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Study on Land-Sources Litter (LSL) in the Marine

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Study on Land-Sources Litter (LSL) in the Marine 8976 LSL 8976 STUDY ON LAND-SOURCED LITTER (LSL) IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT Review of sources and literature In the Context of the Initiative of the Declaration of the Global Plastics Associations for Solutions on Marine Litter Darmstadt / Freiburg 26.01.2012 Commissioned by: BKV Beteiligungs- und Kunststoffverwertungsgesellschaft mbH, Frankfurt/Main (Germany) IK Industrievereinigung Kunststoffverpackungen e.V., Bad Homburg (Germany) KVS Kunststoff Verband Schweiz, Aarau (Switzerland) FCIO- Fachverband der Chemischen Industrie Österreichs, Vienna (Austria) Öko-Institut e.V. Freiburg Head Office P.O. Box 17 71 79017 Freiburg. Germany Prepared by Street Address Merzhauser Str. 173 Dr. Georg Mehlhart, Öko-Institut e.V. 79100 Freiburg. Germany Markus Blepp, Öko-Institut e.V. Phone +49 (0) 761 - 4 52 95-0 Fax +49 (0) 761 - 4 52 95-288 Darmstadt Office Rheinstr. 95 64295 Darmstadt. Germany Phone +49 (0) 6151 - 81 91-0 Fax +49 (0) 6151 - 81 91-33 Berlin Office Schicklerstraße 5-7 10179 Berlin. Germany Phone +49 (0) 30 - 40 50 85-0 Fax +49 (0) 30 - 40 50 85-388 Contractor: Öko-Institut e.V. – Institut für angewandte Ökologie Merzhauser Str. 173, D 79100 Freiburg, Germany Lay out prepared to print front and back side Study on Land Sourced Litter (LSL), 2011 Table of Contents Introduction by the sponsors ................................................................ i Executive Summary .............................................................................. 1 1 Introduction ............................................................................. 1 1.1 Regional coverage ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Structure of the study ....................................................................................... 1 2 The current situation of marine litter ..................................... 2 2.1 Marine litter ........................................................................................................ 2 2.1.1 Main source of marine litter .................................................................................. 3 2.2 Land-Sourced Litter (LSL) ................................................................................. 6 2.2.1 Situation worldwide .............................................................................................. 6 2.2.2 LSL and plastics .................................................................................................. 9 2.3 Analysis of quantities and pathways (discharge) ......................................... 10 2.3.1 Situation in terms of the Baltic Sea .................................................................... 11 2.3.2 Situation in terms of the North Sea .................................................................... 13 2.3.3 Situation in terms of the Mediterranean Sea ...................................................... 18 2.3.4 Challenges and recommendations resulting from the analysis ........................... 20 3 Plastics production and use ................................................. 22 4 Pressure indicator for the risk of pollution with LSL.......... 25 4.1 Population density ........................................................................................... 26 4.2 Tourism and recreation ................................................................................... 26 4.3 Activities at ports............................................................................................. 26 4.4 Solid waste management ................................................................................ 27 4.4.1 Collection and treatment of municipal waste ...................................................... 27 4.4.2 Dumpsites located on the coast or riverbanks .................................................... 29 4.4.3 Plastic packaging waste management ............................................................... 30 4.4.4 Waste management of commercial and industrial waste ................................... 33 4.4.5 Waste management of agricultural plastic waste ............................................... 33 4.5 Waste water treatment .................................................................................... 33 4.5.1 Coverage of collection (sewer) and treatment .................................................... 33 4.5.2 Sewer overflow, combined sewer overflow ........................................................ 33 4.5.3 Pressure indicator for waste water management ............................................... 34 4.6 Proposed set of indicators .............................................................................. 34 5 Baltic Sea ............................................................................... 36 I Study on Land-Sourced Litter (LSL), 2011 5.1 Geography ........................................................................................................ 36 5.2 Convention on the prevention of the Baltic Sea ............................................ 36 5.3 Pressure ........................................................................................................... 37 5.3.1 Population density ............................................................................................. 37 5.3.2 Tourism and recreation ...................................................................................... 37 5.3.3 Waste management at ports .............................................................................. 38 5.3.4 Collection and treatment of municipal waste ...................................................... 38 5.3.5 Management of plastic waste ............................................................................. 38 6 The North Sea ....................................................................... 40 6.1 Geography ........................................................................................................ 40 6.2 Convention for the protection of the marine environment of the north-east Atlantic ........................................................................................... 41 6.3 Pressure ........................................................................................................... 41 6.3.1 Population density ............................................................................................. 41 6.3.2 Tourism and recreation ...................................................................................... 42 6.3.3 Waste management at ports .............................................................................. 42 6.3.4 Collection and treatment of municipal waste ...................................................... 42 6.3.5 Management of plastic waste ............................................................................. 42 7 The Mediterranean Sea ........................................................ 43 7.1 Geography ........................................................................................................ 43 7.2 Convention for the protection of the Mediterranean Sea against pollution .............................................................................................. 44 7.3 Pressure ........................................................................................................... 45 7.3.1 Population density ............................................................................................. 45 7.3.2 Tourism and recreation ...................................................................................... 46 7.3.3 Waste management at ports .............................................................................. 46 7.3.4 Collection and treatment of municipal waste ...................................................... 47 7.3.5 Management of plastic waste ............................................................................. 49 8 Comparison of structure and pressure for the three seas ............................................................................. 51 9 Behavioural aspects............................................................. 53 9.1 Phenomenon of littering .................................................................................. 53 9.2 Trends .............................................................................................................. 54 9.2.1 Economic growth ............................................................................................... 54 9.2.2 Demographic characteristics .............................................................................. 54 9.2.3 Tourism ............................................................................................................. 55 II Study on Land Sourced Litter (LSL), 2011 9.2.4 Major events ...................................................................................................... 55 9.2.5 Biodegradable plastics and bio-based plastics ................................................... 56 9.2.6 Consumer trends ............................................................................................... 56 10 Stakeholders.......................................................................... 58 11 Conclusions and outlook...................................................... 59 12 References ............................................................................. 63 12.1 References for this study ................................................................................ 63 12.2 General literature on marine littering
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