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Renewable Energy Future for the Dutch Caribbean Islands Bonaire, St

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Renewable Energy Future for the Dutch Caribbean Islands Bonaire, St Renewable Energy Future for the Dutch Caribbean Islands Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba Assigned by: Ministry of Economic Affairs, the Netherlands June 2016 Authors: Ir. Ferd Schelleman, Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands Drs. Bart van Weijsten, Willemstad, Curaçao [Type here] June 2016 Colophon Title: Renewable Energy Future for the Dutch Caribbean islands Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba Assigned by: Ministry of Economic Affairs Date: 17 June 2016 Authors: Ferd Schelleman MSc., Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands Email: [email protected] Bart van Weijsten MSC., Willemstad, Curacao Email: [email protected] ©Schelleman@vanWeijsten Material in this publication may be used freely, shared or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested. DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as the result of an assignment by the Ministry of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands. It does not necessarily represent the views of the Ministry of Economic Affairs or its employees. The Ministry of Economic Affairs, its employees, contractors and subcontractors make no warrant, express or implied, and assume no legal liability for the information in this report; nor does any party represent that the uses of this information will not infringe upon privately owned rights. This report has not been approved or disapproved by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs nor has the Ministry of Economic Affairs passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of the information in this report. Renewable Energy Future for the Dutch Caribbean Islands Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba, June 2016 2 June 2016 Table of content Table of content ............................................................................................................................. 3 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................. 6 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 8 Samenvatting............................................................................................................................... 14 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 22 1.1 Background and objective ....................................................................................................... 22 1.2 Project approach ..................................................................................................................... 22 2 Renewable Energy Technologies ......................................................................................... 24 2.1 Project management and cost overruns ................................................................................. 25 2.2 Wind energy ............................................................................................................................ 27 2.3 Solar Energy ........................................................................................................................... 29 2.4 Energy storage ........................................................................................................................ 31 2.5 Geothermal Energy ................................................................................................................. 35 2.6 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion........................................................................................ 38 2.7 Tidal and Wave Energy ........................................................................................................... 40 3 The Electricity Sector of BES Islands; status of renewables ................................................ 42 3.1 Bonaire .................................................................................................................................... 42 3.2 St. Eustatius ............................................................................................................................ 48 3.3 Saba ........................................................................................................................................ 54 4 Renewable Energy Scenarios ............................................................................................... 60 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 60 4.2 Bonaire .................................................................................................................................... 61 4.3 St. Eustatius ............................................................................................................................ 66 4.4 Saba ........................................................................................................................................ 70 5 Conclusions and recommendations ...................................................................................... 76 5.1 Main Findings .......................................................................................................................... 76 ANNEX 1 Factsheet Wind Energy............................................................................................... 79 ANNEX 2: Factsheet Solar Energy ............................................................................................. 91 ANNEX 3: Factsheet Energy storage ........................................................................................ 103 ANNEX 4: Factsheet Geothermal Energy ................................................................................. 115 ANNEX 5: Factsheet OTEC ...................................................................................................... 129 ANNEX 6: Factsheet Wave and tidal Energy ............................................................................ 139 ANNEX 7: Case studies ............................................................................................................ 145 Renewable Energy Future for the Dutch Caribbean Islands Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba, June 2016 3 June 2016 Figure 1: Technical and cost data for energy storage technologies ................................................ 35 Figure 2: Predicted, realized and forecasted energy demand Bonaire ............................................ 43 Figure 3: Daily load profiles Bonaire ................................................................................................ 44 Figure 4: Electricity production system of Bonaire ........................................................................... 45 Figure 5: Existing and planned renewable fraction Bonaire ............................................................. 47 Figure 6: Total yearly demand in MWh 1994-2015 St. Eustatius ..................................................... 49 Figure 7: Daily load profiles St. Eustatius ........................................................................................ 50 Figure 8: STUCO production plant ................................................................................................... 51 Figure 9: Existing and planned renewable fraction St. Eustatius ..................................................... 53 Figure 10: Total yearly demand in MWh 2011-2015 Saba .............................................................. 55 Figure 11: Daily load profiles Saba .................................................................................................. 56 Figure 12: SEC new power plant...................................................................................................... 57 Figure 13: Existing and planned renewable fraction Saba ............................................................... 59 Figure 14: Investment levels for renewable options at Bonaire ....................................................... 62 Figure 15: Renewable kWh versus conventional fuel costs Bonaire ............................................... 64 Figure 16: KWh-costs estimates for Bonaire decentral ...................................................... 66 Figure 17: Investment levels for renewable options at St. Eustatius ............................................... 67 Figure 17: Renewable kWh versus conventional fuel costs St. Eustatius ....................................... 70 Figure 18: Investment levels for renewable options at Saba ........................................................... 71 Figure 19: Renewable kWh versus convention fuel costs Saba ...................................................... 73 Table 1: Cost overruns in energy projects in the Caribbean ............................................................ 25 Table 2: Key wind parameters for the CN Islands ............................................................................ 27 Table 3: Wind power technical and economic parameters .............................................................. 28 Table 4: Curaçao scheme for decentralized PV-installations .......................................................... 29 Table 5: Solar power key technical and economic parameters ....................................................... 30 Table 6: DoE Global Energy Storage Database Caribbean ............................................................. 31 Table 7: Results of adding storage to island electricity grids ........................................................... 34 Table 8: Technical and cost data for energy storage
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