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To Crocidolomia Pavonana (Fabricius) Under Different Temperature Hayati, Maret 2005, hlm. 17-22 Vol. 12, No. 1 ISSN 0854-8587 Tanggap Fungsional Parasitoid Eriborus argenteopilosus (Cameron) terhadap Crocidolomia pavonana (Fabricius) pada Suhu yang Berbeda Functional Response of the Parasitoid Eriborus argenteopilosus (Cameron) to Crocidolomia pavonana (Fabricius) under Different Temperature NOVRI NELLY1*, TRIMURTI HABAZAR1, RAHMAT SYAHNI1, BANDUNG SAHARI3, DAMAYANTI BUCHORI2 1Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Andalas, Kampus Limau Manis, Padang 25163 2Departemen Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan, Faperta, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Kampus Darmaga, Bogor 16680 3Center for Conservation and Insect Studies, Perum Alam Sinar Sari, Jalan Kecipir 2 A-33, Cibeureum Darmaga, Bogor 16680 Diterima 29 Maret 2004/Disetujui 1 Desember 2004 The functional response of the parasitoid Eriborus argenteopilosus (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were studied using Crocidolomia pavonana (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae as host at different densities. All larvae were exposed to one E. argenteopilosus female for three hours at three different temperatures, i.e 20 oC, 25 oC, and 30 oC. Data were analyzed using logistic regression to determine the type of functional response. At 20 oC E. argenteopilosus showed type II functional response, while at 25 oC and 30 oC the functional response is type III. Based on surface analysis, the optimal parasitism rate occurred at 22.24 oC with 10.12 larvae parasitized/hour. The larvae density to achieve optimal parasitism rate was 69.38 larvae. The optimal oviposition rate was 12.59 eggs/hour which occurred at 24.41 oC, using a density of 94.54 larvae. ___________________________________________________________________________ PENDAHULUAN 1949 (Sharov 1996) untuk menyatakan perubahan jumlah mangsa yang diserang oleh predator pada kerapatan populasi Parasitoid Eriborus argenteopilosus (Cameron) mangsa per satuan waktu. Tanggap fungsional merupakan (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) di Indonesia banyak dijumpai komponen yang sangat esensial dalam dinamika interaksi menyerang hama tanaman kubis Crocidolomia pavonana antara parasitoid dan inang (Oaten & Murdoch 1975), karena (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Parasitoid ini juga dapat dapat memberikan gambaran mengenai potensi parasitoid menyerang Spodoptera litura (Fabr.) dan Helicoverva tersebut dalam mengendalikan populasi inangnya (Hassel armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Kalshoven 2000). Tanggap fungsional dibedakan atas tiga tipe. Tipe I 1981; Hadi 1985). Beberapa penelitian yang telah dilakukan atau tipe tanggap fungsional linier, yaitu laju pemangsaan mengenai parasitoid tersebut antara lain adalah studi biologi meningkat atau menurun sehubungan dengan peningkatan dan perilaku (Othman 1982; Hadi 1985), dan studi enkapsulasi atau penurunan kerapatan inang. Tipe I ini biasanya ditemukan sebagai pertahanan inang (Anindhita 1999; Sahari 1999). pada predator yang bersifat pasif seperti laba-laba. Jumlah Keefektifan parasitoid sangat tergantung pada lalat yang terperangkap pada jaring laba-laba sebanding kemampuan mencari dan menangani inangnya pada keadaan dengan kerapatan populasi lalat (Sharov 1996). Pada tipe II lingkungan tertentu, misalnya keadaan suhu, kelembaban, atau tanggap fungsional hiperbolik, laju parasitisasi parasitoid curah hujan, serta kualitas, jumlah, dan kerapatan inang menurun dengan meningkatnya kerapatan inang; mortalitas (Godfray 1994). Kerapatan inang sebagai aspek penting yang inang maksimal terjadi pada kerapatan inang yang rendah. mempengaruhi tingginya parasitisasi perlu dipelajari (Collins Sedangkan tipe III atau tanggap fungsional sigmoid, pada et al. 1981; Tillman 1996; Wang & Ferro 1998, Montoya et al. awalnya peningkatan pemangsaan berlangsung lambat, diikuti 2000; Jones et al. 2003). Laju parasitisasi pada kerapatan inang dengan peningkatan yang lebih cepat, kemudian konstan yang berbeda akan mempengaruhi kinerja parasitoid itu (Hassel 2000). sebagai agens pengendali hayati. Suhu habitat mempengaruhi tanggap fungsional parasitoid Tanggap fungsional merupakan salah satu ukuran untuk dalam mengendalikan populasi inang. Laju parasitisasi menentukan keefektifan suatu parasitoid atau predator dalam Trichogramma ostriniae (Pang & Chen) (Hymenoptera: pengendalian hayati. Pada awalnya tanggap fungsional Trichogrammatidae) terhadap Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) dikembangkan dari model pemangsaan predator (Rogers 1972). (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) pada suhu 20 oC adalah tanggap Istilah ini pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh Solomon di tahun fungsional tipe II dan tipe III pada suhu 27 oC (Wang & Ferro _________________ 1998). Hasil pengamatan Jones et al. (2003) terhadap tanggap ∗ ∗Penulis untuk korespondensi, Tel./Fax. +62-751-72702, fungsional parasitoid Aphidius colemani (Viereck) E-mail: [email protected] (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) dan Lysiphlebus testaceipes 18 NELLY ET AL. Hayati (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) pada suhu 14-26 oC diletakkan di bagian atas kurungan. Kurungan ini diletakkan menunjukkan tanggap fungsional tipe II atau III, bergantung dalam inkubator (tipe MRL 250) dengan suhu sesuai perlakuan pada suhu lingkungannya. (20, 25, dan 30 oC). Setiap perlakuan diulang masing-masing Belum banyak informasi dan laporan tentang keefektifan 10 kali. Larva C. pavonana yang telah dipaparkan pada parasitoid E. argenteopilosus sebagai agens pengendali hayati parasitoid diambil dan dibedah di bawah mikroskop stereo, yang dinilai dari tanggap fungsionalnya. Dalam hubungan untuk memeriksa larva yang terparasit dan jumlah telur yang itu telah dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan mempelajari diletakkan parasitoid. tanggap fungsional parasitoid E. argenteopilosus terhadap Analisis Statistik. Bentuk tanggap fungsional pada tiap C. pavonana sebagai inang pada suhu yang berbeda. Selain suhu dianalisis dengan regresi logistik antara proporsi inang itu penelitian ini juga mempelajari laju parasitisasi dan yang diparasit (Ne) dan kerapatan inang yang tersedia (No). peletakan telur optimal oleh parasitoid tersebut pada suhu Data diuji dengan fungsi polinomial yaitu hubungan antara dan kerapatan C. pavonana yang berbeda. Ne/No dan No dengan menggunakan persamaan (Juliano 1993): 2 3 BAHAN DAN METODE Ne exp (Po+ P1No+ P2No + P3No ) = N 1 + exp (P + P N + P N 2 + P N 3) Perbanyakan Serangga Inang C. pavonana. Larva inang o o 1 o 2 o 3 o C. pavonana dikoleksi dari pertanaman kubis di daerah dengan Po, P1: intersep koefisien linier, P2: intersep koefisien Cibodas, Jawa Barat. Larva tersebut dibiakkan di laboratorium kuadratik, P3: intersep koefisien kubik. Keempat parameter ini dalam kotak plastik pemeliharaan berukuran 35 x 27 x 7 cm. diduga menggunakan metode kemungkinan maksimum dengan Pada dasar kotak diberi alas kertas stensil dan diberi daun prosedur PROC CATMOD SAS (SAS Institute 1990). Tipe kubis sebagai pakan larva. Ketika larva sudah mencapai instar tanggap fungsional ditentukan dengan melihat nilai P1 empat, diberi serbuk gergaji untuk tempat berpupa. Semua (koefisien linier) dan P2 (kuadratik). Tanggap fungsional tipe imago jantan dan betina yang muncul dari pupa dipelihara II, dinyatakan dengan nilai P1 dan P2 negatif, yang dalam kurungan kain kasa berbingkai kayu berukuran 50 x 50 menggambarkan proporsi inang yang terparasit menurun x 50 cm. Imago tersebut diberi pakan larutan madu 10% seiring dengan menurunnya kerapatan inang. Sedangkan (madu:air = 1:9 v/v) yang diserapkan pada segumpal kapas tanggap fungsional tipe III dengan nilai P1 positif dan P2 dan digantung dalam kurungan. Untuk tempat peletakan telur negatif, menggambarkan proporsi parasitisasi meningkat pada bagi imago digunakan daun kubis yang ditaruh dalam kurungan kisaran kerapatan inang tertentu. Proporsi inang yang tersebut. Telur dipanen setiap hari dan disimpan dalam cawan diparasitisasi awalnya meningkat dengan peningkatan petri sampai menetas. Larva instar dua siap dijadikan inang kerapatan, kemudian menurun walaupun kerapatan inang untuk percobaan. meningkat (Juliano 1993). Persiapan Parasitoid E. argenteopilosus. Parasitoid E. Untuk memperoleh nilai penduga waktu penanganan argenteopilosus dikoleksi dari tempat yang sama dengan asal (handling time, Th) dan laju pencarian atau laju parasitisasi inangnya. Imago parasitoid di lapangan ditangkap dengan (a) digunakan model persamaan cakram Holling (disc menggunakan jaring serangga, dan dipelihara di laboratorium equation), yaitu: dalam kurungan plastik berbentuk tabung (tinggi 23 cm, Tanggap fungsional tipe II persamaannya adalah: diameter 12 cm). Sebagai pakan diberikan larutan madu 10%. Ne = aTNo/(1 + aThNo) dan Untuk perbanyakan parasitoid, larva inang dipaparkan pada Tanggap fungsional tipe III persamaannya adalah: 2 2 parasitoid selama 24 jam. Inang itu kemudian dipelihara dalam Ne = bTNo /(1 + cNo + dThNo ) wadah plastik (diameter 10 cm dan tinggi 12 cm) sampai pupa dengan Ne: jumlah inang yang diparasit; T: lama inang tersedia parasitoid terbentuk. Pupa parasitoid tersebut kemudian untuk diserang (3 jam); No: kerapatan inang; Th: waktu yang dikumpulkan dalam kurungan plastik (tinggi 27 cm, diameter digunakan parasitoid untuk menangani satu inang; a: laju 12 cm) sampai imago muncul. Imago betina yang muncul parasitisasi; b, c, d: konstanta yang diturunkan dari parameter digunakan untuk percobaan atau untuk perbanyakan a (Hassel 2000). berikutnya. Pupa parasitoid juga dikoleksi langsung dari larva Nilai penduga parameter diperoleh melalui regresi nonlinier C. pavonana yang dikumpulkan dari lapangan dan dipelihara menggunakan program PROC NLIN. Sedangkan nilai a dihitung
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