Plasticité Fonctionnelle Et Structurale Chez Legionella Pneumophila

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Plasticité Fonctionnelle Et Structurale Chez Legionella Pneumophila Plasticité fonctionnelle et structurale chez Legionella pneumophila - Impact des protéines de type histone sur la virulence et génotypage par les séquences d’insertion Mike Vergnes To cite this version: Mike Vergnes. Plasticité fonctionnelle et structurale chez Legionella pneumophila - Impact des pro- téines de type histone sur la virulence et génotypage par les séquences d’insertion. Bactériologie. Université Joseph-Fourier - Grenoble I, 2010. Français. tel-00670047 HAL Id: tel-00670047 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00670047 Submitted on 14 Feb 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE JOSEPH FOURIER – GRENOBLE I THESE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE JOSEPH FOURIER Discipline : Virologie, Microbiologie, Immunologie VERGES Mike Plasticité fonctionnelle et structurale chez Legionella pneumophila _____ Impact des protéines de type histone sur la virulence et génotypage par les séquences d’insertion Jury Mr Bertrand TOUSSAIT Président Mme Sophie JARRAUD Rapporteur Mr Yann HECHARD Rapporteur Mme Sophie COURTOIS Examinateur Mr Dominique SCHEIDER Directeur de thèse Mme Elisabeth KAY Co-directeur de thèse Soutenue le 13 décembre 2010 Thèse préparée au sein du Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Microorganismes UMR5163 CNRS / Université Joseph Fourier Institut Jean Roget Sommaire Chapitre 1 : Synthèse bibliographique................................................................................... 7 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 8 I. Legionella et légionellose ............................................................................................ 10 I.1. Historique............................................................................................................ 10 I.2. Présentation clinique........................................................................................... 11 I.2.1. La fièvre de Pontiac ................................................................................... 11 I.2.2. La légionellose ou maladie du légionnaire ................................................ 12 I.3. Le genre Legionella ............................................................................................ 13 I.3.1. Caractéristiques taxonomiques .................................................................. 13 I.3.2. Caractéristiques épidémiologiques ............................................................ 14 I.3.3. Caractéristiques bactériologiques et biochimiques.................................... 15 I.3.4. Caractéristiques génomiques ..................................................................... 17 I.4. Ecologie .............................................................................................................. 21 I.4.1. Formation de biofilms................................................................................ 22 I.4.2. Interactions avec les hôtes eucaryotes ....................................................... 23 I.5. L’Etat Viable Non Cultivable (VBNC) .............................................................. 26 I.5.1. Définition ................................................................................................... 26 I.5.2. Etudes moléculaires de l’état VBNC chez les bactéries ............................ 29 I.5.3. Mise en évidence de l’état VBNC chez Legionella................................... 30 I.5.4. Induction de l’état VBNC chez les bactéries du genre Legionella ............ 31 II. Détection et Typage des bactéries du genre Legionella ............................................. 33 II.1. Détection des souches de Legionella................................................................. 33 II.1.1. La culture.................................................................................................. 33 II.1.2. Mise en évidence de marqueurs moléculaires et biochimiques................ 34 II.2. Méthodes de typage ........................................................................................... 39 II.2.1. Généralités ................................................................................................ 39 II.2.2. MAb (Monoclonal Antibodies) ................................................................ 40 II.2.3. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) ............................... 41 II.2.4. L’électrophorèse en champs pulsés (PFGE)............................................. 42 II.2.5. Sequence-Based Typing (SBT) ................................................................ 43 1 III. Facteurs de virulence chez les bactéries du genre Legionella................................... 44 III.1. Les facteurs impliqués dans la phase réplicative.............................................. 45 III.1.1. Facteurs impliqués dans l’acquisition du fer et d’acides aminés ............ 45 III.1.2. Protéines de stress ................................................................................... 47 III.1.3. Systèmes de sécrétion.............................................................................. 48 III.1.4. La protéine Mip....................................................................................... 55 III.1.5. Facteurs impliqués dans l’infection des macrophages ............................ 55 III.2. Les facteurs impliqués dans la phase transmissive .......................................... 56 III.2.1. Facteurs impliqués dans l’adhésion......................................................... 56 III.2.2. Le flagelle................................................................................................ 57 III.2.3. Les cytotoxines........................................................................................ 59 III.3. Régulation du cycle biphasique de Legionella................................................. 60 IV. Topologie de l’ADN bactérien.................................................................................. 65 IV.1. Les protéines contrôlant la topologie de l’ADN .............................................. 67 IV.1.1. Les topoisomérases ................................................................................. 67 IV.1.2. Les protéines de type histone (PTH)....................................................... 70 IV.2. Impact de la superhélicité de l’ADN sur l’expression génique........................ 79 V. Objectifs ..................................................................................................................... 81 Chapitre 2 : Rôles de la protéine Dps chez L. pneumophila ............................................... 83 Chapitre 3 : Rôles de la protéine IHF chez L. pneumophila............................................. 113 Chapitre 4 : Utilisation des séquences d’insertion IS comme marqueurs moléculaires 162 Chapitre 5 : Conclusions et perspectives............................................................................ 205 I. Implication des protéines IHF et Dps dans la virulence ............................................ 206 II. Réseau de régulation des protéines de type histone.................................................. 209 III. Les séquences d’insertion comme marqueurs moléculaires.................................... 211 Références bibliographiques ............................................................................................... 214 2 Tableaux Tableau 1 : Principales caractéristiques génomiques de sept souches de L. pneumophila…...20 3 Figures Figure 1 : Comparaison de la structure des génomes de L. longbeachae D4968 et de quatre souches de L. pneumophila (Corby, Lens, Paris et Philadelphia).................................19 Figure 2 : Gènes spécifiques et communs des plasmides portés par les souches de L. pneumophila Paris et Lens et de L. longbeachae NSW150..........................................21 Figure 3 : Phagocytose de L. pneumophila par un macrophage humain..................................25 Figure 4 : Cycle infectieux de Legionella dans une cellule eucaryote.....................................26 Figure 5 : L’état VBNC chez Vibrio fulniculus à 5 °C............................................................28 Figure 6 : Principe du test d’immuno-fluorescence indirecte..................................................35 Figure 7 : Répartition des méthodes de diagnostic des cas de légionelloses en France de 1996- 2009 (source INVS)......................................................................................................36 Figure 8 : Principe du test d’immunographie...........................................................................38 Figure 9 : Organigramme pour la subdivision en sous-groupes monoclonaux de L. pneumophila sérogroupe 1, en utilisant le panel de Dresden et MAb3........................41 Figure 10 : Modèle de système de sécrétion de type II............................................................49 Figure 11 : Modèles du système de sécrétion de type IVb chez Legionella............................52 Figure 12 :
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