3420 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE February 18, 1966 the Director of the National Science PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS SENATE Foundation. Two sets of problems face us and both Highly encouraging steps are being are difficult. One consis.ts of finding FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 18, 1966 taken toward establishing safe and ef out how to modify the weather and The Senate met at 12 o'clock meridian, fective programs for modifying the climate. The second consists of deter weather. We can now begin to see the mining how best to utilize this knowledge and was called to order by the President day when such programs may become pro tempore. for the benefit of mankind once it is Rev. Clair M. Cook, Th. D., Methodist operationally. feasible. This is an excit achieved. clergyman and legislative assistant to ing and encouraging development-not The scientists and engineers inside Senator VANCE HARTKE, Washington, only for Americans, but for men every and outside the Government must ad D.C., offered the following prayer: where. dress themselves particularly to the first Last year, in transmitting to the Con set of problems. AU of us, as concerned O Lord of time and timelessness, lift gress the sixth annual rePort, I indicated citizens, must seriously consider the us above this little day to the perspective the need for a larger effort in basic second. of f::>rever. research and in the development of At present it appears feasible, under o God of east and west, whose love means to put the knowledge we have to appropriate conditions, to seed some encompasses both Communist and Chris work. kinds of clouds and achieve increased tian, let our horizons of good will extend That increased effort is noted in this precipitation. It is also possible under without limit, even to the jungles of report. It describes not only the vigor certain conditions, to dissipat~ some Vietnam. ous pursuit of weather modification pro types of fog. Partial success has been Give us concern for the safety of our grams by agencies of tHe executive reported from abroad in reducing hail own and compassion for those whom we branch, but also the valuable stimulus damage. oppose. Grant us wisdom to grasp the afforded by committees of the Congress As our understanding of atmospheric confusing threads of conflicting policy, and the significant activities of non processes increases, our ability to do to sort them out with patience, and. to governmental groups. more will also increase. Even now, men weave of them a pattern of wholeness RECENT STUDIES are dreaming and planning of projects for the comfort of all people. that will someday enable us to mitigate Encourage the men of this body, to The list of recent activities in this field is heartening. For example, on the awesome and terrible forces of hur whom their fellows look with trust, in ricanes and tornadoes. Such a time is their determination for the right, that January l, 1966, the first Federal regu lation on weather modification became still far off, but perhaps not so far o:ff they may debate with vigor but without as we thought only a few years ago. acrimony; that their vision may pierce effective. The National Science Founda tion issued rules providing that advance That so ID:UCh is being done now is a beyond Political advantage to courageous credit not only to the men of science willingness to suffer for the right if need notice of intention to modify the weath er must be given to the Foundation. working in the field, but also to the un be; and that their service may be not derstanding and support of the Congress alone to State and Nation, but to Thee More recently, two significant reports by advisory groups have been issued. A which has expressed its interest in and and all Thy farftung world. support of this field of great national For we recall the last words of King two-volume study by a National Acad emy of Sciences panel, released January interest. I commend to your continuing David: When one rules justly over men, interest this report and the important ruling in the fear of God, He dawns on 14, reviewed in detail the physical science aspects of weather and climate efforts that it describes. them like the morning light, like the sun LYNDON B. JOHNSON. shining forth upon a cloudless morning, modification. Five days later the Na THE WHITE HOUSE, February 18, 1966. like rain that makes grass to sprout from tional Science Foundation's Special Com the earth. Amen. mission on Weather Modification issued a broad report covering the biological COMMITTEE MEETING DURING and social aspects, statistical problems, SENATE SESSION THE JOURNAL problems of law and organization and international implications, as well as On request of Mr. METCALF, and by On request of Mr. METCALF, and by physical science aspects. Additional re unanimous consent, the Committee on unanimous consent, the reading of the ports by the Special Commission will Foreign Relations was authorized to Journal of the proceedings of Thursday, soon be forthcoming. . meet during the session of the Senate . February 17, 1966, was dispensed with. Congress, too, has indicated its inter today. est in scheduling additional hearings on weather and climate modification dur MESSAGE ~OM THE PRESIDENT ing this session. LIMITATION ON STATEMENTS DUR Messages in writing from the Presi It is striking that separate groups ING TRANSACTION OF ROUTINE dent of the United States were com dealing seriously with this problem have, MORNING .BUSINESS after long study, arrived at similar and municated to the Senate by Mr. Jones, On request ·of Mr. METCALF, and by one of his secret~ries. significant conclusions. The National Academy of Sciences unanimous consent, statements during report, for example, says: the transaction of routine morning busi ness were ordered limited to 3 minutes. REPORT ON WEATHER MODIFICA- In a sense, weather modification today is TION-MESSAGE FROM THE· a reality. Man can and does interfere with the atmosphere in a number of ways. His PRESIDENT ability to produce deliberate beneficial LEGISLATIVE PROGRAM The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The changes is still very limited and uncertain, Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, I wish Chair lays before the Senate a message but it is no longer economically or polit to query the acting majority leader con from the President of the United States ically trivial. cerning possible sessions tomorrow Mon- on weather modification.. Without ob The report of the Special Commission, · day, or Tuesday. . ' jection, the message will be printed in in a markedly similar passage, says: Mr. METCALF. I am informed that the RECORD without 'being read, and ap Weather and climate modification is be the Senate will adjourn· today and meet propriately referred . coming a reality. The daily activities of at noon on Monday. The message from the President was man infiuence the atmosphere in a number Mr. DffiKSEN. Monday? referred to the Committee on Commerce. of ways and his ability to induce deliberate Mr. METCALF. Yes. as follows: changes in measurable magnitude by artifi Mr. DIRKSEN. Since the 22d is on cial means is progressing. Tuesday, I do not know whether it is To the Congress of the United States: The report I submit today says it an contemplated that we have any heavy I am transmitting, for the considera other way: business other than the pending resolu- tion of the Congress, the Seventh Annual In 1965, key words are no longer "whether" tion. · Report on Weather Modification (for and "when." They are "what" and "how" Mr. METCALF. There will be further fiscal year 1965) submitted to me by and "who." consideration of the pending business on February 18, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 3421. Monday, and there will be no business returns made with respect to payments under Thus, many areas all across the Nation after the reading of Washington's Fare programs administered by the Department stand to lose this very valuable Federal well Address dn Tuesda:y:. of Agriculture be filed by the Secretary of assistance if the Labor Department sta ~griculture, and f~r other purposes. · By Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware (for tistics show that they have made suffi-. BILLS INTRODUCED himself and Mr. AIKEN) : . cient gains in their annual unemploy S. 2942. A bill to amend the Internal Reve .ment rates. I am quite concerned about; Bills were introduced, read the first nue Code of 1954 to limit the maximum rate these areas. I do not believe that any of time, and, by unanimous consent, the of percentage depletion to a rate of 20 them should be penalized due to adminis second time, and referred as follows: percent. trative delay. Even though they are mov By Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware: ing ahead, it seems to me, we should sup S. 2941. A bill to amend the Internal Rev Port them for a while longer to make cer enue Code of 1954 to require that informa AMENDMENT TO PUBLIC WORKS tain they do not fall back. tion returns made with respect to payments AND DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 1965 under programs administered by the Depart Accordingly, I urge· my colleagues"' ment of Agriculture be filed by the Secretary Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I intro support in giving these areas an extra of Agriculture, and for other purposes; to duce, for appropriate reference, a bill to year of eligibility under the Economic.. the Committee on Finance. amend the Public Works and Economic Development Act. · (See the remarks Of Mr. WILLIAMS of Dela Development Act to extend for an addi The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bill ware when he introduced the above bill, tional year the eligibility of certain areas will be received and appropriately re- which appear under a separate heading.) By Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware (for of our Nation to receive assistance for ferred. himself and Mr. AIKEN) : public works and development projects The bill DOLPH): the desk, for introduction and appropri S. 2944. A bill to extend and amend the history of substantial unemployment Library Services and Construction Act; to during the preceding calendar year ate reference, on behalf o'f myself and the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. would be eligible for benefits under title Senators COOPER, PROUTY' and RANDOLPH, By Mr. SPARKMAN: I. This section allows Federal assist the Library Services and Construction S. 2945. A bill for the relief of Dr. Jaime E. ance to be given to nearly 100 areas of Act Amendments of 1966. Condom Valera; and the country including Utica-Rome, This proposed legislation will provide S. 2946. A bill for the relief of Dr. Mario Federal matching funds to bolster· V. Machado Espinosa; the Committee on Batavia, Oneonta, Sidney, and Water to libr~ry facilities for the inmaites of State the Judiciary. town in New York State, which though By Mr. MUSKIE (for himself, Mr. not seriously depressed, are nevertheless institutions, including orphanages, pris RANDOLPH, Mr. YOUNG of Ohio, Mr. in need of Federal assistance in order to ons, reformatories, and hospitals for the McNAMARA, Mr. GRUENING, Mr. Moss, redevelop their areas. The act further mentally ill .and the retarded. It would Mr. INOUYE, Mr. BAYH, Mr. MON provides that the· Department of Labor also provide for Federal grants to de TOYA, Mr. HARRIS, Mr. TYDINGS, Mr. conduct an annual review to determine velop cooperative library services wi·thin HART, Mr. NELSON, Mr. RIBICOFF, Mr. if the areas covered continue to meet the States, and extend the present Federal BOGGS, Mr. JAVITS, Mr. KENNEDY of library program for 5 years. Massachusetts, and Mr. HARTKE): substantial· unemJ;Jloyment requirement S. 2947. A bill to amend the FedeJ;"al Water for title I assistance. If the unemploy Specifically, the bill would amend the Pollution Control Ac~ in order to improve ment figures for the past year show that Library Services and Construction Act. and make more e:ffective certain programs a certain area no longer remains in the of 1964, to-- pursuant to such act; to the Committee on qualified category, that area will im First. Provide a Federal-State maitch Public Works. mediately lose its title I eligibility. ing fund program, first, to strengthen (See the remarks of Mr. MusKIE when he It was determined soon after the act library services to persons in State introduced the above bill, which appear operated institutions, including prisons. under a separate heading.) became law that applications for assist ance would not be accepted until an over reformatories, mental hospitals, and in all economic development program in ac stitutions for the retarded, training PROPOSED LEGISLATION TO AMEND cordance ·with yet-to-be-defined EDA schools, and orphanages; and second, to. THE INTERNAL REVENUE CODE regulations was approved and on file. It expand library services to State Gov seems, however, that the EDA was bur ernments in such specialized fields as Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Mr. law, history, archives, and legislative ref President, I send to the desk, for appro dened with the usual administrative de lays which occur upon the establishment erence. Both programs would be for 5- priate reference, two bills and ask that year periods, and each would be author they be properly referred. of a new agency. Consequently, there was an understandable delay in the is ized $5 million the first year, $7.5 million At the same time, I give· notice to the the second, $10 million the third, $12.5 Senate that these two bills dealing with suance of guidelines to be used in draw ing up an overall economic development million the fourth, and $15 million in amendments to the revenue code will be fiscal year 1971, the final year covered. offered as an amendment to H.R. 12752 program. These guidelines were made available orily recently. Thus, many of Sec9nd. Provide a 5-year State-Fed when it comes over from the House. eral matching fund program to State .The PRESIDING OFFICER Virginia, figures strikingly illustrate the and 1964 library aid laws enacted dur rehabilitation· programs. The institu minimal services available to our dedi ing the Eisenhower and Johnson ad tional library is more th.an a marginal cated librarians and the public. The ministrations. adjunct to the institution. It must maximum use is made of these services While the current law has been most serve as a scientific and technical collec by the citizens of West Virginia. helpful, public libraries throughout the tion for the professional staff that oper Our State public library system is Nation are still lacking the necessary ates the facility. And it must contribute divided into regions. in region 4, which financial resources to provide the serv to educational, vocational, recreational comprises Calhoun, Doddridge, Jackson, ices that are necessary. More than 15 and cultural programs for the direct Ritchie, and Roane Counties, the popu million Americans still have no public benefit of the institutionalized. lation served by the libraries is 60,056. library service and more than 100 mil The American Correctional Association The total number of volumes available is lion have service inadequate to their and the Association of Hospital and In only 58,821-less than 1 book per person. needs. . stitu~ic;m Libraries describe the existing And yet the total circulation, demon Title I of the Library Services and cond1t1on of library services to State in strating interested use of .even this mini Construction Act provides funds to the stitutions as clearly and completely in mum number of volumes, is 181,766-or, States for library services. This money adequate. Services to the staff and in compared to the total population, over may be used for books and other library ~ates of State institutions such as hos 300 percent. In region II, Harrison, materials, library equipment, salaries and pitals, correctional facilities, and homes Lewis, and Upshur Counties, there are other operating expenses. The law ex for the retarded are undersupplied and 115,859 persons served, just about 1 book . pires June 30, 1966. The bill introduced understaffed or altogether lacking. In per person, and a total circulation of today provides new authorizations as fol only 28 States have the State library roughly 200 percent. For Marshall and lows: Fiscal year 1967, $60 million; fiscal agencies undertaken to any degree the Wetzel Counties, there are over 57,000 year 1968, $80 million; fiscal year 1969, responsibility of servicing the libraries people served by the libraries, with only $100 million; fiscal year 1970, $120 mil of these State institutions. While in a little more than 55,000 books, and here lion, and $150 million annually there some locations library needs are met the interest displayed by the public has after. ~ar~ially .through local community pub led to a use of almost 500 percent-a Library construction still falls far llc llbranes, for the isolated institutions total volume circulation of 275,737. short of our national needs. Some $400 this need is intensified. · · Yes, it is proven that the reading pub million is required just to meet the back . The Library Services and Construc lic uses our libraries. It is clear that log of needed public library construc tion Act Amendments of 1966 will, I hope, this use is intense and extensive, and it is tion, for example. Title II of the Li serve as a standard for Federal library also obvious that the degree of circula brary Services and Construction Act pro legislation to which all who supp.ort an tion-200 to 500 percent-reflects a keen vides funds to the States for construc adec;iuate library system throughout the interest on the part of our citizens in the tion of new public library buildings and Nat10n can rally. library facilities available to them. the expansion, remodeling, and altera Mr. President, in view of the critical Mr. President, ·not too long ago, the tion of existing buildings for public li impo~ance of educati~n in our country, $oviets bragged that they would win the braries and the initial equipment of such I urge early action and consideration cold war by beating us in the classroom. buildings. My bill provides new author of this really historic measure to bring We have long recognized that our class izations as follows: Fiscal year 1967, $75 our Library Services and Cozi.struction rooms, producing as they do future gen million; fiscal year 1968, $100 million; Act abreast of the times. erations of Americans, are our first line fiscal year 1969, $125 million; fiscal year The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bill of defense. I submi·t that our libraries 1970, $125 million; and fiscal year 1971, will be received and appropriately re-· are a part of this first line, that they in $100 million. !erred. deed are the supply columns on which Among public libraries, there is a The bill (S. 2·944) to extend and amend our academic troops depend. And any trend toward greater interlibrary cooper the Library Services and Construction military strategist can testify to the im ation to maximize the use of available Act, introduced by Mr. JAVITS (for him portance of providing only the best sup resources and services and to effect self and other Senators), was received plies, in the most effective manner, to maximum economies. F.or example, a read twice by its title, and referred t~ soldiers in combat service. locally based library cooperative system the Committee on Labor and Public Wel It was my privilege to call to the at is now being organized under an inter fare. tention of this body, on February 7, state compact authority in Iowa and Il NEED IS INTENSE FOR EXPANDED AND IMPROVED the merited recognition received by the linois. Title III of the bill would en LIBRARY FACILITIES-ADDITIONAL LEGISLATION Hardy County Public Library in Moore courage and enhance similar such ef CAN AID field, W. Va. This facility is one of only forts. Mr. RANDOPH. Mr. President it is six in our Nation which received the 1966 Title IV, specialized State library serv a privilege to join with the able ~nior Book-of-the-Month Club Library Award ices, deals with a growing need. State Senator from New York [Mr. JAVITS] and of $2,500, . for its excellence in serving library agencies are falling farther be my distinguished colleagues, Senators its community. I stated: hind in their efforts to respond to in COOPER and PROUTY, in cosponsoring the Just as vital is the role of the pubUc creasing demands for books, technical bill, S. 2944, presented to the Senate to library in providing a source of knowledge, reports and other library materials, and day which would amend and extend the new ideas, and intellectual stimuli to the for technical, advisory, and planning provisions of the Library Services and communi·ty at large. services to libraries of State agencies and Construction Act of 1964. These legisla This role is vital, Mr. President, and institutions .. tors have been in the forefront of our so also are the roles of our secondary An indication of the present deficiency effor&s to improve and enhance this Na school libraries and the library facilities in services is provided by reports from tion's vital library f acllities. of our academic instituti-0ns. In 1964, 150 State-supported correctional insti The 89th Congress, Mr. President, is when signing the Library Services and tutions for persons aged 16 years and cataloging its mark in history with ded Construction Act, President Johnson over. In fiscal year 1964 the total in ication to the increasingly important decla:red: mate population of these institutions task of assuring that our ci·tizens have This Nation needs a larger .and' more di was 206,822. Only about 1 million books, educational institutions at all levels ver.sifted. collection of bOoks -• • • . ' The February 18, 1.966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE- 3423 central fact of our times ls this: books and society. If we do not do all within our Mr. President, I recently received from ideas are the most effective wea;pons against power to rehabilitate those who are pre Miss Margaret Willis, our very able State intolerance and ignorance. paring' now, and particularly to educate librarian, a summary of library activi Truly, they are our supplies, our most those who, such as our orphans, have ties in Kentucky, and ask unanimous vital lifeline, in our war, our battle, for become our wards through little fault of consent that her letter and the summary the minds and hearts of men and women their own, we cannot say to the next be included in the RECORD. who must understand freedom and jus generation, "We did our job." There being no objection, the material tice and responsibility to really serve in Neither can we say to our State gov was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, solving the problems of a complex society. ernments that we will cooperate with as follows: Sensing this---and sensing the needs them at all levels, except the level of DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARIES, and the purposes of all our many types State government itself; that we will help Frankfort, Ky., January 12, 1966. of library facilities---librarians, State them meet all their needs, except the Hon. JOHN SHERMAN COOPER, officials, Federal offi,cials, and farsighted needs of their own professional em U.S. Senate, citizens have cooperated in an effort to ployees; and that we will assist with any Washington, D.C. make this legislation a measure respon library anywhere, except in our own DEAR SENATOR COOPER: Enclosed is a brief State offices. Therefore, part B of this report of what has been accomplished with sive to the needs of our States, directed Libra~y Services Act and Library Services and toward the achievement of excellence in title is designed to provide assistance to Construction Act funds by the department service, .and reflective of the public in our State governments for those library of libraries, in cooperation with local library terest. services so desperately needed by our boards. This proposal, while fortifying present splendid State employees. We have worked hard, and much has been programs under titles I and II, expands Mr. President, this is a necessary meas accomplished, we think. We have a good our areas ·of activity in two new titles. ure. The American Library Association library plan, which works well in the coun has estimated that the shortage in the ties. One of the advantages of both bills has I shall discuss these two new titles briefly. been that each State may decide what is Title m of our measure provides for number of volumes necessary for our best for that State. There has been no con assistance to the several States in estab public school, academic, and public li trol exercised by the Federal Government lishing and maintaining local, interlocal, braries is 390 million volumes. The na other than to make sure that funds have been regional, State, or interstate cooperative tional shortage in professional library spent the way each State has said they networks of libraries. personnel is approximately 100,000. would be spent. Kentucky has made use of Cooperative networks of libraries, These are frightening, figures, when we all Federal funds, thank goodness. The remember that we are discussing not an amounts have been small, but the impact whether they be composed of small, has been far beyond the actual dollars spent neighboring local communities, or re isolated, unimportant phenomenon, but by the Federal Government. gional, interstate units, would effectively the plight of a vital national resource. As you can see, we are working toward increase the effectiveness of making It is my sincere hope that this legislation the development of permanent programs, much-needed material available to larg will receive favorable consideration, and rather than merely providing temporary, pal er groups of our citizens than is now that we will meet, in a frontal attack, liative measures. possible . . Particularly with reference to the Russian threat to "beat us in the We have always received wonderful help professional and research materials is classrooms" by actively improving the from you, and the counties know this. supplies with which our classroom war is We sincerely hope and pray you wm help this plan a sound one. Many expensive Kentucky to get an extended and improved and important documents which could waged and, I trust, waged successfully. Library Services and Construction Act, so well be utilized by hospital libraries, Mr. COOPER. Mr. President, I am that Kentucky's libraries and bookmobiles schools, and other special facilities could very glad to join today with Senators can continue to expand, improve, and go for be shared under a network system. JAVITS, PROUTY, and RANDOLPH, who are ward permanently-for the benefit of all the There are many instances of certain edi members of the Senate Committee on people, rich and poor, . young and old. We tions of important specialized documents Labor and Public W.elfare, in sponsoring are confident that you wm. a bill to extend the Library Services and Most gratefully, being out- of print, or available only in MARGARET WILLIS. limited quantities. A cooperative system Construction Act. For several years I Enclosures. would help to overcome the handicap was a member of the committee, which RESUME OF WHAT HAS BEEN DONE UNDER suffered by many who are now, at worst, has jurisdiction in this field, and have THE LIBRARY SERVICES AND CONSTRUCTION completely unable to obtain access to been a sponsor of previous extensions of ACT such works, or who must, at best, either the act. While I was not -in the Senate In round figures the Library Services Act rely on secondhand information or take when the original act was introduced by and the subsequent Library Services and valuable time away from other impor Senator HILL, I have appeared before his Construction Act have provided for Ken tant activities to reach the publication appropriations subcommittee nearly tucky the following: they need. every year in support of funds for the . Library Services Act To this end, the bill calls for inter library services program, and know the 1956-57 ______$40,000 library cooperation plans to provide pol strong leadership he has given year after 1957-58 ______137,000 1958-59______in, ooo icies and objectives for coordination year with the support of many of ·us to 1959-60______221,000 which must be both systematic and ef build the program which is proving so 1960-61 ______221,000 fective to improve supplementary serv valuable today. 1961-62 ______205,000 ices to special clienteles served by library I understand that ·congressman PER 1962-63 ______205,000 centers. It also provides for the re KINS, of Kentucky, chairman of the Gen 1963-64______205,000 sources of schools, of public, academic, eral Subcommittee on Education, has in and special libraries to achieve this goal. troduced a somewhat similar bill in the Library Services and Construction Act In an era such as ours, we must also House of Representatives, and believe In 1964-65, $429,000 (services); $510,000 that these bills have the approval and (construction); plus $93,000 from other assist, in every feasible way, our States in States. : their tasks of providing services to cer represent the recommendations of the In 1965-66, $429,000 (services): $510,000 tain institutionalized citizens and to pro American Library Association. (construction) . fessional employees of State departments The bill would authorize increased The Federal b11l's effect on the State in and agencies. Title IV of our bill is di amounts 'for the library services and come: In 1956-57 the State budget 1 WQS rected toward t~s problem. Part A of library construction programs, and also $180,000; in 1965-66 the State budget was this titJe gives assistance in the improve includes new titles to assist in the de $885,000 (more than a 400-percent increase). ment of State institutional library fa velopment of cooperative library services, The effect of both on local income: In 1956-57 local income was slightly more than cilities, such as those serving inmates, and specialized and State government $1 million; in 1965-66 local income is well patients, or residents of penal institu library services. I know the committees over $2 million (an increase of 100 percent). tions, reformatories, hospitals--includ will give serious consideration to these Additional local action to assure perma ing those for the aged ana mentally ill proposals and will review the level of au nent library and bookmobile programs: Since training schools and orphanages, oper thorizations and specific proposals which 1960, when a new State law was 'passed, per.:. ated by the State. have been made. At this point, I affirm mittting a county or counties to· vote for a We cannot neglect those persons whom my continued support for the program, we are preparing for positive roles in our which must be extended this year. 1 Department of libraries. CXII--216-Part 3 3424 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE February 18, 1966 library tax, 16 counties have voted to tax EXAMPLES OP COOPERATION WITH OTHER Service to the blind is made possible by themselves for a library and bookmobile pro AGENCIES a contract with the Cincinnati Public Li gram. The department of libraries has cooper brary, "·a regional center of the Federal Gov Since 1964, when a second State law was ated with the Kentucky Federation of Wom ernment, for free braille books, talking books passed, permitting a county or counties to en's Clubs by providing the study program and talking-book machines for Kentucky's petition for a library tax, 10 counties have for their ESO reading program and by provid blind; the department of libraries paid $12,- petitioned successfully for a library and ing all the books included in the program 000 to the Cincinnati Public Library for this bookmobile program. for each library. service. Materials and machines are provided Therefore a total of 26 counties have taxed The department is participating in the free by the Federal Government. themselves for library service. Jaycees good reading program. Professional personnel has been increased At the present time many more counties The department selects the annual read by two additional librarians for the refer are preparing to vote or petition for a library ing list for the Kentucky homemakers and ence and loan department and two addi tax. places all books listed on bookmobiles. tional catalogers in the processing center. This progress in State and local support The department is cooperating with the An administrator of construction projects has been a direct result of the comparatively national fitness program by making athletic has been hired. modest Federal help. It is not nearly enough, equipment available to clubs and families. SCHOLARSHIPS but without the impact of Federal help, Ken The department has purchased profes tucky's library and bookmobile program sional books for child welfare workers and One $2,000 scholarship was paid to e. grad would most probably have remained static. is providing a revolving collection for each uate student in library science; he is now regional librarian of the Green River library REGIONAL LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT local office. The department cooperated with the De region, with headquarters in Ohio County. Fourteen library regions are develop.ing in partment of Natural Resources in a program Two additional graduate students are cur 81 libraries in 71 counties with Federal and of distribution of tree seedlings to make rently receiving library science scholarships State funds. Headquarters for two addi Kentucky a greener land. Distribution was of $2,000 each to attend the Department of tional regions have been designated; both from libraries and bookmobiles. Library Science at the University of Ken- counties qualified by passing a local library The department has cataloged and proc tucky. · tax. They are receiving regular shipments essed library collections for a school library, Many small scholarships are provided by of cataloged and processed new books, rec the Department of Safety Library, the Child the Friends of Kentucky Libraries to help ords, films and other materials. A third Welfare Library, the National Guard Li local librarians obtain additional training. county has recently qualified as a headquar brary, and others free of charge. ters for a new region. State and Federal agency publications are Sixteen trained regional librarians and 44 distributed regularly to libraries participat FISH IN THE FOOD-FOR-FREEDOM clerical assistants, paid with Federal and ing in regions. Among them are the Uni PROGRAM State funds are now working in these re versity of Kentucky Agricultural Extension gions--organizing and reorganizing libraries, Department's farm bulletins. AMENDMENT NO. 485 aiding in improving bookmobile service, Regional librarians have aided Appalach Mr. BARTLETT. Mr. President, for leading workshops for in-service training of ian volunteers in their work by helping to myself and the senior Senator from local librarians and bookmobile librarians, cull donated books to one-room schools and Washington [Mr. MAGNUSON], I submit planning and leading adult and children's by providing books, records, and films for for appropriate reference, an amendment programs in libraries, upgrading reference them. and informational services, publicizing new All libraries aid college students in their to S. 2933, a bill to promote international materials and services offered, and coordinat search and research. trade in agricultural commodities, to ing service in each area. All libraries train schoolchildren in the combat hunger and malnutrition, to fur Up to July 1, 1955, the following regional use of libraries, and give hours each day to ther economic development, and for materials have been provided with Federal helping hordes of elementary and secondary other purposes. This bill adds domestic and State funds for libraries in regions: school students. :fishery products to the President's food Books, 538,809; records, 18,000 (approxi Regional and local librarians work togeth for-freedom program. mately); films, 518 (film circuit) plus rental er to provide regular story hours for pre This is an amendment similar to one of films from 'the University of Kentucky school children-in the libraries, in schools, film collection (paid by the department of and in small communities reached only by Congress enacted several years ago add libraries); American Lending Library Service bookmobiles. ing fishery products to the food-for (a rotating collectio'n of current books), 150 Libraries are using VISTA volunteers, stu peace program. I understand that the books for small counties, 300-450 books for dents in the Federal work-study program, failure to include :fishery products in the large counties; ·periodicals. approximately 15 and unemployed fathers, whenever possible. present bill was not a deliberate act of subscriptions for each county; framed paint WORKSHOPS omission and that the administration ings, 2,500, rotated regularly among libraries; recognizes the significant contribution$ athletic equipment, in 196~5 (for loan), Ten 2-week summer workshops for un $3,200 (cost). trained local librarians and bookmobile li that could be made to our food-for , BOOKMOBILES brarians have been held at Kentucky State freedom program by high protein fishery Ninety-six new large bookmoblles have College. products. I am particularly pleased to been purchased since 1960--with Federal and Over 250 1-day workshops have been held note that the new program is no longer State funds to replace small, worn out book by regional librarians for local librarians, dependent upon offering to needy, mobiles and to provide bookmobile service to bookmobile librarians and library board friendly nations only our surplus pro 10 counties for the first time. - members. Three Governor's conferences for library duction which cannot otherwise be used. B09~MOBIL~ BOOKS board members and librarians have been This restriction prevented any fishery Total annual funds for bookmobile books held. products from being sold under the food to counties givlng bookmobile service have THE STATE LIBRARY for-peace program simply because the increased from $40,000 in 1956-57 to $133,000 A 10,000-square-foot processing center has Secretary 'of the Interior never deter in 196~5 (a great improvement, but not been constructed as an annex to the old mined that any domestic :fishery product nearly enough). State Library Building. It makes possible was in surplus. The new program is CIRCULATION OF BOOKS faster and more efficient cataloging, process focused not on disposing of surplus but Cireulation of books in the State has in ing, and distribution of regional and book on the human problem pf feeding hungry creased 200 percent in 11 years. But cir mobile books and materials. The entire people, particularly children who are culation of books in counties participating space in the old building is now ·used by the library collection of books, pamphlets, suffering from malnutrition. This is a in regions has increased over 800 percent in much more noble venture and one toward the same period. and perfodicals. These are used mainly to supplement local library collections and which high protein :fishery products can NEW NONBO~K MATERI'ALS school libraries by special requests, which make a substantial contribution. The new educational films, and the new are received by telephone and by man daily. Under the amendmel:lt the financing of language, literature,· classical music and folk A microfilm reader-printer and microfilmed fishery products woW.d be the same as music recordings have stimulated many new copies of 250 · periodicals have been pur under the present law; namely, CCC interests in each, county. They have been chased-to fac111tate serving local public and used. constantly-in :the libraries, and with school library requests for up-to-date infor funds would be available. clubs and organizations, or in homes. mation in periodicals. As pointed out on the floor of the Sen Athletic equipment has brought many users Funds for books for the State l,ibrary have ate when the amendment to the present to libraries, who borrow the equipment and increased from $2,828 in 1956-57 to $44,170 law was adopted, CCC funds should be start reading books on related. subjects. in 1964-65. made ayailable for the purchase of fish- February 18, 1.966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 3425 ery products as well as agricultural prod NOTICE OF HEARINGS ON BANK performed in bringing to the attention of ucts because these are public funds. I HOLDING COMPANY BILLS the Mississippi Valley Association and the would like to emphasize that fish pro Mr. ROBERTSON. Mr. President, I Nation the disastrous effects the new cri tein concentrate which will be available, teria, if continued in effect, would have, should like to announce that the Sub and not only on the development of our we hope in the near future, is already in committee on Financial Institutions of cluded in the legislation since authority the Committee on Banking and Currency natural resources. is in the bill to use CCC funds for the The application of these criteria would will hold hearings oh three bills to have resulted in an unfavorable recom acquisition of additives and for the cost amend the Bank Holding Company Act of enrichment and fortification which mendation for the Kaskaskia River in of 1956: H.R. 7371, which passed the Illinois. Fortunately, the specific law re would, of course, include fish protein House on September 23, 1965; S. 2353, a concentrate. . quiring that review required the use of bill which I introduced at the request of existing freight rates. The result: the Mr. President, I request that this the Federal Reserve Board; and S. 2418, amendment be printed at the close of my project was authorized; the vast coal introduced by Senator MORSE and other resources of the area will now be de remarks. Senators. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The veloped; new industry is preparing to The hearings will begin on Wednesday, move into the area to take advantage of amendment will be received and appro March 16, 1966, at 10 a.m., in room 5302, priately referred; and, without objection, the resources of the area; a labor New Senate Office Building. depressed area will be revitalized. We the amendment will be printed in the The hearings will open with repre RECORD. should not prevent the development of sentatives of the Federal Reserve Board, other areas by embracing a shortsighted The amendment Pennsylvania. road--the Pennsy's imminent merger part Transportation Authority (SEPTA), repre ner-to manage the New Haven's commuter bilities. senting the State, the city of Philadelphia, service for a fee. Whatever the solution to I ask unanimous consent to have and four surrounding counties, agreed to pay the New Haven's commuter woes, the cost printed in the RECORD an article written the Pennsy $4,163,000 between now and June to publlc ag,encles ls expected t.o rise. In by Ward Just which was published in the 30, 1967, to help offset the cost of serving the current fiscal year ending June 30, the Washington Post this morning. 40,000 daily riders on 450 trains; the previous New Haven's direct subsidies from tm-ee There being no objection, the article SEPTA subsidy of $1,545,000 covered 20,000 Staites and the Federal Government will total was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, riders on 168 trains a day. $5.4 milllon, over 10 times more vhan 4 yea.rs as follows: Although in some other parts of the coun ago. try commuter service ts relatively healthy, The Federal contribution to the New DEPUTY U.S. ENVOY To ASSIST SAIGON IN the business in the East has become so un Haven this fiscal year ts about $3 milllon. RURAL PACIFICATION profitable that even the roads witli overall There isn't any neat breakdown of the (By Ward Just) profits are clamoring for aid from local, Government's total support of eastern com SAIGON, February 17.-Deputy Ambassador State, and Federal agencies. Direct cash aid muter roads, as Federal funds also are doled W1lliam Porter was named today to take full to commuter lines from governmental out to bus and subway systems, but one un charge of the prol1ferat1ng nonmilltary as sources already equals about a quarter of official estimate pwts the figure at $28 m11- pects of the U.S. effort in the war in Vietnam. the revenues from commuter service, and 11on over the past 2 years. OveraJl, the fiscal In a statement released today, Ambassador the proportion will surely grow this year, as 1967 Federail budget allots $68 million to Henry Cabot Lodge said that Porter, 51, would public omcials act to avert the threat of two urban transportation, tncludin.g commuter handle all aspects of the work of the United railroads to stop service for 60,000 daily railroads, over six times as much as in fiscal States in support of the Vietnamese Govern riders. 1965. ment's program of rural construction as de Round after round of fare increases have On the Stsite level, the heavy tnvolvemenit fined at the Honolulu conference. kept total commuter revenues high-last of State agencies in commuter travel ls a The Lodge statement said that "this in year they reached a record $135 million, up fa.irly recent development. Pennsylv.a.nta's cludes helping the Government of Vietnam 77 percent from 1929. But use of the serv SEPTA grew out of the firs.t payment by in its task of overcoming by pollce methods ices has declined. Last year the Nation's Phlliadelphia or! a $160,000 subsidy to Read the criminal, as distinct from the military, railroads hauled 193 million commuters, ing Co. and the Pennsy in 1958. In the aspect of Vietcong violence, and the training down 22 percent in 10 years and less than oomtng 18 months, SEPTA will spend $8 and installation of health, education, and half the record 457.6 million passengers car mllllon in various forms of transportaitton agricultural workers and of comm.unity ried in 1929. aid. organizers." Despite the fare increases, railroads con Another agency with a swell1ng commit In the past, critics have contended that tinue to sustain losses on commuters. The ment to support commuter railroads ls the the American effort here has been compli Pennsy estimates its 1965 commuter loss Massachusetts Bay Transportation Author cated. and made more difilcult by what has at $14 million after receipt of Government ity, which last year started pa.ytng the $4 seemed to be an overabundance of agencies, cash aid; 11ttle changed. from 1964. New million net cost of sustatru.ng commuter some of which appear to have overlapping Jersey's Erle Lackawanna Railroad, which service by the New Haven and the Bost.on & functions. wants to abandon commuter service, figures Maine Railroad. The authorlity also ls seek On paper, the appointment makes Porter that, .including subsidies, it lost $12 million ing $27 .3 million in Federal funds as pe.rt the boss of what has come to be known here last year on passenger tramc, up a 11ttle of a $41 million project to restore long as the pacification program, and reftects the from 1964; most of the loss represented com a.bandoned ran service on the Old Colony Johnson administration's strong effort to muter service. Likewise, the bankrupt New Line, purchased. from the New Haven last make the struggle in Vietnam a "two-front" York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad at November. war. tributes almost all of its $10.5 million net Even the New York Central-one of the omcials emphaslzed, however, that al loss on passenger service last year to un few eastern roads th111t hasn't asked for though Porter wm have a small staff and profitable commuter tramc; the loss was operating subsidies-ls looking for govern w111 be released from the routine duties of about the same as in the previous year. mental support. The company ts seeking Deputy Ambassador (he will retain the title), Although the ranks of commuters have $57.7 m1111on in State and Federal asst&tance the new job has as yet "no bones." thinned, the service remains vital to a stm for long-term reha.bllitatk>n or! its com What ts expected ts that Porter wm be large number of suburbanites who must muter faci11t1es. The Central currently ls come a chief of staff, coordinating the pa journey every day to downtown omces. But spending $1.6 mtlllon of its own money to cification effort. This has tended to become because of the growing deficits, the problem refurbish 40 coaches. But it claims com entangled over the years with a number of of preserving service ls increasingly left to muter service doesn't earn a return on such agencies taking a hand in funding, program public agencies. investment, and looks to governments for ing and directing the various economics, "It isn't a business," argues W1111am White, future major outlays. chairman of the Erie, "it's a publlc service." polltical, social, and psychological warfare The Erie ts seeking State permission to efforts. Porter's job, a U.S. mission spokes man said, "ls to pull the effort together." abandon its commuter service by May 5. UNITED STATES APPOINTS OVERALL It contends it can't afford to absorb the omcials said that Porter will work closely huge commuter service losses any more, and AID COORDINATOR with Maj. Gen. Nguyen Due Thang, Minister claims it can't justify the $80 million capital Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, as stated of Rural Construction, and the key Vietnam spending needed to refurbish its fac1llt1es ese omcial in the pacification effort. in my report to the Senate on my trip The Lodge statement emphasized that and replace 451 cars, all between 32 and 45 Vietnam, I have been convinced of one years old. to Maj. Gen. Edward Lansdale, an influential The rallroad wants New Jersey to buy the overriding and vital necessity in our proponent of pacification, would continue as new equipment it needs, but offers to run policy there; namely, the need for an senior Uatson omcer and adviser to .the Viet the commuter service for the State. New overall head to supervise the variety of namese Government. Jersey may have to form a transportation nonmilitary programs we are carrying "We are determined that this program for authority of its own this year to take over out in that country. peace and progress shall be carried forward the Erie's commuter service. with all the energy and skill of a fully co While in Vietnam, I was struck by the ordinated mission effort, always with full The sta.te's expenditures to shore up com fact that not only was our economic and mUJter Unes aJready have grown sh111rply. recognition that the basic task of nation In the present flsoal year ending June 30, social aid inadequate but that there was building here belongs to the people o:f Viet New Jersey's aid will total $8.2 million, up also no overall direction and coordina nam and to their Government," the Lodge from $4.6 million in 1961, when the State's tion in nonmilitary efforts. The prob statement said. subsidy program began. Its current aid lems of pacification, care of refugees, and Porter, who replaced U. Alexis Johnson as spending ls $1 million above fiscal 1965, de improvement of the health, education, Deputy Amba.ssador here last Septembe·r, ls a spite the Erie's withdrawal from the pro and welfare of the Vietnamese people former Ambassador to Algeria. gram on December 31, to press this year for were handled by diverse agencies. full abandonment of commuter service. I am pleased today to see that the Pres The other l'ailroad that wants to drop ident of the United States has moved to EXECUTIVE SESSION commuter service ls the debt-riddled New Mr. METCALF. Mr. President, I move Haven, which seeks to end service for 24,000 rectify the situation by the appointment commuters into New York City. Hearings of a deputy U.S. envoy "to take full that the Senate proceed to the considera on the road's bid ended last week before charge" of nonmilitary aspects of the tion of executive business, to consider a the Interstate Commerce Commission. struggle in Vietnam. This important nomination on the Executive Calendar. 3428 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE February 18, 1966 The motion was agreed to; and the whether or not the sacrifice-we are mak people and does his best to be a good Senate proceeded to the consideration of ing in lives and billions of dollars will be neighbor. We have been taught that we are worthwhile. guests of the people, not overlords, and we executive business. try to treat them just as we would Ameri In his own words: cans at home. That is beginning to be The war will be won by average Americans, EXECUTIVE MESSAGES REFERRED understood by the Vietnamese and more and who have the same feeling for a suffering more they are coming over to our side and The PRESIDING OFFICER laid be Vietnamese old person or youngster that they divorcing themselves from the Vietcong. fore the Senate messages from the Presi would have right here in America. "The Army has a people-to-people pro dent of the United States submitting gram and the Seabees have a Seabee technical ·At this point, I ask unanimous con assistance team, known as STAT, to help the sundry nominations, which were referred sent, Mr. President, to insert the article to the appropriate committees. people. They take machinery to build roads, in the RECORD. build schools and churches, rebuild homes, (For nominations this day received, see There being no objection, the article drill wells, show how advanced techniques the end of Senate proceedings.) was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, in farming can increase production, provide as follows: medical care, schooling and how to develop better government. Then, the south Viet EXECUTIVE REPORTS OF A [Ffom the Park County News, Feb. 10, 1966] namese have organized a m111tla which ls COMMITTEE THAD GmsON'S FmsTHAND REPORT ON becoming more and more effective in policing VIETNAM The following favorable reports of the areas after the Vietcong have been The average friendliness of the American driven out. ·nominations were submitted: Joe in Vietnam will be the determining fac "The difficulty for Americans has been that By Mr. MONRONEY, from the Committee tor as to whether or not the sacrifice of lives whether you're on duty or not you're in real on Post Ofilce and Civil Service: and the expenditure of billions of dollars danger. You do not know when a Vietcong Timothy J. May, of Colorado, to be General will be fruitful, Thad Gibson, seaman con wi'll toss a grenade, take a shot, :flre a missile, Counsel of the Post Office Department; and struction mechanic with Mobile Construc or generally terrorize the area. For instance, Robert L. Sumwalt, of South Carolina, and tion Battalion 9 of the Sea.bees, declares. our camp at Da Nang was hit on three dif Victor Bussie, of Louisiana, to be members of Thad, just back from the Vietnam contlict, ferent times. The first time on October the Advisory Board for the Post Office De is spending a short leave in Livingston with 2, 793 men were wounded and :flown to the partment. his parents, Mr. and Mrs. William G. Gibson, Philippines and J~pan to hospitals. 121 South Yellowstone. He will report far "Two days later we were hit again and then The PRESIDING OFFICER. If there duty at Port Hueneme, Calif., where he will again on January 24. Then, on January 27, be no further reports of committees, the be assigned for from 6 to 9 months before a patrol of 9 men on a search and d.estroy nomination on the Executive Calendar another Vietnam assignment. Thad, who mission uncovered a Vietcong ambush 1,500 will be stated. has been· in the Seabees for 2 years, com meters from our base and killed 17, captured pleted his high school course, after enlisting 5, and destroyed 11 Russian-made 120 milll by taking special courses at Oxnard City meter mortar tubes. The first two times we COMMODITY CREDIT High, California, and while at Port Hueneme were hit with American-made 60- and 81- plans to enroll in Ventura College, Ventura, millimeter mortars. On the first two times CORPORATION Calif., to take mechanical or architectural there were more than 120 Vietcong, mem The legislative clerk read the nomina courses, which he hopes to continue by cor bers of sUicide squads, who had come into tion of Nathan M. Koffsky, of Maryland, respondence in Vietnam and after complet the area with the objective of taking our to be a member of the Board of Directors ing his service requirements. base with explosives strapped on their backs. :Thad has been under fire and recently was Their bodies were found the next morning. of the Commodity Credit Corporation. quoted in an Associated Press dispatoh (re "But, the Vietcong's main objective is to The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without ported in Park County News January 27) harass troops, make them jittery and make objection, the nomination is confirmed. which told of the death of a marine pal and Americans rebel. But, now they are not cap Mr. METCALF. Mr. President, I ask the serious wounding of another Seabee turing the equipment that they did from unanimous consent that the President be friend at Da Nang East, Vietnam. Thad Vietnamese, they are coming face to face immediately notified of the confirmaUon considers himself mighty lucky to be back, with well-trained Americans and the shoe of this nomination. but he has no qualms about returning to is on the other foot. The Americans are The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without Vietnam. quite superior, have better techniques and "Those of us who are in the service and equipment and are not about to be scared objection, the President will be notified assigned there figure we have a job to do, off. forthwith. · want to do it and get it over with. We can "Folks at home shouldn't have any fals~ understand how some people in the States notions about what Americans have to go who do not know what it's all about get so through. For the first 4 months we were LEGISLATIVE SESSION confused. After coming home it is easy to there we got a 4-hour leave every 10th Sun On motion by Mr. METCALF, the Senate realize how folks here, who can't imagine day. On those days we usually went into what we go through, fail to understand what Da Nang, bought a few souvenirs, consumed resumed the consideration of legislative this Vietnam conflict is all about. a bit of alcohol, and came back. In Da Nang business. "In the first place, the French were in the Vietcong oftentimes would put acid in Vietnam for more than 40 years. 'fhey Coke bottles or put glass in ice cubes. The were out to exploit the country, get what acid would eat the top off a Coke bottle in A FIRSTHAND REPORT ON they could out of it, and the Vietnamese are 10 seconds. VIETNAM just now beginning to realize, after 12 years, "But, times are changing as more and that the Americans are there to help them, Mr. METCALF. Mr. President, we al more Americans are taking the fight into not to squeeze profits out of them. the area, cleaning _out pockets and driving ways welcome the comments and views "The war wlll be won by average Ameri them north. The biggest problems are of our men in Vietnam. One of my young cans, who have the same feeling for a suffer guerr1lla bands resulting from the split of constituents from Livingston, Mont., has ing Vietnamese old person or a youngster larger forces. But, as the South Vietnamese just returned after a tour of duty as a that they would right here in America. It become more friendly and we cut off sup seaman construction mechanic with is hard for us to understand how elder peo plies from the north the guerillas are finding Mobile Construction Battalion 9 of the ple are the dominant ruling class in Vietnam. it more difficult to operate. Americans are The Vietcong hold the elders as hostages, kill Seabees. developing their own guerilla warfare to cut them or threaten them. But, gradually the off supply lines and combat the guerillas While home on leave, the publisher of elders and the ordinary Vietnamese are find on their own terms. the Park County News, Mr. Fred Martin, ing that the Americans are sincerely chari "After 4 months we now have 6-hour leaves interviewed the young man, Thad Gib table, helpful, and friendly. every 4th Sunday instead of every 10th Sun son. In providing me with a copy of that "It is not unusual for an American service day. Then too, some men get rest and relaxa interview, Mr. Martin described Thad as man to buy clothing and shoes for young tion leaves of 3 to 7 days to Hong Kong, "having the typical American spirit, the sters. Our Seabee outfit, through a pay de Japan, Okinawa, and the Philippines. kind which is making friends for us all duction plan, finances -the operation of an "A big factor in upholding the morale of over the world." orphanage for 1,500 children, all orphaned by the servicemen has been the mall from the conflict. The orphanage is operated by I was impressed with Thad's ideas and home-folks who send a word of encourage Catholic nuns. ment, cookies, books, magazines, and news his views. He demonstrates remarkable "We hear stories of political manipulation, papers. This more than offsets the screwy insight in what we all realize is a very struggles for power to control the native protest marches and draft card burnings. complex problem. He believes the aver government and graft, but the average The mailman makes us understand folks at age friendliness of our men in Vietnam American serviceman sincerely recognizes home recognize what we are trying to do, will be the determining factor as to the suffering and hardships of the native that we are just trying to help people, as Februat:y 18,.-196'6 ·coNGRESSIONAU 'RECORn --....::..._sENATE we did in previous wars, without any efforts fishy· fact. Hannah can really : to.row the INCREASED FEDERAL . PER CAPITA to gain territory or special privilege. bull, literally speaking, of course. "If Americans are to enjoy freedom th~y "The latest war tabulations on American AID TO LOCAL GOVERNMENTS- better help folks like the Vietnamese, who casualties since J~y,'' she says precisely, "in RESOLUTION are now beginning to be real friends. We dicate more than 10,000 have been killed" are beginning to earn the respect of the Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I ask (actual U.S. tabulation ls about 1,200). "In in elder folks, who in turn appreciate what they addition, over 800 U.S. jet fighters have been unanimous consent to have printed are coming to find is the American ·desire shot down over North Vietnam" (actually the RECORD a resolution adopted by the just to help them. The real dividends Will about 175). Common Council of the City of Syracuse, not be conquest, but freedom for human "Despite the continued· aggression of U.S. N.Y., favoring the enactment of legisla beings and their friendship. That's why we imperialism, however, the people's liberation tion to establish a tax-~haring formula think our mission to Vietnam is worth armies (Vietcong) are at all times vigilant to distribute to local governments a por while." and are ready to bring down more planes and tion of Federal tax revenues. kill more of these invading Yankee troops." There being no objection, the resolu "Ain't that chick something?" a GI groans. A YANK IN VI~TNAM tion was ordered to be printed in the "What a mixed-up cat she is," another RECORD, as follows: Mrs. SMITH. Mr. President, recently adds. I received a letter from a Navy medical "She ain't too shar.p on figures, is she'?" Whereas the city of Syracuse is approach "Say, speaking of figures, is she?" ing its constitutional taxing limit for real corpsman from Maine who is serving in "What kind of talk is that?" property; and Vietnam. I quote from his letter: "Man, that's 3 months away from woman Whereas per capita aid from the State of Realizing that at any moment that my life talk." New York, although increasing, has not kept could be ended With a Vietcong sniper bullet, Han~ah's shows are invariably the same. pace with the increased costs of operation or a hidden mine or boobytrap, I am none After the news comes an editorial denouncing of the city of Syracuse; and theless very pcoud and feel p:rivileged to serve U.S. escalation of the war, then a recording Whereas extensive rent· properties have the State of Maine and my country over here. by an Asian soprano who sounds as if she's ·been removed from assessment rolls of the Although no one likes to live like an "animal" having her ears pierced. Then mailbag time city of Syracuse for the construction of State such as we are ,doing, most of use realize that ("write us for the truth, friends"). and Federal highway systems and othei: con it must be done. There is no small talk, no intimacies, and struction activities; and no nonsense. This is just propaganda. Just Whereas various proposals are now before This young man is Doug Guinard, of another part of this weary wa:r;-and the only the Congress of the United States which Shapleigh,. Maine, serving at Da Nang, part, unfortunately, that one can just tum would authorize a return to local govern Vietnam. In his service he is even doing off. ments of a portion of Federal tax revenues on a great public service by writing a column A NIGHT ON THE FRONT a tax-sharing-formula basis: Now, therefore, entitled "A Yank in Vietnam" for one of Dust settles over the Vietnam countryside be it Maine's finest papers, the Sanford and it becomes a different world. The wind · Resolved, That the common council here.by Tribune. I ask unanimous consent that rises and sends an eerie sound through the approves the concept of increased Federal trees. Crickets and frogs start their nightly per capita aid to local governments and urges his excellent and fascinating column the Congress of the United States to im published in the February 3, 1966, issue song. Darkness blacks out the familiar sights of the day leaving only treetops visible mediately enact the necessary legislation to of that newspaper' be printed at this point against the horizon. ·establish a tax-sharing formula to distribute in the body of the RECORD. I recommend And so begins another night of vigilance to local governments a portion of Federal it as "must" reading to all Members of in Vietnam on the· front. To . the pros here tax revenues; and be ·it f-urther Congress and to Americans at large. it is just another sleepless night. To a new Resolved, That a certified copy of this reso There being no objection, the article man it is an experience he Will never forget. lution be forwarded by the city clerk to the was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Sandbagged bunkers surround the camp minority and majority leadership in the U .s. as follows: _which houses the well-armed marines. Each Senate and House of Representatives, and bunker is cov~red Fith a small tent for to the Senators and Congressmen represent- · HANOI HANNAH-LOTUS BLOSSOM OR HAG? protection against the elements, but rain ing the people of Onondaga County. (By Doug ·Guinard) always seems to. find a ,hole. Some of the Communist North Vietnam's answer to bunk flpor.s are c9vered With several inches of water, ~dding to the. discomfort: World War II's Tokyo Rose has been dubbed 1 P~OPOSED TRANSFER OF SMALL "Hanoi 'Hannah" .by American GI's in war Nerves a!'e tau~. A stick snap8. Was that BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION TO torn South Vietnam. a Vietcong or just a night a.nimal on the The North;-Vietnam radio celebriity pas b-'-een prowl .for food? ', Alert eyes strain to detect COMMERCE DEPARTMENT envisioned,..9y some of the troops as,an eye: . m,.oyement in tbe Q..arkness. , Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, concern appealing ·luscious 19tus blossom; .otners say A quick pop shatter_s the air as a flare has been expressed recently with respect she's an old hazzled hag with a wart on he'r pµrsts overhead giving everything a . white .to the current status and operation of nose and stringy hair. · · fr6sted appearance. Moving shadows are Regardle81$ .of what her physical appearance cast on th~ . g,round as th~ P.araehute flare the Small Business Kdministration. It is, she gives ·the boys some kicks with her :dr).fts,, downward anq. . sp:!ltte~s ;i~aving the would appear that this concern has nightly broadcasts to U.S. troops, which pro night bla~k .i;tnd quiet. agaJ.n. , ., arisen· as a result of the failure of the voke howls of glee. Unfortunately for Han A lieutenant stops by a bunker and tells President to appoint an Administrator nah, she's trying t~ be serious. 1 the marines a patrol is moving out through for the Small Business Administration. the woods check Vie11cong activity and "Hey, guys," a marine ,win c:ry1 "I'm getting !iO This has led to much speculation that that broad Hannah on the short wave." will be retur;ning at 3 :30 a.:µi. . this agency will not continue as an 'm "C_razy~ turn it up so \ve can all hear it," A drum sounds somewhere in the jungle, dependent entity but rather will be dis someone shouts back . .. • and is answered j'rom across a rice paddy "Maybe she'll play thait Communist love the Vietcong are sig_naling each other. solved and absorbed by the Department song again." ' Everyone in the bunkers waits. Hours of Commerce. This morning I read of a "You mean the one about the militiaman drag by. Nearly ev·ery half hour a flare report that the President has decided and his plowhorie?" bursts in the sky illuminating everything against such a transfer of functions to "Yeah, yeah. Ain't i:t wild?" below. Still, nothing unusual ls seen. the Commerce Department. I hope this "Hey, knock it off, will ya?" The sound o.f a crying baby drifts across report is true. However, until a decision The radio's oriental music fades. "Good the rice paddy from one of the villages. to appoint a new Administrator is offi evening friends," Hannah says st1fily. "A Then a noise. very warm hello from Radio Hanoi." The word is passed. The patrol has re cially made by the President, I must con Laughter and wise comments come from turned. Noy; anything spotted outside the sider the present independent status of her Amer.ican audience. perimeter is the' enemy. · the Small Business Administration in "Talk to me, sweetheart," says a trooper, A rustling in front of the perimeter jeopardy, and do whatever I can to in slapping his knee. prompts another flare. It illuminates a sure its continued independence. Fur "What a dizzy broad," sighs another. lone Vietcong moving toward the area. A thermore, I am quite concerned over the "Here I am, Hannah baby." machinegun shatters the night and the figure agency's decision of last October to "Hey, shaddup so's I can hear." drops from sight. Another less dirty commie establish a moratorium on its direct Unlike Tokyo Rose in World War II, Han to worry about. nah is all business. No sex and sensuality. And as the early morning sun ··rises over business loan program, provided for No reminders of mom's apple pie or mental the mountains, the men know that the under section 7 (a) of the Small Business sniffs of' the perfume on the girls evel'y GI sa.m.e thing will happen again tonight when ·Act. leaves behind in the States. the same sun goes down. I know my colleagues share my anx-: She comes on like a WAC sergeant. News Another night of hell will be. here in a few iety over the failure of ·the President .to first with commie coloring. -Fiction and hours. appoint •an Administrator for the Small 3430 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE February 18, 1966 Business Administration. This post has fund of $1,966 million. There are six gram since in both cases no request been officially vacant since September 13, major programs of loan assistance ad therefor was made by the Small Busi 1965, a period in excess of 4 months. 'ministered today by the Small Business ness Administration. , Logic and sound judgment require that Administration, including the dil.'ect ·, I hope earnestly that appropriate a~d this post be filled. The vital programs business loan program, title IV of the needed action will be taken soon to .re administered by the Small Business Ad Economic Opportunity Act, displaced store the Small Business.Administration ministration are essential to the growth business and disaster loans and natural as an effective agency for rendering and development of small business; thus, and economic disaster loans. That these necessary and· proper assistance to the they are crucial to the economfo well programs·have had an important impact small business community. being of ·this Nation.· 'These programs, ·and beneficial effect not only for; small however, can be carried on with effec business, but for the general public as tiveness only if there is leadership with well, is evident; th~t these results are COMMENDATION OF SENATOR in the agency to afford direction and due in large measure to the status of the MUNDT BY SOUTH DAKOTA purpose to its activity. In the absence .Small Business Administration as an·in KNIGHTS OF COLUMBUS of such leadership, these programs 'would dependent agency is also clear. deteriorate,· morale within the agency AS I stated on the floor of the Senate Mr. MUNDT. Mr. President, I have suffers and the small business commu last month, I am very concerned over the been singularly honored by a group of nity will feel frustrated in its attempt to lapse of the direct business loan program dedicated men from my home State of secure proper aid and assistance which, -occasioned by the moratorium imposed South Dakota. ·I hruve just received word under statutory authority, the Small on October 15, 1965. There is perhaps no from the State Secretary of the Knights Business Administration has a responsi program administered by the. small of Columbus in South Dakota that a bility to render. I urge strongly that the Business Administration which is more resolution was adopted in' the recent President soon appoint .an Administra important to the welfare and vitality of convention of that organization com small business. ·'"; mending me for my efforts to curb the tor for the Small Business Administra flow of obscene and lewd materials tion. These loans have enabled the creation which threaten the moral ·fiber of our It is my sincere hope that the failure of new business and the expansion of country. to appoint aff Adlllinistrator is not in old. Their benefits have been far reach This resolUtion refers, of course, to dicative of any plan or purpose to re ing beyond economic assistance to loan the legislation which I have 'introduced vise the status of the Small Business recipients; they have resulted in to create a Commission on Noxious and Administration _as an independent agen economic improvement·. through expan Obscene Matters and Materials. In this cy. To afford maximum assistance to sion of employment and increased pur 'session of Congress, the bill is S. 309. In this Nation's small business community, chasing power. We are ~ll witnesses to the 86th and 87th Congresses an identi it is essential that an 1ndependent agen their impact. The Small Business Ad cal bill was approved by the Senate Com cy exist, unfettered by other responsibil ministration gave recognition to this as mittee on Government Operations, and ities not altogether compatible within, -recently as February 7, 1966, in its press in both those Congre~es the bill passed which is attuned to the chara'Cter and release No: 1783. This statement cited the Senate. However, no action was interest of small business as well as the considerable advantages and benefits taken in the House. · sympathetic to its needs. realized under the direct loan program. I am happy to reP<>rt that the Sub The small business community is a The basis of this statement was a sam committee on Education of the House vital and important force within the pling which showed that Small Business Committee on Education and Labor has social and economic fiber of this Nation. Administration loans totaled $14.2 mil held hearings and has reported an iden Small business not only deserves but re lion, enabling 145 small firms to hire tical bill in this session of Congress. I quires the complete attention which only 2,740 additional employees and nearly to am very hopeful that the bill will re an independent agency can provide. double their sales. The release cited ceive full committee approval and that This, of course, is not a new idea. The statistics to illustrate that these firms in it will pass the House of Representatives. necessity for an independent agency was creased their employment 40 percent, If it does, I believe the Senate will again recognized at the time legislation was and their gross sales 43 percent to a total act expediously to give the bill the green passed creating the Small Business Ad of $132 m1llion annually. . They have light. ministration. There was an alternative already paid back, with interest, $6.2 Mr. President, I ask unanimous con bill before the Senate which would estab million of the $14.2 million borrowed. sent to have printed at. this point in lish a Small Business Agency within the The release stated: the RECORD the notification which I have Departments of Treasury and Commerce. While the sample is, of course, too small received from my good friend Ed Geb The President of the United States, then to give an accurate and total measure of the hart in which he .reports the resolution senior Senator from Texas, stated: economic benefits resulting from SBA loans, which was adopted by the South Dakota This bill would place the Small Business it does provide proof that Small Business Ad Knights of Columbus. activities of the Government under two ministration loans have a measurable impact in the community where they are made. There being no objection, the notifica major Departments-Treasury and Com tion and resolution were ordered to be merce, and yet, practically all of us subscribe In spite of these benefits, the Small printed in the RECORD, as follows: to the principle that a Small Business Agency Business Administration has seen "fit to cannot be effective unless it is independent. SOUTH DAKOTA STATE CouNcn., suspend its direct loan program. KNIGHTS OF. COLUMBUS, Serving as junior Senator from the The support and sympathy of the Orient, S. Dak., February 9, 1966. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the Congress for the business loan program Hon. KARLE. MUNDT, late President Kennedy confirmed these as well as other programs of the Small U.S. Senator, views. This view was expressed by our Bus·iness Administration are a matter of Washington, D.C. distinguished Vice President, then Sena historical record. There is perhaps no DEAR SENATOR MUNDT: The following reso lution was adopted, at the State Convention tor HUMPHREY, as well as the chairman other department or agency of the Gov of Knights of Columbus of the State of South of the Senate Small Business Commit ernment which has enjoyed a better Dakota: tee, Senator SPARKMAN, the ranking reception in the Congress than does the "RESOLUTION 10 minority member of the committee, Small Business Administration in its re "Whereas the Knights of Columbus as an Senator SALTONSTALL, and other distin quests for funds to conduct it activities. Order of Catholic Men is deeply concerned. guished Senators. Evidence of this is shown in the favor with the future of America; and The logical, compelling arguments ad able response to the two requests of the "Whereas that future is being seriously vanced and accepted when the legislaition Small Business Administration in cal threatened by increased sales and distribu was enacted are even more valid today endar year 1965, for supplemental ap tion of lewd, obscene and pornographic propriations. These became Pu'blic Law magazines, pictures and other materials, for we have had the experience of time leading to the perversion of many of the to confirm the wisdom of these views. 89-16 on April 30, 1965, for $100 million .peoples of our great country and especially The Small Business Administration re and Public Law 89-309 on October 31, our youth; and volving fund authorization for fiscal year 1965,Jor $160 million. However, neither "Whereas the Honorable KARL E. MUNDT, i966 is $1,841 million. It has requested of these supplemental appropriations senior Senator to Congress from the State a fiscal year 1967 authorization for this contained filnds for the direct loan pro- of South Dakota, has for many years made February 18, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 3431 an intense and devoted effort to bring this ceptance by the community, while also Judith and Harold Bruce, working to the attention of the Congress of the sharing and learning of their daily vil along parallel lines, have begun scouting United States and to the people of our It country: Now, therefore, be it· lage. problems. appears to be a sound programs in Noorvik. Judith is also Resolved by the South Dakota State Coun approach. Recently the village re- teaching in a Headstart program, while cil of the Knights ·of Columbus, in con . quested that he help develop ·~eadsta,rt · Harold has developed projects focusing vention assembled at the city of Pierre, S. and adult education programs. upon the recreational needs of the area's Dak., this 24th day of A'priZ 1965, Do hereby Bethel's variable population, 400 new youth. · com.mend Senator MUNDT for his great efforts residents last year alone in a town of Kenneth Pletter is teaching a full on behalf of the citizens. of our Nation and 1,600, has made the task of its three schedule at remote Point Hope. He sup to pledge our full support to his untiring plements daily tasks by giving his free efforts in this regard." VISTA volunteers difficult. John Shive Please be assured that all the great efforts ly works with villagers on a levee to keep time to serve as advisor and legal coun you have made and are still making in com back the spring's ftoods. Gay White and sel to the villagers. All these volunteers bating obscene literature is being greatly Julie Davis teach kindergarten and de began working in Alaska this fall. Twen appreciated by our organization. veioping community relations programs. ty-seven additional volunteers have been Sincerely yours, At Chalkyitsik, a town of about 70, serving 1n 12 Alaska villages since De E. J. GEBHART, Steve Greenwold has tutored seventh cember. Already these efforts have State Secretary. and eighth graders, instructed adult ed brought results. ucation classes, helped return the post William Engelke and James Miller VISTA IN ALASKA-AN OPPOR- office to the town and secured a loan to have been conducting adult education . TUNITY TO SERVE start a sawmill. classes and a youth recreation program Volunteers in Emmonak have or at Akhiok. Mr. BARTLET!'. Mr. President, in ganized activities ranging from a Head Florence Wagner, a practical nurse, remarks presented to this body yesterday start program to plans for a fish can has begun a health program at Dilling I paid tribute to the contribution being nery. The ice was literally· broken by ham. This project will undertake the made to war on poverty in my State by Don Annotti, whose fishing expeditions training of inhabitants to employ the three VISTA volunteers formally with won friends and support for the VISTA basic rules of personal and home hy the Peace Corps. volunteers and their programs. Don and giene. Margaret Bracken has instituted I would be remiss if I did not take this Carl Berger work in a sawmill, which a community action program and helped opportunity to pay tribute to the more they helped establish to provide timber to create a volunteer ftre department. than 45 other VISTA volunteers work for the village. Mary Seville and Pat Paul Hoxie and Robert Mandell have ing in Alaska. Schultz, working as nurses' aids, have developed plans for a Headstart program The volunteers are working with started a new wheat program. Commu for Hydaburg. • Alaska native people. Many of them nity legal problems are now being solved Kathleen Goggin, R.N., is busy treat live in native villages. Unless a person by Mr. Berger. . ing seasonal upper respiratory problems is acquainted with living conditions in Frank Warpeha is the lone VISTA vol at Kwethluk. In less hectic moments, many of our native villages he will not unteer at Fort Yukon, a community of she visits homes spreading practices of appreciate the trying conditions under about 700 Indians and 100 whites. Early good hygiene. Steve Gage and Chris which these volunteers work. he established an effective working re Fisher are teaching adult education Conditions in some villages are worse lationship with the town's city council courses. than conditions in the worst big city and has since become the only non Juey Anderson, Chattye Cornelius, and slums without taking into consideration Indian to serve on that body. He has Howard Smith have been conducting the subzero winter climate. helped develop a preschool program, has Headstart classes and adult education Despite th~se hardships the volunteers begun adult education classes and visits programs at Kwigillingok. Thirty chil are carrying on programs of health, ed every Indian family at least once a week. dren attend the Headstart program. ucation, and community development. Doug Wolf, working alone, has begun They are helping to build sawmills, to Mary Coner and Betsy Reeve, working in Hooper Bay, have gotten their fo.rmer to develop community action projects in develop water supplies, and to educate Manakotak. · village residents. Most encouraging of college sororities to contribute school supplies for the village's ftrst preschool Twenty adult residents of Mekoryok all, the volunteers are being accepted by program. Gary Barclay has organized are attending basic education classes, the villagers, who are anxious to improve conducted by Jeffrey Keahon and Eric their lot. a special school for village students who are hindered by language barriers. He Hager. The two volunteers have plans I am happy to report that now a group to organize a cooperartive through which of VISTA volunteers is in training in also conducts adult education classes which are so popular they often last the indigenous poor could sell mink for Alaska. There is a need for a great cash income. many more. until 1 a.m. Mr. President, I would say to pro In Hughes, James Weidner has an Charles Hofheimer has been tutoring spective VISTA volunteers that while adult education program underway. At a Headstart program which 23 children service in Alaslta offers a great challenge, the request of the city council, he is are attending at New Stuyahok. it also offers great opportunities to serve providing an advisory service, helping Registered Nurse Barbara Feeny has your fell ow man. The opportunities are develop programs of social. reform. been fighting a hepatitis epidemic since extremely varied. Lennie Kamerling, on a year's leave of arriving at Nondalton. Cherie Guy and Dennis Schmitt, serving the almost absence from Franconia College, has de David Walker have worked with the isolated area of Anaktuvuk Pass, has de veloped a unique program along with healthy in adult education and youth veloped an easier system for natives to residents of Kasigluk. In order to teach recreation programs. obtain fuel for heat. He is now teaching English, Kamerling and the villagers Bonnie Archbold, Robert Shuler and English by learning Eskimo from the have compiled an anthology of poetry. Teresa Wolfenbarger have opened a natives. As a result of their efforts, this com child-development center and have be Barbara and Fred Beaver, former munity project will soon be published. gun a community action program at schoolteachers, have helped change the Kamerling is doing the photography, but Nunapitchuk. attitude and morale of patients at the the writing-in English-and illustra In Old Harbor, which was desperately Anchorage public health center which tions are the work of the Eskimos. · in need of a nurse, Helen Dietz, R.N., has treats poor Eskimos, Indians, and Linda Keen and Sheryl Mark have made tremendous strides. Diana Bunker Aleuts. opened up the first public library in Ki and Robert Danielenko have filled an Patrick Fitzgerald arrived in an arctic ana after collecting 2,000 books. They other void. They are presently teaching village in September 1965. He spent his conduct medical self-help classes, an English to preschoolers as part of a new early days in the village building his own adult education program and a Head Headstart program. living quarters and cutting wood, which start program. Barbara and John O'Hara in Togiak he shared with a native who hauled it As a result of Ted Zachara's efforts, are carrying out a full schedule as by dogsled to neighboring v1llages. Ht: an after-school study hall and a recrea VISTA volunteers. A typical day in feels his daily association and service tion program have been established at cludes holding morning classes for adults, will enhance the possibility of his ac- Nome. afternoon child-development programs CXII--217-Pa.rt 3 3432 CONGRESSIONAL: RECORD - SENATE February ·1 s, 1!J 6 6 and an evening devoted to tutoring high the .-other in the present, l~ck the means to Policy. :And he has, with lucid brevity, school students. acquire such housing themselves. summed up the argument and the lack of It is all too true that a large segment or· proof on the. side_of the critics that the Mr. President, Gov. William A. Egan our population llves under conditions which gave an excellent address at graduation are not conducive to health and happiness. United States reall~ is conuhitted to an ceremonies for the volunteers in Decem Too many of these Alaskans only subsist. unlimited war,-as they contend. ber. In the speech Governor Egan de Many dare not abandon the traditional ways . Mr. Drummond's thoug}:lts, Mr. Presi scribed what the volunteers would find of living in the rural areas because they know dent, deserve attention from all. I . ask in our native villages. I ask unanimous they do not have the education or skills unanimous eonsent that the column be consent that the Governor's speech be which would allow them to live the better printed in the RECORD. . . printed in the RECORD. life of their fellow Alaskans in urban areas. There being no objection, the article And the old ways of eking out a living to ·There being no objection, the speech trapping, :fishing and hunting-are often un' was ordered be print!ed in the RECORD, was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, certain today. as follows: · as follows: Many of our native Alaskans are indeed THE CONSENSUS GAP: BASIC DISAGREEMENT REMARKS BY Gov. WII:.LIAM A. EGAN, GRADUA living between two worlds and enjoying the ON VIETNAM TION OF VISTA VOLUNTEERS, JUNEAU, maximum benefits of neither. In damp, (By Roscoe Drummond) · ALAsKA, DECEMBER 10, 1965 crrunped, poorly ventilated. dwellings, tube·r Ij; is all to the good ·to debate the admin It is a pleasure to be with you tonight on culosis ~d other diseases take their hold, istration's purposes and policies in Vietnam. this importanrt occasion-important with re and a sickly person is little concerned with But suoh debate brings some loose state spect to your own lives and to the State of anything other than survival. Tube·rculosis, ments and misstatements which pass each Alaska. You soon will be embarking on a that great ravager of our' native people in other on the front -pages and never seem great adventure of service to your fellow years past, is still a threat to health and life to meet. They need to be sorted out to see in remote areas of Alaska. The tuberculosis man, and there cannot be a more meaningful where we all stand. ~ a:dventure than this. · " death rate among Alaska natives, while down . The central theme of the critics is.that the · I am sure the year of your life you will be substantially from ,past years, is stm five or Uni-ted States is committed to a nolicy which giving to assist fellow Americans who desper six times higher than the rate for the general leads to bringing Red Ch1na into the conflict. ately need a helping hand will be one you population of the Nation. These were the views expounded before the will never forget. You are assured of a re While this is basically a medical problem, Fulbright hearings, principally by former warding experience--in personal · gratifica better hygienic practices could bring about a Ambassador George F. Kennan and retired tion,-not material terms-and you will have reduction in the incidence of disease. Here Lt. Gen. James Gavin. At this point, Presi a keener sense of human value when your is another area in which you can assist-edu dent Johnson countered by saying that he year comes to an end. · cating villagers in such practices. failed to see a great deal of difference be The 24 VISTA volunteers · who have pre You have undergone 2 weeks of inten tween the Kennan-Gavin views and what ceded you into rural Alaska are already play sive training in tlie art of existing and trav the Government is doing. The retort to that eling in rural Alaska. You have read about ing a significant role in the effort to 'upgrade sof·t answer was not long in comtng. _It was the people who inhabit these areas. During village life. Some villages never heard from th·at the President was so sorely defeated in are now part of the Alaskan community of' your 3 weeks of residence in villages of the argument that, ·being unable to debate southeastern Alaska you gained some ui+der the whole because of the efforts of VISTA vol with them, he had to say he agreed with standing of the needs of these Alaskans: This unteers. For example, results of a recent them. election in one such village were broug-ht to Obviously, Mr. Johnson did not in this in is only the beginning, however. In the next the attention of interior Alaska residents year you will gain an education that could stance add much to the debate. Wha.t is never be acquired in a formal institution of through a letter written to a major news needed ,is to see where the administration paper l;>y a volunteer. liviflg t~re .. agrees a.nd disagrees with the Kenn-a~-Gavin learning. VISTA ... volunteers are now conducting • Most of you, I understand, will be alisign~ adult basic education and/or preschool edu thesis: to areas of western and southeastern Alaska. cation courses in 10 northern and western They agree at several points: The United Here you will face a great challenge, perhaps' Alaska villages. Such educational progra.:t:ns States has a vital stake in the peace and t'.qe greatest of your life. Much remains to are vitally needed if our village people are to freedom of southeast Asia, should not quit be done. to assist the native peoples of south be brough,t into the mid-20th century. :fighting, should not pull.out of Vietnam. eastern Alaska make better lives for them At ·no other time in our history have con . They disagree -on strategy. The Kennan s,elves. But in other areas of 'the State th~s ditions for improving the lot of our people Gavin view is that we ought to stay closer task is so staggering that only through the~ been as good as they ·are today. We are in to safe enclav.es, quit trying to find and de combined efforts of the Federal Government, deed fortunate to have in the White House a stroy the Vietcong, and hang on until the State and local comml.inities can it be suc sensitive, compassionate . ;nan who sees pov Communists agree to. negotiate. qessfully accomplished. ertr as a degrading blight and is waging total Here· you ha\'e your choice as to which ' Poverty is poverty no matter where it 1s war against it through such programs a;s the stTaitegy is mofe deslraible: fot- the United found. In certain remote areas of Alaska it. one in -which you h~ve enlisted. · States and south Vietn-amese forces to take is unusually acute. ou volunteers will have Youryery presence i~· the,49th State is evi the war to the enemy or to let the enemy your work cut out for you. I am sure some dence in itself of the dedicated concern and occupy more of the country and take the of you wonder precisely what you will b~ desire of individual Americans to exert every, war to us. doh;1g in the villages to which you will be effort to construct.ively approach the ta,Sk But whichever side of this coin you prefer, assigned....:....and I am equally sure that after that will be done. The citizens of Ala.Ska's ther,e remains a crucial difference between you have arrived you will find yourselves capital city and of Alli.Ska itself are proud the .administration and the critics. extremely busy.. If you did no more than that you are here. we· are somewhat bum Are we involved in an unlimited war in articulate the special; pressing needs of these ·bled that e~h of you is Willing to make such Vietnam which can only l~M. to Peiping's villages,' you . would be performing a great personal sacr.tfice in behalf of helping your entering it? , .. ~rvice .' :{3ut· with your education and train fellow ., human beings. The President's position is that we 'are not ing-and your desire to lend a helping hand In concluding, I want to congratulate you conducting an unlimited waf and that events you will be able to do much more. In no on completing your trainln.g and thank you· e\7en ,more than argument, prove 'it. It is other :situation would you have such an for the effor.t you will s9on be making on 'be shown· in the fact that the- United States opportunity to use your own judgment and half 01! ' fellow Americans who desperaltely is not using its vast power to attack the implement ideas. I.t should be .kept in mind need help. We cannot consider ourselves a North Vietnamese people, is not trying to the villages in which you will serve have t.ruly prosperous nation until all of our peo bring down the Hanoi government but to ~ked for you. And, ~lways remember that. ple are leading healthy, productive lives. bring it to the peace table, and is keeping the µne Alaskans with whom you will be J Y.ou, realize j;htS1, and are doing something a careful checkre.in on the bombing. working are able, intelligent cii(izens. · about it, whiyh ~ to your everlasting credit. - why aren't these facts conclusive? To Living conditions in the villages of west As you prepare to leave for assignments far many they are, but some critics still con ern and southeastern Alaska will undoubt from your homes, ·I wa11t to wish you suc tend that, while we may not be conducting edly shock some of you, Housing is woe cess and a merry Christmas and happy New unliniitetl war, we are committed to it be fully ··.inadequate. Mrs. Marie McGuire, Yea:r. ' cause ot o:ur ,goal to secure self-determina Commissioner of the PUblic Housing Admin tion for the people of South Vietnam by istration, commented after touring this area ending the aggression 1one way or another. last month that she had never seen worse BASIC DiiSAGREEMENT ON VIETNAI\4 In judging this argument, which is cen conditions. ·Mr. McGEE. Mr·. President, Roscoe trru, I ~hink you have to find ~inst the . Mrs. McGuire had come to A!as~a tq par critics. · They offer no proof that we _ a~e Drummond has, in his column published 1 ticipate 1n the Alaska Native Housing Con this mq,rning in_the W. ashington Post and committed to unlimited war. We are con ference, the :first such conference ever held. d-q~tingr a limited'. war ;for a limited objec~ , Its ~urpose was to consider ways and means other newspapers, put- his finger· pn the tive--to -secure for the '.People of South Viet· of providing adequate ho.using for , those essentiaLdifference· between. tbe parties n.am the right to choo.se thelt own form . of Al_ask~s who, ,with one (ooj; in the past and to debate over this . Nation's Vietna.mt goiv.eri:itnent. . r February 18, 1,966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD .- _SENATE 3433 This may well· mean a long war. as Gen. Pressures are to be mounted on our friends about polluting the Nation's rivers, lakes, Earle Wheeler, Chairman of the Joint Chief·s and allies to cease delivery of supplies to and streams. of Staff, has frankly said. But its purpose Vietnam; to join us in our defense of free "Unless you've been on this spot," he said is to win our objective in a way that wm dom in southeast Asia, and to use th~ir good the other day, "you just can't imagine the not put us at war with Red China. influences and economic pressure to help pressures and the v111fication ;we're subjected I suspect this makes sense to most Amer convince the Communist leaders ·of Hanoi, to." icans. Peiping, and Moscow that the era of winning His official title ls Chief Enforcement Officer new territory and subjecting free people to of the Division of Water Supply and Pollu tyranny by military conquest is over and that tion Control of the Department of Health, WHAT LOOMS AHEAD IN VIETNAM? today's world will no longer countenance the Education, and Welfare's Public Health Serv Mr. MUNDT. Mr. President, next promotion of area wars of aggression which ice. might lead to global confilcit. He is sometimes known more simply as Monday noon I am scheduled to deliver It is to be hoped that an early clarification Mr. Clean Water. an address before the Cosmopolitan Club and crystallization of our American position He speaks with an accent that betrays his of Sioux Falls, S. Dak., in which I am to and policies in Vietnam w111 help produce a Brooklyn background and almost always uses deal with our American foreign policy, national unity of purpose in this cruel war the plural pronoun "we" so that, from one the war in Vietnam, and what is now which will help convince our Communist sentence to another, it is difficult to know emerging from the Senate Foreign Re foes that neither dissention in the ranks of whether he means "I" or "Peter Kuh (his lations Committee hearings in ever-in our public officials nor a division among our assistant) and me" or all the 300 people in creasing clarity as the outlines and people will cause our Naition to accept defeat his branch. and to surrender another large area of the Murray Stein is a short man with a round, guideposts of our policies. free worla to the grasping tyranny of godless almost cherubic face and a round belly that To be sure that my views and obser communism. · rolls out over his belt, the result of countless vations are · available to the President Intell1gence reports indicate that our ad luncheons, banquets, and excessively nour and to those charged with the respon versaries read into our differences of opinion ishing hotel, and restaurant meals eaten at sibility of making the day-to-day tacti far more than is intended so that the net odd hours as he whips back and forth across cal and diplomatic decisions in the deli result is to discourage the aggressors from the country in a single-minded and unremit cate areas of our military maneuvers and coming to the peace table and to encourage ting battle against pollution. our quest for peace, I ask unanimous them to continue fighting even after com "We'll go anywhere, do anything to clean monsense begins to tell them military vic up the water,'' he says. "We'll talk to a Con consent that excerpts of my address to be ~ory has become impossible. gressman * * * we'll make a speech • * • we'll made in Sioux Falls be printed at this do anything to get people moving. point in the RECORD. "We're always pleading * • • pushing • • • There being no objection, the excerpts MR. CLEAN WATER needling * * * threatening." were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Mr_. METCALF. Mr. President, I read Over the last decade, this pleading and as follows: threatening has resulted in the cleanup--or with interest a story in the supplement specific, enforcible plans for the cleanup- WHAT Loo~s AHEAD IN VIETNAM? of the February 6 Sunday Washington of 8,000 miles of American waterways. But (Excerpts of address by Senator KARL MUNDT, Star. in the Pl'.Ocess, Stein has come into bitter Republican, of South Dakota, member of Written by Orr Kelly, and entitled conflict with a virtual who's who of Ameri the Senate Committee on Foreign Rela "Mr. Clean Water," it is about Mr. Mur can industry and with the politicians of some tions, before the Cosmopolitan Club of ray Stein, chief enforcement officer of of the Nation's major crisis-whose inade Sioux Falls, S. Dak.) the Division of Water Supply and Pollu quate sewage treatment plants arcl among With regard to Vietnam, the present mood tion Control of the Department of the major sources of pollution. in Washington reflects a growing conviction Through formal enforcement conferences- that no quick and easy peace terms are likely Health, Education, and Welfar'e•s Public usually called by a ·state Governor--Stein to evolve out of recent efforts to bring our Health Service. has managed to cut the level of radiation in Communist adversaries to the peace table or It is always gratifying for me to see the Colorado River, convince the city of De through the approaches being made through public officials given due recognition, troit to stop dirtying the Detroit River, set in the U.N. particularly Mr. Stein. He has worked motion a cleanup of Lake Erie, get New York On the brighter side of the ledger, admin with the water pollution control program and New Jersey moving on the problem of the istration spokesmen appear confident that since its inception. His was the key role filthy Hudson, clamp down on the release of no sharp or serious escalation of the war in in the development of that program. pesticides into the Mississippi, and get the Vietnam aippears likely on the basis of cur cities and industries around Lake Michigan rent information. From 1948 to 1955 in the General working together to keep the lake from be Out of the general floor debate in the Sen Counsel's Office, and since that time as coming a cesspool. ate and the continuing public hearings being chief of enforcement, he has developed Stein has conducted 38 conferences, con held by the Senate Committee on Foreign policies in all aspects of the attack on cerning 1,200 cities and an equal number of Relations, certain guidelines to our present pollution contained in the new Federal industries, from United States Steel to a and developing plans for Vietnam are be Water Pollution Control Act. small, family-owned rendering plant. Almost coming increasingly clear. Mr: Stein was a key man in establish every conference has involved "a real tough It is anticipated that President Johnson situation • * • a long-festering sore." will take some early opportunity to sum ing the program of Federal grants to The formal agreement that usually comes marize in a public statement the whys, municipalities for the construction of out of such enforcement conferences is just wherefores, and wheretos of our American waste treatment facilities. He led the the beginning. position aind plans in Vietnam There is development of a suggested design for "We're not interested in what's on paper,'' also a grov•lng possibil1ty that a declaration State pollution control laws, as a result Stein says. "We're not interested in a se of policy updating and redefining our na of which more than half the States have mantic cleanup. You can't fool any of the tional policies in that area of the world may improved their pollution control legisla people any of the time that way anymore." be coming from the President to Congress for Stein demands a program of action-and debate and action. tion since 1948. he demands that it be carried out. Patience, punishment of the enemy, and At this point, Mr. President, I ask "As long as a guy goes along, we'll do any pressures of accelerated intensity on both unanimous consent that the article be thing to help,'' Stein insists. "We'll put a friend and foe appear to be the key factors in inserted in the RECO.RD. staff at his disposal, we'll meet with him any the administration's program as it is now There being no objection, the article time or any place. We'll be on the phone any being disclosed to public view in our com was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, time he needs us. mittee hearing room by Government wit as follows: "But 1f he says he's going to do something nesses and the flow of information coming by the 18th and it isn't done, there'll be a out of the questions and answers involved MR. CLEAN WATER letter on his desk on the 19th asking why in the sessions of our Committee on Foreign (By Orr Kelly) not. Relations. It is not true that everybody hates Mur "If he balks, we put on constant pressure. Patience is to be pl'acticed in avoiding ray Stein. We're always leaning." precipitous actions and in continuing the Why, there are people who don't even know Stein and his staff can also be sympathetic quest for peace through negotiations or U.N. him. when polluters run into tough technical or actions. The enemy is to be subjected to But the hate level is high among those he :financi•al problems. steadily increasing punishment both in has dealt with. In Chicago, representatives of the Federal l!louth and North Vietn~ in the hope such Psychologists tell us that hate is actually Government, the States of Illinois and In punishment will convince the Communist a projection of our own feelings of guilt diana, the city of Chicago, and industry have aggressors that their hope for conquest is and inadequacy onto someone else and Mur been meeting for more than 6 months to try futne· and that a long war will prove devas ray Stein has made himself a prime target and work out some difficult technical prob tating to their unholy plans. for those who have reason to feel guilty lems. 3434 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE February 18, ~966 "We've met 26 times in the last 6 months Since that editorial appeared it has they are wrong," he continued. "There are, an average of 3 working days every 2 weeks. been printed and reprinted in many areas thank God, plenty of 'squares' still around. They thought they could do it in 6 months of the country. In last week's highly There is a spark of patriotism running down but they strove mightily and failed. So deep in more hearts than you can imagine we've extended the time." regarded and widely circulated news .and these letters prove it." Stein tries to be in his office in Washington magazine, U.S. News & World Report, Mcintosh looks on anti-American demon on Mondays and Fridays, keeping the mid it was the featured piece on the page strators as scum on the water. "It could dle days of the week free for travel. In his usually reserved for the observations of pollute us, but I doubt that it will," he con office, he makes it a practice to take the the great and good David Lawrence, cluded. papers out of his in-basket in the order they himself. A TIRED AMERICAN GETS ANGRY come, taking the tough decisions right along In last Sunday's issue of the Daily with the easy ones. "I Mn a tired American. When he's out of town, he is almost auto Argus Leader, of Sioux Falls, S. Oak., "I'm tireq of being called the ugly Amer matically somewhere west of Washington the largest newspaper in a five-State ican. and thus has the advan~e of the time dif area, Bob Renshaw, the roving reporter "I'm tired of having the world panhandlers ference. He rises religiously at 6 a.m.-al for the Argus, wrote a fascinating fea use my country as a whipping boy 365 days though he is seldom in bed before mid ture article about Al Mcintosh and his a year. night-and frequently spends a half hour on unusual editorial. I ask unanimous con "I am a tired American-weary of having the phone to his Washington office making American embassies and information centers sent to have that feature printed at this stoned, burned, and sacked by mobs operat the decisions that wm keep his staff busy for point in my remarks, together with the the day. Except when he's flying-about ing under orders from dictators who preach 100,000 miles a year-he's usually close to a editorial itself, for the benefit of those peaee and breed conflict. phone. Once, when he was driving in Ha who may not have read it. "I am a tired American, wearied of being waii, a highway patrolman pulled him over There being no objection, the article lectured by General de Gaulle (who never to tell him Washington wanted him on the was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, won a battle) who poses as a second Jehovah phone. as fallows: · in righteousness and wisdom. · His staff thus feels the Stein presence even "I am a tired American, weary of Nasser LUVERNE PuBLISHER GETS NATIONWIDE and all the other bloodsucking leeches who when he is far away. Some of them hate RESPONSE it and go so far as to call it meddling. bleed Uncle Sam white and who kick him on others "try to butter me up," he says. The (By Bob Renshaw) the shins and yank his beard if the flow rest are indifferent. LUVERNE, MINN.-Pent-up frustration over falters. "We don't care," he says. "If a man pro changing attitudes toward America and "I am a tired American • * • choked up duces and is interested in clean water, we can Americans led Alan C. Mcintosh, publisher to here on this business of trying to intimi adapt to wide extremes in character." of the Rock County Star-Herald, to write date our Government by placard, picket line Stein, who was at the top of his class at an editorial, "A Tired American Gets Angry.'' and sit-in by the hordes of the dirty, un George Washington University Law School, In the latest issue of U.S. News & World washed who rush to man the barricades has managed to surround himself with bright Report magazine, it appears on David Law against the forces of law, order, and decency. people. rence's editorial page. "I am a tired American, weary of the beat "Smart," he exclaims. "We don't have "I doubt if I could write it again and niks who say they should have the right to anything else but smart guys. What we're sometimes wonder if I really did write it," determine what laws of the land they are looking for is production. We've got some he said in telling of the huge amount of wllling to obey. real hot shots and we let them go full speed. correspondence it has generated. He said "I am a tired American-fed up with the We'll give a guy as much delegation as he can he doesn't know how many hundreds of mobs of scabby-faced, long-haired youths and swallow. We'll keep him busy as long as he newspapers; including a small weekly in Cor short-haired girls who claim they represent wants to work." dova, Alaska, have reprinted the editorial. the 'new wave' of America, and who sneer at A sizable amount of Stein's time outside It has also been used in Jewish, Protestant, the old-fashioned virtues of honesty, integ Washington is spent with members of his and Catholic publications. rity, and morality on which America grew to field staff. Mcintosh pointed out that he is older than greatness. "I'm in Washington. I can talk to other the average father of a 17-year-old daughter "I am a tired American, weary unto death people," he explains. "But the guys out and that since she was 4, the family has done of having my tax dollars go to dictators who in the field are alone. They've got the lone considerable traveling, including several play both sides against the middle with liest, hardest job in the world. Our first trips abroad. During these trips he has ob threats of what will happen if we cut off function is to keep them going, to back served a changing attitude toward Americans the golden stream of dollars. them up. They're subjected to rigorous and an arrogance which has built up in many "I am a tired American • • • nauseated pressure-personally, technically, profession foreigners with whom he came in contact. by the lazy do-nothings who wouldn't take ally." a job if you drove them to and from work in References heard overseas and at home to a Rolls Royce. Stein's home, which he manages to visit "Ugly Americans," reflections on trying to once in a while, is at 4116 Elizabeth Lane, "I am a tired American-who is tired of share a measure of good things we have as supporting families who haven't known any Fairfax. He has a wife, Anne, and two Americans with the rest of the world and daughters, Toby Jean, 19, an American Uni other source of income other than govern finding ourselves practically friendless, and ment relief checks for three generations. versity student, and Judith, 14, a freshman frustrations over some of America's policies and a cheerleader at Woodson High School. "I am a tired American who ts getting led Mcintosh to write the editorial in haste. madder by the minute at the filth peddlers At $16 a day, Stein's Government per It was set into type and lay around for diem allowance doesn't come close to cover who have launched America in an obscenity several weeks, coming close to being thrown race • • • who try to foist on us the belief ing his costs away from home. His loss, he into the hellbox before extra type was needed figures, is about $1,200 a year. that filth is an integral part of culture • • • on the editorial page one day last May. in the arts, the movies, literature, the stage "I complain about pollution," he said dur Representative ANCHER NELSON, Republican, ing a recent interview in his $14-a-day motel (and the mobs who see Lenny Bruce as of Minnesota, had it inserted in the CoNGRES· brightly amusing and Norman Mailer as room in Atlanta. "You know what my wife SIONAL RECORD and newspapers reprinted it. complains about? She says: 'You're not only compelling). I'm tired of these artists who Letters began arriving from people of all scavenge in the cesspools for inspiration and away from home all the time, but it costs walks of life, including the beatniks. But you money, too.' " who refuse to look up at the stars. 98 percent of them, Mcintosh said, "were "I am a tired American-weary of the beautiful-almost beyond belief.'' He indi bearded bums who tramp the picket lines cated that for an editor who is accustomed to and the sit-ins-who prefer Chinese commu "I AM A TIRED AMERICAN" ROLLS being damned for what he writes, it is a nism to capitalism-who see no evil in Cas ON pleasant change of pace to have 7 out of 10 tro, but sneer at President Johnson as a letters say "God bless you.'' threat to peace. Mr. MUNDT. Mr. President, out in "The letters are repayment enough for "I am a tired American-who has lost all Luverne, Minn., a great and widely read handling the aftermath of The Tired Amer patience with that civil rights group which editor, Alan C. Mcintosh, editor-pub ican," he continued. Six or seven letters a is showing propaganda movies on college lisher of the Rock County Star-Herald, day began arriving and Mcintosh answered campuses from coast to coast. Movies de sat down some weeks ago and batted out each one with a personal reply. Then the nouncing the United States. Movies made on his typewriter his inner-most reac New York American reprinted the editorial in Communist China. tions and frank observations concerning and "the roof fell in," he said, By mid "I am a tired American, who is angered by this great country of ours and some of its November it was necessary to resort to a form the self-righteous breast-beater critics o! letter in answering correspondence. America, at home and abroad, who set im deviations from the concepts which have He referred to demonstrations against our possible yardsticks for the United States made it great and kept it strong. He Government and the American way of life. but never apply the same standards to the expressed himself under the heading: "If anyone thinks these pickets are repre French, the British, the Russians, the "I Am a Tired American." sentative of majority opinion in America, Chinese. February 18, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 3435 "I am a tired American who resents the Empire engulfed this defenseless coun expending tons of ordnance on and risking pimply faced beatniks who try to represent try, and the chains of slavery once again the lives of American flyers are of question Americans as the bad guys on the black bound the Lithuanians. Since that time able value. And I think we should go after horses. targets that will really hurt these peo "I am a tired American who is weary of they have lived under the tyranny of ple • • • that really will reduce their ca some Negro leaders who, for shock purposes, Russia. However, their spirit of free pacity to wage war and their willingness to scream four letter words in church meetings. dom has not been crushed. Harsh re fight a war out of North Vietnam. "I am a tired American-sickened by the pression cannot quench the hope of a ANNOUNCER. With his intimate knowledge slack-jawed bigots who wrap themselves in people who have the spirit of freedom so of the situation which exists in southeast bedsheets in the dead of night and roam the deeply rooted in their hearts and minds. Asia, Senator TOWER has been asked by the countryside looking for innocent victims. We cannot for one moment forget Texas Congressional Report Committee to "I am a tired American who dislikes clergy bring to the people of our State the story men who have made a career out of integra these victims of communism. The burn behind the story • • • blunt, plain talk that tion causes, yet send their own children to ing hope of the brave Lithuanians to once will help each of us to better understand private schools. again live in peace cannot be allowed to the significance of a war that's being fought "I am a tired American who resents those dim. Lithuanian Independence Day is halt a. world away. who try to peddle the belief in schools and a day not only for r.ecalling the bravery Senator TOWER. Vietnam is, indeed, a colleges that capitalism is a dirty word and and spirit of the Lithuanian people, but troubled and troubling land. It is not easy that free enterprise and private initiative for remembering also the millions of peo to trace the history of how we got there. are only synonyms for greed. Now we're there, it's not easy to understand "They say they hate capitalism, but they ple under the iron hand of slavery in why we•re there. Nor is it easy to predict are always right in the head of the line de other parts of the world. We salute what lies ahead. Communism does not manding their share of the American way of Lithuania on this day, knowing that their choose battlegrounds that will be easy for life. desire for freedom has not faded. the defenders of freedom. We have today in "I am a tired American who gets more than Vietnam some 200,000 of the bravest, most a little bit weary of the claque in our State talented, best trained American soldiers who Department who choose to regard a policy of SENATOR TOWER SPEAKS OUT ON ever have defended the interests of the timidity as prudent • • • the same group VIETNAM United States. They are spread the length who subscribe to a 'no win' policy in Vietnam. and breadth of South Vietnam-in the "I am a tired American-real tired of those Mr. SIMPSON. Mr. President, many jungles, the swamps, the mountains and the who are trying to sell me the belief that of our distinguished colleagues have coastal sands. America is not the greatest nation in all the been joining in recent days in the in Our 1st Infantry Division-the Big Red world-a generous-hearted nation-a nation creasing dialog about Vietnam. It has 1-and our 101st Airborne Division-the dedicated to the policy of trying to help the come to my attention that the Senator Screaming Eagles--face the Communists hav·e-nots achieve some of the good things around Saigon. In the strategically vital that our system of free enterprise brought from Texas [Mr. TOWER] has presented midsection of the country we have com about. his views to his State in a special public mitted our new, powerful, helicopter "I am an American who gets a lump in his service television appearance. equipped 1st Air Cavalry Division and jungle throat when he hears the 'Star Spangled In order that other Senators may have trained troops from the Hawaii-based 25th Banner' and who holds back tears when he . an opportunity to share his views, 'based Infantry Division. They operate from such hears those chilling high notes of the brassy on his recent, extensive tour of the com bases as Pleiku and Ankhe. To the north, trumpets when Old Glory reaches the top of bat area, I ask unanimous consent that hard by the 17th parallel, the 3d Marine Di the flagpole. vision is dug in defending Chu Lai and Da "I am a tired American • • • who wants a transcript of that program be printed Nang. Throughout the central highlands to start snapping at those phoney high in the RECORD. and along the borders with Laos and Cam priests who want us to bow down and wor There being no objection, the tran bodia are stretched the dozens of fortified ship their false idols and who seek to de script was ordered to be printed in the camps manned by our elite special forces stroy the belief that America is the land of RECORD, as follows: troops • • • bastions of liberty in a sea Of the free and the home of the brave. SENATOR JOHN TOWER SPEAKS OUT ON Red guerrilla activity • • • the fighting spe "I am a tired American who thanks a VIETNAM cialists of green beret fame. merciful Lord that he was so lucky to be I inspected the advance camp of the U.S. born · an American citizen-a nation under ANNOUNCER. This is Vietnam. Why are special forces at Buon Ea Yang near the God with truly mercy and justice for all." we there? What kind of war are we fight Laotian border. These troops, often called ing? When will it end? Although thou America's fierce frontline guerrillas, live up Mr. MUNDT. Mr. President, ·a long sands upon thousands of words have been to their reputations. One of the interesting time ago an editor by the name of Wil written about this distant, tormented land, twists to my tour of this camp came when liam Allen White made quite a reputa many of us here at home remain troubled I was shown a new elementary school which tion for himself writing an editorial en about what we're doing there-where we're was completed last fall. The special forces titled, I believe, "What's Wrong With the heading-what we can do to end the fighting. unit supervised the construction and paid Texas' U.S. Senator, JOHN TowER, is inti for all the nails and the chains used for State of Kansas?" Writing as he does mately acquainted with the problems of Viet about a far larger and more important swings. One hundred and seventy-five chil nam. As a member of the Senate Armed dren are being taught by four teachers in subject, it appears probable that Al Mc Services Committee, Senator TOWER has been this remote Rhade tribe village; a side of Intosh is about to attract to himself na to southeast Asia. He has talked with and the story rarely told of our participation in tional attention even beyond that which worked with all the top American officials this war. attached itself on that occasion to Mr. involved in this frontllne struggle against Besides these major ground units, the U.S. White. Communist aggression. He has been in the Air Force has men and planes operating from field. He has learned from the American men such bases as Bien Hoa, Tan Son Nhut, Cam and officers on the scene their assessment Rlanh Bay, and Nha Trang. In addition, there THE BRAVE PEOPLE OF LITHUANIA of the war. Senator TowER has recently re are air support bases in Thailand--only a turned from this tour-in-depth of the explo few miles away across the narrow reach of Mr. ·yoUNG of Ohio. Mr. President, sive southeast Asian region. Back in Wash Laos. Off the coast lie the ships of the U.S. February 16 is a .day that should be re ington, he reported what he saw and heard 7th Fleet. Small river craft and coastal membered by all of us. On this day, 48 to fellow members of the Senate Armed patrol boats play relentlessly back and forth years ago, the brave people of Lithuania Services Committee and the Capitol press. interdicting the Red's sea supply lines. declared their independence from Rus Senator TOWER. The most impressive thing From the decks of the carriers, Navy pilots sia, after having been dominated by this is the fighting quality of the American sol contribute their strength. And from the sup dier. I think this is by far the best gen port ships comes covering gunfire to back up powerful country for more than 120 eration of fighting men we've produced. our land artillery. And, behind this massive years. Great progress was made in this They're hard chargers, they'll go day in and commitment of U.S. force-some 10 times Balkan nation in education, social wel day out. They don't gripe. They have high more than we had in Vietnam a year ago fare, and transportation, and after so morale. And, they're doing a good job for lie the support facilities of the Philip':" many years of subjugation its people the American people • • • there's a general pines • • • Subic Bay Naval Base and Clark knew the taste of democracy. The spirit feeling that we should close the harbor at Airfield at Manila. Beyond, in the Pacific, of the Lithuanian people earned the ad Haiphong. They feel that there are a lot are the Guam base of the Strategic Air Com of supplies coming through there. The mand and the headquarters and supply facil miration of the world. SAM's-surface to air missiles-are being ities of Hawaii • • • where only a few days After 22 years of peace and prosperity, brought in through Haiphong. They feel ago President Johnson met with leaders of however, the citizens of Lithuania be that we should interdict the northeastern South Vietnam to pledge whatever is neces came.the victims of ruthless invasion and railway spur into China. There's a feeling sary to contain the spread of communism oppression. In World War II the Soviet that some of . the targets that we are now in southeast Asia. 3436 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE Febr-uary 18, 1966 So, thl& 1s the present U.S. commitment to certainly will not be convicted of that if we mitted since the Marshall plan of the 1940's. Vietnam. It approaches the manpower we abandon Vietnam. When this policy was adopted some 20 years placed in Korea a decade ago, and it vastly The United States ls not at fault in this ago, the free world was just beginning to outstrips Koree. in terms of firepower and battle, as some of the peaceniks and beatniks learn about the methods of Communist con maneuver capability. This ls not a commit would have us believe. The United States quest. ment to be lightly regarded. It was placed did not attack across a sovereign boundary In the years just after World War II, we in southeast Asia because we mean busi in Korea. The United States did not block saw those nations which were occupied by ness • • • and we mean for the Communists ade Berlin nor build a wall. The United Soviet armies deliberately remolded into Red to understand that. I was tremendously im States did not crush Hungarian freedom regimes. This liquidation of opposition oc pressed by the American men who are help with the weight of tanks. The United States curred throughout Eastern Europe. Outside ing defend the independence of South Viet did not subjugate the Cuban people. The the nations occupied by Soviet troops, there nam. These men are hard fighters. United States did not send guerrilla terrorists lay a tier of nations left in confusion and Texas--! should add here--is well repre into Venezuela or Colombia or the Domini poverty by the ravages of World War II. In sented among the dedicated men of our his can Republic. The United States did not these nations, the Reds mounted internal toric 101st Airborne Division. As well as in break the Geneva accords by terrorist at subversion controlled from the outside by other units such as the 3d Marine Division tacks in Laos and South Vietnam. Communist masters. Eventually, the Com in combat areas around Da Na.ng-up near America has been on the right side of these munists made armed bids to overthrow ex the big pressure point around the 17th events. Communism has been in the wrong. isting governments.· This was the aggression parallel dividing North and South Vietnam. It is communism which continues to en we confronted and defeated in Iran, Greece, We toured this area with Maj. Marc Moore danger world peace and world order. It is and Turkey. from Dallas. America which defends world order and Next, the Communists did away with pre At the Da Nang hospital, I talked with strives for world peace. tense and openly invade the Republic of casualties of a hundred nameless but bloody I'm sure no loyal American believes we South Korea with Red units supplied from skirm1shes. We stopped in the vlllage of Le should stand by indifferently while commu bases outside the attacked country. Allied My which is renowned for Vietcong raids and nism takes over the rest of the world. I take armed forces came to the aid of South Korea, ambushes and saw firsthand the war's im it for granted that every intelligent person and remain on guard there. pact on civilians. I was briefed by one of realizes America could not long survive as a Having seen their previous tactics of con our Navy doctors on the worsening health free nation in a world that was completely quest thwarted, the Communists now have conditions which pose a threat worse than communistic outside of America. And, I be shifted to what they call wars of national the guerrillas. lieve everyone agrees that somewhere, some liberation. This method combines internal Fighting men like these are doing a mag how, we must draw the line against further subversion with an elaborate and reprehen nificent job for the free world. They're stop Communist expansion in Asia, just as we sible reign of terrorism and with eventual in ping communism in its tra-cks, and they have drawn it in Europe. troduction into a nation of Communist believe it's worth the effort. America wants The question that has troubled some troops from outside. That's what we are up peace. We want nations left alone by their Americans, therefore, is not whether such a against in South Vietnam today. The fate neighbors to grow and prosper as they will. line should be drawn, but where such a line of the people of South Vietnam is of the same Last April, President Johnson accurately de· should be drawn. I think we have been vital concern to Americans as was the fate of fined our position in this struggle when he right in drawing the line in Vietnam. Be others we have helped. spoke in Baltimore. es.use, if this line falls, it wm be infinitely Today, we face an aggress~ve Communist President JOHNSON. Our goal is to guar difficult, perhaps impossible, to draw any China which adheres to the militant Red Jl.Iltee the independence of South Vietnam. realistic line of defense any place short of philosophy displayed by Russia two decades Senator TOWER. We want a peace lesson to Hawaii. ago in Europe. The Chinese Communists be learned by the Asian Communists today We need but look at the map to see the have made it clear that Vietnam is another in this small country-just as it was learned strategic geographic position of southeast test of their strategy for conquest. by the Russians in Europe and Latin America. Asia. Here, of course, are the Vietnams, However, the Chinese Reds have shown an By standing firm today, we are avoiding a Laos, and Cambodia. The area we used to understanding of free world power. There 1s bigger battle later. By standing firm today, call Indochina. All this area is being ac no place in the world the Chinese Reds would we are doing all we can do to guarantee peace tively threatened by the Reds. Right next rather have than the island of Formosa. for the world's future. door in Thailand, the beginnings of Red guer But, they recognize the massive force America Vietnam cannot be divorced from the long rilla terrorism has been detected. Should can and will bring to bear to prevent their term, main-event struggle against commu Indochina and Thailand fall tp aggressive invasion of that island. This same apprecia nism. This confrontation with the Reds has Asian communism the Reds would have tion of U.S. power has prevented the Chinese been going on throughout the 20 years since opened new doors for the export of subver Reds from directly confronting the United the end of World War II. Vietnam is but an sion, not only across the South China Sea States in South Vietnam. episode in a drama that previously involved toward the Philippines, Malaya, Indonesia, Quite bluntly, Red China has too much to Berlin, Iran, Turkey, Greece, Italy, Malaysfa, Australia, and New Zealand; but even more lose at home. If she were to intervene in the Philippines, ·Korea, Cuba, Lebanon, and importantly, across the vast Indian Ocean Vietnam, American jets could easily reduce the Dominican Republic. which washes India and Pakistan the vitai her budding nuclear industry to ruin and This drama began in 1949 when a land and always volatile Middle East; . and no less virtually wipe out an her other limited indus blockade of Berlin's Allied sectors was started than eight nations of Africa. trial capacity. April 1 by the Soviet military government, If South Vietnam falls to communism, We should say something here about this which refused to permit United States and there is virtually no hope Laos and Cam word "sanctuary." All Americans recall that British supply trains to pass through the bodia can hold out. Thailand, Burma, in the Korean war, our Nation granted the Soviet zone of Germany. This blockade and Malaya, and Indonesia would feel strong pres Red Chinese sanctuary behind their own a Western counterblockade were lifted Sep sures to seek an accommodation with the borders. That is, despite the Chinese inter tember 30, after British and United States Communists. Should the Reds then gain a vention into the Korean war, we never planes had airlifted ove·r 2 mi111on tons of foothold in Burma, the coastal invasion route bombed the supply lines and troop concen food and coal into western Berlin. into India and East Pakistan would lie ex tration points just across the Yalu River in We were put to the test again in Korea posed to · Communist exploitation. India's Chinese Manchuria. We have indicated to early in the 1950's. And later when attempts flank would be turned. Should the Reds gain the Communists that this time there will be by several factions to undermine the pro a dependable foothold in the islands of no sanctuary. Indeed, our selective bombing Western administration of Lebanon led to Malaysia and Indonesia, the Philippines of pinpoint m111tary target.6 in North Vietnam open revolt in May 1958. President Dwight would be threatened from three sides, and illustrates that we will not allow the aggressor Eisenhower sent marines in reply to Leba the unprotected northern coast of Australia nation safe sanctuary in which to build, re non's call for help and Great Britain sup would invite infiltration. group, and support attacks. ported the American position. The revolt And, should the Reds gain control of the Knowing she cannot expect sanctuary, Red dwindled and American forces were with crucial sealane at Singapore--the Straits of China must weigh what she has to lose at drawn in October 1958. Malacca-all free world shipping could be home against what little she could realis And then the showdown in Cuba • • • forced into long, and more dangerous detours tically hope to . gain by intervening directly when the Soviet offensive buildup was re perhaps clear around the underbelly of Aus in South Vietnam. vealed to the American people by President tralia. Therefore, the interests of our Na In addition, Red China faces formidable Kennedy, who ordered a naval and air quar tion and of the entire free world are involved supply problems in any anticipated interven antine on shipment of offensive m111tary in preventing communism's capture of such tion into South Vi.etnam. The part of China equipment to the island-the showdown a key area of the world. bordering North Vietnam, Laos, and Burma which saw Soviet Premier Khrushchev order We are in Vietnam, also, because it ls in ls not a major industrial area as was the the missile bases in Cuba dismantled. our national interest to assist every nation, Manchurian border with North Korea. It We continue to have such episodes because large and small, which is seeking to defend it has only poorly developed transportation fa first the Soviet Communists and now the self against Communist subversion, infiltra cilities and is in most cases mountainous, even more aggressive Chinese Communists tion, and aggression. There ls nothing new difficult terrain. Supporting an army across have thought they can eventually have their about this particular policy. It is a policy, such a region would be extremely difficult for way by fighting. They are wrong, but they tn fact, to which America has been com- Red China. Our air power could destroy CONGRESSIONAL RECOR]) ...;_ $ENA.TE bridges and railroads in short oraer. There in Vietnam, anp, by w.inning we wm be going · to tb.e challenge of defeating communism fore, our military strategists frankly estimate a long way toward establishing world order and simultaneous~y building an intelligen~. that Red China could not put enough troops and world peace for the future. orcim'ly, free society for South Vietnam. I intoi southeast Asia to turn 'the tide of war How then, are we doing? What lies ahead? believe Americans can be proud of our Na against a determined. effort by the · United Our recent efforts to bring 1;he North Viet . tion's continuing dedication to the cause of States. South. Vietnam, and our ·allies. ·hamese to the conference table failed. We ' liberty. . · Thus, Red China's· threait·· to world order have bent over backward and walked· the Sometimes it seems that every generation and liberty can be effectively halted in thi~ extra mile in presenting our peace proposals .of Americans 'is called upon to make sacrifices place and at this time in world historyt. 1t throughout the world. We must continue in blood and treasure to preserve freedom. can be blunted today at far ·less cost to the these peace efforts. However, since the Com As' I visited the hospitals, I saw sights no free world than would be needed in a con munists have refused these approaches and American could soon forget. And yet, the frontation a few years hence. We must re are continuing their terrorism and aggres wounded men I saw understood-just as the member that by the 1970's, the Red Chinese sion in South Vietnam, we must -now in American people must understand-that we will have a limited nuclear weapon capa... tensify our military efforts until we convince are making our stand in Vietnam today t.o bility, and that within the decade of the them that. we are serious and that they can preclude a fight on a much broader front at 1970's, they will have some medium-range neither win nor afford to continue the con:;, much greater cost later on. missiles 1 wi~h nuclear warheads. Any at fiict. We can keep this conflict from spreading. tempt to achieve order in southeast Asia at Look:ing at the· situation in South Viet We can bring it to the conference table. We that time would be fraught with far more nam now, I believe it is cotrect--as Defense ,can guarantee :the independence of South danger and ·difficulty than we face in con Secretary McNamara has said-that· we have Vietnam. We can do our part to preserve fronting today a nonnuclear Red China. stopped losing the war. However, we have world order. We can do our part in achiev Therefore, we are in Vietnam not merely not yet taken decisive steps to start winning ing a lasting peace for mankind. to help the 14 million South Vietnamese it; Until we do, it is not likely the Reds The opposing of tyranny always is hard, defend themselves against communism, but will accept peace talks. but never is useless. The quest for peace because also at stake are the independence Both the American troops and officers I never is easy, but always is worth the effort. and freedom of 240 million people in south:.. saw in Vietnam and Thailand indicated to ANNOUNCER. Thank you, Senator TOWER. east Asia, and the future of fre~dom through me that they believe additional steps are This special program has been brought to out the Western Pacific, India, and Africa. necessary if the fighting 1s , to .be ended you as a public service. Senator JOHN Tow We are also in Vietnam because we have promptly with no unnecessary loss . of life. ER, a member of the Senate Armed Services pledged to assure the independence of South These men also said they were willing to do Committee, who has recently c·ompleted. an Vietnam, and America stands by her word. their part. Our mmta:ry efforts must, there extensive trip throughout the combat zone The record of Communist aggression in fore, continue. and who has talked and worked with all the South Vietnam is conclusive. Beyond ques The President 'may find it necessary to top· American officials involved, was asked to tion, North Vietnam is carrying out a care increase the American manpower on the speak bluntly on the current situation in fully conceived. plan of aggression against ground in South Vietnam and to interdict south Vietnam and the prospects for the fu the south. This aggression violates the the Ho Chi Minh trail. If this is m111tarily ture. If you would like to have a printed United Nations Charter. It is directly con necessary to speed the end of the war • • • transcript of this plain talk on Vietnam by trary to the Geneva accords of 1954 and of then I will support him and I hope all Amer U.S. Senator JOHN TOWER, please send your 1962 to which North Vietnam is a party. icans Will support him. name and address on a card or letter to Sen That Geneva agreement came after the It may become necessary to destroy cer a tor JoHN TowER, Federal Building, Austin, French were driven out ot southeast Asia by tain North Vietnamese industrial plants by Tex. 1 anticolonialistic forces. ·Geneva accords set bombing-perhaps plants near Hanoi. If this up both North Vietnam and South Viet;nam is militarily necessary to speed the end of and carefully provided that neither was to the war, I hope all Americans Will support A CRUCIAL SITUATION IN THE attack or attempt to subvert the Govern- .the effort. · SMALL ~USINESS ADMINISTRA ment of the other. · It may become necessary to close the port North Vietnam promptly ignored the of Haiphong. This is the port through which TION Geneva accords and began its systematic most of the Red's military supplies are re terrorism in.the south.' The people of South 'Mr. PELL. Mr. President, on the 27tll ceived. Through Haiphong come the anti ..of January of this' year I expressed my Vietnam have chosen to resist this threat. -aircraft missiles that have been shooting They have taken thousands of casualties do down American pilots. 'concern to my colleagues in the Senate ing it. At their request, the United States It ·should be pointed out. that it is possible in regard to the fact that since October has taken its, place beside them. So have to close this harbor and to deny these sup 11 the Small Business Administration South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand. has been unable to even entertain appli The United States seeks no territory from plies to 'the north without resorting ·· to a this war, no military bases, no t:avored treaty formal ship blockade. Mines can be placed cations for assistance under tpeir loan positions. If peace can be restored in South across the harbor closing it to shipping with._ program. Since that time this crucial out any U.S. ship being stationed on the situation has become more aggravated. Vietnam, the United States will be ready at scene. There need be no danger of a naval once to reduce its m111tary involvement. confrontation over this harbor closing. In :µiy own State of Rhode Island there But, we will nop abandon friends who want are approximately 25~500 small busi -' If this Haiphong· harbor closing becomes to remain free. , · nesses which employ about 122,000 em Our first national priority is and IJlUst ever militarily necessary in order to speed an end to the war, I hope-all Americans will support ployees. Rhode Island is without ques be the survival of our country and the sur is vival of a world climate of t:reedom in which the move. tion a State whose economy made up our country can grow and prosper. And, if There are other steps we can take to assist primarily of small business. In · fact the 20th century has taught man anything, our men in Vietnam. We can, and we 94.8 percent of our industry is considered it is that ~ survival and freedom cannot be should, provide them with the new light small business by the SBA. As a Sen purchased cheaply, in a discount store or weight M-16 jungle rifle. This M-16 rifle ator from Rhode Island I am impelled to bargain basement. is particularly well suited. to the type of speak out about the future of our small . Since World War ll America has.preserved combat they face. It is being built in in creasingly large numbers, and should be fur- businessmen. freedom and na~ional independence in more than half the earth. We have prevented nu nfshed to our men. ' In our desire in this administration to clear holoeaust. We have restored Westiarn These are just a few of the things we can create a Great Society, we should not Europe and Japan. We have helped friend do ·and may need ·to do to bring this war to create a society that would allow the and former fo~ to achieve prosperity, liberty, a close -and to bring the North Vietnamese to small businessman to disappear, like the and stabillty. We have launched the United the peace conference table. Whooping Crane. In saying this I rec Nations, and we have kept it alive. We have I think it should be pointed out that our ognize that Rhode Island small business offered the hand of friendship to the less soldiers, airmen, and marines are involved in men are an extremely hardy lot; and fortunate in this world, if they will but take far more than combat in South Vietnam. congratulate them on their hardiness. our hand. It may be said of America today, They are doing far more to contribute to as of no other nation in history, that when ev:entual peace and stability than meeting They have survived the exodus of major ever people are willing to stand up in de the enemy on the battlefields. They are textile industries to the south, an ex fense of their liberty, Americans will stand building schools, roads, and ports. They are tremely complex and sometimes arbi with them. teaching local leaders how to govern. They trary tax structure, and the increasing This ls the historical road that has led us -are teaching about sanitation, giving out lack of skilled labor. to Vietnam and this is the road which w111 soap and food, tending sores and wounds and But, as you know, Mr. President, the lead us to world peace. The United States tropical diseases--all in marked contrast to cannot, then, retreat from these heavy tasks the terror of the Vietcong, who close schools two main reasons for failures of small assigned to us by history and liberty. and even force children and women into com businesses are first, lack of manage We must do what is necessary to assure _bat situations. ment capabilities and second, lack of independence for south Vietnam and stabil I believe Americans can be particularly sufficient capital. Rhode Island small ity for the Western Pacific. We can w1n proud of the way our men are responding businessmen have proved by their very 3438 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE February 18, 1966 survival that they have first-rate man .this point, Mr. President, I would like plications for its ordinary small business agement capabilities. However, before a unanimous consent to insert these into loan program until further notice. the RECORD. A spokesman confirmed today tha.t the small business can grow and prosper, it cutoff in applications began October 12, must have sufilcient capital. There being no objection, the articles though no announcement was made at the Mr. President, when I spoke on this were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, time. The reason is ,a lack of funds. problem on January 27, I made reference as follows: The agency wm continue its antipoverty to a telegram that I addressed to Ross [From the Washintgon Post, Dec. 16, 1965] program of very small loans, running up to D. Davis, Executive Administrator of the SPARKMAN CHARGES SBA HALTS SMALL . $15,000. It will also continue its program Small Business Administration, in which BUSINESS LOANS of guarantees of private bank loafls, which can run as high as $350,000. I expressed the plight of a small busi (By William J. Raspberry) The Small Business Administration asked nessman in Rhode Island. I should like. The Small Business Administration has Congress for $450 .million for its loan pro to ask unanimous consent at this time to virtually stopped making loans to small busi gram for the present fiscal year, based on a insert into the RECORD the reply I re nessmen, "the very thing for which it was recent record-high loan level of a.bout $100 ceived from Mr. Davis on December 28, founded," Senator JOHN SPARKMAN, Demo million a quarter. crat, of Alabama, charged yesterday. 1965. ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY MILLION DOLLARS There being no objection, the letter SPARKMAN, chairman of the Senate Small APPROPRIATED to Business Committee, said it was deplorable was ordered be printed in the RECORD, that the SBA has frozen applications for Congress, however, approved only $150 mil as follows: business loans except those in which banks lion in new funds plus the righ~ of the SBA SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, participate. to relend funds it receives in repayment of OFFICE OF THE ADMINISTRATOR, Ross D. Davis, SBA executive administra past loans, making an estimated total of Washington, D .C. tor and sole witness at yesterday's hearing $291 m1llion in all. Hon. CLAmoRNE PELL, on what SPARKMAN has called "the virtual Contrary to reports, the agency's diftlculty U .S. Senate, collapse" of the agency's loan program, said has not come about because it has used up Washington, D.C. the freeze, in effect since October 11, was its funds making disaster loans. Congress DEAR SENATOR PELL: This will reply to your temporary and had been made necessary by a approved a last-minute appropriation of telegram of December 23 regarding qur mora shortage of funds. $160 million for disaster loans, which should torium on the acceptance of loan applica- "Temporary or not, the effect was to cut cover the present heavy lending activity, tions. ' off loans to small businessmen," SPARKMAN chiefly in Louisiana. I very much regret that the financial con asserted. He noted that Congress was in However, officials .said today that much dition of the agency necessitated this action. session at the time the loans were cut off, of the agency's manpower is occupied with A number of factors contributed to this un and said the SBA could have asked for an the Louisiana situation, following the hur satisfactory condition, as explained in the additional appropriation. ricane designated as Betsy. Thus, a backlog enclosed statement I made on December 15, Under SPARKMAN'S questioning, Davis of some 3,000 business loans, applied for 1965, before the Senate Select Committee on acknowledged that congress had appro before the current freeze, has piled up await Small Business. priated "everything we asked for," including ing final approval. For several months we have been devoting a supplemental appropriation of $160 million BACKLOG TO BE CLEARED a. major portion of our resources to the proc to cover loans to Louisiana businessmen hit The first order of business after the Loui essing of over 25,000 disaster loan applications . by Hurricane Betsy last September. siana situation ls. in hand, officials said, resulting from Hurricane Betsy, as well as to SBA officials have blamed the hurricane will be to clean up this backlog. Then at the backlog of business loan applications. for depleting the agency's money supply. some point applications will again be re These two problem areas, to a considerable Yesterday, Davis made only passing refer ceived for new loans, though there will prob extent, now have been resolved and we are ence to the hurricane, pointing out instead ably have to be some restrictions. approaching the position where we can esti that "SBA must· compete with all other Demand for SBA loans has been exceptlon mate how much money will be available for agencies for its share of the Federal dollar." ~lly high in part because of the booming regular business loans during the remainder He noted that "Federal agencies all over economy and a resulting generally strong of the fiscal year. We presently are consider Washington" are having budget difficulties demand for credit. ing how our lending programs will be ad~ because of escalation of U.S. involvement in It may also reflect some tightening of justed and to what extent loan aipplications Vietnam. .lending policy by private banks, which are again can be accepted consistent with our Davis also said SBA is receiving a record more nearly "loaned up" than a.t any time remaining financial resources. We hope this number of loan applications because of a in recent years, as measured by the ratio determination can be made in the near tight-money situation triggered by the gen of loans to deposits. future. ' erally high loan-to-deposit ratio of banks Please let me know if I can be of further and the recent action of the Federal Reserve [From the Washington Post, Oct. 21, 1965] service to you. • Board in raising its bank discount rate from DISASTER LoANS DRY UP SBA Aµ> TO NEGROES Sincerely, 4 to 4V2 percent. Ross D. DAVIS, The SBA traditionally has Inade business (By Leonard Downie, Jr.) Executive Administrator: - loans to perso:r;is or firms unable to borrow Emergency disaster loans to ' Louisiana. Enclosure. through normal commercial channels. businessmen hit by Hurricane Betsy in Sep Asked about the Sl3A's lending program tember have dried up funds for the Small Mr. PELL. Mr. President, since that Business Administration's regular loan pro time my office has received urgent tel-e under the Economic Opportunity Act, Davis said his agency has "enough money to carry grams throughout the Nation. phone calls about this crisis; for example, this out, despite reports in the press." Hardest hit by the SBA loan drought are one Rhode Island small businessman has There has been some criticism that SBA the Nation's sm.all businessmen-many of received blanket orders for his product no longer is accepting loan applications from them Negroes--who had applied,' f?r loans from two major corporations who are firms that would hire the poor, but is limit through the new Small Business Develop working on high priority defense con ing its antipoverty loans to persons certi ment Centers in 28 U.S. cities. tracts. This businessman does not have fied as poor on the basis of income. Applications are no longer beihg accepted enough capital to purchase the necessary The hire-the-poor loans had constituted at the centers for regular SBA loans. A the bulk of the SBA antipoverty effort and backlog of applicatil.ons for special easy-to supplies to meet these requirements. get Economic Opportunity Act loans has to their curtailment has "cut the heart right The SBA refused even ·a.ccept an ap out" of the agency's role in the war on pov built up. And many applicants who have plication from him for a direct loan and erty, critics contend. actually received letters approving their loans the local banks categorically refused to Following the hearing, Davis told a re .have not received their money during the participate in the SBA loan guarantee porter that the curtailment was designed to past 2 months. program. I can assure you, Mr. Presi "stretch" the agency's $25 million loan fund NEEDED: $160 MILLION dent, that this small businessman is not and that there was not enough money to Little of the money is expected to be dis alone. There are many others like him handle both the "poor" and "hire the poor" bursed, and few new loan applications will be who are in a similar predicament. This, loans. considered, SBA officials say, until Congress of course, is not a Rhode Island problem approves $160 million in supplemental appro alone. It is a national problem, but be SMALL BUSINESS LOSING U.S. LOANS-AGENCY priations to foot the bill for Hurricane Betsy cause of the large ratio of small busi REFUSING NEW BIPS FOR ITS CREDIT PRO and cover the backlog of other applications. GRAM UNTIL FUltTHER NOTICE-LACK OF Negro businessmen, meanwhile, are grow nesses in my State, it is of more acute FuNDS Is CITED-MONEY STILL BEING PRo ing restive, as what seemed a promising pro concern to Rhode Island than it is in VIDED FOR DISASTER RELIEF AND ANTIPOVERTY gram to help them enter the economic main many other areas of the country. PROJECTS stream has come to a virtual standstill. I have noticed several articles in the WASHINGTON, November 2.--Small Busi They especially had been counting on re past few weeks on this very subject. At ness Administration is refusing to accept ap- ceiving from th~ SBA the Economic Oppor- February 18, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 3439 tunity Act loans that require little or no through the poverty loan program, although [From the Washington Post, Nov. 3, 1965] collateral; collateral has been a major stum progress will be slow." SBA To CURTAIL LOANS BECAUSE OF Low bling block in their efforts to obtain loans Officials of both the SBA and the Office FUNDS before. . of Economic Opportunity, which pays for Government loans to small businesses "I know there are some Negro business the office expenses and management train probably will be curtailed UJ:ltil mid-1966, a ing programs at the Small Business Develop men in Washington who were already budget spokesman for the Small Bus~ness Adminis ing money they· expected through the pro ment Centers, promise that everything will tration said yesterday. gram.," Jam.es s. Stanback, Jr., president of be back to normal soon. The agency now has a backlog of appllca the District of Columbia Chamber of Com.. But Negro business leaders, who believe tions and it is not accepting applications for merce said. "Now, with no money coming, enough money should have been set aside direct Government loans. they don~t know what they are going to do." for the poverty loan program in the first The agency's funds have been running low place so that it would not have been af because of heavy loan disbursements under CENTERED ON NEGROES fected by the Louisiana emergency, are not The Small Business Development Centers the antipoverty program and outlays for so optimistic. disaster loans to victims of hurricanes, fioods, were set up by the Office of Economic Oppor "We need a deeper commitment to the tunity in 14 cities last July to provide busi and other disasters. Negro businessman from the Administra- Congress voted a supplemental appropri ness training and assistance in obtaining tion," Burrell said. · SBA loans for needy small businessmen, ation of $160 million shortly before it ad journed for the year but the money was ear especially Negroes. [From the Washington Star, Aug. 12, 1965] In Washington, only six Negro businessmen marked for loans to victims of Hurricane had obtained SBA loans in 13 years before last SBA MOVES To LIMIT LoANS TO THE NEEDY . Betsy. (By Lyle Denniston) The SBA ts still making loans under the summer. More than half. of the 145 loans antipoverty program-which usually runs approved through the local center since then Federal lenders to small business moved $15,000 or less-and it is continuing to make have gone to Negroes. today to make sure· that only firms that disbursements for community development Nationwide, the number of cities served by are really needy get Government loans. loans. the centers quickly doubled, with dozens of One effect of the action, however, will be The spokesman said he did not know requests for them coming from other towns, to raise the interest cost that many small whether the $160 million appropriation as the public response exceeded all official borrowers will pay. would cover all the requests for loans and expectations. 1 • The Small Business Administration put Louisiana victims of Hurricane Betsy. The But now the loan money has suddenly into immediate effect today a rule that al agency has approved loans in that area at the stopped coming. Samuel Harris, director of lows private lenders to raise the rate of in rate of 200 per day and has been receiving the Washington center, reported that the terest on SBA loans that are taken over by applications at the rate of 400 per day. SBA stopped accepting applications for reg those lenders. About $14.7 million has been disbursed to ular loans some time ago. Because this action will · reduce or cut 4,401 victims whose homes were damaged or He also estimated that 40 local applications down the chance that SBA loan rates are destroyed by Hurricane Betsy. The agency for poverty program loans, budgeted sepa below private money market rates, it ts sup also has approved 396 loans totaling $6.6 rately by the SBA, are still awaiting SBA ap posed to cause small borrowers whose credit million in that area.· proval and that more than a dozen local busi is good to stay away from the loan office. For the current fiscal year, the SBA re~ nessmen who have received letters approving Thus, only small firms who cannot get ceived an appropriation of $150 million and their applications stlll have not gotten any money elsewhere would be left to borrow it expects to receive another $141 million in money. . from SBA. For those who get SBA loans loan repayments during the year. The agency Berkeley Bu'rrell, president of the National that are later sold off to private lenders, the has estimated that about $480 million woula Business League, said the situation is much cost probably would be higher than under have been needed for the year if it had the same at centers all ove·r the country. past practice. continued to approve loans at the unusually Representatives of the league's chapters in Presumably, more SBA loans will now high rate of a few months ago. cities with Small Business Development Cen wind up in private portfolios, since the The spokesman said, "We are trying to ters "are calling every day to complain about higher interest would make these loans more finish the hurricane program as soon as pos the sudden lack of loan money,'' he said. attractive as investments. sible. Then we will try to clean up our back NEW CENTERS CURBED SBA has been trying to turn over more of log and see where we stand." The SBA also is not allowing new centers its loan portfolio to private lenders, in line He said the SBA has been urging banks to to open up in cities asking for them, he with a general Government policy of turn make loans to small bustnesses under a bank added, and Washington's center has two new ing its credit responsibility back to normal guarantee plan. Under this program, the branches, both staffed and already open for financial channels. bank makes the loan and the agency guaran business, that cannot be announced to the Eugene P. Foley, SBA Administrator, said tees up to 90 percent repayment in case of public. that the new policy on interest follows the default. Burrell believes that the special effort to Agency's recent discovery that about one help Negro businessmen was never expected in three of the firms borrowing at SBA [From the Washington Post, Dec. 7, 1965] to cost as much as it has. "Now that it is "could have obtained the loan from a bank CUTBACK IN SBA LOANS PROTESTED adding to the Government's money prob on reasonable terms." That is "not in keep (By William J. Rasberry) lems," he said, "I'm afraid they will curtail ing" with the law governing SBA lending, he said. A decision to bar antipoverty business it sharply or cut it off." loans to any except the certified poor has cut SBA officials insist that Hurricane Betsy The new policy alters a practice that had held interest rates on loans sold to private the heart out of the Small Business Adminis is the only reason for the loan embargo. tration's antipoverty program, it was charged Emergency disaster loans needed in Louisi lenders at the level fixed at the time the loans were made. This ts 4 percent or at here this week. ana, which get top SBA priority, are expected SBA officials, most of whom refuse to be to exceed the $88 million loaned to busi most 5Y:z percent on loans made out of SBA funds. quoted, deny there is any attempt to scuttle nessmen in Alaska after the earthquake the overall program. They say the cutback there in March 1964. If a private bank put up some money for in part of it was made necessary because dis Diversion ·of large amounts of loan money these loans, it could charge up to 8 percent aster loans to Louisiana victims of Hurricane for the Louisiana emergency has created a on its share. Even so, the combined rate of Betsy created a heavy drain on SBA funds. backlog of more than 4,060 unfilled loan a joint SBA-bank loan often was low enough But critics insist the hurricane is just a applications in other parts of the country, to put it below market rates. coverup for a decision to downgrade the one spokesman said. Beginning today, a buyer of an SBA loan SBA's antipoverty role. "As I understand it,'' another SBA official need no longer observe the original interest Previously, the SBA had been lending aniti said, "we are nearly fiat broke." figure. He may charge up to the normal poverty money at the rate of $400 to $425 "I realize the anxiety of other people interest rate prevailing in his area, but in no million a year. As a result of the cutbacks, counting on money from us,'' Randall Tyus, case more than 7Y:z percent. SBA will set the rate is now about $291 million. the SBA's special assistant to the Admin the specific rate a loan buyer may charge. According to Berkeley G. Burrell, presi ·istrator for minority group affairs, said, "But "In most cases," the Agency said, the per dent of the National Business League, an or we must help these people in the South mitted rates will be less than 7Y:z percent. ganization of Negro businessmen, the cut first." · The new policy applies generally to loans back "has the effect of bringing the SBA At one point earlier this month, the en for normal business purposes--opening a program to a halt as far E.S fighting poverty tire SBA loan machinery ground to a halt business, adding new lines, expanding the is concerned." as officials surveyed the application back plant, and so on. Basically, it's a matter of money. What log tO decide what programs to curtail for It d()es not apply to SBA loans made under is unclear is whether the Johnson adminis now and how much money to request from the antipoverty program, loans made to tration is trying to limit the new Federal Congress. firms in disaster-hit areas, loans made by budget or curtail the antipoverty eft'ort Now the disaster loan program is running private lenders but guaranteed by SBA, or itself. smoothly, SBA spokesmen say, and "some loans to local business-development com There already have been substantial cut money is expected to trtckle back down panies. backs in .. Project Heads·tart, the preschool 34!10 CONG~SSIONAL RECORD--SENATE February 18, 1•966 program for · underprivileged children; Vol:. have heard disturbing rumors during the tion wasugiven concerning the cbmposi;;; unteers in Service to America , (VISTA), the past few days that plans are now being dis tion of the posts, where one could deline:.. Job Corps, Community ~ction Programs, and cusaed in Washington to strip the Small ate ·who does what~ how many ·people the Neighborhood Youth Corps, whose local Business Administration· of its independence and place it within the Department of were in diplomatic, econqmic, consula.t', program 1l:las been reduced ~rom 3,200 P¥ ticipants to 1,900. , Commerce. administrative, and other ' kinds of Under ternis of the Economic Opportunity OUr association strongly believes such a work and which gives the peruser of the Act that established the War on Poverty, the move would seriously weaken the effective register considerably more information Small Business Administration has been role the SBA has performed sllice.1953. There than is presently the case. making loans in two basic categories. is no organization for small business in the . I for one prefer this older variation The first ls made up of persons who are country that has been more closely associated. and in this conneetion ask unanimous themselves certified as poor on the basis of with the SBA than ours. SBANE worked consent to insert a letter form.er Ambas income and number of dependents. The closely with the House ·and Senate Small second category covers small businesses Business Cammittees in the years preceding sador Ellis O. Briggs recently wrote the which as part of their contract agree to the Small Business Act of 1953 and many of Foreign Service Journal. hire poor persons. its proposals were .incorporated in this legis There being no objection, the ·letter That second part, which· had constitute4 lation. During the past years we have con was ordered to be printed ~ the R~cORD, the bulk of the SBA's antipoverty effort, has tinued to give close attention and constant as follows: been eliminated. omeial liaison to the SBA and know of the TOPSFIELD, MAINE, Observers b6th wlthin and outside the extensive ais.c.1stance this agency has given the · July 26, 1965. United Planning Organization, the local · small business community of the Nation To the EDITOR OF r THE FOREIGN SERVICE poverty coordinator, have estimated that as since it became an independent agency. JOURNAL, much as 90 percent of the SBA's antipoverty For years before the SBA was created, agen Washington, D.C. loan money had gone to the latter category cies for small busirress existed within the Sm: The new Foreign Service list no longer before it was cut out. Department of Commerce but their capaibil lists the personnel of the Foreign Service. For months, SBA officials have been blam lties were never realized in a department long · Time was-as recently as the J.anuary 1965 ing Hurricane Betsy for the lack of money preoccupied " with large business affairs. issue--when this useful compendium de for the antipoverty effort. There is no ques SBANE is alarmed that small business prob scribed with reasonable accuracy the com tion that emergency disaster loans to Louisi lems will again be relegated to second place position of·an Embassy, and indicated within ana businessmen hit by the hurricane in Sep within a department more attuned to big bounds of discretion who was doing what tember have drained SBA funds. business. wilthln the• diplomatic premises, as well a8 But the SBA asked for and was granted·a Since 1953 Oongress has recognized, the rank and title of each person. supplemental appropriation of $160 mllllon through the SBA, the difference between big You could tell whether the chief of mis:. to cover Hurricane Betsy aid. and small .buslnesa and has served well its sion was a ~ofesst.one,l by noting the pre6- As assistant SBA administrator, Keith L. obligatlon·to assist the small business com ence, or absence, of the FSO symbol. You Hanna, insists that the business loan cut munity. SBANE respectfully urges that you oould identify the officers Of the establish back ls temporary and that the program wm use the lnfiuence of your office in opposition ment and determine their functions. You be reinstiituted "as soon as we can get from to any plans that. would dilute the aims and could even count up, 1f you had the d~e under the backlog we have." programs of the Small Business Administra and the durability, how many analysts, car Hanna·said that 400 to 500 SBA employees tion. tographers, computers, coordinators, en are in Louisiana to administer the Hurricane Sincerely, tomologists, horticulturalists, hydrologists, Betsy disaster pi:ogram. He said no more ERNEST H. OSGOOD, Jr., inspectors, . maintenance mechanics, man hire-the-poor borrowers, the SBA has cut the President. aigers, polytechnlclans, screening specialists, cause they are outdated by the time anyone superintendents, supervisors, rura.l youth re gets to them. Mr. PELL. Mr. President, it is my be hab111tators, veterinarians and Voice of In addition to barring applications from lief that the best way this administra Amer.ioa relay sta.tfuns there were at any )lire-the-poor borrowers, the SBA has cut the tion. can serve the small businessman is given post, all busy helping the Amibassador maximllm am,oun~ of its antipoverty loans to to provide him with capital through the to enrich foreign policy. $15,000, well below the $25,000 maximum SBA direct loan program. It is interest In tenns of the public interest it was a called for in the Economic Opportunity Act. ing to note that in the fastest growing handy thing to have each Embassy divided Still another, though relatively minor cut into its component political, economic, con back in the number of SBA antipoverty loans sectors of ·our national economy, special ity reta11ing, services, finance, trans sular, administrative, and public affa.lrs sec has resulted from a change in interest rates. tions, with an enumeration ()If ·the personnel lnltially;SBA could make loans to businesses portation, and construction, the small serving in ea.ch. The old Foreign Service in certified hardcore unemployment areas at businessman has shown .great surviva Li'sit furnished that information. If it was 4 percent. Now the rate ls 5Y:z percent across bility. The average small business is not stimulatJng to know how many P&ce the board, frequently self-initiated, self-financing, Corps chaperones in Africa were receiving Oscar Ornati, SBA's chief of economic de· and self-managed. But these busi upward to $20,000 per annum to teach aus- velopment and manpower, was quick' to add terity :tc;> the volunteers, lit was always com that the program itself is essentially an ex nesses, in order to continue, must suc cessfully compete against the industrial forting .to : note that in the American Em ~rlment. bassy in Athens (for exa.m.ple) there were -. "The most important thing is not the giants. In order to do this they must three . Americans performing housekeeping -J;pecific number of loans," Ornati said. "The have easier access to long-term equity functions to every one American performing program does make it possible for some indi financing. I would hope that· this ad substantive tasks in the pollitical a.nd eco vidual poor people to enter the mainstream 'ministration would reserve a significant nOtmic sections. of American business, and this ls extr.emely place in our Great Society for small busi Now, this valuable information is hidden, valuable in showing other poor persons that ness and the small businessman of our and possibly c:J.eclared classified by the home tmch posslblllties do exist." country. They unquestionably represent office administrators. No longer is it pos Mr. PELL. Mr. President, I.have also the strength and imagination of our sible to tell whether Sam Smith, a Foreign Service ofii.cer w!th 12 years, oi experience received a communication from the economy. It would seem to me that the behind him, ls a second sec.retary or an Smaller Business Association Of New Bureau of the Budget should give seri .artificlai lnseminator, or whether Joe Jones, .England, Inc., of Boston, concerning the ous consideration to expanding the loan 20 years after passing the Foreign -Service possibility of the Small Business Associa limit of the Small Business Administra .examinations, ls serving as an economist or tion merging with the Department of tion in order that the SBA regular busi an instructor in yodeling for peace 1n Upper Commerce and I should like to ask unan ness loan program might resume and Volta. imous consent to insert this into the No longer ls there any visible consular sec help insure the survival of small busi tion; the very vice consuls themselves have RECORD. ness. vanished. - · There being no objection, the letter Tb,_ere is not even an executive section, was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, to indicate the refuge of a hard-pressed :as follows: THE NEW METHOD OF LISTING ambassador. SMALLER BUSINESS AsSOCIATION FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICERS Like George Orwell's pigs, everyone ls ap OF NEW ENGLAND INC., Mr. PELL. Mr. President, the other parently declared to be equal--rexcept for a Boston, Mass., February 2, 1966. day I was going through the most re tiny group at the head of each list, certified Hon. CLAmoRNE PELL, to be more equal than others. :U.S. Senator, cent Foreign Service list and was struck In one particular only do I observe ·a mo Senate Office Building, by the lack of information given con tive for pride with respect to the June 1965 Washington, D.C. cerning the individuals listed. Foreign Service list. In this I doubtless an DEAR SENATOR PELL: Many members of the I must say that I prefer the old list tlclp.ate a triumphant article in the news ~maller Business Association of New England ings, where a good deal more informa- letter of the Department of State, complete February· 1-8, 1966 ·coNGRESSIONAL '.RECORD_. SENATE 3441 -with self-congratulatory prose and photo make agricultural units unworkable and im - There being no objection, the editorial graphs of beamipg Potomac personnel ac possible to manage; and was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, ·cepting an award for superior performance. Whereas proposed changes have been sub as follows: mitted to the Bureau of Public Roads for Whereas last January's list ran to 117 [From the Baltimore (Md.) Sun, Feb. 16, numbered pages, the June edition (not approval -by the South Dakota Department counting a handsome colored map, suitable of Highways which represent a sincere at 1966) -for framing) has been condensed to a mere tempt to minimize the detrimental impact FRONT FOR HANOI '97. . the Interstate has on certain land holdings One of the questions which the Senate That has not, alas, been achieved · by a which have incorporated sound engineer Foreign Relations Committee could usefully reduction in personnel of 20 percent to match ing practices and resulted in a reduction in take up, as part of its inquiry into the war the reduction in pages. On the contrary, cost of federal expenditures and these pro in Vietnam, is the status of the National the personnel are apparently more numerous posals have been rejected; and Liberation Front and the Vietcong. The than ever. The reduction in pages has been Whereas Interstate 90 construction from evidence available suggests that the National accomplished by the substitution of type so Cactus Flat to Chamberlain must be ac Liberation Front and the Vietcong are crea tiny that few subscribers lacking magnify complished recognizing it is in the public tions of North Vietnam, in the familiar au ing glasses are likely to get much beyond interest to construct an adequate number thoritarian pattern of Communist-sponsored the table of contents or the -preface. of cattle and equipment underpasses even fronts and "people's democracies," and hence All in all, the June Foreign Service list, though the· reduction in right-of-way dam are controlled by North Vietnam as fronts which fails to list the ·personnel of the ages Of an individual severed is insufficient for that Government rather than for ·the American Foreign Service, is not one of the to offset the cost. Policy must consider people of South Vietnam. most inspired efforts since management was multiple owner use and the area economy: Thus, President Ho Chi Minh is being un enthroned and administration helped itself Now, therefore, be it realistic as well as unreasonable when he to tiaras and scepters and cymbals. Resolved by the House of Representatives says, as he has been saying in his letters to Sincerely yours, of the 41st Legislature of the State of South heads of state around the world, that "if the ELLIS BRIGGS, Dakota (the Senate ·concurring therein), That United States really wants peace, it must rec Career Ambassador (Retired). the Congress of the United States be and ognize the National Front for the liberation is memorialized to direct the Bureau of of South Vietnam as the sole genuine rep Public Roads of the United States Depart resentative of the people of South Vietnam, INTERSTATE 90 IN SOUTH DA m ent of Commerce to make administrative and engage in negotiations with it." From policy changes in regard to access structures the American viewpoint, negotiations with KOTA-RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY included in Interstate 90 which will allow the National Liberation Front under such SOUTH DAKOTA LEGISLATURE these facilities at reasonable intervals based conditions would be nonsense. We would be Mr. MUNDT. Mr. President, I ask on need considering the land use of the area negotiating with a puppet, talking to mouth unanimous consent to have printed in and the economy of the area; and be it pieces manipulated by others. The United further States has made the point that the Vietcong the RECORD House Concurrent Resolution Resolved, That copies of this resolution be Liberation Front could be represented along 9, adopted by the South Dakota Leg transmitted to the Vice President of the with North Vietnam in any peace negotia islature, memorializing the Congress of United States, the members of the congres tions. ;the United States to direct the Bureau of sional delegation from South Dakota, the Senator McGEE, of Wyoming, discussed thu Public Roads to adjust certain adminis administrator of the Bureau of Public Roads role of the Vietcong-Liberation Front in a trative policies immediately so that the of the U.S. Department of Commerce, and Senate speech February 1, citing the book by planning and construction of Interstate to the South Dakota Department of High Prof. Bernard F1all as an authority. Much 90 Highway in South Dakota may be ways, Pierre, S. Dak. the same evidence was covered in press dis Adopted by the house of representatives patches yesterday from Washington, refer completed with a minimum of perma January 28, 1966. ring to an analysis made for President John nent economic hardship to the land area Concurred in by the senate February 2, son. Senator McGEE urged Americans to and the adjacent land area severed. 1966. disabuse themselves of the idea that the There being no objection, the resolu LEM OVERPECK, Vietcong-Liberation Front is "some endemic .tion was ordered to be printed in the Lieutenant Governor, President of the development within the borders of South RECORD' as follows: Senate. Vietnam, some sort of peasant rebellion against Saigon." No non-Communist politi HOUSE CONCURRENT REsOLUTION 9 CHARLES DROZ, Speaker of the House. cal group in South Vietnam--students, (Introduced by Mr. Renning) Attest: Buddhists, Catholics, liberals, or military A concurrent resolution, memoriializing the NIELS P. JENSEN, has embraced or endorsed the Vietcong, he Congress of the United States to direct the Secretary of the Senate. noted. None has acknowledged the validity Bureau of Public Roads of the U.S. De Attest: of the Liberation Front as a grassroots or partment of Commerce to adjust certain PAUL INMAN. native-controlled South Vietnamese political administrative policies immediately so that Chief Clerk. group. At the most, Senator McGEE said, the planning and construction of Inter it is no more than "one of the smaller of state 90 highway in South Dakota, may be the (special) interest groups" in South Viet completed with a minimum of permanent nam. For example, he said, the Hoa Hao and economic ·hardship to the land area and VIETNAM the Cao Dai are minority political groups the adjacent land area severed Mr. BREWSTER. Mr. President, the which are larger than the Liberation Front. Senator McGEE did not have a very large Be it resolved by the House of Representa question of just who is the Vietcong is tives of the State of South Dakota (the audience in the Senate. He is not a mem apparently~ riddle to many. An edito ber of the Foreign Rel·ations Committee, but Senate concurring therein) : · rial in the February 16, issue of the Balti , · Whereas administrative policies of the Bu some of its members would serve the cause of more Sun illuminates· the issue. if reau of Public Roads have not considered the public enlightenment they would help to economic impact of Interstate 90 on the agri The Sun editorial asserts that "the evi amplify our knowledge of just what the cultural businesses and livestock operations dence available suggests the National Vietcong-Liberation Front is, and is not. Liberation Front and the Vietcong are This could enlarge the public understanding in the semiarid country of South Dakota; which President Johnson needs as a foun and creations of North Vietnam, as fronts for dation for support of his position on peace Whereas under present administrative pol that government rather than for the peo negotiations. icy of the Bureau of Public Roads a sufficient ple of South Vietnam." number of practical sized land service fa cilities cannot be included in the design of The Sun believes that "President Ho Interstate 90; and Chi Minh is being unrealistic as well as WEST VIRGINIA AVENUE Whereas cattle and equipment passes unreasonable when he says, as he has Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr. should be justified on the basis of need been saying in his letters to heads of state President, the February 13 issue of the rather than the Bureau of Public Roads around the world, that 'if the United Sunday Charleston, W. Va., Gazette present policy that these access facilities States really wants peace, it must rec Mail State magazine carried an article must be justified on the basis of the mone ognize the National Front for the libera by Mr. Harry W. Ernst, Washington tary value of severance damages minus the tion of South Vietnam as the sole genuine cost of the structure; and correspondent for the Charleston Ga representative of the people of South zette, regarding West Virginia A venue, Whereas there is a need for the Bureau of Vietnam, and engage in negotiations with Public Roads to establish administrative here in the District of Columbia. His flexibility in recent national policies for land it.'" remarks provide for the folks back home service access facilities for cattle and agri Mr. President, I ask unanimous con a verbal panorama of the sights to be cultural pursuits which wlll not force South sent that the Sun editorial be printed at viewed by traveling the length of this Dakota operators to sell their units and not this point in the RECORD. broad avenue. 3442 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE February 18, 1966 I ask unanimous consent that the ar West Virginians will have to settle for a THE SOtJTHEAST ASIA RESOLUTION OF 1964 ticle be printed in the RECORD at this more attractive West Virginia Avenue. They I was not a Member of the Senate when point. can do their share by sending contributions to the National Park Service. Trees, shrubs, it passed the southeast Asia resolution There being no objection, the article and flowers-perhaps some native to West in 1964. I have, however, read carefully was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Virginia-would perk up the old avenue in the resolution itself and the legislative as follows: the image of its namesake, especially if the history connected with its adoption. In OUR STREET IN WASHINGTON old car is left in the backyard. submitting that resolution to the Senate (By Harry W. Ernst) for its overwhelming approval, the floor WASHINGTON.-There aren't any hills along manager for the legislation made it the avenue named for West Virginia here, ORDER OF BUSINESS clear: which is somewhat seedy and obscure with The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there The resolution now before the Senate is out its namesake's redeeining natural beauty. designed to shatter whatever illusions our Few West Virginians among the thousands further morning business? If not, morn ing business is closed. adversaries may harbor about the determi who have visited or moved to the Nation's nation of the United States to act promptly Capital probably know where West Virginia and vigorously against aggression. Avenue is. And understandably so. It's o1I the marble monument circuit. SUPPLEMENTAL MILITARY AND When asked by the distinguished sen Dedicated in 1909, West Virginia Avenue ior Senator from Kentucky whether the begins at K Street about a dozen blocks PROCUREMENT AUTHORIZATION, northwest of the Capitol. Rose & Jake Mar FISCAL 1966 resolution gave the President authority ket ("meat, poultry, fish, and beer") and a "which could lead us into war," the The PRESIDING OFFICER. With chairman replied: hedge-filled island guards its entrance. out objection, the Chair lays before the About 20 blocks later after a confusing en That is the way I would interpret it. If a counter with Montana Avenue, West Virginia Senate the unfinished business, which is situation later developed in which we Avenue fades away just beyond the Penn s. 2791. thought the approval should be withdrawn, sylvania Railroad tracks. The Senate resumed consideration of it could be withdrawn by concurrent resolu· An old car with a fiat tire parked in a the bill (S. 2791) to authorize appropri tion." backyard and trash-littered sidewalks remind ations during the fiscal year 1966 for the visitor of a typical West Virginia hollow. procurement of aircraft, missiles, naval I agree with the purpose of the resolu West Virginia Avenue also looks rundown vessels, and tracked combat vehicles and tion and the interpreta.tion of its possi and almost forgotten. research, development, test, and evalua ble implications as expressed by the dis But it has two claims to fame-the 100- tinguished chairman. I believe the reso acre campus of federally financed Gallaudet tion for the Armed Forces, and for other purposes. lution was a dramatic endorsement by College, the world's only college for the deaf, the Congress of the solemn pledge made and one of two District of Columbia auto THE MEANING OF VIETNAM inspection stations that anger and help by the late President Kennedy in his protect motorists. Mr. RUSSELL of South Carolina. Mr. inaugur al address, where he said: In West Virginia all you do to get an in President, I rise to speak on the subject Let every nation • • • know that we shall spection sticker is drive in to see your of our foreign policy in southeast Asia. pay any price, bear a.ny burden • • • sup friendly neighborhooct mechanic. It's not I believe that in Vietnam we face a mo port any friend, oppose any foe to ensure the that easy in Washington. The police operate mentous decision-one which may well survival of liberty. the two inspection staitons, which are determine the world position of the equipped with imposing machines that check The menace of trigger happiness to your machine. And what human dares argue United States, for good or ill, now and in world peace was an issue in the presi if the police machines insist that his machine the years to come. dential election of 1964. Yet the people is sick and needs treatment? It was my privilege to serve in the of the United States endorsed by over Those who don't like to leave home could Department of State during World War whelming majority the confidence of the stick around and even be buried along West II and in the postwar period. Those Virginia Avenue, which Senator JENNINGS Congress in the President's ability and were the years when the fateful crises determination to preserve world peace RANDOLPH, Democrat, of West Virginia, re which have since matured first came calls visiting as a boy on a patriotic pilgrim while acting to deter international ag age with his father. into being. That was the time when we gression. Along the avenue are row houses, a Roman rejected a "heathen trust" in the atomic What then is the record of the Presi Catholic school, service stations and garages equivalent of the "reeking tube and iron dent's efforts to keep peace in southeast (in<:Iuding Washington's "Little Detroit"), shard" as the means for imposing a Pax used car lots, restaurants, a liquor store, Americana on a prostrate world. Asia? warehouses (eggs, co1Iee, liquor, and furni We chose instead the path of peace. As Commander in Chief of the Armed ture), and Mount Olivet Cemetery. Peace through international under Forces of the United States, he has or A narrow four lanes and partially lined dered military action to preserve the in with sycamore trees, West Virginia Avenue standing and cooperation. We placed our trust in the good will of mankind dependence of South Vietnam. I believe fails to live up to the beauty of its namesake. that action is a responsible, necessary, At its intersection with Florida Avenue, for and what we believed was an indomita instance, there is a small plot of ground bear ble human instinct for survival in the and restrained use of the minimal force ing a sign that reads "No ball playing on this post-Hiroshima age. required to deter the present level of ag park, U.S. Park Service," although it's diffi. We laboriously set up an elaborate gression in Vietnam and to honor our cult to imagine anyone but ants playing ball international machinery for keeping national commitments. there. world peace. We did so not with any As Chief of State he has brought home West Virginians might want to set an ex ·to the leadership of very nation on earth ample for other States with Washington ave utopian or messianic vision of what it nues named for them by sending contribu could accomplish. We merely hoped and to all the people o.f the free world tions to beautify West Virginia Avenue. that our handiwork would be strong two messages: For those with States rights sentiments, enough and flexible enough in future First. Our desire for an honorable and such a gesture would symbolize their ambi years to control, or at least contain, the peaceful settlement which will insure the tion to reverse the flow of handouts from crises which were even then foreseeable independence of South Vietnam. Washington. if and when they were triggered by a More than $800,000 already has been do Second. Our determination-if no nated by citizens from throughout the Na new type of aggression and a new breed honorable settlement is possible-to pro tion to help Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson make of aggressors. tect the liberty of the gallant people of the Nation's Capital a more beautiful city. We found that even this modest hope South Vietnam "as long as aggression Some elementary school children in Califor was illusory. We learned 20 years ago commands us to battle." nia even contributed $1.21 to the cause. that U.S. power and the unflinching will The District of Columbia government is to use it was the only effective deforrent In his search for a peaceful and honor seeking Federal funds to replace and repair to Communist aggression. able settlement he has shown a combina deteriorating housing in a half square. mile It is my hope that the insights and tion of patience, resourcefulness, and area bordering on West Virginia Avenue. initiative which I believe to be without But that's peanuts compared to the mil experience gained in those years may lions which Federal offi.cials hope to spend re prove to be a useful resource to the precedent in the annals of the Presi building Pennsylvania Avenue, the Nation's Senate in its discussions of our course dency. ceremonial boulevard that links the White in Vietnam and in assessing its impli He has enlisted the assistance of every House and the Capitol. cations for the future of our Nation. relevant organ of the machinery for in- February 18, 196'6 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 3443 ternational cooperation established since THE NEED FOR SENATE DISCUSSION tively, they have established themselves World War II. · The New York Times for January 29, as the self-anointed priesthood of the He has even sought and obtained the 1966, carried an account of the question new profession of public diplomacy. assistance of the Soviet Union ana of ing of Secretary of State Rusk by the Numerically the various pressure other Communist and nonalined powers distinguished chairman of the Senate groups comprising the public diplomacy of Europe, Africa, and Asia to use their Foreign Relations Committee. It quotes network are insignificant. But their influence with Hanoi to open the door to the chairman as saying: ability to confuse the public mind on the negotiations. In my long career in Congress I've never crucial issues involved in Vietnam is He sought and enlisted the great moral seen so much apprehension over a military great. influence of His Holiness, Pope Paul, who involvement. I've never encountered such Indeed, the cumulative impact of the has urged arbitration of ·the Vietnam a complex issue. This is a subtle thing raging torrent of contradictory publicity controversy under the aegis of the United unlike the invasion of South Korea by Com munist forces from the north or the bombing has produced dismay and bewilderment Nations. of Pearl Harbor • • • there is a lack of among many of our most distinguished In an age of instant global communi understanding of the situation in Vietnam. and experienced analysts of interna cations he has combined the prestige. of tional affairs. They have called on the Presidential diplomacy with the power I agree with these remarks of the dis Congress-and particularly the Sen of the mass media to communicate to the tinguished chairman. There is great ap ate-for clarification. I mention a few world at large the sincerity of our Na prehension about our military involve recent examples. tion's desire for peace with honor. ment. The-Peiping-Hanoi aggression is, Walter Lippmann thinks that what is At considerable risk, he ordered a sus as he says, a "subtle thing." Nothing needed is a "thorough debate" in the pension of bombing of strategic targets in like the traumatic shock of the Japanese Senate of what he calls the "surrepti North Vietnam to convince the aggressor assault on Pearl Harbor or the sudden tious war" in Vietnam. that our purpose was not to destroy him Communist invasion of South Korea. James Reston believes that the Senate but merely to deter his aggression. But it is not unique. Twenty years ago has failed to discuss the issue in Viet He has appealed to Hanoi directly, only the United States was confronted with nam with any perception. In a column an early model of the Communist tech entitled "What Great Debate?"-New to have his appeal spumed on the ground nique of externally controlled conquest that the United States would not be per York Times, January 21, 1966-he designed to take over small nations from complains: mitted to gain at the conference table within, masquerading as a "civil war of what it was unable to win on the field of national liberation." If all this is to confuse the enemy, it must battle. be a success-for the so-called debate is That was during my tour of duty as certainly confusing everybody else. This record is the eloquent evidence Assistant Secretary under then Secretary by deeds, not words, of the patience and of State Byrnes. At that time the chair Eric Sevareid, in a remarkably per skill with which the President has dis man of the Senate Foreign Relations ceptive column, says we have reached charged his pledge to seek every road to Committee was the late and beloved Tom "a watershed in our history which will peace in South Vietnam. But the Peip Connally and the distinguished leader of require the understanding of this and ing-Hanoi aggressors have spumed his the minority was the late Senator Arthur many Congresses to come." That Viet- every effort. Their brinksmanship has Vandenberg. · . nam is merely the shock which "com compelled him to resume the use of mili Then the names of the arenas were pletes the process of dissolving the tary forces to deter their mounting Iran, Greece, and Turkey-the early American illusions." aggression. harbingers of our present confrontation Has this distinguished body indeed The calculated risks which this course in Vietnam. Let me repeat. We learned been derelict in its duties and responsi entails are minor when compared to the then that there was only one deterrent bilities? disaster the Nation invites if it fails to the Communist aggressor respected. It Tom Wicker-Washington correspond pursue it. For we face an enemy whose was not the moral influence of the United ent of the New York Times, in a column primary technique of conquest is not by Nations. Or what is known as world on "The Role of Congress in the 20th military victory on the fleld of battle, opinion. It was American power backed Century" written as far back as August but by the psychological exhaustion of by the will to apply it. of 1965-notes that the Senate has all but his adversary. The present lack of understanding of abandoned its traditional role as the At this time what could better serve the Vietnam situation, in my opinion, watchdog of our foreign policy. our adversary's purpose than undermin is due primarily to the fact that the peo He urged that great foreign policy is ing the President's leadership by de ple have been confused as to what the sues should be the subject of Senate dis stroying the faith of our people in the war really involves. cussion-not only this year but in the justice of the cause for which we fight Millions of words on the Vietnam war years to come-as a vital constitutional in Vietnam and of its vital importance have been printed by our enterprising responsibility. These are his words: to the United States? mass media. Our pundits and nation What Congress ought to develop is effec In the present supercharged and emo ally syndicated columnists have main tive means of shaping and inftuencing Presi tional setting, a deliberate and thought tained a steady stream of pontification. dential power, directing it to new concerns ful approach by the Congress to its con Radio and television have outdone them • • • nitpicking at executive prerogatives is stitutional responsibility in the Vietnam selves in specta·cular on-the-spot re no substitute for a vital representative func crisis would be enormously difficult, if not porting and have gone· in for daily in tion. impossible. The Nation's confldence in depth interpretation of the news. Let me repeat. its free institutions to function at a time This plethora of information and Now is the time for the Senate, in the of clear and present danger would be opinion is difficult to digest even for the discharge of its constitutional responsi eroded-perhaps beyond repair. The most sophisticated and reflective Amer bility, to help build the informed national mutual trust and confidence now existing ican. For many, it just is not assimi resolve which must be the lifeline of our between the President and the Congress lable. They are simply bewildered. national purpose in Vietnam. would be imp8,ired. Moreover, the inherent complexities of Surely, this Chamber dare not abdi The best possible preventive of any the situation have been distorted and cate its advise and consent responsibility such occurrence is to build an informal confused almost beyond recognition by to the vici8situdes of electronic public national resolve as the lifeline of our an uncontrolled and seemingly uncon diplomacy. Nor to sacrifice what the national purpose in Vietnam. trollable force in our national life known late President Kennedy called our great I profoundly believe it is the Senate's as public diplomacy. Th.is phenomenon est asset. I quote: constitutional responsibility to con has all but usurped the Senate's advise tribute to this process. In the best inter and consent role in the field of foreign The willingness of, a free and determined people, through their elected omcials, to face ests of the Nation-and to strengthen affairs. the hands of the President in the days Many of those who oppose our policy all problems and meet all dangers free from to come-I respectfully submit that the in Vietnam are articulate, emotionally panic and fear. Senate's contribution must be informed compulsive and highly vocal. Most of Let us, then, discuss in this Chamber and responsible. them are politically motivated. Collec- the painful and momentous subject of 3444 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE February 18,- 1960 Vietnam. In ·an humility, I suggest a The Senate Foreign Relations Com OUR SYSTEM-OF C,OLLECTIVE SECURITY few caveats. mittee recently heard the views of Lt. At the end of World War II we were Let our discussion be free of the ide Gen. James M. Gavin, now retired, and prepared to entrust our national sur ological cliches and stereotypes which former Ambassador George F. Kennan, vival to a system of collective security are endemic to the practice of public two distinguished critics of our Vietnam under the Security Council of the United diplomacy as I have described it. policy. Now, I have great respect for Nations. When that failed, we sought Let us remember that it is not the both General Gavin and Mr. Kennan. to salvage the system through a network mission of the Senate to second guess or Indeed it was in February of 1946-dur of regional alliances of mutual defense outguess the President in his day-to-day ing my tour of duty as Assistant Secre under the United Nations Charter. foreign policymaking. tary of State-that George Kennan, then Thus we have the Inter-American Let us bear in mind that, unlike the our Charge d'Aff aires in Moscow, cabled Treaty for the Western Hemisphere, Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Senate l.s poorly the Department the original version of NATO for Europe, the Baghdad Pact for equip~ed to coach the Commander in his now celebr~ ted and widely published the Middle East, SEA TO for southeast Chief on the abatement or stepping-up anaylsis of Soviet behavior. · Asia and ANZUS for Australia and New of the bombing of strategic targets in In their televised testimony before the Zealand. In addition to these multi Vietnam. committee, both General Gavin and lateral pacts, we have bilateral mutual Let us be cautious in expressing geo Ambassador Kennan agreed they had defense treaties with Japan, Nationalist political judgments or strategic opinions nothing but praise for the military per China, South Korea, and the Phillipines. as to whether or not any proposed or formance of our commanders and troops The fundamental purpose of these· even rumored military action will em in Vietnam. But they insisted that es treaties is to keep our allies from falling broil us in a nuclear exchange with Rus calation of the conflict might involve us under Communist influence or domina sia; or in a protracted land war with in a war with Red China. tion. For, should that ever occur, the mainland China. General Gavin was of the opinion that scales of world power would be tipped Let us not be stampeded, one way or a substantial American troop buildup against the free world. another, by claim as to whether world beyond present levels might provoke The primary function of these pacts is opinion will or will not approve the Chinese intervention in Vietnam. Am to draw a line across which an aggressor President's course in Vietnam. As for bassador Kennan stated that such inter cannot move without risk of war and~ mer Secretary of State Dean Acheson vention "almost certainly" would occur if should aggression occur, to legitimize U.S. we were "to attempt to crush North Viet intervention. · said: nam strength to a point where Hanoi But without the ability, willingness, Any country half slave or all slave to for could no longer give any support to Viet and determination of the United States eign criticism cannot stand except as a m.en cong political activity in the south." to us:e i.ts power to c.arry out its treaty tal ~nstitution. While the possibility of such inter OQligations, th~se mutual defense pacts Let us not forget the symbolic impor vention by Peiping should not be ignored, are. mere scraps of paper. tance of foreign policy, particularly in the risk must be calculated on the basis Thjs is why Communist politico-mili Western dealings with the Communist of probabilities. It is one which only the tary strat~g_y presses a never-ending ef world. President is in a position to evaluate and fort to diminish American -power and in Let us not forget that in our dealings manage in the light of indispensable fluence on the Eurasian Continent and in with this Communist adversary the secret intellige"nce and the counsel of his the Western Hemisphere. thrust of his aggression will invariably be responsible military and political ad What ' would happen if the United directed at the weak points of .our psy- visers. States failed to ,redeem its pledge under chological armor. · · General Gavin made it clear that since the SEATO Treaty to defend the inde Finally, let us never forget that a his retirement from the Army in 1958 pendence of South Vietnam. A chain p0wer-even as great a power as the he has had no access to classified mili reaction-even now foreseeable would be United ~tates-can survive only if it is tary information. Ambassador Kennan triggered. .· willing to fight for its interpretation of made a similar disclaimer, adding that The confld-ence of the free people of justice and its conception of vital inter- he had no specialized knowledge of Asia in the value of the U.S. commitment est. '· · southeast Asia. to deter Con:fr:hunist aggression would be The issues which will come up for dis The nub of the testhnony of both men undermined. They would ·rush to make cussion are many. · Some of them of so is this. Our stakes in Vietnam do not their pathetic deals with one or the other delicate a nature that they can be con justify the costs of the conflict or the of the two great Communist powers of sidered only in executive session. risk of war with China which they be Asia. · But what the American people will lieve it might provoke. Indeed Ambas The· long shadow of impending catas expect to get from their Senate are in sador Kennan feels that our involvement trophe would lengthen. For South Viet formed and honest answers to two over is one our Government should liquidate nam would provide the blueprint fOr the riding questions: ''just as soon as this can be done without takeover of Latin America and Africa by Just what are our country's stakes in inordinate damage to our own prestige a variety of indigenous Ho Chi Minhs. Vietnam? or to the stability of conditions in that Our influence in the world-the influ And are they worth :fighting for? area." · · ence of the great power that is the United States--would be bankrupt. THE INTELLIGENT MANAGEMENT OF RISK If our stakes in Vietnam were as neg ligible as General Gavin and Ambassador Penned up in the-western Hemisphere, There are no easy answers to these Kennan apparently believe them to. be, with our foreign markets and supplies of questions. And any responsible answers our position there would have been essential raw materials dependent on the will involve value judgments on which liquidated long ago. But are they neg mercy of the Communists, our full-em reasonable men may honestly differ. But ligible? And can they be liquidated with ployment economy would be shattered. what we must remember is that we face The alternatives would be grim. Na a condition, not a theory. We are heavily out "inordinate damage to our prestige" and to our international position? Here tional pacifism combined with unilateral involved in southeast Asia. we come face to face with the question disarmament. Or isolationism in for Nor can we forget that as the lynchpin I posed originally, which the Gavin-Ken tress Amedca--beleaguered in a Com of free world security and stability, the nan testimony largely ignores and which munist world. United Sta~s cannot avoid risk in the the administration has discussed mainly Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. Presi conduct of its foreign affairs. Its ob in generalities. dent, will the Senator from South ·Caro jective must be the intelligent manage lina yield? ment of risk. Accordingly, the potential Just what are our country's stakes in Mr. RUSSELL of South Carolina. I risks which, it is claimed. our present Vietnam? yield. course involves-such as th~ danger of a OUR STAKES IN VIETNAM Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Yesterday war with Red China.-should be coolly As I see them, our stakes in Vietnam the Committee on Foreign Relations was assessed and balanced against the haz are political, moral, psychological, and privileged to hear Gen. Maxwell Taylor ards entailed in any alternative which military. In that order. I believe they testify. Gen ~· Maxwell Taylor was the the critics of our present course propose. are mountain high. : commander of the lOlst Airborne.· Divi- February 18, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 3445 sion' that dropped in by parachute on send them there to surrender and be deci:.. extremely difficult for the Soviet leader Normandy several hours before the first mated with no help coming, as happened ship to continue its present moderate boat hit the beach on D-day in France. at the time of Dienbienphu." policy of peaceful coexistence with the He is perhaps the greatest fighting offi Mr. RUSSELL of South Carolina. . 1: free world. Our lack of a firm national cer still alive in this country. General certainly agree with the Senator from purpose will have united the two great Taylor's son is at present. serving as a Louisiana. Communist powers in a common and eaptain of infantry. NATIONAL HONOR AND NATIONAL PURPOSE frightening design for world conquest. General Taylor testified that that same The Geneva agreement of i962 to THE CREDIBILITY OF OUR MILITARY DETERRENT old division, the 1C>1st Airborne, today which we were signatory was supposed to It is not enough to stand and fight is composed of boys who are just as good guarantee the neutrality of Laos. We for our stakes in South Vietnam. The as those who dropped in on the Germans signed in good faith. It was immedi way in which we do it is of enormous in Normandy on D-day. He testified-that ately violated by the Communists. military, political, and psychological im the boys in the 1st Marines are just Laos became a corridor for the conquest port. For this is the heyday of the as good as the boys who served in that of South Vietnam. Today, among the cheapest form of Communist conquest division in earlier years. The same is nations of southeast Asia, Geneva has the so-called civil wars of national liber true of the 25th Division. The same is already become a symbol of American ation externally controlled. true of all the other fine units in Viet lack of power to deter Communist ag The late President Kennedy told the nam. The same is true of the qualifica gression. Or worse-the lack of our Congress 5 years ago that, since 1945, tions of the fine Special Service Forces. Nation's will to use its military power in limited or guerrilla wars of purported na Their morale is magnificent. the discharge of its national commit tional liberation constituted "the most I checked the records of the 1st In ments. active and constant threat to free world fantry, which marched behind George When we signed the agreement to in security." Washington. · I checked the records of sure the neutrality of Laos we had not At that time he declared to the world all the units. Not one of them has ever begun the conversion of our military pos at large that our response to such ag been defeated by the enemy on a field ture from one of nuclear massive retali gression in the future would be "suitable, of battle. · ation to the present one of flexible re selective, swift, and determined." But an General Taylor said, in effect, that 'if sponse. In south Vietnam we can now undeclared limited war in which the ob this Nation suffers defeat and national jective is not the defeat of the adversary, dishonor, and 'if these fine young men be fiexible and firm. We must be firm in our resolve to fight is difficult for the American people to are compelled to pull Old Glory down understand. They believe that, as Gen from the flagpole and run up the white until a self-enforcing, subversion-proof settlement which secures the independ Douglas MacArthur put it: ft.ag of surrender, it will n·ot be because In war there. is no substitute for victory. they did not fight; it will be because we ence of South Vietnam is reached. A did not let them fight and because we settlement which will eliminate the Viet The fact that there has been no dec failed to support them: If they are de cong as an internal force for the Com laration of war by the Congress has· in feated, def eat will have resulted from munist conquest of South Vietnam by clined many people to doubt the serious orders from Washington, from erroneous terror, assassination, and subversion. nature of the war. instructions from Congress. But· they This is the only kind of settlement The President's zealous efforts to reach will not be defeated because they failed which can justify the sacrifice of Amer an honorable settlement iri Vietnam to ftght for their country. ~ ican lives in Vietnam. But let us be have been interpreted as a sign of weak Mr. RUSSELL of South Carolina. It realistic. Such a settlement is a vain ness by the enemy and by many Ameri will be because we lacked moral stature hope within the framework of the cans. I urge we make it clear that there and fiber here. Geneva agreements of 1954 and 1962'. is no uncertainty now, either as to our Mr. LONG of Louisiana. -They will be But if we fail to achieve such a settle national determination or our military defeated because we were not made of ment, all our sacrifices in Vietnam will capability. the stern stuff that characterized the have been in vain. Peiping's hard line · The aggress~on must be liquidated. It men who sat in the Senate in years gone communism will have proved to the world must be dealt with in a way that will ef- oy. They will not be defeated because' its paper tiger theory of American power. fectively deter any future aggressions of they were not worthy of their fathers THE SYMBOLIC VALUE OF SOUTH VIETNAM similar character. or grandfathers. In the world of Communist propa 'We have the physical power to do ex Mr. RUSSELL of South Carolina. It ganda, where symbols are all important, actly that. But our adversaries are the will not be because the junior Senator we have an enormous stake in South acknowledged masters of the political fl'om Louisiana has not stood up ~ for Vietnam. and psychological weapons of protracted them. I commend the Senator. · He has ' If we .stand fast in our purpose, we. can guerrilla warfare. stood fast in support of our fighting men make South Vietnam a sanctuary of They know we .have the power. But in Vietnam and of our policy there. · He freedom. Saigon can become to Asia they are confident that we do not have is one of the strong voices in the Senate what West Berlin is to Europe-a living the national will to use it, on 'this subject. I commend him for symbol of American resolve in the de As Hanoi's famous strategist Gen. Vo that. The American people have grati fense of human liberty. Nguyen Giap put i~: tude to him for it. We cannot permit a situation which The enemy [the United States] wm be · Mr. LONG of Louisiana. I deeply ap would make it possible for the Commu caug:P,t in a dilemma. He has to drag out the preciate the fiile statement that the Sen war in order to win it and does not possess, nists to propagandize South Vietnam on the other hand, the psychological and ator from South Carolina is making:' throughout the world as the living sym political means to fight a long drawn out war. - If I had been asked whether we should bol of the political and military defeat of send men over there, I do not know what America in Asia. Dienbienphu lias been For the United States, Vietnam is the I would have advised. Probably I would immortalized by Communist propaganda moment of truth. We have now had 5 have advised against sending them. But as the living symbol of the total liquida years of intensive experience in south if ,I had beeri shown the treaty we had tion of decadent French colonialism in east Asia, with the most subtle form. of made and had been aware of the sacri southeast Asia. Communist aggression. If we prove our fic,es being made by the people of Viet Peiping's great stake in South Viet ability to deal with it in Vietnam, we nam' in trying to defend their liberty J;lam . is not its rice or its real estate. will deter the spread of this menace 1io against communism, I might have been The real target is psychological-the other areas where we are committed to persuaded that we should send our men dramatic . and enduring humiliation of resist it. there. . the United States as a significant in In my humble opinion, we~ must estab '':But if I had agreed to send them, I fiuence on the continent of Asia. lish in Vietnam-for the years to corne would have said, "Please send OUr boys Should this occur, our heavy invest a credible deterrent to Communist wars who .are there all the things that they ment in a policy of cooperation with of liberation of the Vietnam-type. need r to ·figltt with. If they are likely Russia'. will be lost. For the easy suc This means that our capability to de to. be cut off and might have to sur cess of Peiping's hard-line communism ter such Communist aggression by ap render,' send reinforcements. Do not against the United States will make it :propri~te mil~· tary do'ctrine anq weapo~ , .. J: ~· 3446 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE February 18, 1966 systems and our national will to use that the Senate stand in recess until the hour of the Senate that we just get out of capability must be believable and believed of 1:30 p.m. today. Vietnam; that we just call the whole by the aggressors. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there thing off and come home, and leave Our vast stockpile of international bal objection to the request of the Senator South Vietnam to the Communists. listic missiles with nuclear war heads is from Illinois? That is the only real alternative I have no deterrent to guerrilla wars of nation There being no objection Cat 1 o'clock heard suggested. al liberation. Defeating the purposes of and 3 minutes p.m.) the Senate took a If the objectors will just get their al such a war in Vietnam will establish a recess until 1: 30 o'clock p.m. the same ternatives ready and bring them to the truly credible deterrent. day. Senate, the Senate can consider them. CONCLUSION On the expiration of the recess, the But as it is, they are only holding up consideration of this authorization, with I profoundly believe that our stakes Senate reassembled, and was called to order by the Presiding Officer (Mr. BASS out which appropriations cannot possibly in Vietnam involve not our interpreta in the chair) . be made. tion of justice, but also our conception of It seems to me, that after a reasonable the vital interests of the United States. period there should be some alternative These stakes are, in my judgment, worth SUPPLEMENTARY MILITARY AND proposed. I know the committee has fighting for. examined witnesses. It has heard Gen The conduct of foreign policy under PROCUREMENT AUTHORIZATION, FISCAL 1966 eral Taylor and General Gavin and Am conditions of limited war is not an exact bassador Kennan, and I understand the science. The contribution of expertise The Senate resumed the consideration Secretary of State is there today. The is limited. After the "objective analysis of the bill CS. 2791) to authorize appro members have engaged in a great verbal and research of a situation" is complete, priations during the fiscal year 1966 for debate with these witnesses who, of there still remains uncertainty about the procurement of aircraft, missiles, naval course, are among the most outstanding meaning of events and the balancing of vessels, and tracked combat vehicles and men in their fields. But they have not the risks which they entail and the op research, development, test, and evalua brought forward their alternatives. portunities they off er. tion for the Armed Forces, and for other I say, Mr. President, that it is not But there is no certainty. Conjecture purposes. proper to hold up a mere authorization to some extent is unavoidable. Yet in Mr. RUSSELL. of Georgia. Mr. Presi for appropriation unless there is going foreign policy-as our Communist adver dent, I ask that the business coming to be some alternative proposed. saries should have taught us by now over from the previous day may be laid So I say to these gentlemen: Let us certainty comes as much from poUtical before the Senate. vote on this authorization. If Senators philosophy and insight as it does from The PRESIDING OFFICER. The un wish to vote against it, vote against it. computerized facts. Above all, it de finished business has already been laid But if Senators continue this delay in rives from the imposition of purpose on down. terminably, we risk losing the war in events. Mr. RUSSELL of Georgia. It has Vietnam by a process of attrition and a Tested by these criteria, the Presi been. I merely wish to express the hope lack of ammunition which our forces dent's course in Vietnam has been ad that we may reach a determination some must have to defend themselves. mirable and presents the Congress with where along the line on this authoriza I submit, Mr. President, it would be a unique opportunity for moral leader tion. I am not fundamentally opposed a sorry spectacle for a country as wealthy ship. By moral leadership I mean an to filibusters if they have a definite ob as ours, and as powerful as ours, to lose affirmation of the shared values that jective. As a matter of fact, I have been a war for any such reason. I hope we make America a society rather than a accused of participating in them myself may at least proceed to vote on this au population or a bewildered crowd. on one or more occasions. I might say thorization bill. We have had a num The kind of leadership I have in mind on more than one occasion. But as a ber of speeches on both sides of it. I do was defined by our distinguished Secre rule, a filibuster has some objective. not know of a single citizen of the United tary of Health, Education, and Welfare, In this case I cannot see what the States who is happy about our being when he was President of the Carnegie objective can possibly be. After the au engaged in this war in southeast Asia, Corp. Mr. Gardner said: thorization is passed here, it must go to but the stern, undeniable fact is that Leaders worthy of the name whether they the House of Representatives and be we are there and there are 300,000 Amer are university presidents or Senators have passed before the appropriation can be ican boys in that tortured land, or on a significant role in creating the state of made to fulfill the purposes of this au mind that ls the society. They can serve the waters around it, or the lands adja as symbols of the moral unity of the society. thorization. cent to it. They can express the values that hold the so We now have some 300,000 members of If we do not propose to authorize food, ciety together. our Armed Forces in Vietnam or in the clothing, and hospitals for them, we lands or on the waters about that strife should let it be known now by voting I respectfully submit that we in the torn land. down this authorization and giving the Senate bear a heavy responsibility at this There have been extensive committee Defense Department a chance to bring critical time for demonstrating to the hearings and I have no objection to that. our forces home, even though that would world at large that we share the values If Senators wish to have televised hear be like coming home as a whipped puppy which our fighting men are asked to de ings that go into the living rooms of with its tail between its legs. It is not f end on the field of battle. their constituencies, and if they wish to fair to these men. They did not order Mr. President, I suggest the absence of ask long, complicated questions, I under themselves out there. They are there on a quorum. stand that thoroughly. I have been orders from higher authority. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The around here a good while. I understand As long as they are there, I think clerk will call the roll. those things. There is nothing mysteri it is the duty of the Senate of the United The legislative clerk proceeded to call ous about them to me. States to maintain them without regard the roll. But I would like at least to have some to what the views individual Senators Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, I ask alternative to our present policy brought may be on the policies involved and on unanimous consent that the order for forward from these hearings. If mem the international ramifications of the the quorum call be rescinded. bers of the committee wish to bring an entire southeast Asian question. The PRESIDING OFFICER. With alternative forward, they will have ample I, therefore, hope we will not, by the out objection, it is so ordered. opportunity to do so, because the House subterfuge of filibustering this author Appropriations Committee will not act ization, seek to bring our Vietnam effort RECESS TO 1 :30 P.M. on the appropriations bill until this au to a close by abandonment. thorization bill is enacted; and when the If there are those who wish to bring Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, under appropriation does come from the House, it to a close by not feeding, and clothing, the present circumstances, with no by that time even the most determined and arming the men, let them stand up speaker readily available, it would occur critic of our present policy should have on this floor and vote this resolution to me to be the better part of wisdom that his alternative ready. down and defeat it. the Senate take a brief recess; and if it The only one I have heard mentioned Mr. McGOVERN. Mr. President, in is in order, I ask unanimous consent that up to now is a proposal by one Member the light of what the Senator from February 18, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 3447
Georgia, the distinguished manager of have any soldiers. They are the cre~m least would interrupt the fl.ow of troops the bill now before us said, I wish to of the crop. . moving into South Vietnam from the ·make it perfectly clear, speaking just as · Mr. McGOVERN. I wholly: agree :with north. Instead, it is reported that nine one Member of the Senate who has had that statement. The Senator is abso regiments of North Vietnamese regulars some questions from time to time about lutely correct. This country has perhaps have come into the fighting during the our policy in southeast Asia, that I do never before assembled quite so superb time the bombing attacks were in not believe any filibuster has taken place a group of men as those we now have progress. or that anyone, to my knowledge, in- fighting in southeast Asia. I feel cei:tain The same kind of predictions have tends a filibuster on this bill. ' that every Member of the Senate shares been made about the commitments of · Mr. RUSSELL of Georgia. Mr. Presi- the conviction of the Senator from American forces on the ground. It has dent, will the Senator yield? Georgia that we need to do everything been said that if we committed X number Mr. McGOVERN. I yield to the dis- we can to see to it that they are ade- of American men to the conflict, they tinguished Senator from Georgia. quately equipped and provided with the would be enough to do the job. But al Mr. RUSSELL of Georgia. Was the resources they need to fulfill the mission ways the predictions have been wrong. Senator here the day the bill was made to which they have been assigned. Personally, I have much more confi the unfinished business and the state- Having said that, I also believe it is dence ~n the judgment of the Senator ment was made that there would be no perfectly proper for us to have had from Georgia [Mr. RussELL] than I do in agreement to vote this week on this bill in several days of discussion on this sub the judgment of some of the policymak any event? If that does not bear the ject, and perhaps some additional time, ers in the Department of Defense and earmarks of a filibuster, I do not know to examine the question of what our the Department of Stat,e, who have been what does. It indicates an intention to commitment is in Vietnam; to what ex calling for more and more commitments delay. That, in the last analysis, is what tent the bill now before the Senate of American forces. a filibuster is. They did not say when might commit us to some new ventures So.I believe the Senate is acting within everybody made a speech; . they said, in that part of the world; and to make its best traditions and within its area of "We want to serve notice there is not certain that we know where the course responsibility when it takes a few days to going to be any vote." If that is not a we are now on is leading. raise some questions about the course we ·filibuster or the threat of a filibuster, I am one of a group of Senators who are following in Vietnam. I hope a fili then I, who have been accused of fill- thought · seriously of submitting an buster will not develop. I certainly do bustering a great deal, and might plead amendment to this authorization bill that not intend to participate in anything guilty in certain instances, do not know would in some way try to limit the im that I think could properly be described what a filibuster is. pact of the bill to sustaining the forces as a filibuster on this measure. I do in Mr. McGOVERN. I cannot speak for alrea,dy in being in Vietnam, but also in tend to continue to raise questions, so the Senators that the Senator from some.fashion to reflect the opposition or long as those questions are in my mind Georgia is referring to. I can speak only at least the concern of a number of and in the minds of my constituents, for myself. Members .of the Senate about the about the commitments we have made in But I think a few days' discussion of dangers of any larger war in Vietnam. Vietnam. an authorization of nearly $5 billion I personally hold to the conviction I commend the Senator from Georgia should not quite so quickly M labeled a that the late President ·Kennedy ex for the very clear assurance that he gave "filibuster." pressed in 1963 that we should not make us in his excellent presentation of the We have just completed a discussion this an American war. He said he felt bill when it was first laid before the Sen of some weeks' duration on the question it was perfectly proper for us to send ·ate. He said: of the repeal of section 14(b) of the Taft- aid to the people of South Vietnam; that Nothing in this legislation can properly be Hartley Act, which is doubtless an im- he thought it was perfectly proper for us considered as determining foreign policy, as portant issue, but which I know the Sen- to give them the benefit of our best mili ratifying decisions made in the past or as ator from Georgia would agree is not tary advice and some limited amount of endorsing new commitments. any more important and probably not-so assistance; but that in the last analysis It was because the distinguished Sen .significant as the conflict in which we are only the people of South Vietnam, their ator from Georgia gave that kind of as involved in southeast Asia. Government, and their military forces surance on the floor of the Senate that I, This would seem to be an appropriate could decide the outcome of the war. at least, decided that no rider or no time to raise some questions about where So there was a feeling on the part of a amendment was necessary to limit the we are headed. For my own part, I in- number of Senators that perhaps the scope of the proposed legislation. tend to vote for every bit of the author!- particular bill now before the Senate The Senator from Georgia has made it zation in the bill before the Senate. I might be a good vehicle to express our perfectly clear that we are not making have never felt that the financial cost of conviction that we have reached the any policy declarations or declarations the war was the issue. I do believe there point where we need to consider whether of support for the decisions that have are some serious questions that we prob- to extend the commitment of American been made in the past 12 years, which ably should have asked, even at an earlier forces beyond their present level. At the have involved us in Vietnam. I know date, about the assumption that sent our time the late President Kennedy im that the Senator from Georgia has had troops to Vietnam in the first place. plied that we should not commit fur- some serious questions about some of our But I quite agree with the Senator ther American troops to Vietnam, we past commitments. He has made it per from Georgia that our forces are com- had about 15,000 or 20,000 men there. fectly clear that we are not committing mitted and, therefore, must be ade- We now have something over 200,000 ourselves to or are not endorsing any quately equipped. I was in Vietnam and men in Vietnam, and another 75,000 to ·new ventures either in South Vietnam or visited some of them in November and 100,000 in Naval units offshore and in anywhere else in southeast Asia, but that December. They are the fi_nest group nearby areas. all we are doing by the bill is to provide of military men we have ever sent over- I have felt that the reason why some the necessary authorization, and subse seas. There is no question in my mind Senators are disturbed about this au quent appropriation, to take care of about their competence, their dedication, thorization bill or about the course we the needs of the troops that have been and their capacity. In every sense of are on in Vietnam is that each time our sent there and whose lives are at stake. the word, they are a superb group of policy planners have told us that such With that purpose I am in complete men, and I personally want to see them and-such a commitment would be agreement with the Senator from Geor have all the equipment they need for the enough to do the job, they have been gia. I wish to make it clear that it is on. defense of their lives. proved wrong. We were told some years that basis that I personally see no need Mr. RUSSELL of Georgia. Mr. Pres- ago that the strategic hamlet program for any further amendments or quali ident, will the Senator from South was the answer to the problem. A con- fications on the authorization bill. Dakota yield? siderable amount of money was invested I did not intend to speak on the sub Mr. McGOVERN. I yield. in that program, but it proved to be a ject of Vietnam today. We have some Mr. RUSSELL of Georgia. If the men disastrous failure. We were told that serious problems to deal with at home. we have sent to Vietnam are not soldiers, limited bombing attacks would bring the One of them is the problem of the agri the United States of America does not other side to the negotiating table, or at cultural sectors of the country. There 3448 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE February 18, 1966 1s no more acute problem in that sector money for the program and then see that the Secretary and tell him about some ·of than the problem of our dairy farmers. there is a supply of milk to meet the the problems our dairy .farmers are hav Before I off er my remarks on that sub needs of our children. ing: the financial squeeze that faces. a ject, I suggest the absence of a quorum. Mr. President, I believe that no other good many of them, the disappearance The PRESIDING OFFICER. The program has resulted in greater divi of some of our dairy herds, and the liqui clerk will call the roll. dends in terms of health and the strength dation of those herds at a time when The legislative clerk proceeded to call of children for so little cost as has this they are increasingly needed. I hope on the roll. special milk program. the basis of such conversations we can Mr. McGOVERN. Mr. President, I Mr. MUNDT. Mr. President, will the persuade the Secretary to act very ask unanimous consent that the order for Senator yield? quickly, and use the authority that Con the quorum call be rescinded. Mr. McGOVERN. I yield. gress has given him ro lift the price sup The PRESIDING OFFICER. With Mr. MUNDT. Mr. President, I believe port level. It does not really require out objection, it 1s so ordered. my colleague has brought to the atten any further action on the part of the tion of the Senate the very genuine prob Congress; that authority, as the Senator lem that confronts initially the milk says, rests with the Secretary of Agricul THE SCHOOL MILK PROGRAM producers of the United States, and, in ture. Mr. McGOVERN. Mr. President, 1 the final analysis, confronts even more Mr. MUNDT. Does my colleague was pleased, and I know many other Sen seriously the general public and the share my concern that with prevailing ators were, by the message from. the schoolchildren of America. meat prices as high as they are, and the President which stated that the Sec I certainly associate myself with his production of milk as unprofitable as it retary of Agriculture was being directed statement that it was a disastrous bit of is, that unless some action is taken, we to buy dairy products under section 709 news for schoolchildren and for their are likely to see a decrease in dairy herds, of the Agricultural Act of 1965-the sec parents around the country when the by drawing them off to the market, rather tion which I was privileged to sponsor as President's Bureau of the Budget recom than maintaining even the status quo? an amendment to the very important mended a 79-percent cut in the money Mr. McGOVERN. There is no ques farm bill that was passed by Congress available for the school milk program. tion about continued liquidation of last year. On the Appropriations Committee on dairy herds. The Senator is absolutely -- I was delighted that the message which I serve, and on which serves also correct. We are all very grateful for stressed the need for adequate supplies the distinguished Senator from Wiscon the somewhat improved situation in cat of dairy products for commercial mar sion to whom my colleague has just al tle and hogs today; but that only further kets and also for the high priority de luded, I recall the very fervid, effective, points up the need to do s<>mething about mands of our feeding programs here at and persuasive pleas the Senator makes one of the forgotten men in American ag home and overseas. every year for an increase overt~ rec rtculture, the dairy farmer. What the The message stated that milk from ommendations which come down from Senator describes is happening. The American farmers is the only milk avail the White House and the Bureau of the farmers are liquidating their dairy herds able to millions of poor children abroad. Budget. and moving into other more profitable Mr. President, we are now participat We felt rather proud of the fact that lines of production. They are doing it ing in overseas child-feeding programs we did provide $103 million in the budget just at a •-time when the President has that reach almost 50 million children for the current fi~cal year. However, we called upon Congress to authorize a mass through school lunch programs of one are now confronted with the President's ·attack upon hunger abroad, and to do kind or another. The real backbone of proPosed· reduction of 79 percent for next even more than food for peace has here those programs ·is the milk supply that year and also a reclaimer of $3 million of tofore been authorized to undertake. we send abroad. the, amount of money which was added 'The President's food-for-freedom pro To many of these youngsters, it is the largely because of the persistence and gram, which I vigorously applaud, comes only adequate meal they received during insistance and persuasiveness, fortified at a time when commercial demands on the day. Of course, the same thing is with facts as he .was, of the Senator from dairy farmers are increasing. true, although perhaps not to quite as Wisconsin. Mr. MUNDT. I have one comment, itcute a degree, in our own milk pro · I am glad that my, colleague Points out Mr. President, to which I shall not ask grams at home, which contribute so also that this attack on the school milk iny colleague to reply. This astonishing much to the health and strength of our program is just one facet of the overall request on the part of the President to own children. · program. w~ ;need greater production reduce the school milk program by 79 If we are to fulfill the aspirations of of milk and larger dairy herds, and the percent causes me to have some curiosity the President, to say nothing of com way to get that is to increase the price a:bout who is writing the speeches down mercial market requirements, it is es support made available to producers of at the White House. We hear of changes sential that the national dairy herd be milk. in speechwriters and the shortage of maintained and that our farmers have I should like to address a question to speechwriters, and so forth. I believe adequate encouragement to supply .the my colleague, who serves as an important they have too many speechwriters down necessary quantities •of milk for all pur member of the Senate Committee on there. I do not believe the very fine Poses-for commercial purposes as well Agriculture and Forestry, of which I am speechwriter who helped the President as for our feeding program. · a reluctant alumnus. Is not my mem with his state of · the Union address, I believe every Senator is fully aware ory correct that this increase in price wherein he said we could have both guns that milk prices to farmers are sup support can be provided expeditiously by and butter at the same time, and carry ported by the Agricultural Act of 1949, action of the Secretary of Agriculture the war in Vietnam to a successful con and that for several years the rate of under prevailing legislation and will not clusion without sacrifices of other pro price support has been either at the min require new legislation or the delay occa grams, who can tell us where economies imum or near the minimum required by sioned by new legislation? can be made, is the same one who says law. Mr. McGOVERN. The Senator is cor to take it away from the homeless, the As a result of price support levels being rect. As he knows, as a senior member poverty stricken, the schoolchildren. too low, dairy herds are now being liqui of the Agricultural Appropriations Sub This other speechwriter who talked dated by many farmers, just at the time committee, and one who has been very about cutting back the milk program 79 when more milk, not less, is needed for actively involved on behalf of dairy percent must not be related to the fellow the commercial market and for distribu farmers for a good many years, the Sec who helped the President with his state tion programs here at home and abroad. retary does have such authority. of the Union speech. One such program which is of I have discussed this matter with the I challenge the administration here interest to most of us concerns spe Secretary and with other officials at the and now, Mr. President, to show any cial milk for children on which Department of Agriculture. I am hope place else in the total existing program program the Senator from Wiscon ful that we can arrange for a meeting of the executive branch where there has sin [Mr. PROXMIRE] has done so much with him of the Senators who are now on been as sharp a cut proposed as the 79 work. We cannot let this program lapse the :floor and others who are interested pericent they propose to take out of the by default. We must provide sufficient in this problem, so we can sit down with school milk program. February 18, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-~ SENATE 3449 I think that is a great disaster'; and I grams; and I hope we will be able to re Now is the time to act, before more dairy hope we can get to the President, back store them to an adequate level. farm.ers get out of the dairy business. Un In less we stop this decrease in milk production, behind his facade of speechwriters, and terms of our national defense, we we may w.ake up and find that we cannot help him realize, No. l, the inconsistency can present a better picture to the world, supply the milk needs of the American con of this approach; No. 2, its devastating and a stronger defense position, if our sumer, mu~h less meet our foreign com effect on the schoolchildren of America; young people are healthy and strong. mi·tments. and No. 3, its lack of overall wisdom. It has always disturbed me that such My colleague has had an illustrious a high percentage of our young people Mr. McGOVERN. Mr. President, pro career as food-for-peace Director, and are rejected as unqualified for military duction is down some 7 percent in Wis knows something about the programs service because of health deficiencies. consin and 15 percent in Iowa, as com abroad; but I believe he would agree One of the ways to correct that in terms pared to January 1965. The drop in that, on a dollar-for-dollar basis, no of the future defense needs of the coun the State of South Dakota for this same program we have set in motion has done try is to make sure that we have an ade period of time is 9 percent. The situa more for American children than this quate supply of high protein foods, and tion is such that when milk prices and milk program. So I hope, as my col that we do not exercise a penny-wise, returns from dairying are compared to league has suggested, we can get through pound-foolish program with reference such alternative farmirig enterprises as. to the President and straighten out this to those items. hogs, beef cattle, and soybeans, dairy situation, because, while surely there are I thank the Senator for his excellent farming comes out second best. places in this great big budget the White contribution to the discussion. This point was made very well a few House has sent down where we should be Mr. President, the number of milk moments ago by my colleague [Mr. economizing, I do not thing it is wise cows in the dairy herds here in the MUNDT]. Many farmers, therefore, are to accept this attack of a 79-percent-cut United States has reached an alltime low relieving themselves of the 7 days a week in the school lunch program. as of January 1 of this year. The num confinement necessary to dairy opera One way to let the program move for ber of cattle reported stood ait 16.6 mil- tions. We know that the upper Midwest ward is to provide a continuous expan ·lion head on January 1, which is a de is a reservoir for the dairy industry. sion of the supply of milk. • That can be cline of 5.6 percent from a year ago. It is this area that most fluid milk mar done, as my colleague has suggested, by The total milk production for 1965 kets depend upon for their reserve sup action of the Secretary of Agriculture stood at 125 billion pounds, which is a plies. It produces a great deal of our in providing a more adequate and equi drop of 1¥2 percentage points from the butter, cheese, and nonfat dry milk. table price support for milk products in previous year. In January, national I hasten to add, however, that virtually America. - milk production was off 5.3 percent from every State in the Union is involved in I thank my colleague for yielding. the previo,us year. the dairy industry in one way or another. Mr. McGOVERN. I thank the Sena This decline has been continuing for If we are to have an adequate supply tor for his very helpful contribution. I several months. The greatest decline in of milk and dairy products in 1966 and am certainly happy to respond · to his milk_ production is in the heart of the 1967, it is imperative that the exodus suggestion about the rich dividends that dairy country of the United States--in ·Of dairy farmers be stopped. This can we receive, not only in this country but my part of the country-Minnesota, Wis only be done by giving dairy farmers in the countries we have tried to assist consin, Iowa, a1'd the surrounding States. assurance that they will be rewarded overseas, with such ·efforts as school 'The decreases for January were 14 per fairly for their efforts. We are not talk milk and school lunch programs. I have cent in Min_nesota, one of the great dairy ing about some kind of unwarranted thought for a good many years that, States. subsidy or financing, but -merely the as taking into consideration the entire Mr. President, I pause at this point to surance of a fair return is for the hard foreign aid program, the overseas aid say that the Senator from Minnesota labor which is involved in dairy farming. of all kinds, there is no part of that [Mr. MONDALE], who is necessarily away Mr. PRO~IRE. Mr. President, will whole program that has returned such from the Senate on official business, has the Senator from South Dakota yield at great dividends as the programs that asked me to insert in the RECORD a brief that point? have been aimed at-improving the health statement ori. the dairy situation. He · Mr. McGOVERN. I am glad to· yield of schoolchildren and preschool chil feels strongly-that steps are needed to to the Senator from Wisconsin. dren through the milk programs. arrest the- decline in dairy production. Mr. PROXM:,IRE. Is it not true that That has been true here in our own I, therefore, ask unanimous consent that the Agricultural ACt of 1949 specifies as country. Some years ago, when I his statement be included in the RECORD a -criteria for the price-support level_:_ served as Director of the food~for-peace at this point, before I continue my re- ·one ·Of the important criteria--that the program under the late President Ken marks. - Secretary shall establish price supports nedy, I received a very thoughtful letter There being no pbjection, the state at a level which will assure an adequate from the dean of the University of ment was ordered to be printed in the supply? Georgia, who said that in his best judg RECORD, as follows: Mr. McGOVERN. The Senator is ment; there was no single Federal pro -correct. STATEMENT BY SENATOR MONDALE Mr. PROXM:IRE. The whole thrust of gram that had done so much to improve There are .many reasons why we must the lives of the people of the South in maintain and support a dairy industry-in what both Senators from South Dakota the last 30 years as the school lunch and fact, our entire agricultural industry-which have stated ln their extremely able school milk programs. He said that is capable of meeting the needs of the speeches is that the supply will not be many of the youngsters had suffered American consumer, as well as our commit adequate unless the Secretary recognizes from an inadequate diet over the years, ments abroad. this criteria and gives weight to it, that and he thought it had held down both Population is rising. Youngsters will need we will have shortages which could result the physical growth and the educational milk as they grow up, to supply the needed in a temporary bonanza for dairy nutrition. farmers. There is no question that if the growth of millions of people in the The President has called for a war on South, and that the school milk and hunger, pointing out that "hunger poisons prices rise severely and sharply, it would school lunch programs had done more the mind, saps the body, and destroys hope, be very temporary indeed. Some farmers to correct that situation than anything and is the natural enemy of mankind." might take a shortsighted view of this else. He added that "we must have adequate and be very happy. I applaud the Senator's high priority supplies of dairy products for commercial The point is, it would be bad for the or. these programs, and I hope that we markets, and to meet high priority domes dairy industry as well as for the con wm be successful in restoring the funds tic and foreign program needs. Milk from sumer. It would also be bad for the U.S. farms is the only milk available to stability of prices generally. The up to an adequate level. That is one thing millions of poor children abroad." the Congress can do something about. These are some of the reasons why we ward surge in prices would be temporary, It is quite true that the Secretary has must take steps necessary to stop the de but our experience indicates that whereas authority to set the price support levels cline in dairy production. an appropriate, steady increase in the on milk, but Congress has the authority I think the time has come to raise the price support level by the Secretary of to restore the funds that are needed for support price for milk so that farmers can Agriculture could assure adequate sup our school milk and school lunch pro- be encou~aged to maintain their herds. plies, the law of supply and demand 3450 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-::- SENATE February 18, 1966 would come into adjustment at an ap ture is the one major sector which has vided with an adequate food supply for propriate level-say 85 percent of parity, not generally shared ·in the rising eco its people at such a small cost to the or some reasonable, moderate level-and nomic prosperity of the country as a consumer. thus the dairy farmers of the country whole. For almost 5 years now, this As the Senator has said, in spite of could continue to maintain their herds. country has enjoyed an unbroken eco the price support program, which some They could and would make their plans nomic advance-taking the economy as people see as a device to increase the cost accordingly. They would be able to stay a whole-but the farm families of the of food, the fact is that food is a bar in the dairy industry. The result would Nation have not shared fairly in that gain. Food takes only 18 percent of the be, in the long run, a healthier picture economic advance. They are grateful income of the American consumer. In for the dairy farmers as well as a better for what Congress has done, particularly .some couritries it· takes as high as 50 picture for the consumers and for price . in the passage of a general 4-year farm percent of the family budget to buy food. stability generally. bill in 1965, which does provide some de So we are in an unusually favorable Mr. McGOVERN. I agree with the . gree of stability. But the fact remains position as far as food consumers are Senator from Wisconsin. As I under that even with the 1965 program and concerned. What we are pleading for is stand his point, the consumers have just other steps which have been taken by .an adequate and fair compensation for as great an interest in stabilization of the Department of Agriculture, and by the farmers who provide us with the dairy prices and supplies of dairy com Congress, the per capita income level most wholesome supply of food in the modities as does the producer. This is of farm families is still far below the world at the lowest real cost. not a one-way street. We are not talk national average. Thus, we do have an The kind of price support we are ask ing here about the problem of the dairy imbalance in this country in rural Amer ing for can be supplied under present farmer alone. We are talking about in ica, and particularly, as the Senator has law simply by increasing the support suring an adequate supply at fair prices said, with reference to dairy producers. level. This increase can be directed by for families all across the country. Thus, Mr. PROXMIRE. I thank the Sena the Secretary of Agriculture. it is really a double problem, of concern tor. Under the pricing criteria of the Agri to the consumer, as well as to the Mr. YOUNG of North Dakota. Mr. cultural Act of 1949, the support price to producer. President, will the Senator from South farmers must be increased to assure even The Senator is correct, that in the Dakota yield? a semblance of an adequate supply. long run a price support level adequate Mr. McGOVERN. I am glad to yield As I said earlier in our discussion, this to assure necessary supplies of dairy to the Senator from North Dakota. matter is being taken up with the Secre commodities is in the interests of both Mr. YOUNG of North Dakota. I tary. I hope a number of us can sit down the taxpayer and the consumer. wish to support the position taken by with the Secretary of Agriculture soon Mr. PROXMIRE. Let me say to the the Senator from South Dakota and join and make our case. I think we have a Senator from South Dakota who, along him in urging action to increase dairy Secretary who has the interests of Amer with his colleague [Mr. MUNDT], repre price supports. ican agriculture at heart. I have faith sents the most agricultural State in-the I used to be both in w.heat farming and that when the case is made to him, in a Union, or at least the one State in the in the dairy business. Therefore, I be face-to-face discussion, he will do what Union in which agriculture represents lieve I know a little bit about the opera ever is within his authority to deal with the largest proportion of total income, tions involved in both. this problem in a fair manner. · and who are, therefore, deeply aware of Probably the most di:fHcult type of If the present trends continue in the the problems, that the No. 1 economic farming operation is that of the dairy dairy industry, we are going to be faced injustice in America is low farm income. business which keeps you on the job all with acute shortages of milk and dairy There is no question about that-in day long, 7 days a week. products for years to come. A cow can terms of the investment made, the When farmers start losing money in be slaughtered in an instant, but it takes amount of work they put in, their e:fH .the dairy business, they quickly go into a minimum of 2 years to replace a dairy ciency, and in terms of the risks taken. some other kind of farm operation. cow, and then she can be replaced only Farm income is much too low for all We are in the situation now where if if there is a mother around to give birth, farmers. We can make a convincing the price supports are not increased and which will not be the case if dairy herds case of economic injustice for virtually milk marketing orders are tied to price are liquidated. every farmer. But it is particularly supports, we may face severe shortages Severe shortages- of milk and dairy severe for the dairy farmers. The in the years to come. The consumer products will immediately result in in Secretary of Agriculture has won appro would be far better off to have a little in flationary prices at the consumer level, priate respect for the honesty and ac crease in price now and be assured more and this is what we want to prevent. If curacy of his statistics which show that adequate supplies, rather than face the herds continue to be liquidated, a fu in my State-the No. 1 dairy-producing severe shortages in the future. ture shortage will result. That means State in the country-farmers receive The time of that shortage may not be uncontrolled price increases. An in an income, if you allow them only a 4- very far off. We hear a lot of talk about crease in the dairy supports will not percent return on invested capital, of less· increased exports of wheat and other cause an inflationary spiral. The best than 50 cents an hour. grains. We are now experiencing ex assurance against inflation is produc This is right now. That is not a few ports three times as high as they were tion, and the only assurance that milk months ago when the farmer's income only 4 or 5 years ago. If worldwide de will be produced is by giving the pro was even lower. He is receiving less mand continues, many dairy producers ducer a fair price. than 50 cents an hour, when the mini will shift to grain production, as grains The present status of the industry mum wage is $1.25 an hour. As I say, will be in great demand if we can con concerns many people very deeply, not our farmers are among the most skilled tinue to increase exports. only because of farmers, but from the workers in America. I join the Senator in requesting higher viewpoint of consumers and the view It seems to me that this adds another price supports. They should have been point of many of our communities. In dimension to the very strong argument increased before. There has been no in many of the Northern States the milk which the Senator from South Dakota crease for many years. The dairy farm plant is the biggest industry in town. is making, that the Secretary of Agri ers are in the most difficult financial I can think of many towns in my own culture should give careful consideration straits of all agricultural producers. home State where the dairy plant is the to increasing price supports for dairy Mr. McGOVERN. I thank the Senator backbone of that particular community. products from 75 percent of parity to a for his observation. I think there is no I am informed that many of the milk level which will assure an adequate sup question about the fact that the Ameri plants which make butter and nonfat ply, which will bring the dairy farmer a can farmer has contributed greatly to dry milk are .in grave danger of being little closer to the kind of income he so the strength of the country as a whole, closed. richly deserves. and has done it without an adequate Mr. YOUNG of North Dakota. Mr. Mr. McGOVERN. I thank the Sena compensation to himself. There is no President, will the Senator yield? tor from Wisconsin for his keen observa country on the face of the earth today, Mr. McGOVERN. I yield. tions. I, of course, agree with him and there has never been a country in Mr. YOUNG of North Dakota. wholeheartedly. I agree that agricul- the history of the world, which is pro- Apropos of what the Senator has said, February 18, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 3451 in my own home county, we have We all know the results when we come rect result of low prices. Many of our had two creameries for 25 or 30 years, up too late with too little. I hope the finest dairy farmers are being literally affiliated with the Land-0-Lakes' Secretary of Agriculture will act now. driven from the farm, Creamery organization, probably the If he does, I know he will have the sup Two other related indicators reported best run operation in the United States.' port of the American people and of the by the Department of Agriculture are One of them was closed down about 3 Congress. average daily receipts of milk from pro months ago. It will never be opened Mr. President, I yield the floor. ducers in these St.ate and Federal milk again. This is a good example of how Mr. NELSON. Mr. President, I com marketing areas and average daily re the dairy industry is being liquidated. mend the Senator from South Dakota ceipts per producer. Both show sharp Something has to be done to correct for his very thoughtful speech, and I drops in nearly all the midwest dairy this. wish to commend my senior colleague States, undoubtedly reflecting discontent Mr. McGOVERN. I thank the Sen [Mr. PROXMIRE] for his contribution on with milk prices. ator. These plants are being liquidated the dialog about this very serious mat Average daily receipts from two Min not only because of a lack of milk sup ter involving our dairy farmers. nesota .areas are down from 3,417 million plies but because they have tried to Mr. President, I am pleased that the pounds in December of 1964 to 3,133 mil maintain prices to farmers that are be revamped food-for-peace program pro lion pounds in the-same month in 1965; yond their capabilities. posed by the administration stresses the five Iowa areas down from 3,317 million A great number of them are paying need for adequate supplies of dairy prod to 3,015 million; two South Dakota areas prices to farmers that are not adequately ucts for commercial markets and to meet down from 622 million to 581 million; provided for by the price support struc high priority domestic and foreign pro three Wisconsin areas down from 4,509 ture. Many of the plants-in fact, most gram needs. million to 4,324 million, and two Illinois of them in my State-are cooperatively I am concerned, however, that this areas down from 17,524 million to 14,893 owned by the farmers themselves. So need for adequate supplies may not be million. they have a great stake in the industry. reflected in prices to dairy farmers that Sharp drops in .average daily receipts They have a stake in it both as farmers will assure it. per producer are shown in the current and operators of these cooperatively If present inadequate price levels con reports for these same States. These owned plants. But they cannot continue tinue in the important north central reductions reflect culling of dairy herds, to pay themselves money that they can dairy States, for example, it is certain poor quality feed due to drought and not collect when they sell their products that this important area will not be able early frost, and unwillingness to buy as nonfat dry milk to the Government. to provide these needed supplies. The feed concentrates that will not pay out The present price support level is $3.24 reserve supplies that have been avail at present dairy prices. per hundredweight. The Government able in this area in the past are disap The Government now supports d,airy pays prices for products used in its dis pearing and may no longer be available products at 75 percent of parity or $3.24 tribution programs which are geared to to fluid milk markets. a hundred for milk going into manufac that support level. This milk shortage already is a serious turing uses. This price has led to fewer Many of the manufacturing plants, problem for the important manufactur cows being milked and fewer farmers hoping against hope for improvement in ing sector of. the dairy industry in these remaining in dairying. the market, have been paying their mem States. This industry, built around the The incentive simply is not there at ber producers substantially more than making of cheese, butter and nonfat dry this price, especially for younger farmers the $3.24 level. But unless the market milk, already is having difficulty obtain who have the option of switching to feed itself is corrected through adjustment ing sufficient milk to keep plants running ing c,attle or raising hogs, or some other of the price support level, many of these efficiently. type of farming. It has led to the alarm plants will be forced to close and the em The answer, of course, is higher ing situation in Wisconsin in which it ployees dismissed. That would have an price supports. These higher prices are now is estimated that an average of 12 adverse impact on rural America, and needed both to provide adequate income farmers a day stopped dairying in 1965. would obviously be totally inconsistent for farmers committed to staying in The Secretary has reported that he is with the economic opportunity programs dairying and as a vote of confidence for considering the many requests for rais approved by the Congress at the request those who are wavering. ing support prices for the coming mar of the administration. Even without the anticipated stepping keting year. My request is among them. The problems of the dairy industry up of foreign demands for dairy prod I hope the alarming drop in milk produc which I have been discussing have been ucts-both in food aid and commercial tion in the Midwest, which is without a visible ahead for some time. It was for sales-the need for ample domestic pro doubt tied to the serious economic situa this reason that I introduced legislation duction is growing. tion caused by continued low milk prices, authorizing the Secretary of Agriculture The fluid milk and cream report, issued will result in his setting dairy support to go into the open market and purchase prices at a realistic level without deJ.ay. dairy products for distribution here at yesterday by the Department of Agricul home and for programs we are operat ture, shows the extent of these consump Mr. McGOVERN. Mr. President, I ing abroad at market prices. tion changes in State and Federal milk wish to commend the Senator from The new authority can be helpful, but marketing are.as. Wisconsin for the excellent statement he the status of the industry has now · de Whole milk sales in November were up has just made on the dairy problem. In clined to the point where an adjustment 4 percent from a year earlier in these asmuch as he comes from perhaps the in the price support level is the only way areas. Skim milk sales were up 12 per greatest dairy State in the Union he to adjust dairy returns properly enough cent from November a year earlier. knows this problem thoroughly. As the to assure an adequate supply of dairy Fluid cream sales were up 2 percent. former Governor of that State he has products. To summarize, tot.al fluid sales in No been equally involved serving the dairy While the dairy industry is shrinking vember in 76 :marketing areas were up farmers for a good many years. at an alarming rate, and the needs for 6 percent from the same month in 1964. Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President, I dairy products are greater in overseas Yet the milk receipts from milk produc share the concern which has been so and domestic programs, the needs of the ers have been going down. well expressed on the Senate floor today commercial market are growing as well. One indication of the economic prob concerning the propased reductions con The population of this country con lems in this area is the sharp drop in the tained in the fiscal year 1967 budget for tinues to increase. It was something number of producers in some of these the national school lunch and special over 195 million at the beginning of this State and Federal marketing are.as. In milk programs. I am of the opinion, year. The Nation is growing at a rate 3 Illinois areas, for example, the as are a majority of the Members of of 3 million people a year, or a market number is down in 1 year from 18,186 this body, that we must reduce nones for milk and dairy products equivalent producers to 16,453. In 3 Michigan areas, 13,887 down to 12,911. In 3 sential Federal expenditures in view of to a new city the size of Los Angeles. our military commitments in southeast If our growing population is to be fed, Wisconsin areas 4,197 to 4,137. In 2 we must have steadily increased milk Minnesota .areas, 4,102 to 3,971. This Asia. There are innumerable areas production to match the growth. drastic reduction in producers is the di- where the administration and Congress 3452 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE February 18, 1966 can cut back on financial outlays with FAULTY CONSTRUCTION OF POST Furthermore, the Postmaster General out jeopardizing the health of our chil OFFICE BUILDINGS has assured me that his Department is dren or in any way impeding the well Mr. JORDAN of North Carolina. Mr. continuing its investigation of all of the being of any of our citizens. President, recently a situation came to contracts it has in the 12 cities in New The school lunch program and the my attention concerning the Post Office Jersey, New York, and North Carolina, to special milk progTam are, however, in Department which caused me a great determine if any other defaults have oc my view very important and successful deal of concern. curred. programs, and they deserve to be con I think the Senate and the public I have a file of information on whait tinued at least at the level of recent should be aware of the situation; there has occurred in connection with the pro years. fore, I shall outline briefly a series of posed post office building in Sanford, I intend to vote and do all I can to events involving the construction and and I have passed on all of the informa restore the proposed cuts. The health leasing of certain post offices. tion I have obtained to the Postmaster and physical welfare of our school chil I should like to say at the outset that General. dren is an essential matter, and the funds Postmaster General Lawrence O'Brien Of course, I am not familiar with all devoted to this cause should not be re performed an outstanding public service of the details of the contracts in the 11 duced while other much less essential by taking immediate corrective action other cities, but what happened in San programs continue in full force or are when I called this matter to his atten ford is a good example of a private cor even increased. tion. poration trying to get by with shoddy Mr. HART. Mr. President, I want to The matter to which I am referring construction and a completely unaccept commend the junior Senator from South involves the operations of an organiza able building to house a post office. Dakota for his leadership and his fine tion known as the Schur-Lee Realty There are strong indications that this presentation of our serious dairy problem Corp., Hackensack, N.J., whose principal same corparation has made a practice of and associate myself with him. In his officer is Mr. Aaron Schurman. trying to give the Government the run recent message on food-for-freedom, Mr. Schurman has been a principal in around in meeting its contractual obliga President Johnson called for the Govern several different corporations which have tions through delay and slowness in cor ment purchase of limited amounts of obtained contracts to build and lease 12 recting sloppy work. dairy products under the new open mar U.S. post office buildings since 1958 in [hope that the Post Office Department, ket purchase authority in the Agricul cities in the States of New Jersey, New as a result of the experience it has had tural Act of 1965. The President said: York, and North Carolina. ' with the Schur-Lee Corp., will make a We must have adequate supplies of dairy The Schur-Lee Corp. has obtained broad review of all of the cons·truction products for commercial markets, and to contracts to build and lease 4 of the 12 lease agreements it has made. There is meet the high priority domestic and foreign post offices in North Carolina, in the an urgent need to find out if other at program needs. Milk from U.S. farms is the cities of Goldsboro, Asheboro, Sanford, temps are being made to do what was only milk available to millions of poor chil and Shelby. done in Sanford before it was corrected. dren abroad. The Secretary of Agriculture The private contractors who lease fa wm use authority in the 1966 act whenever An intolerable situation came to my necessary to meet our needs for dairy attention when I learned that the city of c1lities to the Post Office Department are products. Sanford had revoked the corparation's paid, and they are paid well, for their license to do business in that city when services. In turn they should be required The need for dairy products comes it was found that the construction of the not only to provide f ac1lities of superior Pointedly at the time of a shrinking dairy foundation of the new post office in San quality, but to keep them serviced and industry. It comes at a time when sur ford did not meet local building codes in first-class condition without delays pluses have been curtailed and when sup and was not in accordance with the and constant prodding. We cannot tol plies for commercial markets are de specifications drawn by the Post Office erate anything less, and we will not creasing. The high priority domestic tolerate anything less. and foreign program needs of which the Department. On January 25, 1966, I sent a tele I think it would also be proper for the President speaks are endangered by the gram concerning the matter to the Post Post Office Department, in reviewing its downward trend in production. master General, which is as follows: contract-lease agreements, to give se The level of prices to farmers is dis In strongest possible terms I respectfully rious study to this method of building couraging to the continued production of recommend immediate investigation of per postal facilities, and I hope that the milk. The primary dairy States are re formance by contractor on post office build Postmaster General will recommend to parting cuts in production from a year ing at Sanford, N.C., now under construc Congress any ch.anges in the existing ago as my colleagues have pointed out. tion: Sanford municipal government has re contract-lease procedure that he feels It is my hope the Secretary of Agricul voked contractor's license to operate in San will bring better postal service to the ture will continue to review the support ford, and all work has been stopped. Com public. program for dairy products in light of plaints of most serious nature have repeat what is required to stabilize dairy pro edly been made by responsible citizens and officials of Sanford in recent weeks, and I THE WAR IN VIETNAM duction on a firm basis and provide for have repeatedly called them to attention of milk we will need for fullest growth of proper postal authorities who made it clear Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, half a both domestic and international needs. they share my concern, but seem to be ham decade or so ago a great leader in the Mr. McGOVERN. Mr. President, I pered by legal considerations relating to con U.S. Senate wrote: tractual relationship between the contractor thank the Senator from Michigan [Mr. I am a free man, an American, a U.S. Sena HART] and the Senator from South Caro and the Government. Similar problems arose when same contractor was working on tor, and a Democrat in that order. lina [Mr. THURMOND] for their perceptive Asheboro post office project. Understand he I am also a liberal, a conservative, a Texan, remarks and their contribution to this was low bidder on several other North Caro a taxpayer, a rancher, a businessman, a con discussion. lina post office projects. I believe in being sumer, a parent, a voter, not as young as I Mr. President, I suggest the absence fair and there may be extenuating circum used to be nor as old as I expect to be. And I aqi. all these things in no fixed order. of a quorum. stances about which I do not know, but it appears to me that there is urgent need for I am unaware of any descriptive word in The PRESIDING OFFICER. The prompt action to correct an intolerable sit the second paragraph which qualifies, modi clerk will call the roll. uation. fies, amends or is related by hyphenation to The legislative clerk proceeded to call the first paragraph. · In consequence, I am the roll. Upon receiving the telegram the Post not able---not even the least interested in master General took immediate steps to trying-to define my political philosophy by Mr. JORDAN of North Carolina. Mr. have a complete investigation made. The the choice of a one-word or two-word label. President, I ask unanimous consent that Postmaster General informed me on Feb This may be against the tide, but, 1! so, the the order for the quorum call be ruary 14, 1966, that the contract between choice is ctellberate. rescinded. the Post Office Department and the The words are br1111ant words of the The PRESIDING OFFICER. With Schur-Lee Realty Corp. for the Sanford man whom destiny and the American out objection, it 1s so ordered. post office building had been canceled. people have chosen as our leader in diffi.- February 18, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 3453 cl,llt days. They are the words of then The fact that we can lick anyone is courses which would defend our interests Senator Lyndo~ B. Johnson. hardly disputed even by our adversaries and those of any legitimate and popular The beginning of an eloquent state and potential adversaries. Do we, there Government of South Vietnam. ment of political precepts, these words fore, unleash this awesome power and, We urge restraint while developing a are the ones I borrow today to bring be thus, begin a nuclear war from which long-range, strategic position which fore the Senate some of my thoughts on there will be no winner? would recognize not only the contingen the most vexing of this generation-Viet The answer is an obvious and clear cies of the battlefield, but also the great nam and the consequences of the war "No." goals of our Nation in guaranteeing free there, in the rest of southeast Asia, on Therefore, we must conclude from this dom and self-determination for those the entke Asian Continent and, indeed, that we also oppose rightfully so-called peoples who want them and will nurture on the world. preventative war, that we will refrain them. There are those who would categorize from dropping the bomb without provo Of what avail to commit additional Senators-indeed, all Americans-into cation. hundreds of thousands of our best young neat pigeonholes marked "The Hawks" Second, I believe that nearly all think men in a land war against Asians? and "The Doves." Or, even less appro ing Americans recognize that we should Of what avail winning a war-even priately, "those who support the Presi not become involved in a land war against without atomic devices-if we were to dent" and "those who oppose the Presi the mass of Asians. lose the peace and the support of our dent." Third, it is only rational to state that allies all around the globe? As a Senator, Lyndon B. Johnson told use of any nuclear device in this or any The solution to Vietnam is elusive. If us: other conflict is merely a prelude to all we lack anything at this moment, it is At the heart of my own beliefs is a rebell1on out nuclear war. There simply is no such a positive solution or an alternative. against this very process, labeling and filing thing as a limited nuclear conflict any But it seems to me-and to many of Americans under headings. more than there is anything like being the rest of us-that there are certain partially pregnant. things we should not do. Among them Mr. President, this is the position' in are: which I find myself today. Indeed, I These yardsticks must be applied, then, suspect many of us find ourselves today to the struggle in Vietnam. Long and extended ground action in It is my conviction---and that of many Asia. in this same position. Nuclear warfare. We are neither hawks nor doves. We of my colleagues-that we are becoming embroiled in a land conflict on the con Abandonment of dedication to peace desire to be neither. tinent of Asia whether we sought it, or and freedom. We are pro-Americans, profreedom. It is my hope that, in setting aside We are anti-Communist, antislave. desire it, or not. I suggest that one reason that this is what we do not want and in focusing We believe in meeting our commit some attention on the need for long ments. We believe in peace with honor. so is that the position of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff has not been range goals, perhaps we can together We know from a personal standpoint, find what we do want without categoriz many of us having served in the Armed rotated in recent years. Rather, the Chairman has been an Army man. ing each other as patriots or baitors or Forces in wartime. hawks or doves. " We are at once freemen, Americans, I have no quarrel with the Army or with the able representatives it has given There is no question of what I intend Senators, liberals, conservatives, busi to do on the measure now before us. I nessmen, professional men, consumers. to the chairmanship-Lemnitzer, Tay lor, and Wheeler. Yet, these great lead intend to vote for it. I intend to support workers, parents, and voters. All of us ers are, by their training, experience, our troops there. I have so stated re are not as young as we used to be nor, and orientation, ground :fighters. peatedly. There was concern among hopefully, as old as we expect to be. I cannot help wondering whether an some of us that there was an intention Yet, many are, as I am, the fathers of Air Force or a Navy Chairman would not by those who sponsor this measure to young sons who may be asked to march today guide the Secretary of Defense and consider the vote on this measure as a off to battle in a war that is undeclared the President to a course different from policy determination, a determination and, indeed, not understood by the vast that which we seem to be pursuing in the that would bind this Congress and bar majority of Americans. war. it from discussing, debating, or question As we are loyal, sincere, and dedi A punishing, body-to-body confronta ing what is going on. cated-that is, those of us in the Senate tion in Asia lets the enemy decide how, I believe that the senior Senator from who feel this way-so are nearly all the when, and where we shall pit the forces Georgia [Mr. RussELL] voluntarily put 200 million Americans. They-and we of freedom against those of tyranny. at rest most of the fears of many of us back our President. We applaud his It is in no way compatible with our clear when, in his opening statement, he said patience and his perceptiveness. We superiority in nuclear strength, in air that the vote on this measure is meant applaud his efforts at peace, and, equally, pawer, and in sea power. for neither an endorsement of past poli his efforts to find a way to reconcile a In Vietnam we are not even :fighting cies nor a commitment to any future belief in and a love of peace with the another Korea. A decade and a half ago policy. commitments to freedom and self-de our men fought in Korea side by side The Senator from Georgia went fur termination. with Asians from Korea and from out ther and stated that the vote on this Yet, we have questions, que.stions that side of Korea. We fought with Euro measure would not be considered as weigh heavily on the shoulders of our pean allies. We fought under the ban being the views of Senators with regard fighting men in Vietnam and their par ner of the United Nations. And we to the foreign policy of the United ents in Texas, in Indiana, and in all our fought with and beside the troops of a States. 50 States. stable government--one so stable and so Other remarks have been made. In finding the answers to these ques committed to freedom that her troops Some remarks concern how long this tions-both those which are being asked today are joined in the fight in Viet debate will continue. and those which remain within others nam. I shall make some further observa ! believe we must first come to certain To be sure, there are today facts avail tions than the short ones which ·I have factual conclusions. able in this country only to the Presi made today. I plan to do so on Monday. First, Mr. President, there is the in dent. To be sure, the ultimate decision Other Senators plan to do likewise. escapable conclusion that America is to of quo vadis-where to go-rests with However, this is not a filibuster. day the single strongest Nation in the our friend and leader, the President. This measure was laid down before world, the strongest ever to grace the face Yet, many of us would counsel him to the Senate only a few days ago. Cer of 'this globe in recorded history. This beware of the hawks and the doves and, tainly if the administration were inter very strength, capable of destruction of_ above all, those who would neatly cate ested in bringing the matter to a quicker any combination of enemies, 1s capable gorize all of us. vate than will probably occur, the meas of maintaining a peace-albeit in the twi We would counsel him that we believe ure could have been considered earlier. light zone of a cold war or lukewarm in neither immediate withdrawal nor in I see no reason that the measure cannot war. escalation, but in exploration of other be voted on next week. 3454 CONGRESSIONAL . RECORD - SENATE February 18, 1966 The Senate debated the repeal of sec I ask unanimous consent that the bill The Water Quality Act was not the end tion 14(b) for many weeks. That de remain at the desk for 10 days, to give of our efforts. It represented a new be bate was finally brought to a conclusion. other Senators an opportunity to join ginning. As President- Johnson said If the administration had wanted to do as cosponsors. when he signed that act: so they could have temporarily laid the The PRESIDING OFFICER. With This bill that you have passed, that wlll repeal of section 14(b) aside and brou~ht out objection, it is so ordered. The bill become law as a result of a responsive Con the pending measure up at an earller will be received and appropriately gress, will not completely assure us of ab date. referred. solute success. Additional bolder legislation The Senate adjourned from Thursday, will be needed in the years ahead. But we Mr. MUSKIE. Mr. President, last have begun. And we have begun. in the February 10, 1966, until Wednesday, Feb year the Congress enacted the Water best American tradition-with a program of ruary 16, 1966, in order that members C?f Quality Act of 1965. That legislation, joint Federal, State and local action. the opposition party could return to their which resulted from several years of homes and make political speeches. I work, debate, and deliberation, marked The proposed legislation we are in do not deny anyone that right. How a major change in the direction and em troducing today is bolder legislation. It ever, if it were urgent that this mea~ure phasis of the water pollution control is the product of last year's field hear be voted on this week, that certainly and abatement program. ings by the Subcommittee on Air and could have been done. An opportunity Its two key provisions, dealing with Water Pollution of the Public Works could have been afforded to those of us the establishment of a new Water Pol Committee. It is designed to implement who want to express our thoughts and lution Control Administration in the De the findings published in our report, prayers. Certainly we should not be de partment of Health, Education, and Wel "Steps Toward Clean Water." It will nied that right. fare and the program for water quality form the basis for hearings and the de I believe one thing that has been ac standards on interstate streams, made velopment of legislative recommenda complished by the present course of possible new and more effective attacks tions which the Committee on Public action is that this question has been fi on the problem of providing the right Works plans to report to the Senate later nally removed from the cloakrooms and quality of water in the right place at in the session. the corridors of Capitol Hill, and that the right time. Briefly, Mr. President, this legislation some questions that many of us have The response to the Water Quality would provide for a 6-year, $6 billion pro been asking are now in the minds of the Act has been particularly gratifying in gram of grants to municipalities for American people. The American people view of the strong opposition we had to sewage treatment construction, with the have a right to ask.those questions. The overcome to obtain passage. As Sena Federal Government paying 30 percent American people are now receiving some tors may recall, it originated in the Sen of the total construction cost. It would answers, even if the answers consist of ate as S. 649 in the B'S.th Congress. The remove the present limits on individual further questions. They are entitled to Senate passed it in that Congress, but it project grants. If enacted, it would receive this information. did not receive concurrence in the House. help us meet the estimated $20 billion We do pot live in a totalitarian society We introduced the legislation in the 89th cost of municipal sewage treatment con in whioh the voice of opposition should Congress as S. 4. As in the earlier Con struction needed to meet our national be stilled. I do not believe that the gress the reaction was mixed. The Sen needs between now and 1972. President would want this to occur. ate acted quickly, and after several In addition, the bill provides for in That was my reason for calling to the months the House passed a differing ver centives to the States to participate in attention of the Senate the words of sion. Protracted negotiations and a con the program by offering a 10-percent the President when he was a U.~. Sena ference led to final agreement on the act bonus on those grants in cases where the tor. which President Johnson signed Octo State matches the Federal contribution. I believe that if the President were here ber 2, 1965. We provide for a long-term, low-interest as a Senator at the present time, he loan program to assist those communities In the months since final enactment, in States where State funds and local would say: I have been enoouraged by the growing Let us proceed with our business in an resources are not adequate to meet the interest among public officials and indus local share. We also include a provi orderly fashion. Let us debate the issues trial leaders in the comprehensive water and not personalities. Let us concern our sion for States to anticipate their allot selves with the future of our country and improvement program initiated by the ments to help accelerate the construction with the future of our young people, rather Water Quality Act. I believe that a fun program. than with words which wm be hard to strike damental change has occurred in the In order to assist the States in im from the minds of some people if these words national attitude toward the water pollu proving their own programs, we have are repeated too often. _ tion problem. The discussion has shifted proyided for an increase from $5 million Mr. McGOVERN. Mr. President, I from the issue of whether or not we to $10 million in the grants for State suggest the absence of a quorum. should improve the quality of our water programs. to the issue of how best to accomplish Finally, Mr. President, we would au The PRESIDING OFFICER. The our objectives. clerk will call the roll. thorize a $25 million a year program of The legislative clerk proceeded to call The one disturbing factor in these grants for the demonstration of ad the roll. months has been the delay in effectively vanced waste treatment and water establishing the new Water Pollution purification methods or new or improved Mr. MUSKIE. Mr. President, I ask Control Administration in the Depart unanimous consent that the order for methods of compatible joint treatment ment of Health, Education, and Welfare systems for municipal and industrial the quorum call be rescinded. by the appointment of a Water Pollu The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. BYRD wastes. tion Control Administrator, as authorized This program is designed to enable us of Virginia in the chair). Without ob by the Wa·ter Quality Act. Quite frank jection, it is so ordered. to meet our primary and secondary sew ly we cannot afford to lose momentum at age treatment construction needs, to up this time as a result of delays occasioned grade State programs, and to launch us by administrative uncertainty. AMENDMENTS TO WATER QUALITY into the new and highly important sys The new Administration was author tems approach to water pollution abate ACT OF 1965 ized by the Congress to upgrade the sta ment and control and improved water Mr. MUSKIE. Mr. President,-on be tus of our water pollution control and qtl,ality development. This approach is half of myself and Senators BAYH, BOGGS, abatement program and to broaden the adaptable to different conditions in all GRUENING, HARRIS, HART, INOUYE, JAVITS, emphasis of our water program to in parts of the country. It is designed to HARTKE KENNEDY of Massachusetts, Mc clude more than health considerations. take .advantage of technological develop NAMARA: MONTOYA, Moss, NELSON, RIBI The States are now making plans to work ments and the advantages of regional COFF, RANDOLPH, TYDINGS, and YOUNG, with the Administration in the develop planning. of Ohio, I introdµce for appropriate ref ment of water quality standards. De We do not pretend that this proposed erence a bill to amend the Federal Water lay and confusion about the Administra legislation is the last word in water pol Pollution Control Act, in order to im tion and its sta·tus can only succeed in lution control, Mr. President, but we do prove and to make more effective the frustrating the intention of Congress in believe it off'ers a bold approach on which operations of that act. enacting the Water Quality Act of 1965. we can build. February 18, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD._ ,, SEN.ATE 3455 Mr. President, let me spell out in just "(b) Federal grants under this section vi.Sions of section 7 and has been certified by a word or two the reason for the urgency shall be subject to the following limitations: the State water pollution control agency as of this program. I believe that the pub "(l) No grant shaH be made for any entitled to priority-over other eligible proj project pursuant to this section unless such ects on the basis 6f financial as well as lic is aware of this urgency. I believe project shall have been approved by appro water pollution control needs. Notwith that Congress is also increasingly aware priate State water pollution control agency standing the preceding provisions of this of it. I am sure that the President is; or agencies and by the Secretary; subsection, in any case where the State is but, nevertheless, it is useful from time to "(2) No grant shall be made for any proj not matching at least 30 per centum of the time to point out that unless we step up, ect in an amount exceeding 50 per centum cost of a project pursuant to an agreement and greatly step up, the present pro ·or the estimated reasonable cost thereof as described in clause (2) the requirements in gram to deal with the problem of water determined by the Secretary; and clause (1) relating to approval by the State pollution, by 1980 our water supplies will "(3) No grant shall be made for any proj water pollution control agency and clause ect under ithis section unless the Secretary (4) relating to certification by such agency not be sufficient to meet our water re determines that such project will serve as a shall not apply. quirements in this greatly expanding useful demonstration for the purpose set SEC. 5. Subsection ( c) of section 8 of the technological and industrial society. forth in clause (1) or (2) of subsection (a). Federal Water Pollution Control Act ls As our standards of living rise, this " ( c) For the purposes of this section there ame'nded by inserting after "The allotments date could be advanced; therefore, this are authorized to be appropriated-:- of a State under the second, third, and problem is an urgent one. .. ( 1) for the fiscal year ending June 30, fourth sentences of this subsection shall be The program which I am presenting, 1966, and for each of the next three suc available, in accordance with the provisions ceeding fiscal years, the sum of $20,000,000 of this section, for payments with respect to although it seems to involve a great deal per fiscal year for the purpose set forth in projects in such State which have been ap of money, is no more than the minimum clause (1) of subsection (a), including con proved under this section" a comma and the needs required for the next 5 years ·to do tracts pursuant to such subsection for such following: "except that in the case of any an effective job. purpose; and project on which construction was initiated Mr. President, I ask unanimous con "(2) for the fiscal year ending June 30, in such State after June 30, 1966, and which sent that the full text of the bill be 1967, and for each of the next four succeed meets the requirements for assistance .under printed in the RECORD. ing fiscal years, the sum of $25,000,000 per this section but was constructed without fiscal year for the purpose set forth in such assistance, such allotments shall also The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bill clause (2) of subsection (a), including con be available for payments in reimbursement will be received and appropriately re tracts pursuant to such subsection. for such of State or local funds used for such project ferred; and, without objection, the bill purpose. to the extent that assistance could have will be printed in the- RECORD and held Sums so appropriated shall remain available been provided under this section if such at the desk, as requested by the Senator until expended. No grant or contract for project had been approved pursuant to this from Maine. the purpose of either such clause (1) or (2) section and adequate funds had been avail The bill ~tary of the Treasury, taking intq con Richard F. Malm Ted L. Gannaway IN THE ARMY sideration the current average yields of out Cqrtland G. Pohie, Jr. Robert A. Moss The following-named persons for appoint standing marketable obligations of the John L. Klenk Richard M. Thomas ment in the Regular Army b~ transfer in U*1i.ted States having maturities comparable George E. Cote Daniel L. Muir the grades specified, under the provisions of to the maturities of loan.s made pursuant Swain L. Wilson Graham Hall title 10, United States Code, sections 3283, to this subsection. Such loans may not be Phillip B. Moberg John L. Steinmetz, Jr. 3284, 3285, 3286, 3287, 3288, 3290, and 3292: used for the State's share of tl}.e cost of a Lawrence A. White Joseph P. Hratko project pursuant to a matching agreement Wilfred R. Blea~ley, Hugh C. Wyatt To be captain, Judge Advocate General's entered inJto under :section 8(b) (2). Jr. Robert C. Powell C; Taylor, Daniel E., 05413625. Parker, Thomas C., 02318580. Davis, Bruce D., 05409479. Taylor, Thomas L., 05318275. Purrington, P~ter R., 05406391. Demey, John, 05219574. Templeton, Allen E., 05216433. Rausin, Ronald W., 05416219. Duke, Walter B ., Jr., 05406008. Thompson, Robert A., 05316840. Rayburn, James L., 05317970. Edwards, Richard C., 05213822. Tilson, Charles E., 05706593. Rhodes, Charles E., 05324994. 3458 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE February 18, 1966 Ring, Dennis A. To be captains, Women's Army Corps second lieutenant under the provisions of Rogan, Donald M., 05320516. Steinbach, Edna M., L1020656. title 10, United States Code, sections 2106, Saffold, Albert W., 05223196. Wolcott, Jeane M., L1020060. 3283, 3284, 3286, 3287 and 3288: Schucker, David R., 05220820. Abrams, Alan D., Jr. Capozzi, Roy M. Sparkman, Ira H., 05318890. To be first lieutenant, Army Medical Specialist Corps Ackroyd-Kelly, Ian H. Capps, James H. Stanton, James W., 05011263. Adair, Kenyon R. Carden, Albert P. Stawski, Edmund J., Jr., 05406745. Richard, Ida, R5411453. Adams, James C. Carpenter, John F. Stewart, George D., 05406234. To be first lieutenants, Army Nurse Corps Addison, William C. Casaletto, James J. Stunkard, Larry E., 05406395. Gray, Helen V., N2296893. Alexander, James P. Cascio, Joseph Sweet, Worth A., Jr., 05322194. Johnson, Wilhelmina T., N5411498. Allcut, Gregory L. Castner, Harvey R. Szymanski, Ronald F., 05016082. Ames, Marshall A., Jr. Chandler, Willlam A. Usrey, Elgan H., 05318892. To be first lieutenants, Judge Advocate Gen- Amos, William B. Channel, Warren W. Vance, Gary W., 054-086'79. eral's Corps Anderson, David B. Chester, James M. ViUasenor, Antonio R., 0532-0407. Atkins, Thomas H., 023138&2. Anderson, John D. Chester, Lloyd L. Walker, Lyman J., II, 05517056. Friedler, Sydney, 02319769. Anderson, Leonard G., Clegg, Ronald W. Wallace, Richard W., 05017332. Merrill, Robert D., 05706697. Jr. Cleveland, Floyd T. Wamsher, Richard C., 05709342. Pauley, Earl A., 0&223386. Anderson, Melvyn L., Coates, Robert E., Jr. Watson, Wycklifle T., 05320101. Pope, William A., 02315595. II Cobb, Robert G. Wauford, Raymond J., 05320725. Rarden, Micha.el A., 05706308. Andrade, Eliseo A. Coffey, Robert S. Wayne, James A., 05406162. Thompson, Edward, Jr., 05010829. Andrews, Paul W. Coffin, John F. Weisman, Donald E., 05532408. Wosepka, James L., 05516078. Antoniuc, Robert P. Coffman, Jimmy N. Wells, James V., 05530023. To be first lieutenants, Medical Corps Armstrong, Elmo G., Cole, William P. Welte, Ronald F., 05709288. Jr. Coletti, Francis E. White, Eddie J., 05317825. Carson, Gordon C., ill, 05312658. Arndt, Thomas E. Colley, Ralph C., Jr. Wresche, Dee V., 05415555. Ganakis, Emanuel J. Arnold, Charles J. Colliander, Douglas C. York, Thomas A., 05406943. McMeekln, Robert R., Jr. Ashjian, John P. Combs, John c. The following-named persons for appoint To be first lieutenants, Medical Service 1'\tkinson, James R. Conner, Albert z., Jr. ment in the Regular Army of the United Corps Austin, Glenn A., Jr. Conte, Dominick States, in the grades and branches specified, Brouillette, Rober.t F., 02293687. Bailey, Paul K. Coolidge, John G. undex the provisions of title 10, United Forrester, J ·ames K., 02309627. Barker, Paul E. Cooper, Roger C. States Code, sections 3283, 3284, 3285, 3286, McGarry, Joseph J., 05010324. Barron, William .A., Jr. Coords, Robert H. 3287, 3288, 3289, 3290, 3291, 3292, 3293, 3294, Yohman, Joseph F., 05217862. Barton, George L., IV Corcoran, William F. and 3311: Baumgartner, Glenn Cork, Stephen D. To be second lieutenants, Army Nurse Corps , To be majors, Medical Corps W. Cornell, David R. Devin, Kathleen, N5709045. Bausch, James M. Cortes, Michael J. Bzik, Karl D., 05014573. Maddocks, Carmen F., N5411669. Beechinor, Robert L. Cosper, Ronnie G. Gimesh, John S., 05-012767. McGrath Jo Ann, N5417311. Belch, Peter P., Jr. Coveney, Kenneth G. McDowell, Frank, J ·r., 01341807. Peterson, Mary L., N5422013. Bell, Edwin D. Cox, George R. To be captain, Army Medical Specialist Corps Staggs, Jewell D., N2317439. Belz, George D., Jr. Craft, Winfred o., Jr. Von Prince, Kilulu M. P., J2296080. Zahm, Karen E., N5021555. Benefield, Johnie H., Cramblett, Alva D. Jr. Cravens, Jaines J .• Jr. To be captains, Army Nurse Corps To be second lieutenants, Medical Service Corps Bennett, Kelley E. Crook, Dennis B. Baker, Gertrude E., N5407145. Berkey. Richard 0.: Cross, Reese W., Jr. Whitmire, Betty A., N5407154. Goodspeed, Paul A., 02317452. Bero, John F. Crunkleton, Jon R. To be captains, chaplain Jones, Douglas E., 05214655. Binkoski, Vincent A., Cundiff, Robert E. To be second lieutenant, Women's Army Jr. Cunningham, Donald Foreman, William E., 05206138. Black, Jerry.M. E. Pember, Marion D., 02307880. Corps Monahan, Carole, L5322604. Blackwell, Russell R. Curington, Calvin F. To be captains, Dental Corps Blanchette, Joel G. Cushing, John R. Blaho, Daniel M., Jr., 05319954 The following-named distinguished mili Blr..nd, William R. Daggy, David N. Coe, Clyde A., 05213675. tary student for appointment in the Judge Blazier, John C. Darby, Leon H. Crombie, John N., 05214092. Advocate General's Corps, Regular Army of Bloomfield, Roger B. Daulton, Jack A. Dukes, Richard D ., 05319956. the United States, in the grade of first lieu Bloyd, John R. Davis, Homer L., III Pompura, John P., 05214115. tenant, under the provisions of title 10, Bock, William P. Davis, Robert H. Rufi, James M., 05301467. United States Code, sections 2106, 3283, 3284, Boland, Thomas L. Davis, Thaddeus J., III Russell, John T., 05501581. 3286, 3287, 3288, and 3292: Bond, Peter A. Dawson, Lester P. Schreck, Gerald G., 05525948. Mallard, Wade V., 05321021. Bonnell, Kenneth L. DeMeo, Lawrence J., Wampold, Mervin H. Borton, John R. Jr. The following-named distinguished mili Bowdoin, Charles D. Denny, Frederick I. To be captains, Judge Advocate General's tary students for appointment in the Medi Corps Bowling, John S. Detlefsen, George D. cal Service Corps, Regular Army of the United Boyd, Arthur R., Jr. Deusebio, Frank c. Newbern, William D., 05412084. States in the grade of second lieutenant, Boyd, Michael F. Devenish, David F. Noble, James E., 02218749. under the provisions of title 10, United States Brackney, Stuart R. Devlin, Donald L., Jr. Yelton, James M., Jr., 02307859. Code, sections 2106, 3283, 3284, 3286, 3287, Bradshaw, Marvin R. Dickson, Richard G. To be captains, Medical Corps 3288, and 3290: Braun, Thomas H. Dillard, Toney W. Fauver, Howard E., Jr., 05207619. Badgett, Arthur L. Land, Henry W., II Bremer, Charles A. Dion, Henry F. Hawryluk, Orest, 05501023. Bell, William H., Jr. MacKay, Pierce B. Bresett, Harold P. Divita, Joseph M. Hefter, Thomas G., 02311310. Bodenbender, David Martin, Andrews. Brewer, Charles E. Doles, Steven M. Holman, Melvin R., 0552'5410. G. McKinstry, Earl R. Brewster, William A. Dombrowsky, Thomas Kent, James J., 05408761. Boyd, Willie H. Morris, Arnold E. Brisbine, Glen E. s. Kimbrell, Robert A., 05316011. Burt, John M. Mundy, Mark J. Brister, Douglas W. Donarum, Frederick R. McKillop, James A., 05012858. Catanzaro, Thomas E. O'Connell, John E. Broman, James E. Donovan, James J. McMillin, Theodore R., Jr., 02318627. Feeney, Donald E. Ortiz, Teofila Broscha, Donald E., Jr. Dorsey, Mercer M., Jr. Morales, Hernan, 05826480. Ford, Thomas M., Jr. Ostrander, James H. Brown, Danny L. Dowling, Matthew J. Morgan, Wllliam P., 05315851. Gallego, Lawrence Owen, John T. Brown, George L. Downie, Terry c. Mounger, Emerson J., 05711606. Galt, John E. Rodman, Terral L. Brown, Jerry A. Dowse, Richard K., II Perry, Roger W., Jr., 05206852. Gaston, Gary W. Schnabel, Godfrey Brown, Laurence C., Dreher, Richard E. Piggott, James A., 05200423. Grubbs, John M. Serrani, William P. Jr. Duderstadt, Eugene W Roeser, Waldomar M., 05518527. Harding, Richard A. Sherwood, John M. Brownell, Richard P. du Fief, Thomas A. Bruton, James K., Jr. Dugan, William R. Stojic, Borislav, 05014678. Hickey, Daniel J. Staples, David c. Horn, Timothy B. Tinkler, Duane R. Burne, Alan R. Easterly, Lewis A., III Varela, Gilberto E., 05826387. Burson, George S., Jr. Echeverria, Robert L. White, Richard H., 04044679. Kerins, James J. Tuomi, Jay A. Krupka, Thaddeus A. Ungemach, Frederick Burton, Michael D. Eckert, Edward K. To be captains, Medical Service Corps LaChey, Terrence L. K., II Cabral, Bernardo J. Ecuyer, Lawrence J. Bukowski, Robert V., 04064580. Lamb, Gregory N. Weed, Roger I. Caine, Bruce T. Edstrom, David G. Gilchrist, Alexander K., 02297790. Caldwell, Craig D. Ehart, Stephen H. The following-named distinguished mili Camardese, Zachary Elkins, Estel E., Jr. Gutin, Howard D., 02264207. ·tary students for appointment in the Regular Temperllli, John, Jr., 04006075. Campbell, James B., Eller, Thomas H .• Jr. Army of the United States in the grade of Jr. Eslick, Jesse A. February 18, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 3459 . Esmay, Jerry D. Haugen, Robert M., Jr. Kresge, John A. Mihata, Kevin K. Proffitt, Robert W. Snl.idt, O'l'ville B. Estabrook, George L. Hawfield, William D., Krizman, Matthew A. Miles, Peter .H., Purdy, William A., Jr. Smith, Earl F. Evans, Mickey S. Jr. Krupey, Robert L. 05024220 Quinn, Dennis J. Smith, Edgar L., III Evans, Thomas M. Hawkins, James 0. Kuykendall, Joseph L. Millard, James R. Raburn, Henry L., Jr. Smith, James E . Fairhead, Michael P. Heath, Donald C. Lagattuta, Frank C. Miller, Christian S. Ramirez, Rene Smith, Larry G. Farwell, James D. Hemenway, John P., Lambert, Michael 0. Miller, David F. Ramsburg, Charles L. Smith, Mason E. Faulkner, Charles E. Jr. Lambeth, Carl L . Miller, Elwood M. Raney, Jerry F. Smith, Roger B. Fayssoux, James E., Jr.Hemphill, Robert F., Lance, Harold V. Miller, Henry S., Jr. Reeves, Ronald G . Smith, Walter A. Fenner, Hubert E. Jr. Landry, Robert H. Miller, John M. Regan, Timothy D. Smyth, Dennis L. Ferguson, Richard E. Hemsley, James M. Lanman, Donald E. Mitchell, Robert W., Reid, Theodore w. Snyder, Charles J., Fernandez, Bruce R. Henry, Myles D. Lanpher, Patrick C. 05713470 Rhodes, Jeter E., Jr. III Ferrari, Bernard D. Herbaugh, Marvin 0 ., Lantz, William P. Monroe, Richard W. Rich, Jimmie H. Spollen, John W. Feurer, Michael H. Jr. LaPosta, Robert H. Monteverde, Miguel Richardson, Sterling Sporkmann, Carl H. Filipiak, Robert P. ·Hernandez, Raul R. LaPrise, William A., E. R. Stafford, Edward P ., Filson, James C. Herndon, Clarence W., Jr. Mooney, John F. Riley, Harold E ., Jr. Jr. Finley, E arl W. Jr. Larkin, Robert M. Moore, Archie L. Rimer, James R., Jr. Stanhope, Michael A. Fischer, Raymond C. HesteT, Kenneth R . Lattin, John H., Jr. Moore, Bruce E. Ritchie, Robin P. Stark, Leroy W ., Jr. Fitzgerald, Nicholas E. 'Hightower, Edward H., Lauffer, George W. Moore, Jack M. Ritter, Gary G. Staudte, Gerald K. Flanagan, Edward J ., Jr. Lawrence, John T., II Moran, Ancil F. B. Rivera, Erotido Steffy, Dean M. Jr. Hmara, Jeffrey L. Lawrence, Michael B. Moren, Jan W. Robblee, Paul A., Jr. Stephens, Jack R. Fletcher, Douglas M. Hoch, Robert B. Lawson, Clifford T., Mrachek, William J. Robertson, Henry D. Stirling, James Y. Flowers, Kenneth F. Hogue, Peter W. Jr. Mullans, John R . Robertson, Richard Stowell, Walter 0. Foster, Michael R. Hollis, Wardell, Jr. Leczo, Theodore J. Muller, Kenneth L. P. Strand, Bruce G., Fowler, Robert F ., II Holmes, Donald L. Lee, Charles S. K. Mundy, Rodney D. Robinson, David M. 05536574 Foy, Thomas W. Holmes, Willi am E. Leech, Lloyd L., ID Murff, Robert H. II. Strohm, Gary C. Francisco, William P., Honerkamp, Frederick Leger, Richard E . Murphy, Leonard K., Robinson, Kenneth Sullivan, Cavin F. III W., III Leidwanger, Wayne G . Jr. W. Swartz, Fred S. Franzoni, Agostino Hood, John E. R. Lennon, Leo A. Murty, Monty R. Robison, Charles L., Swenson, Francis B., Frederick, James L. Hoose, Frederick R. · Leonard, John W., III Muth, Richard A. Jr. Jr. French, Terry R. Hopkins, Cornell Lepore, Frank C., Jr. Myers, Don W. Rogers, James L. Taylor, David R. Frey, Douglas J. Hopkini;;, Frederick T., L'Esperance, David F. Nacy, Charles T. Rogerson, William A. Taylor, John C. Fry, Fred L. Jr. Levering, William D. Na nto, Howard N. Romine, Philo M. Taylor, Kenneth H., Jr. Funk, Donald J. Horan, John J. Libby, John W. N:avas, William A. Roming, Peter P. Taylor, Michael E. Gan, Keith R. Horne, Thomas A. Lindsay, James G. Nemetz, Donald A. Rominsky, Stephen Taylor, Richard H. Garnett, Craig H. Howell, Briley W., Jr. Linke, Howard T. Nichols, Buddy R. A., Jr. Teixeira, Edward T. Garr~tt, Stacy F., Ill Hoysa, Matthew J., Jr. Lippert, Lloyd E. Norman, Lucious J., Rosecrans, Richard Terrell, Richard D. Gardson, James L., Jr. Hrdlicka, Douglas L. Littell, George S. Jr. G. Theriault, Raymond J. Garst, Robert E., Jr. Huohingson, Frank M., Livecchi, Samuel G. Nowosadko, John, Jr. Rosser, Lawrence B. Thompson, Charles W. Gaspard, Milbon J., Jr. Jr. Lloyd, Howard M., Jr. O'Beirne, James H. Rowe, John L., Jr. Thompson, John A. Gaudet, Robert F. Hudkins, Michael L. Lockard, Winston P. O 'Brien, Alfred H. Rubino, Lawrence F. Thorne, Charles Gaudette, William F., Hudson, Cornelius M. Long, Marion G., Jr. Ohl, Arthur W. Ruble, Ray C. E.,Jr. III Hunt, William A. Louthan, Frank G., III Okimoto, Alexander Rugg, Stephen K. Thornton, Michael D. Gaynor, John S ., Jr. Hurley, James P. Loveland, Daniel J. M. · Rush, Bobby G. Thorpe, William C. Gehr, George W. Hutchins, Andrew C. Lowe, John R. Olean, Stephen A., Jr. Russ, Joseph R., Jr. Timmes, Thomas A. Gerwing, Theodore P. Hyngstrom, Thomas Lowry, Stephen R. Oliver, Edward L., Ill Russell, Van B. III Tingley, Jack E. Gesker, J oseph M. R. MacKenzie, Stephen Olson , David V. Rutherford, Wilson Tison, Joseph T. G ilb ert, Robert L. Imamura, Robert M. A. Omasta, Robert J. R. III Tomoyasu, Wayne R. Gilfus, Jay E. Immordino, Vincent Magnusson, John A. Omsberg, James R. Ryland, Charles M. Trbovich, Stephen M., Gillespie, George A., II, J. Magruder, Douglas G. Osteen, Wilson M., Jr. Sabo, Thomas W. II 05536522. Irvin, Robert R ., Jr. Mahoney, Stephen W. Otis, John A. Saikowski, John J .• Tualla, Larry G. Glasrud, David E. Jablonski, J ames J. Maloy, Richard E ., Jr. Oursler, Robert C., Jr. Jr. Tucker, Thomas A. Gleason, P a trick T. J a cques, Donald M., Marchetti, Edward M. P ackard, John A., Jr. Saville, Dale W. Turner, Courtney K Gollwit zer , Gerald E. Jr. Marino, John E. Packwood, Jan B. Sawyer, Philip A. Turner, Edward W. Gorczyca , Thomas E. Javaras, Angelo N. Marques, Steven J. Palm, David C. Schlatter, Joseph A., Turner, Lonnie C. Gordon, Maurice K., Jeanblanc, Donald R. Martin, William F., II Pardee, Jonathan H. Jr. Ulisse, Peter II Johnson, Dean A. Mathews, James C. Parent, David S. Schmedeman, John Upton, Joseph F. Grant, Francis R. Johnson, George P. Matsumoto, Claude C. Parker, Buddy L. R . Valencia, Samuel H. Grass, Stephen A. Johnson, Roger L. Matthews, David F. P arker, Frederick C., Schmidt, Keith A. Van Helsland, Mar- Grau, Lester W. Johnson, Willis s., III Matthews, John W. nr Schrader, Gregg M. shall C., Jr. Green, J ames H. Jones, H arry M. Mayer, Carl H. Parrish, Robert D. Schwabenbauer, Van Meter, Terry Gregoire, Marvin G. Jones, Leland B. McBeth, Robert E. P aschall, Charles H. JamesR. Van Teslaar, David A. Griffing, Thomas T. Jones, Paul D. McConnell, Donald H., P a squale, Thomas L., Schweigert, Peter, Jr. Vaughan, Gerald P. Grisham, William G. Jones, Willis L. Jr. Jr. Schwoerke, Roland J View, James E. Griswold, Wilburn C. Jordan, Daniel W . McDonald, Carroll W. P a ylor, John W. Scofield, Eugene L. Vogler, Robert J. Gross, Jimmie G. Kacerguis, Peter A. McDonald, Robert C. Payne, Mack W. Seekins, Larry I. Walla ce, George R., III Grunewald, Robert E., Kaneshiro, Arthur T. McDuff, Charles R. Pelzmann, Gerald F. Segar, Floyd L. Walsh, Robert M. Jr. Kaufman, Kenneth M. McFarland, Robert A. Perkins, Joe C. Serrem, Mark M. Walter, Thomas M. Grunte, Peter L. Keane, John M. McGarvey, William R. Perkins, John E. Seward, Douglas J. Walters, John A. Gunter, Robert E., Jr. Keel, Jarvis A., Jr. McGavock, Donald F. Perry, Frederick C., Shamlin, Gary E. Waltz, John B., Ill Gustafson, James H. Keener, Richard K. McGinness, Harry J., Jr. Sharkey, Vincent J., Warren, Dennis J. Hagen, Hugh E. Kelleher, Thomas J., III Perry, Ronnie L. Jr. Warshawsky, Arnold S. Hahn, Frank R. Jr. McGrath, Eugene T. Peters, Curtis A. Sharkey, William T . Watkins, John M., Jr. Hall, Roland C., Jr. Kemp, Richard N. McGuirl, John P. Petkewitz, Thomas G. Sharp, GTegory L. Watson, Robert W ., Jr. Hall, William R., Jr. Kesler, Dickson E. Mcintosh, William A. Pfeil, Jimmy E. Shea, Kerry H. Watson, Sherman E. Halliday, Robert W., ll Ketzis, Sandor I. McKee, Stephen F. Pickles, Richard W. Sheldahl, Baron C. ·Webb, Stan L. Hamllton, Gary E. Kimery, Bruce F. McKenna, Robert E. Pieri, Steven K. Shipp, Oharles A. Weddle, Randall J. Hammerstone, Thom-Kirkey, Charles D. McLeod, Glenn A. Pinkus, David R. Shuford, Richard J. Wegelin, Victor as R . Kirkland, Travis P. McRae, George J . Pittman, Paul M., Jr. Shyloski, Edward J. Welch, Emmett A., II Hampl, Joseph J., Jr. Kitchens, Clarence W., Measels, Michael L. Pohl, Peter W. Sides, Richard G. Wells, John W., III Hankey, John R., Jr. Jr. Meecha, John R. Poirier, Robert G. Silva, Thomas E. Whitaker, Gary D. Hardister, James C. Kitts, Charles W. Meniig, Robert W. Ponder, Charles A. Simons, John E. Whitehair, Charles A. Hardy, James T. Kluender, Richard A. Menser, Kent D. Poole, James L. Sims, Joe A., Jr. Whitehurst, James L., Hardy, John W. Knedler, Charles M., Merle, Bruce H . Poore, Randolph T. Singleton, Royce A., Jr. Harman, William R. Jr. Metcalfe, Jerry F. Port, Robert R. Jr. Whiteside, Albert, III Harper, Joe L. Kni.ghrt, Richard D. Metz, John M., Jr. Porter, William R. Sisti, Francis J. Whitton, Robert W. Harper, Paul R., Jrr. Knowles, Bruce R. Meyer, Thomas P. Powell, Charles E. Skirvin, Glen D., Jr. Wicker, Shelton B., Harris, Garl A. Knowlton, David L. Mezs, Maris Powers, George W. Slagle, Billy S. Jr. Harris, Hubert E., Jr. Koprowski, Michael P. Michael, Danny R. Price, Dale R., Slaughter, James B. Williams, Duane E. Harris, Rich.a.rd H. Kotrlik, John J. Middleton, George S. 05022678 Sloane, Medwyn D., Williams, Lewis R., Jr. Hassett, James P. Kramer, Peter N., Jr. Miggins, Michael D. Pritchard, Paul C. III Willison, Gary S. 3460 CONGRESS10NAL RECORD - HOUSE Feb_ruary 21, 1966 Wlllman, Charles E. Worthen, Dale L. poverty, and . despair. Hasten the day Mr. BOGGS. Mr. Speaker, I should wms, Mark A. Yam.aura, Lawrence when the millennial hope of justice, like my statement to follow the remarks Wilson, Daniel E. Yates, William. E., Jr. peace, and brotherly love shall be estab which will appear in the RECORD by the Wilson, David E. Yim., Gordon T . K. K. lished and will prevail throughout the distinguished majority leader relative to Wilson, Frank E. s. Wilson, Haldon D., Jr. Youm.ans, Tom.m.y B. world. Amen. the death on yesterday of one of the Wilson, Woodrow 0., Young, Earl W., Jr. great leaders of our country in World Jr. Zaehringer, Theodore War II. Winget, Harold W. A. MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT The name of Admiral Nimitz became Wise, Lawrence F., Jr. Zahn, Sylvan A., Jr. A message in writing from the Presi as famous and as well known as any Witt, Sherrill A. Ziehler, Paul M. dent of the United States was communi hero in the history of our Nation during Wooliever, Robert A. Ziem.ann, Cornelius M. cated to the House by Mr. Geisler, one of World War II, when he commanded the his secretaries. greatest fleet ever assembled-over 1,000 CONFIRMATION fighting ships and well over a million fighting men-which conquered island Executive nomination confirmed by THE JOURNAL after island in the Pacific, and which led the Senate February 18, 1966: The J oumal of the proceedings of to our victory over the Japanese Empire. COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION Thursday, February 17, 1966, was read Our Nation has lost one of its greatest Nathan M. Koffsky, of Maryland, to be a and approved. heroes. mem.ber -of the Board of Directors of the Mr: LAIRD. Mr. Speaker, I would like Comm.odity Credit Corporation. to associate myself with the remarks of DEATH OF ADM. CHESTER W. NIMITZ the gentleman from Louisiana on the •• ..... •• passing of the great Fleet Adm. Chester Mr. BOGGS. Mr. Speaker, I ask W. Nimitz. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES unanimous consent that the gentleman All Americans have cause to mourn the from Oklahoma [Mr. ALBERT] may ex passing of this great American who MONDAY, FEBRUARY 21, 1966 tend his remarks at this point in the served his country so well in war and RECORD. peace. The House met at 12 o'clock noon. The SPEAKER pro tempore: Is there Mr. Speaker, Sunday, February 20, objection to the request of the gentleman 1966, marked the passing of one of our from Louisiana? Nation's most famous admirals who died DESIGNATION OF SPEAKER PRO There was no objection. TEMPORE at his home on Yerba Buena Island,. Calif. Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, another Admiral Nimitz commanded the most The SPEAKER pro tempore. The of the great heroes of World War II has pawerful fleet the world has ever known Clerk will read the fallowing communica disappeared with the death yesterday of in driving the Japanese Navy from the tion. Admiral of the Fleet Chester W. Nimitz. Pacific Ocean in World War II. He took The Clerk read as follows: Admiral Nimitz had spent all but 15 of over the shattered U.S. :fleet shortly after F'F;BRUARY 21, 1966. his 81 years in the service of the U.S. the attack on Pearl Harbor and nurtured I hereby designate the Honorable CARL Navy. In World War I he served in the its recovery and growth into a force of ALBERT to act as Speaker pro tern.pore today. Atlantic Fleet with a submarine division 16,000 aircraft, 5,000 ships, and 2 million JOHN w. McCORMACK, in a day when submarines were regarded men-the mightest armada ever assem Speaker of the House of Representatives. as strange military instruments. In bled. World War II he assumed command of It was a distinct honor for me to have PRAYER our shattered forces at Pearl Harbor and served in the Pacific Fleet under Admiral 2 years later led the Pacific Fleet to vic Nimitz during this crucial period of time Rabbi Norman Zdanowitz, of the Con tory in the battles of the Coral Sea, Mid in our history. gregation Beth Abraham, Auburn, Maine, way, Tarawa, and the Marianas. His On September 1, 1945, Fleet Admiral offered the following prayer: name is synonymous with many of the Nimitz was one of the signers of the O Heavenly Father, inoculate with the historic sea engagements of World War United States when Japan formally :radiance of Thy divine spirit those who II. signed the surrender terms aboard the .are charged with the great responsibility Admiral Nimitz was a superb leader battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay. <>f directing the affairs of our glorious and a highly knowledgeable technician. On October 5, 1945, which had been and beloved country. Endow them with He was the builder of the Navy's first officially designated as "Nimitz Day" in insight and foresight in this crucial diesel engine, the designer and builder Washington, D.C., Admiral Nimitz was period to champion and to · safeguard of the first naval forward repair stations personally presented a Gold Star in lieu mankind's inalienable rights to .life, lib and maintenance squadrons which over of the third Distinguished Service Medal ·erty, and the pursuit of happiness. came a prime weakness in the naval fleet by the President of the United States Protect and sustain, strengthen and in the Pacific and contributed enormous "For ex;ceptionally meritorious service as 1nspire our illustrious President, Vice ly to naval victories in that ·area. commander in chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet President, and these distinguished lead Admiral Nimitz commanded a thou and Pacific Ocean areas, from June 1944 ers of this great Republic. sand ships and 2 million men and saw to August 1945." May the patriotism, wisdom, and cou the successful culmination of the efforts Mr. Speaker, under unanimous con rageous spirit of George Washington, of the Pacific Fleet from the deck of the sent, I include the text of the citation whose birthday we reverently pause to U.S.S. Missouri when the Japanese ca which accompanied the Gold Star pres celebrate tomorrow, ever serve as a lan pitulation was signed on September 2, entation on October 5, 19.45, at this point tern to illumine their path, to maintain 1945. in the RECORD. a Government "which gives to bigotry Throughout his long career he was five The citation follows: no sanction and to persecution no as times awarded the Distinguished Serv Initiating the final phase in the battle for .sistance." ice Medal for wartime exploits, received victory in the Pacific, [he] attacked the Vouchsafe Thy blessings upon the gal most of the NaVY's highest decorations, Marianas, invading Saipan, infiicting a de lant men of our Armed Forces who have and wide recognition for his outstanding cisive defeat in the Japanese Fleet in ttie gone forth to arrest the reckless wave service. While honors were showered first battle of the Philippines and captur ·of unprovoked aggression and bloodshed upon him, he was no less honored and ing Guam and Tinian. rn vital continuing <>n distant shores. Crown their efforts loved for his poise under fire, his tact and operations, his Fleet Forces isolated the understanding, and his down-to-earth enemy-held bastions of the Central and East with triumph and enable them to achieve ern Carolines and secured in quick succes the suppression of tyranny and lawless attitude. sion Peleliu, Angaur, and Ulithi. With re ness. All Americans mourn the passing of connaissance of the main beaches on Leyte May the United States remain a citadel this great naval hero who defended our effected, approach channels cleared and op of freedom and a watchtower from which country so long and well. position neutralized in" joint operations to .rays of light and hope shall be 'beamed I extend my sympathy to his family reoccupy the Philippines, the challenge by to those who are now living in darkness, and loved ones. powerful task forces of the Japanese Fleet