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Iris Tenuis S Wats., a New Transfer to the Subsection Evansia Lee W Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 4 | Issue 2 Article 4 1959 Iris Tenuis S Wats., A New Transfer to the Subsection Evansia Lee W. Lenz Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Lenz, Lee W. (1959) "Iris Tenuis S Wats., A New Transfer to the Subsection Evansia," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 4: Iss. 2, Article 4. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol4/iss2/4 ALISO VoL. 4, No.2, pp. 311-319 ]UNE 26, 1959 IRIS TENUIS S. WATS., A NEW TRANSFER TO THE SUBSECTION EV ANSIA LEE w. LENZ In northern Oregon, not far from Mount Hood in the Cascade Range, there is found a small iris which has generally been included within the series Californicae. This species, Iris tenuis, occurs along the Clackamas River and its tributary, Eagle Creek, and so far as is known is endemic to Clackamas County where it is found growing in cool shady spots in moist soil or leaf mold. R. C. Foster (1937) and Dykes ( 1913) both cite sheets of a plant collected by L. F. Henderson in Washington County, Oregon, in 1884. The precise locality where these plants were gathered is not given and no recent collections from that county are known. The ecological habitat where I. tenuis is found is quite different from that occupied by any of the Californicae. As Starker (1935) wrote, the species is very often found among the dense undergrowth that covers the canyon floor. However, in another area, not further identified, he reports finding it in abundance on a gently sloping hillside quite free from underbrush except for a few rhododendrons and hazel bushes. Here the Douglas Fir trees were from three to four feet in diameter and "the iris covered the forest floor like grass on any lowland meadow." In this locality the plants were growing in leaf mold and decaying moss. That Iris tenuis does not rightfully belong with the Californicae has been suspected by numerous workers, and Dykes ( 1913) wrote that "it is at once distinguished from all other irises from Western America by its deeply forked stems." R. C. Foster (1937) likewise recognized it as foreign to the group but he did not remove it from the Californicae. Clarkson ( 195 5) stated, "it clearly does not belong in the sub­ section with the other members of the Californicae" and in his treatment of the Oregon species he excluded it from that group. The present author (Lenz, 1958) has likewise excluded it from the Californicae. Cytologically it has been shown (Simonet, 1934; R. C. Foster, 1937; Lenz, 1950; Clarkson, 1955; Smith and Clarkson, 1956) that the Californicae (sensu Clarkson, 195 5 ; Lenz, 1958) are all uniformly 2n = 40 whereas I. tenuis has been shown to be 2n=28 (Simonet, 1934; Smith and Clarkson, 1956). On the basis of the inclusion of I. tenuis within the Californicae the series would then appear to possess two basic chromosome numbers, 2n=40 and 2n=28. As pointed out by several investigators (Dykes, 1913; R. C. Foster, 1937; Lenz, 1958), the nearest relatives of the Cali­ fornicae are the Eurasian Sibiricae which also have been shown (Simonet, 1932, 1934) to have two basic chromosome numbers: I. delavayi, I. wilsonii, I. forrestii, I. chrysographes, I. bulleyana and I. clarkei with 2n=40, and I. sibirica and I. ori­ entalis with 2n=28. Mainly on the basis of parallelism in chromosome numbers Simonet (1934) united I. tenuis, I. sibirica, I. orientalis, and I. prismatica into the subsection Sibiricae with a basic chromosome number of x=7. Simonet then united the remaining members of the Californicae, i.e., all those species now recognized by Clarkson (1955) and Lenz (1958) as belonging to that series, with the 40 chromo­ some members of the Sibiricae into a new subsection, Chrysographes. As R. C. Foster [311] 312 ALISO [VOL. 4, No.2 (1937) clearly pointed out, this alignment of the species almost completedly disre­ gards morphological characters and geographical distributions. Concerning the possible affiliations of I. tenuis with other members of the genus, R. C. Foster (1937) noted that the broad pale green leaves were much like those of a giant I. cristata, a member of the subsection Evansia. Clarkson (1955) likewise noted certain morphological similarities between the two but he was impressed with the differences in chromosome numbers between the two, I. cristata having 2n=36 compared with I. tenuis with 2n=28. More recently Clarkson (1958) has erected a new subsection, the Oregonae, for this species, saying only, "Regardless of origin, I. tenuis is sufficiently distinct, morphologically, cytologically, and geographically, to warrant erection of a new subsection which is accordingly proposed." Clarkson (1959) subsequently reduced the category from section to series because Lawrence ( 195 3) had earlier pointed out that Apogon as a sectional name is invalid and cannot be used but that it was valid as a subsection name as used by Bentham. Thus Lawrence changed the subdivisions of section Apogon to series of subsection Apogon. Apparently none of these workers noted the similarities between I. tenuis and the Japanese I. gracilipes, another member of the Evansia. Morphologically and ecologi­ cally, the three species, I. cristata, I. gracilipes, and I. tenuis, have much in common (see Table 1). They are all plants of moist cool shady woods where they grow in rich soil or very often in the layer of leaf mold and moss which covers the forest floor. All three possess long, slender, wiry rhizomes which creep through the leaf mold and over the rocks, rooting only sparingly. One of the striking characteristics which these three species have in common is the unique manner in which they produce their flower stems away from the fan of leaves. The three species are all deciduous and in the spring three small growths will usually be found at the ends of the branches of the rhizomes. The center growth comes from the base of the past season's fan of leaves and from it emerges the flowering stem devoid of leaves except for those on the flower stem itself. The two or more side growths give rise to slender rapidly growing rhizomes which later produce fans of leaves some little distance from the flowering stem. This is very well shown in figure 4. Because the area at the base of the fan of leaves is somewhat larger in size than the diameter of the rest of the rhizome, old rhizomes often present a beaded or knotted appearance, the enlarge­ ments representing previous seasons' terminal growths. The species of the Evansia are also known as the Crested Irises because of the prominent cockscomb-like crest present on the haft of the sepal of most of the mem­ bers of the subsection. The name Evansia was first used by Salisbury in 1812 (Trans. Hort. Soc. 1: 303) as a generic epithet for a plant earlier described by Thunberg (Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 327, 1791) as Iris japonica. Feeling that his plant was suffi­ ciently distince to be given generic status, Salisbury called it Evansia chinensis. The name Evansia was first validly used as a subsection by Bentham in 1882 (Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. 3: 687). Included within the group at the present time are the fol­ lowing species: I. confusa Sealy, I. crista! a Soland, I. formosana Ohi, I. gracilipes Gray, I. lacustris Nutt, I. milesii M. Foster, I. pseudo-ro.rsi Chien, I. speculatrix Hance, I. tectorum Maxim, and I. wattii Baker. Whether this is phylogenetically a natural grouping or not, it is impossible to say at the present time. As Dykes ( 1913) wrote: "With the exception of the crest on the blade of the falls which is the distinguishing mark of the section there is probably no other character in which all plants here grouped together agree." Nevertheless, within the group it would appear that I. gracilipes, I. tenuis, I. cristata, and I. lacustris all possess a number of characters in common and most probably represent a natural jUNE, 1959] IRIS TENUIS 313 I !. I f FIG. 1. Iris tenuis. a. general habit of flowering stalk; b. fan of leaves at time of flowering; c. flower from above; d. spathe valves; e. style branch; f. sepal. a, b, c, approx. X Yz ; c, d, e, f, approx. X 1. TABLE 1 I. tenuis I. gracilipes I. crista/a Leaves Ensiform, acute, pale green, scarious Ensiform, to 3 dm. long at maturity, Broadly ensiform, light green or margins to 3.5 dm. long, 1.5 cm.wide, nerves prominent yellowish-green, few sub-prominent nerves prominent nerves, to 2.5 dm.long, 2.5 em. wide Flowering Stem Slender, deeply 1-2 branched, Usually 2 branches, slender with Stem unbranched, 2-3 cauline 2-3 flowering heads, 1-2 cauline leafy bract at bifurcation leaves leaves, leafy bract at bifurcation Spathes Subequal, opposite, membranaceous 1 only, lanceolate, membranaceous, Broadly lanceolate, acuminate, and scarious margined 2-3 em. long, scarious opposite, equal or outer sometimes 5 mm. wide, lanceolate acuminate, shorter, 1-2-flowered 1-flowered Pedicel Very slender, 0.4-1 em. long Very short 0.7-1.8 em. long, slender Perianth tube Very short, infundibuliform Short, about 1.25 cm.long, Filiform, gradually widening funnelform toward top, 4.5-6.8 cm.long Sepals Oblong spatulate, bluntly rounded Obovate, about 2.5 em. long, Obovate to spatulate, bluntly and deeply notched, white, deeply and widely emarginate, rounded at apex, to 4.5 cm ..long, sometimes bluish tinged light lavender blue 1.5 em.
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