Phytochemical Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants of the Family Lythraceae

Bioscience Discovery, 6(2):73-82, July - 2015

Research Article

Phytochemical screening of selected medicinal plants of the family Lythraceae

AR Florence1, S Sukumaran2, J Joselin1, TS Shynin Brintha1, S Jeeva1*

1Department of Botany, Scott Christian College (Autonomous), Nagercoil –629 003, Tamilnadu, India. 2Department of Botany, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam –629 165, Tamilnadu, India. *Email: [email protected]

Article Info Abstract

Received: 27-04-2015, To investigate the secondary metabolites present in the leaves of the family Lythraceae (Lagerstroemia microcarpa Wt., Lagerstroemia reginae Roxb., Revised: 01-06-2015, Lawsonia inermis L., Punica granatum L.). The samples were extracted Accepted: 13-06-2015 using solvents like acetone, chloroform, ethanol, petroleum ether and water. These mixtures were shaken at room temperature for 24 h. After incubation, Keywords: the extracts were filtered using Whatman No.1 filter paper, collected and stored at 4οC. The extracts were concentrated using vacuum evaporator and Leaf extracts, ο dried at 60 C. Preliminary phytochemical screening was performed by Lythraceae, standard methods. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of Phytochemistry, alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, phytosterols, proteins, steroids, Secondary metabolites. terpenoids, phenols, saponins, quinones, coumarins and glycosides. The findings of the study concluded that the leaf extracts have potential bioactive substances that may be used to formulate new and most potent antimicrobial drugs to overcome the problem of disease resistance.

INTRODUCTION sections of the population with an estimated 7500 Medicinal plants play a major role in species of plants used by several ethnic meeting the medical and health needs of about 70% communities (Farnsworth, 1988). The medicinal of populations in developed and developing importance of a plant is due to the presence of some countries, which serve as an important resource for special substances like alkaloids, glycosides, resins, the treatment of various maladies and illnesses volatile oils, gums and tannins etc. The active (Ngari et al., 2010). In developing countries, there principles usually remain concentrated in the is an increasing attempt to incorporate the storage organs of the plants (Himesh et al., 2011). traditional medicines, especially herbal preparations Lythraceae, the loosestrife family, with in the local healthcare systems and modernized about 31 genera and 620 species of mostly perennial people are increasingly turning to herbal medicine herbs, shrubs or trees is widely distributed in tropics (Njoroge and Bussmann, 2007). Globally, about but ranging into temperate climate regions 85% of the traditional medicines used by different (Mabberley, 2008; Walter et al., 2008). Many of ethnic groups inhabiting various terrains for primary the wild and cultivated species of lythraceae are healthcare are derived from plants, especially in known to have a medicinal importance (Shivrajan India; medicinal plants are widely used by all and Bhalchandra, 1994).

http://biosciencediscovery.com 73 ISSN: 2231-024X (Online) AR Florence et al., Lagerstroemia microcarpa Wt. is a large deciduous „Pomegranate‟. It is distributed in throughout the tree, to 30m high, it is a very common tree in west world, now it is widely cultivated in Mediterranean, coast of the Indian peninsular and also commonly Himalayas, Northern India to Iran and more arid found in Western Ghats around Mumbai, Mysore, regions of Southeast Asia, the East Indies and and Nilgiri hills. It is commonly known as “Nude tropical Africa; it is valued for its delicious edible Lady of the Forest” for its soft and smooth bark fruit (Naqvi et al., 1991; Oukablie, 2004; resembling the thigh of women and locally known Bellakhdar, 2006). This plant shows the presence of as „Venthekku‟. phytoconstituents such as punicalin, punicalagin, Lagerstroemia reginae Roxb. is a medium fatty acids, sterols, triterpenoids, anthocyanins, sized deciduous tropical flowering tree with a flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, resins, volatile rounded crown. It is distributed in tropical oils, fibres, proteins, polyphenolic compounds, Himalaya, Assam, Bengal, Ceylon, Java, Eastern gums and tannins (Schubert et al., 1999; Saxena and Western Ghats up to 2000 feet (Anonymous, and Vikram, 2004; Lansky and Newmann, 2007). 1962). It is known as „Pride of India‟, „Queen‟s The wide range of therapeutic properties of flowers‟ and „Queen Crape Myrtle‟. It is also pomegranate are used to treat and prevention of widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in tropical cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, dental and subtropical areas for its beautiful flowers. conditions and protection from UV radiation, Leaves are used as purgative, diuretic and Alzheimer‟s disease, male infertility, arthritis and deobstruent. A decoction of the leaves, also of obesity (Dipak et al., 2012). dried fruits, is used like tea for diabetes mellitus in So far there are only a few studies regarding Philippines (Kiritikar and Basu, 1933). The plant phytochemistry, hence the present study was aimed contains triterpenoids, colocolic acid and maslinic to determine the phytoconstituents present in the acid. Leaves contain lageracetal and sitosterol. Lythraceae family members. Ellagitannins have been isolated from fruits and leaves (Khare, 2007). The plant is used for MATERIALS AND METHODS abdominal pains, mouth ulcers; seed is narcotic; The fresh, mature healthy leaves of bark decoction used for diarrhea and abdominal Lagerstroemia microcarpa Wt., Lagerstroemia pain; fruit is used for aphthae of the mouth; roots reginae Roxb., Lawsonia inermis L., Punica are considered astringent, stimulant, febrifuge and granatum L. were collected from Nagercoil and its used for stomach ailments (Diadelis et al., 2005). surrounding areas. The plant samples were shade Lawsonia inermis L. is a tall shrub, dried and ground into fine powder with the help of commonly known as „Henna‟ or „Mehndi‟ and mixer grinder. About 50g of powdered material widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas was extracted in Soxhlet apparatus with 200 ml of (Muhammad and Muhammad, 2005). Main each of the following solvents; aqueous, petroleum chemical constituents of henna are Lawsone (2- ether, acetone, ethanol and chloroform. The hydroxynaphthoquinone), mucilage, mannite, gallic extracts obtained with each solvent were filtered acid, tannic acid, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, through Whatman filter paper No. 1 and the filtrate sterols, aliphatic constituents, xanthones, was used for phytochemical analysis as per the coumarins, flavonoids and essential oil present in standard prescribed methods (Harborne, 1998). various parts (Al-Rubiay et al., 2008). This plant (leaves, flowers, seeds, stem bark and roots) are RESULTS AND DISCUSSION used in traditional medicine to treat variety of Qualitative phytochemical screening was ailments like rheumatoid arthritis, headache, ulcers, done in various leaf extracts of L. reginae, L. diarrhea, leprosy, fever, leucorrhea, diabetes, microcarpa, L. inermis and P. granatum. The cardiac diseases, oedema, bronchitis, menstrual phytoconstituents present were shown in Table 1. disorder, rheumatism, hemorrhoids, jaundice, pain, Out of the twenty tested extracts, eighteen extracts spleen enlargement, dysentery, skin problem and showed the presence of phytosterols, seventeen pediculosis (Warrier et al., 1994; Bhuvaneshwari et extracts showed the presence of steroids, fifteen al., 2002; Cuong et al., 2009; Rahmoun et al., 2010) extracts showed the presence of terpenoids, fourteen and used as a cosmetic agent for dyeing hair, nails extracts showed the presence of proteins, twelve and skin (Hanna et al., 1988). extracts showed the presence of phenols, ten Punica granatum L. is an evergreen or extracts showed the presence of quinones, deciduous tree, commonly known as carbohydrates, flavonoids, coumarins, followed by

http://jbsd.in 74 ISSN: 2229-3469 (Print) Bioscience Discovery, 6(2):73-82, July - 2015 saponins and alkaloids in six extracts and contains triterpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, glycosides were noticed only in two extracts. The glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates and value of medicinal plants lies in some chemical vitamin C. In a previous study aqueous-ethanol substances that produce a definite physiological extract of peel is diminished the blood sugar level action on the human body and the most important and also induce the hyperlipidemia due to the phytochemicals are alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins presence of polyphenolic compounds (Cheng, 2005) and phenolic compounds (Hill, 1952). The and also provide protective effect against carbon Medicinal plants have potent phytochemical tetrachloride and toxicity (Singh, 2002; Qnais, components which are important source of 2007) and methanolic extract of the P. granatum antibiotic compounds and are responsible for the fruit peel is highly nutritive and contains the major therapeutic properties (Jeeva et al., 2011; Jeeva and chemical components such as punicalin, Johnson, 2012; Florence et al., 2012 & 2014; punicalagin, punicic acid and flavonoids like Joselin et al., 2012 & 2013; Sainkhediya and Ray, flavonols, flavones, kaempferol, luteolin, quercetin 2012; Sumathi and Uthayakumari, 2014). and high content of phenolic acids such as caffeic In the present study, the leaf extracts of acid, fumaric acids, chlorogenic acid and P- Punica granatum detected all the tested coumaric acid (Akbarpour et al., 2009; Usha, phytochemicals including alkaloids, carbohydrates, 2013); hydroxy benzoic acids such as gallagic acid coumarins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, and EA glycosides (Amakura, 2000) and also phytosterols, proteins, saponins, quinones, steroids gallic acid, ellagitannins, catechin and ellagic acid and terpenoids. (Bhandary, 2012) reported that (Nasr, 1996; Murthy et al., 2004). These ellagic aqueous, chloroform and ethanol extracts of P. acids exhibits powerful anticarcinogenic and granatum peel showed the presence of antioxidant properties due to the presence of tannins triterpenoids, steroids, glycosides, flavonoids, (Shwartz et al., 2009), anthocyanidines such as tannins, carbohydrates and vitamin C; fruit extracts cyanidin, pelergonidin and delphinidin (Noda, contains alkaloids, saponins, triterpenoids, steroids, 2002) and also have high antibacterial activity glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates and against E. coli due to the presence of alkaloids, vitamin C; extracts prepared from the seeds flavonoids and tannins (Growther, 2012).

http://biosciencediscovery.com 75 ISSN: 2231-024X (Online) AR Florence et al., This plant is effective in scavenging the free extract of L. inermis leaves revealed the presence of radicals due to the presence of anthocyanins, mannite, tannic acid, gallic acid, naphthaquinone, anthocyanidins, flavonoids and polyphenols (Kiran, crysophanic acid, anthraquinones, mucilage, sterols, 2013; Prasad et al., 2012) and highest antioxidant terpenoids and cyanogenic glycosides and also have activity due to the presence of tannins (Shwartz et antibacterial activity against S. aeruginosa, P. al., 2009) and also act as ecofriendly waste because aeruginosa, B. subtilis and E. coli. It was reported of its numerous uses such as reducing agent in that aqueous, petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, making silver nanoparticles (Middha et al., 2013). methanol and ethanol extracts of the plant showed It also has ethnomedical properties such as anti- high antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus hyperglycemic (Middha et al., 2012), which isolated from sorghum, maize and paddy hepatoprotective effects (Murthy et al., 2004), seed samples (Dixit et al., 1980). Henna used as an antidiarrhoeal agent (Das, 1999) and also used in astringent and antihemorragic agent and is also the treatment and prevention of cancer (Hong, known for its hypotensive, cardio inhibitory and 2008; Dikmen, 2011), cardiovascular disease sedative effects (Rahmoun et al., 2010), (Jurenka, 2008), diabetes (Al-Mustafa and Al- hypoglycemic (Syamsudin and Winarno, 2008), Thunibat, 2008), infant brain ischemia, alzheimer‟s immunostimulant (Mikhaeil et al., 2004), disease, Parkinson‟s disease, AIDS (Middha et al., hepatoprotective (Chaudary et al., 2012), anti- 2011; Singh et al., 2012), dental conditions (Viuda- inflammatory (Singh et al., 1982), tuberculostatic Martos et al., 2010), erectile dysfunction, protection (Sharma, 1990), anti-cancer and antioxidant from ultraviolet radiation, male infertility, arthritis, properties (Kamal and Jawaid, 2010), antibacterial obesity (Kanatt et al., 2010) and dermal wounds (Aliyu, 2006), antifungal, antiamoebiasis, (Khattak (Hayouni et al., 2011) and also used as cattle feed et al., 1985), antidiarrhoel, antipyretic, analgesic and extraction of natural dyes (Shabtay et al., effects (Ali et al., 1995) diuretic, emmanagogue and 2008). abortifacient prophetically and non-toxic The crude leaf extracts of Lawsonia inermis (Lemordant and Foresteier, 1983). contains the phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, Lagerstroemia reginae leaf extracts was carbohydrates, coumarins, phenols, phytosterols, subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening to proteins, quinones, steroids and terpenoids. The screen secondary metabolites namely alkaloids, aqueous, chloroform, methanol and acetone exracts carbohydrates, coumarins, flavonoids, glycosides, of L. inermis had cardioglycosides, terpenoids, phenols, phytosterols, proteins, quinones, saponins, carbohydrates, phenols, quinones, tannins and sterols, terpenoids. Similar studies conducted by proteins (Gull et al., 2013). The phytochemical (Meera, 2009) on the ethylacetate, butanol and constituents of L. inermis exhibit antimicrobial water extract which showed bioconstituents such as activity against both gram positive (S. aureus, B. aminoacids, tannins, phytosterols and subtilis, and S. epidermidis) and gram negative (E. cardioglycosides and also have antibacterial, coli, S. typhi, Klebsiella sp. and Shigella sp.) antiviral, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory bacteria due to the presence of quinones (Hussain et activity. The plant contains triterpenoids, colocolic al., 2011; Habbal et al., 2005). Similar studies were acid and maslinic acid; leaves contain lageracetal conducted by (Arun, 2010) on the methanolic and sitosterol; fruits and leaves contain ellagitannins extract of the L. inermis which showed active (Khare, 2007) and exhibit hypoglycemic activity results against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia (Vivek et al., 2012). The primary active chemical coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas ingredient of the leaf extract is corosolic acid and is aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis due to the presence of known potent glucophage, helpful in decreasing alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and quinones. blood sugar levels (Principe and Jose, 2002). Aqueous, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl-acetate Phytochemical screening yielded phenolic and methanol extract of the L. inermis leaves shows compounds, flavonoids, saponins, tannins such as the phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, corosolic acid, ellagitannin, lagerstroemin, carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, resins, gallotannins, penta-O-galloyl-glucopyranase (Bai tannins, saponins and sterols which showed et al., 2008). (George et al., 2010) proved that antibacterial activities against Streptococcus methanolic extract of the leaves of Lagerstroemia pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Shigella reginae revealed the presence of alkaloids, dysenteriae (Kawo and Kwa, 2011). (Saadabi, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins and 2007) mentioned that methanol and chloroform terpenoids as well as the methanolic extract of

http://jbsd.in 76 ISSN: 2229-3469 (Print) Bioscience Discovery, 6(2):73-82, July - 2015 Lagerstroemia speciosa leaves showed the presence of anthraquinones, flavonoids, saponins and tannins and this extract exhibited high antibacterial activity Henna extract. Oman Medical Journal, 23: 253- against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, 256. Pseudomonas aeruginosa due to the presence of Amakura Y, Okada M, Tsuji S and Tonogai Y, detected metabolites and also anticarcinogenic 2000. “High-performance liquid chromatographic activity (Laruan et al., 2013). The leaf extract of determination with photodiode array detection of this plant is reported as nephroprotective agent ellagic acid in fresh and processed fruits”. Journal (Priya et al., 2007); hepatoprotective, free radical of Chromatography A, 896(1-2): 87–93. scavenging activity (Priya et al., 2009) and diuretic Anonymous, 1962. The Wealth of India, activity (Kalidas et al., 2008). Publication and Information Directorate. 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How to Cite this Article: AR Florence, S Sukumaran, J Joselin1, TS Shynin Brintha, S Jeeva1, 2015. Phytochemical screening of selected medicinal plants of the family Lythraceae. Bioscience Discovery, 6(2):73-82.

http://jbsd.in 82 ISSN: 2229-3469 (Print)