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Enhancing Biological Control Against Eucalyptus Pests

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Enhancing Biological Control Against Eucalyptus Pests Enhancing Biological Control against Eucalyptus pests André Filipe Fidalgo Casquilho Garcia SCIENTIFIC ADVISORS: Doutora Manuela Rodrigues Branco Simões Doutor José Carlos Franco Santos Silva THESIS PRESENTED TO OBTAIN THE DOCTOR DEGREE IN FORESTRY ENGINEERING AND NATURAL RESOURCES 2020 Enhancing Biological Control against Eucalyptus pests André Filipe Fidalgo Casquilho Garcia SCIENTIFIC ADVISORS: Doutora Manuela Rodrigues Branco Simões Doutor José Carlos Franco Santos Silva, Professor Auxiliar do Instituto Superior de Agronomia da Universidade de Lisboa Jury President: Doutora Maria Margarida Branco de Brito Tavares Tomé, Professora Catedrática do Instituto Superior de Agronomia da Universidade de Lisboa. Members: Doutor Zvi Mendel, Full Professor aposentado do Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Israel; Doutora Maria Rosa Santos Paiva, Professora Catedrática da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Doutor António Maria Marques Mexia, Professor Catedrático do Instituto Superior de Agronomia da Universidade de Lisboa; Doutora Manuela Rodrigues Branco Simões, Professora Associada com Agregação do Instituto Superior de Agronomia da Universidade de Lisboa, orientadora; Doutora Elisabete Tavares Lacerda de Figueiredo Oliveira, Professora Auxiliar do Instituto Superior de Agronomia da Universidade de Lisboa. THESIS PRESENTED TO OBTAIN THE DOCTOR DEGREE IN FORESTRY ENGINEERING AND NATURAL RESOURCES Instituições Financiadoras e âmbito: Programa de doutoramento FCT (Sustainable Forests and Products, SUSFOR) - PD/BD/52693/2014 2020 Agradecimentos Ao aproximar-se o fim de mais um capítulo da minha vida académica e pessoal, não poderia, nem posso deixar escapar a oportunidade de agradecer àqueles que de alguma forma me apoiaram, contribuíram e proporcionaram esta oportunidade. Sem o vosso apoio provavelmente não teria conseguido chegar até este momento. Ver o que vi, experenciar cenários novos e poder enfrentar os meus maiores medos. Agradeço à minha família, pai, mãe todo o apoio que me deram e têm dado ao longo da minha vida. Por me terem ajudado a superar aqueles momentos mais dificeis que vivi durante o período da tese. E, que apesar das emoções à flor da pele, provocadas pela distância ou pelo stress, sempre foram um dos meus pilares. À minha irmã e cunhado por todo o apoio que me deram quando mais precisei. E, por terem ficado perto a cuidar da família quando estive longe. Agradeço também, à minha namorada Cristina, que desde o ínicio desta etapa sempre me apoiou e incentivou a seguir atrás dos meus sonhos. E que mesmo sabendo dos diversos perigos, esteve sempre ao meu lado, dando-me apoio, conforto, e apaziguando aquela dor na alma. Provocada pela distância, por vezes, não só física mas também pelas experiencias menos positivas superadas. Foi sem dúvida, o meu porto de abrigo e o meu pilar! Sei que muitas vezes foste preterida, em determimento da tese. Mas o nosso amor mostrou ser mais forte! Obrigado por estares sempre a meu lado, dando o teu apoio. À minha colega e grande amiga Vera Zina por todo a companhia dada ao longo destes anos no ISA. Pela sua ajuda na construção de modelos para apresentações, devido ao seu espirito crítico e criativo. Mas acima de tudo pela amizada e partilha de ideias. Ao meu colega e amigo Gonçalo Duarte, pela arte dada a esta tese através das caricaturas de cada capítulo. E, pela partilha de ideias para vários delineamentos experimentais. Ao prof. Geoff Allen da Universidade da Tasmânia (UTAS), pelo acolhimento e apoio dado durante a minha estadia na Tasmânia. E, pela disponibilização do laboratório de entomologia para a manutenção das colónias. Ao Dr. David de Little, pelas indicações e avisos sobre os locais a prospectar. Ao Dr. Rolf Oberprieler e à Debbie Jennings por me terem recebido na ANIC – CSIRO. Pelo seu apoio logístico. E pelos ensinamentos do dr. Rolf Oberprieler na identificação dos “Gonipterus”. À Alice e Eduardo Gouveia, pelo suporte e apoio que me deram durante o período em que estive na Tasmânia. Aos meus colegas de casa, na Tasmânia, Henry e Mohammed. Ao Hugo Gonçalves, pela partilha de experiência, ensinamentos e apoio dado durante um período importante da tese. À Catarina Reis, à Joana Martins, à Ana Farinha e ao Pedro Nunes pelo apoio dado ao ouvirem os meus desabafos e pela ajuda dada na contagem dos insectos e na montagem dos ensaios de campo. À Catarina Afonso, Artur Sarmento pelo cuidado que tiveram com os “Gonipterus” e por terem contabilizado os parasitóides. Quero agradecer também ao Dr. Carlos Valente, à Dra.Catarina Gonçalves, ao Dr. Nuno Borralho, do RAIZ (The Navigator Company) à Eng. Ana Reis, ao Eng. Luis Leal, da Altri Florestal, por terem apoiado este meu doutoramento desde a sua construção. Às empresas The Navigator Company, através do RAIZ, e à Altri Florestal por terem apoiado financeiramente o desenvolvimento desta tese, com a fantástica oportunidade de explorar as antípodas na busca por novos agentes de controlo biológico contra o “Gonipterus”. À CELPA pelo financiamento para manutenção do arboreto de eucaliptos e, em particular ao Eng. Armando Goes e à prof. Paula Soares. Ao programa doutoral Sustainable Forests and Products – SUSFOR (PD/BD/52693/2014; PD/BD/52693/2014), e projectos UID/AGR/00239/2013 e UID/AGR/00239/2019, financiados pela Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT). Ao projecto Europeu - HOlistic Management of Emerging forest pests and Diseases (HOMED – proj. nº 771271), pelo apoio financeiro durante parte da elaboração da tese. Ao professor José Carlos Franco, pela disponibilidade que sempre teve comigo quando precisei de conversar sobre o desenvolvimento prático dos ensaios de campo. Por mostrar a sua visão do objectivo a alcançar. E, pelo incentivo e calma transmitida naqueles momentos mais stressantes. Por fim, e independentemente de aparecer nesta posição dos agradecimentos, este é sem dúvida um dos maiores e mais calorosos agradecimentos. Esta pessoa é, aquela que ao longo dos últimos anos me acarinhou e moldou profissionalmente neste instituto. Deu- me “toda” a liberdade para delinear, gerir, explorar, descobir novas espécies de insectos em Portugal. Mas, ao mesmo tempo, tentava manter-me o foco por forma a concretizar os objectivos de cada tarefa. A sí, professora Manuela Branco, tenho de lhe agradecer por todas as oportunidades de crecimento pessoal e profissional. A sí, obrigado por todo o apoio dado na construção desta tese. A todos o meu muito obrigado! Index Abstract .............................................................................................................................. I Resumo ............................................................................................................................. II Resumo alargado ............................................................................................................ III Chapter 1 .......................................................................................................................... 1 General introduction ......................................................................................................... 2 Control of invasive species ........................................................................................... 4 Biological control ......................................................................................................... 7 Classical Biological Control ..................................................................................... 7 Conservation biological control.............................................................................. 12 Augmentative biological control ............................................................................. 13 Why Eucalyptus accumulated so many invasive species? .......................................... 14 Objectives ................................................................................................................... 19 References ................................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 2 ........................................................................................................................ 33 First report of Epichrysocharis burwelli in Europe, a new invasive gall wasp attacking eucalypts ......................................................................................................................... 33 Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 34 Case study ................................................................................................................... 34 Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................... 38 References ................................................................................................................... 39 Chapter 3 ........................................................................................................................ 41 Biological control of Gonipterus: Uncovering the associations between eucalypts, weevils and parasitoids in their native range .................................................................. 41 Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 42 Introduction ................................................................................................................
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