Fire and Fungal Communities Associated to P. Pinaster In
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FUNGAL COMMUNITIES AND FIRE ASSOCIATED TO PINUS PINASTER IN A MEDITERRANEAN REGION DOCTORAL THESIS Pablo Vásquez Gassibe Palencia, 2014 TESIS DOCTORAL FUNGAL COMMUNITIES AND FIRE ASSOCIATED TO PINUS PINASTER IN A MEDITERRANEAN REGION Presentada por Pablo Vásquez Gassibe para optar al grado de doctor por la Universidad de Valladolid Dirigida por: Dr. Pablo Martín-Pinto Dr. Juan Andrés Oria de Rueda CONTENTS NOTE TO READERS .................................................................................................................................... 1 LIST OF ORIGINAL WORKS ........................................................................................................................ 1 OUTLINE OF THE THESIS .......................................................................................................................... 2 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................... 5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................. 10 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 15 1.1. Maritime pine and fungal communities ............................................................................................ 15 1.2. Fire effect in macrofungal communities and belowground ectomycorrhizal colonization ................ 17 1.3. Objectives ....................................................................................................................................... 20 I. P. pinaster under extreme ecological conditions provides high fungal production and diversity: Study I ............................................................................................................................................... 20 II. Fungal community succession following wildfire in Mediterranean vegetation type dominated by Pinus pinaster in Northwest Spain: Study II ...................................................................................... 20 III. Post-fire production of mushrooms in Pinus pinaster forests using classificatory models: Study III ............................................................................................................................................. 20 IV. The effects of fire severity on ectomycorrhizal inoculum and allometric features in P. pinaster seedlings: Study IV ............................................................................................................................ 21 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................................................ 25 2.1. Study sites (Studies I, II, III and IV) ................................................................................................. 25 2.3. Sampling (Studies I, II, III and IV).................................................................................................... 28 2.4. Identification and classification. Production, diversity and richness calculations (Studies I, II and III) 28 2.5. Mycorrhizal status and allometric measurements and statistical analysis (Study IV) ...................... 29 3. RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................... 35 3.1. Fungal richness, diversity and production (Studies I, II and III) ....................................................... 35 3.2. Fire effect in macrofungal communities and belowground ectomycorrhizal colonization (Studies II, III and IV) ............................................................................................................................................... 37 4. DISCUSSION.......................................................................................................................................... 43 4.1. Fungal richness, diversity and production (Studies I, II and III) ....................................................... 43 4.2. Fire effect in macrofungal communities and belowground ectomycorrhizal colonization (Studies II, III and IV) ............................................................................................................................................... 46 5. CONCLUSIONS...................................................................................................................................... 49 6. REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 53 STUDIES .................................................................................................................................................... 65 P. pinaster under extreme ecological conditions provides high fungal production and diversity ................. 69 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 69 2. Materials and methods ....................................................................................................................... 71 3. Results ............................................................................................................................................... 74 4. Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 88 5. References ............................................................................................................................ 94 Fungal community succession following wildfire in Mediterranean vegetation type dominated by Pinus pinaster in Northwest Spain ........................................................................................................... 106 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 106 2. Materials and methods .......................................................................................................... 108 3. Results ................................................................................................................................ 109 4. Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 115 5. References .......................................................................................................................... 119 Post-fire production of mushrooms in Pinus pinaster forests using classificatory models ..................... 129 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 129 2. Materials and methods .......................................................................................................... 131 3. Results ................................................................................................................................ 134 4. Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 138 5. References .......................................................................................................................... 141 The effects of fire severity on ectomycorrhizal inoculum and allometric features in P. pinaster seedlings ................................................................................................................................................... 147 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 147 2. Materials and methods .......................................................................................................... 149 3. Results ................................................................................................................................ 151 4. Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 155 5. References .......................................................................................................................... 158 Vásquez-Gassibe (2014) NOTE TO READERS This thesis is based on four original works, which are referred to in the text with Roman numerals (I, II, III, and IV), published or under revision in different international journals. Each article constitutes one of the studies or chapters of the thesis. Authors, coauthors, and the stage of the publication are presented below. Previously to the presentation of each study, the reader will find the outline of the thesis and an abstract of the thesis written in English and Spanish. Then, a summary of the whole thesis which includes an introduction with the general and specific objectives, the main methodologies and analyses employed, the main results and a general discussion. After that, the reader will find the four studies and the general conclusions of the thesis. LIST OF ORIGINAL WORKS I. Gassibe, P.V., Oria-de-Rueda, J.A., Martín-Pinto, P., 2014. P. pinaster under extreme ecological conditions provides high fungal production and diversity. Forest Ecology and Management DOI: 10.1016/jforeco.2014.11.013 II. Gassibe, P.V., Fraile-Fabero, R.,