DE LITERATURA 2.1 Aceites esenciales 2.1.1 Definición Los aceites esenciales son lípidos no relacionados con ácidos grasos. Son compuestos terpenoides derivados por condensación del isopreno (lípidos isoprenoides). Químicamente, la mayoría son hidrocarburos (pineno, limoneno), aunque algunos contienen funciones oxidadas (alcanfor). En la figura 1 se observa el origen de los aceites esenciales (De León, M. 2008). Figura 1: Clasificación de lípido. Alcoholes superiores y ceras Glicéridos Simples Fosfoglicéridos Lípidos relacionados con Esfiingenina, cerámidos y ácidos grasos esfingofosfolipidos Esfingoglicolipidos Postanglandinas Lípidos Pineno Componentes activos de los Limoneno Lípidos Pirrólicos Terpenoides aceites Lípidos no esenciales Citral relacionados con Hidrocarburos Carotenoides ácidos grasos Hidrocarburo Lípidos isoprenoides Esteroides s Hidrocarburo Lípidos s isoprenoides Lípidos Fuente: Comparación del rendimientoisoprenoides del aceite esencial de dos especies de eucalipto (Eucalypto citriodora Hook y Eucalypto camaldulensis Dehnh), aplicando el método de hidrodestilación a nivel de laboratorio (De León, M. 2008). Según Briga (1962) citados por Vásquez, O. (2001), estos aceites esenciales son componentes heterogéneos de terpenos, sesquiterpenos, 8 ácidos, ésteres, fenoles, lactonas; todos ellos fácilmente separables ya sean por métodos químicos o físicos, como la destilación, refrigeración, centrifugación, etc (Vasquez, O. 2001). Son los compuestos odoríferos naturales que se encuentran en las plantas y son aislados de las mismas. Generalmente, son líquidos (en algunas ocasiones semisólidos y muy raras veces sólidos) poco solubles en agua pero si volatilizables con vapor, se evaporan a diferentes velocidades bajo presión atmosférica. (Piedra Santa, R. 2007). Los aceites esenciales se definen como productos volátiles de naturaleza compleja, producidos por ciertos vegetales a los que confieren olor agradable. Habitualmente se denominan esencias, aunque este término es mucho más amplio, porque engloba no solo a los aceites esenciales sino también a otras sustancias obtenidas por métodos de extracción muy diversos. (Kuklinski, C. 2000) Los aceites esenciales o esencias vegetales son productos químicos que forman las esencias odoríferas de un gran número de vegetales. De composición química variable y compleja, mayormente constituida por terpenos y sus compuestos o derivados. Suelen caracterizar ciertas familias botánicas, como por ejemplo: Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, Myrtaceae, Lauraceae, Pinaceae y otras. (De León, M. 2008) Los aceites esenciales son líquidos volátiles, en su mayoría insolubles en agua, pero fácilmente solubles en alcohol, éter y aceites vegetales y minerales. Por lo general no son oleosos al tacto. Pueden agruparse en cinco clases, dependiendo de su estructura química: alcoholes, ésteres, aldehídos, cetonas y lactonas y óxidos. (De León, M. 2008). Son los compuestos odoríferos naturales que ocurren en las plantas y que son 9 aislados de las mismas; generalmente líquidos (en algunas ocasiones semisólidos y muy raras veces sólidos); poco solubles en agua, pero sí volatilizables con vapor, se evaporan a diferentes velocidades bajo presión atmosférica. Entre algunos compuestos monoterpénicos tenemos: Figura 2 Molécula 1,8 Cineol Fuente: De León, M. 2008 2.1.2 Fuentes de los aceites esenciales Los aceites esenciales proceden de las flores, frutos, hojas, raíces, semillas y corteza de los vegetales. El aceite de espliego, por ejemplo, procede de una flor, el aceite de pachulí, de una hoja, y el aceite de naranja, de un fruto. (De León, M. 2008). Los aceites esenciales se encuentran ampliamente distribuidos en unas 60 familias de plantas que incluyen las Compuestas, Labiadas, Lauráceas, Mirtáceas, Pináceas, Rosáceas, Rutáceas, Umbelíferas, etc. Se les puede encontrar en diferentes partes de la planta: en las hojas (ajenjo, albahaca, buchú, cidrón, eucalipto, hierbabuena, limoncillo, mejorana, menta, pachulí, quenopodio, romero, salvia, toronjil, etc.), en las raíces (angélica, 10 asaro, azafrán, cálamo, cúrcuma, galanga, jengibre, sándalo, sasafrás, valeriana, vetiver, etc.), en el pericarpio del fruto (limón, mandarina, naranja, etc.), en las semillas (anís, cardamomo, eneldo, hinojo, comino, etc.), en el tallo (canela,etc.), en las flores (arnica, lavanda, manzanilla, piretro, tomillo, clavo de olor, rosa, etc.) y en los frutos (alcaravea, cilantro, laurel, nuez moscada, perejil, pimienta, etc.). (Martínez, A. 2003) Los aceites se forman en las partes verdes (con clorofila) del vegetal y al crecer la planta son transportadas a otros tejidos,
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