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Dotrc Dame Scholastic Dl5cs-9VA5I-5£Mp6r-Vlctvrws- -VIVG •9\Yasl- CRAS-Morjtuiews' Che -Q^-a^' Dotrc Dame Scholastic Dl5CS-9VA5I-5£mP6R-VlCTVRWS- -VIVG •9\yASl- CRAS-MORJTUiewS' VOL. XLIX. NOTRE DAME, INDIANA, OCTOBER 23, 1915. No. 7. is "The Nut-Brown Maid," or "Sir Patrick Autumn. Spens," it is, about the dead hour o' the night QOFTLY the bright leaves flutter down. She heard the bridles ring, Russet and brown and gold; and Soon shall thej"^ sleep their long, long sleep O we were sisters, sisters seven In a winding sheet of mould. We were the fairest under heaven. A professor of sociology has shown the Sweetly the Spring may come again great influence of primitiv-e verse on the social With misty blue-bell eyes, life of man and the assistance choral rhythm Calling the soulful songsters home, lent the development of so:iety. The ballads And bidding the flowers rise. are the songs of the people. Rarely, if ever, is Roses may crimson every path an old ballad found which is the work of but Under a sky of grey. one person. Communal authorship seems to But gone to rest for evermore be the best explanation of their origin when we Are the leaves of yesterday. consider that they are the product of an age George William Shan a ha it. when singing, dancing and improvising were •afc the common modes of expression. The vballads The Ballad. appeal to the common memory and imagination and are but the "natural expression of ai^ BY KERNDT IVr. HEALY. unsophisticated age and an uneducated people." Another argument for communal authorship UR English ballads deserve much more is the many variations on the same theme consideration and appreciation than which have been preser\'ed treating of local they receive. Their literary excel­ rather than of national events. The ballad lence, the light the}"- throw upon the was not the work of minstrels, who rather men and customs of early England and their intruded upon the field of balladry, but was influence upon later poetry make them worthy handed down from generation to generation of consideration. by an unlettered community. "The work For a Tong time the question of popular of the singer was only a ripple in the stream literature was not considered worthy of men of national poetr}'." of letters. However, within comparatively What, then, are the excellent qualities of recent years serious study has been given to the ballad and why is it worthy of consideration? the ballad, and in the seventeenth centiiry The literary excellence of the ballad is to be Percy collected some three hundred and pub- considered first. Two reasons why the ballad Hshed them in his "Reliques." Sir Walter flourished in the fifteenth and sixteenth cen­ Scott, too, has been instrumental in the revival turies, are the desire ever>'-one has to hear a of the ballad. good story and the joy .man takes in acting The Oxford English Dictionary says a ballad ,"a familiar or exciting" situation in compaiiy was originally "a song intended as the accom­ with his friends. Entertainment seems to be paniment to a dance." Later the word was one of the chief purposes of the ballad,' and used to describe "a light, simple song," narra­ accordingly it was sung whenever there were tive in subject, lyrical in form and traditional gatherings of any sort. It was Cowper who said in= origin. A well-known writer says the ballad the ballad was adapted to the drollest and-most 98 THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC tragical subjects and that it' was characterized extraordinarily good and it possesses more by simplicity and ease. Primarily, the ballad pleasing qualities than any preceding lyric. is one of situation and many of the situations "Barbara Allen" and' "Lady Alice" are are tragic. "The ballad is dramatic in origin, beautiful l3'-rics, and Goldsmith delighted in in setting, and in splendid tragic possibilities." hearing an old dair3'-maid sing him into tears Man}'- ballads have famih'woes for their theme. with "Barbara Allen's'cruelty." The false M^ife ruins the happiness of her hus­ Objectivity is a quality prominent in the band, or the • wicked mother schemes for the ballad. The individual is sacrificed and oblit­ destruction of the wife. Some of the tragic erated in the effort to tell an impersonal story. ballads secure romantic details in their develop­ The balladist has no concern with himself; ment, but they remain simple tales "of love he is not introspective; he simply tells the and obstacles, flight, fight and death." story, and no idea of the individual's feelings . The old English ballads .were expressed in may be had from the direct narration of events. simple diction, they moved swiftly and were The traditional ballad either tells a story or capable of portra3dng the great moments of presents a situation each for its own sake; human life. Incremental changes and simple whatever lyric qualities it may have are repetition are the two basic structural features restricted to the singable verses, and if it have of the ballad. Oftentimes the narration ceases any purpose, any subjective feeling, it cannot for the time being to permit incremental be called a ballad. repetition which consists of returning to the The vocabulary of the ballad is quite limited main theme with variations. It has been called and analogies and metaphors are rare. The trivial and commonplace, but if it is so, why epithets employed are very general and tradi­ has the refrain endured so many years until tional and are used over and over again. Wives it now^-remains a A^ery popular and fundamental are "true;" knights are "brave;" ladies arc form of verse? The ballads, many of them "&3-y;" feet are "white;" water is "wan." in fact, are almost entirely composed of incre­ The ballad has no idea of character develop­ mental repetition. "It is the legacy of an earty ment and rarely are particulars of time and and popular art, no invention of a poet in a place ever given. The Robin Hood cycle is library," and has been called the genius of the to be excepted, however, for in these poems the ballad itself. In "Child Waters," the repetition hero's character is portrayed rather carefully. is shown to good advantage in the dialogue The balladist does not try to "heighten" between Ellen and her lover. Some critics style and give it an air of individuality and have pronounced this ballad as having no artistry; indeed he often follows convention superior in English, but in that splendid ballad to the entire disregard of the facts. of "Child Maurice," The charm of' the ballads lies in their fresh­ And heere I send her a mantle of greene ness and their naivete, a quality rarely found As greene as any grasse— at the present day. "This frank play of thought And there I send her a ring of gold and feeling compensates for a more perfect A ring of precious stone,— art in the ballads." They do not often soar we find an example of ballad structure inde­ to the highest pinnacles of poetic perfection, pendent and unique, based on a law of literary but the}'- have sincerity, spontaneity and form. Gray w'rote that this ballad "is divine— power of Advid portra3'-al. It must be remem­ Aristotle's best rules are observed in it in a bered "they are not rivers of song, deep, manner w^hich shows that the author never wide and swift, but rather cool, clear springs heard of Aristotle." among the hills" coursing down to the plain The refrain is also an essential parvt of the of Poetry with enchanting melody. ballad and it argues very forcibly for its choral In many w^ays the ballads throw light upon origin. Dialogue, in m.any instances, coupled the. men and customs of early England. In with refrain, composes many ballads. Dialogue the days when ballads were made the people which takes the form of charge and denial, sang and danced to express their feelings and question and repl}'^, is found in such ballads emotions. The men sang of the sea and heroes as the "Drowned Lovers," the splendid and and outlaws'" and battles and border raids. haimting "Edward, Edward," and the "Nut-. "The Hunting of.the Cheviot," the ballad Brown Maid." In this ballad the meter is which moved Sir Philip Sidney's heart "more TiSE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC 99 than a trumpet," tells of the strife between the The influence of the ballads upon later clans of Douglas and Percie. In Gilbert K. poetry makes them worthy of consideration. Chesterton's modern "Ballad of the White The ballad in some instances is a min ature of Horse," King Alfred chances upon a band of the epic. Edward Bliss Reed remarks "that Danish warriors. The harp is passed around for centuries the ballads were sung, yet as a to each one in turn and they sing of '-'some old class the}'- are not songs, but narrative poems, British raid" and of wars and seas and gods, little epics." The epic deals with an event The people sang of domestic complications and of national importance, an historical or mytho- stolen brides and of infidelity and fidelity and logical incident capable of being treated at of kinship. "Bewick and Graham" is a ballad some length. It is direct and simple, and accord- of kinship in which the story of sworn brother- ing to Aristotle, "a single action, entire and hood is well told. The fathers of two young complete." The baUad is closely related to men quarrel; they call upon their sons to fight the epic and on a smaller scale reproduces its in their stead.
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