DOCSLIB.ORG

Agricultural Water Management in Southern Africa. Country Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Agricultural Water Management in Southern Africa. Country Report Trends and Outlook: Agricultural Water Management in Southern Africa COUNTRY REPORT ZIMBABWE Conrade Zawe, Simon Madyiwa and Mampiti Matete 2015 Table of Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures ................................................................................................................... ii Acronyms ........................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... iv 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Agricultural water management for poverty alleviation and sustainable growth .................. 1 1.2 Trends in irrigated area ....................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Study aim and method ........................................................................................................ 3 1.4 Definitions and research approach ...................................................................................... 4 2. Overview of irrigation in Zimbabwe .............................................................................. 7 2.1 Historical overview of irrigation in the country .................................................................... 8 2.1.1 Pre-independence scenario ................................................................................................... 8 2.1.2 Post-independence scenario .................................................................................................. 9 2.2 Types of irrigation schemes ............................................................................................... 11 2.2.1 Zimbabwe’s irrigation subsector .......................................................................................... 11 2.2.2 Defining smallholder irrigation in Zimbabwe....................................................................... 12 2.3 Irrigation investments ....................................................................................................... 12 2.3.1 Public Sector Investment Programme (PSIP) financing ....................................................... 14 2.3.2 Donor financing .................................................................................................................... 17 2.4 Economic contribution of irrigated agriculture ................................................................... 17 2.5 Policy environment ........................................................................................................... 18 2.5.1 Entry-exit and re-entry of donors into smallholder irrigated agriculture ............................ 18 2.5.2 Discourse on irrigation policy and strategy ......................................................................... 18 2.5.3 Agricultural policy ................................................................................................................ 18 2.5.4 Water policy ......................................................................................................................... 19 2.5.5 Land policy ........................................................................................................................... 19 2.6 Water availability ............................................................................................................. 20 2.7 Irrigation potential ........................................................................................................... 21 3. Case study schemes .................................................................................................... 23 3.1 Selection criteria ............................................................................................................... 23 3.2 Description of schemes ..................................................................................................... 24 3.2.1 Chitora I drag-hose sprinkler irrigation scheme .................................................................. 24 3.2.2 Mrs Gladys Chisango wetland irrigation scheme ................................................................. 25 4. Case study findings ..................................................................................................... 25 4.1 Experiences at both schemes ............................................................................................ 25 4.2 Outcomes/impacts on social and economic objectives ....................................................... 32 4.2.1 Impact on crop yields ........................................................................................................... 32 4.2.2 Impact on incomes (direct and indirect) .............................................................................. 33 4.2.3 Impact on food security (national level and household level) ............................................. 34 4.2.4 Impact on poverty (individual and community scales) ........................................................ 35 4.2.5 Decision making by men and women .................................................................................. 36 4.3 Lessons ............................................................................................................................. 36 4.3.1 Most critical factors that contribute to the success of the schemes ................................... 36 4.3.2 Most critical factors that contribute to failure of schemes ................................................. 37 5. Conclusions and implications for policy ....................................................................... 37 References ..................................................................................................................... 38 ANNEX 1: Additional information on the two case studies .............................................. 42 List of Tables Table 1: Area equipped with irrigation infrastructure by subsector in Zimbabwe............................... 12 Table 2: Sources of financing for irrigation development .................................................................... 13 Table 3: Irrigation projects and sources of funding as at July 1990 (Zim$’000) ................................... 15 Table 4: Water availability based on internal water resources ............................................................ 20 Table 5: Rainfall patterns of Zimbabwe’s five natural regions ............................................................. 20 Table 6: Irrigation subsector the situation after land reform process.................................................. 23 Table 7: Experiences at Gledys Chisango and Chitora Schemes ........................................................... 25 Table 8: Yields of crops based on sampled farmers.............................................................................. 32 Table 9: Estimated seasonal gross margins from irrigation at Chitora I and Gledys Chisango ............. 33 Table 10: Estimated annual gross margins from dry land at Chitora and Gledys Chisango ................. 34 Table 11: Wealth indicators amongst irrigators ................................................................................... 35 List of Figures Figure 1: Irrigated area as proportion of arable area ............................................................................. 3 Figure 2: Classification of types of investments in irrigation based on types of investors ..................... 5 Figure 3: Investments in smallholder irrigation .................................................................................... 16 Figure 4: Natural regions of Zimbabwe................................................................................................. 22 Figure 5: Map Locations of Chitora and Gledys Chisango irrigation schemes ...................................... 24 ii Acronyms AU African Union AFC Agricultural Finance Corporation ARDA Agricultural and Rural Development Authority CAADP Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Program DANIDA Danish International Development Agency DERUDE Department for Rural Development DWD Department for Water Development EEC European Economic Community ESAP Economic Structural Adjustment Program EU European Union FANR Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources [Division} FAO Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations GDP Gross Domestic Product ha hectare IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IMO Irrigation Management Committee IWMI International Water Management Institute KFW Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau LSCF Large Scale Commercial Farmer MM3 MillionM3 NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development NFIF National Farm Irrigation Fund NGO non-governmental organization NR natural region O&M operation and maintenance PSIP Public Sector Investment Programme RAP Regional Agricultural Policy RDC Rural District Council ReSAKSS – SA Southern Africa Regional Strategic Analysis, Knowledge and Support Systems RSAP IV Regional Strategic Action Plan IV SADC Southern African Development Community SISP Smallholder Irrigation Support Programme SSHIP Support to Smallholder Irrigation Project SSIP Small Scale Irrigation Programme UNDP United Nations Development Program UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Understanding Multiple Jatropha Discourses in Zimbabwe
    Understanding Multiple Jatropha Discourses in Zimbabwe: A Case of the National Oil Company of Zimbabwe (NOCZIM) Jatropha Outgrower Scheme and Nyahondo Small-scale Commercial Farmers, Mutoko A Research Paper presented by: Confidence Tendai Zibo Zimbabwe in partial fulfillment of the requirements for obtaining the degree of MASTERS OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Specialization: Environment and Sustainable Development ESD Members of the Examining Committee: Ingrid Nelson Carol Hunsberger The Hague, The Netherlands December 2012 Acknowledgements I wish to extend my most sincere gratitude to my supervisor and second reader, Ingrid and Carol. Thank you for all the support and mentorship during the duration of my studies, most of all during the finalisation of this paper. Thank you, I am truly grateful. My ESD Convenor, Dr. M. Arsel, your leadership during the Master Pro- gramme is much appreciated. Thank you. To all the WWF Zimbabwe, Environment Africa, Ministry of Energy staff- Ministry of Energy staff in Zimbabwe who assisted with the collection of data during my field research, thank you. Your assistance was valuable. To the ESD 2011-2012 Batch, and my ISS Family, Brenda Habasonda, Lynn Muwi, Josephine Kaserera, Helen Venganai and Yvonne Juwaki, we did it it!!! My family from home, Alice and Erchins Zhou, Pardon, Jellister, Jennifer, Daniel, Hazel, Primrose, God bless you!! Last, but not least, I wish to extend my most sincere gratitude to the Dutch Government for funding my studies through the Dutch Higher Education Programme, Nuffic. Thank you for this great opportunity. Above all I thank God for His guidance. ii Contents Acknowledgements ii List of Tables v List of Figures v List of Acronyms vi Abstract vii Chapter 1 : Introduction 1 1.1 An Anecdote 1 1.2 Biofuels Vs Agrofuels 1 1.2.1 The Agrofuels Debate 2 1.3 History and Uses of Jatropha 3 1.3.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Fire Report 2014
    ANNUAL FIRE REPORT 2014 FIRE Hay bailing along the Victoria Falls- Kazungula Road to reduce road side fires Page 1 of 24 ANNUAL FIRE REPORT 2014 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 3 2.0 Fire Prediction Modelling ..................................................................................................................... 3 3.0 Fire Monitoring .................................................................................................................................... 7 4.0 Environmental Education and Training ................................................................................................ 8 5.0 EMA/ZRP Fire Management Awards ................................................................................................. 14 6.0 Law enforcement ............................................................................................................................... 17 7.0 Impacts of Fires .................................................................................................................................. 18 7.0 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 21 8.0 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................. 22 Annex 1: Pictures ....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • TREATMENT SITES — Southern Africa HIV and AIDS Information LISTED by PROVINCE and AREA Dissemination Service
    ARV TREATMENT SITES Southern Africa HIV and AIDS Information LISTED BY PROVINCE AND AREA Dissemination Service MASVINGO · Bulilima: Plumtree District hospital: · Bikita: Silveira Mission Hospital: Tel: (038)324 Tel. (019) 2291; 2661-3 · Chiredzi: Hippo Valley Estates Clinic: · Gwanda: Gwanda OI Clinic: Tel: (084)22661-3: Tel: (031)2264 - Mangwe: St. Annes Brunapeg: · Chiredzi: Colin Saunders Hosp. Tel: (082) 361/466 AN HIV/AIDS Tel: (033)6387:6255 · Kezi-Matobo: Tshelanyemba Mission Hosp: · Chiredzi: Chiredzi District Hosp.: Tel: (033) Tel: (082) 254 · Gutu: Gutu Mission Hosp: · Maphisa District Hosp: Tel. (082) 244 Tel: (030)2323:2313:2631:3229 · Masvingo: Morgenster Mission Hosp: MIDLANDS Tel: (039)262123 · Chivhu General Hosp: Tel: (056):2644:2351 TREATMENT - Masvingo Provincial Hosp: · Chirumhanzu: Muvonde Hosp: Tel: (032)346 Tel: (039)263358/9; 263360 · Mvuma: St Theresas Mission Hosp: - Masvingo: Mukurira Memorial Private Hospital: Tel: (0308)208/373 Tel. (039) 264919 · Gweru: Gweru Provincial Hospital: ROADMAP FOR · Mwenezi: Matibi Mission Hospital: Tel. (0517) 323 Tel: (054) 221301:221108 · Zaka: Musiso Mission Hosp: · Gweru: Gweru City Hospital: Tel: (054) Tel: (034)2286:2322:2327/8 221301:221108 - Gweru: Mkoba 1 Polyclinic, Tel. MATEBELELAND NORTH - Gweru: Lower Gweru Rural Health Clinic: · Hwange: St Patricks Mission Hosp: Tel: (054) 227023 Tel: (081)34316-7 · Kwekwe: Kwekwe General Hospital: ZIMBABWE · Lupane: St Lukes Mission Hosp: Tel: (055)22333/7:24828/31 Tel: (0898)362:549:349 · Mberengwa: Mnene Mission Hospital: · Tsholotsho: Tsholotsho District Hosp: Tel. (0518) 352/3 Tel: (0878) 397/216/299 A guide for accessing anti- PRIVATE DOCTORS retroviral treatment in MATEBELELAND SOUTH For a list of private doctors who have special Zimbabwe: what it is, where · Beitbridge: Beitbridge District Hosp: training in ARV treatment and counselling, ask Tel.(086) 22496-8 your own doctor or contact SAfAIDS.
    [Show full text]
  • For Human Dignity
    ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION For Human Dignity REPORT ON: APRIL 2020 i DISTRIBUTED BY VERITAS e-mail: [email protected]; website: www.veritaszim.net Veritas makes every effort to ensure the provision of reliable information, but cannot take legal responsibility for information supplied. NATIONAL INQUIRY REPORT NATIONAL INQUIRY REPORT ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION For Human Dignity For Human Dignity TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD .................................................................................................................................................. vii ACRONYMS.................................................................................................................................................... ix GLOSSARY OF TERMS .................................................................................................................................. xi PART A: INTRODUCTION TO THE NATIONAL INQUIRY PROCESS ................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Establishment of the National Inquiry and its Terms of Reference ....................................................... 2 1.2 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2: THE NATIONAL INQUIRY PROCESS .........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Adaptation to Climate Variability in Smallholder Farming Systems in Eastern Zimbabwe: a Sociological Perspective
    Rev Agric Food Environ Stud https://doi.org/10.1007/s41130-018-0074-9 RESEARCH ARTICLE Understanding adaptation to climate variability in smallholder farming systems in eastern Zimbabwe: a sociological perspective Sandra Bhatasara1 Received: 16 November 2016 /Accepted: 24 May 2018 # INRA and Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract The literature on climate change in Zimbabwe continues to grow, but literature specifically focusing on how people in rural communities are responding to it is still comparatively limited. Only a few scholars have sought to offer a reasonably detailed account of farmers’ concerns and adaptation from localised, qualitative case studies based on farmers’ narratives. As such, this article is empirically based, using mainly qualitative data from a broader research on understanding climate variability and livelihood adaptation conducted in Mutoko District in rural Zimbabwe. In doing so, the aim is not only to contribute empirical data to existing knowledge but also more importantly to theorise adaptation sociologically. The main argument is that farmers are reflexively engaged in various adaptive strategies predominantly at the household level not only to adapt to increasing climatic variability but also to simultaneously navigate a difficult socio-economic landscape. The adaptive strategies are underpinned by diverse structures, processes and conditions that are enabling and constraining. Hence adapta- tion is unfolding as a complex and reflexive process under specific socio-spatial conditions. Keywords Climatevariability.Farmers.Adaptation.Adaptationprocesses.Reflexivity Introduction A consistent conclusion among climate change scholars in Zimbabwe is that the country is experiencing both climate change and variability. At the same time, there is emerging evidence that local communities are already grappling with the adverse * Sandra Bhatasara [email protected]; [email protected] 1 Sociology Department, University of Zimbabwe, P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • The Food Poverty Atlas
    Zimbabwe Food Poverty Atlas2016_FINAL.qxp_Layout 1 4/10/2016 10:44 Page 1 The Food Poverty Atlas SMALL AREA FOOD POVERTY ESTIMATION Statistics for addressing food and nutrition insecurity in Zimbabwe SEPTEMBER, 2016 Zimbabwe Food Poverty Atlas2016_FINAL.qxp_Layout 1 4/10/2016 10:44 Page 2 2 Zimbabwe Food Poverty Atlas2016_FINAL.qxp_Layout 1 4/10/2016 10:44 Page i The Food Poverty Atlas SMALL AREA FOOD POVERTY ESTIMATION Statistics for addressing food and nutrition insecurity in Zimbabwe SEPTEMBER, 2016 i Zimbabwe Food Poverty Atlas2016_FINAL.qxp_Layout 1 4/10/2016 10:44 Page ii © UNICEF Zimbabwe, The World Bank and Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency All rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency 20th Floor, Kaguvi Building, Cnr 4th Street and Central Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe P.O. Box CY342, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe. Tel: (+263-4) 706681/8 or (+263-4) 703971/7 Fax: (+263-4) 762494 E-mail: [email protected] This publication is available on the following websites: www.unicef.org/zimbabwe www.worldbank.org/ www.zimstat.co.zw/ ISBN: 978-92-806-4824-9 The Food Poverty Atlas was produced by the Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT). Technical and financial support was provided by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Bank Design and layout: K. Moodie Photographs by: © UNICEF/2015/T. Mukwazhi ii Zimbabwe Food Poverty Atlas2016_FINAL.qxp_Layout 1 4/10/2016 10:44 Page iii Food poverty prevalence at a glance Map 1: Food poverty prevalence by district* Figure 1 400,000 Number of food poor 350,000 and non poor households 300,000 250,000 by province* 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 Harare Central N.B 1.
    [Show full text]
  • OPHID Annual Report 2019.Pdf
    ANNUAL REPORT 2019 Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................ 1 Acknowledgements ......................................................................... 2 Acronyms ........................................................................................ 3 Executive Director’s Statement - ..................................................... 6 Chairperson’s Statement – .............................................................. 8 Treasurer’s Statement – .................................................................. 9 Families and Communities for the Elimination of HIV .................... 11 The Cervical Cancer Screening and Treatment (C-CAST) ............ 17 Zimbabwe Emergency Response – Integrating HIV services into Humanitarian preparedness and response plans .......................... 18 Mbereko+Men: Tackling barriers to Accessing Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health Services in Zimbabwe ........................................ 19 Documenting Evidence and Learning ............................................ 21 OPHID ACCEPTED ABSTRACTS: IAS 2019: Mexico City Mexico, July 21-24 2019 ............................................................ 21 OPHID ACCEPTED ABSTRACTS: INTEREST 2019, Accra, Ghana, May 14-17 2019 ............................................................ 23 OPHID ACCEPTED ABSTRACTS: ICASA Conference, Kigali, Rwanda, 7 Abstracts (all FACE HIV Program/USAID): 1 oral abstract, 6 posters ....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • An Assessment of the Benefits and Costs of Black Granite Quarrying in Mutoko District, Zimbabwe: a Socio-Cultural, Biophysical and Economic Approach
    Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa (Volume 12, No.3, 2010) ISSN: 1520-5509 Clarion University of Pennsylvania, Clarion, Pennsylvania AN ASSESSMENT OF THE BENEFITS AND COSTS OF BLACK GRANITE QUARRYING IN MUTOKO DISTRICT, ZIMBABWE: A SOCIO-CULTURAL, BIOPHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC APPROACH Tanyaradzwa Chigonda ABSTRACT Mining plays an important role in the socio-economic development of many countries worldwide. However, in spite of its remarkable contribution towards development, mining can also result in some adverse impacts, especially when carried out without proper planning. In this study, the economic, socio-cultural, and biophysical benefits and costs of black granite quarrying were investigated. Two questionnaires, one targeting quarry workers and the other targeting villagers around quarry sites, together with personal interviews with key informants, were used as data gathering instruments. Among the benefits realized in the study area due to black granite quarrying include employment creation, infrastructural development, and revenue generation. Black granite quarrying has also brought with it some costs to the study area including, inter alia, the creation of labor bottlenecks for peasant agriculture, encroachment onto limited prime agricultural land, and the lowering of water tables. Quarrying has also induced some school dropouts, while HIV/AIDS prevalence has reportedly increased with the establishment of the quarries. The study recommends that full Environmental Impact Assessments should be carried out immediately in order to fully identify and enhance the benefits of black granite quarrying and reduce the costs. Keywords: black granite quarrying, benefits and costs, sustainable development. INTRODUCTION The history of mining in Zimbabwe dates back to the 15th century when the people practiced traditional small- scale mining mainly for iron and gold.
    [Show full text]
  • Perspectives on Land and Water Politics at Mushandike Irrigation Scheme, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
    PERSPECTIVES ON LAND AND WATER POLITICS AT MUSHANDIKE IRRIGATION SCHEME, MASVINGO, ZIMBABWE A Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY RHODES UNIVERSITY BY JONATHAN MAFUKIDZE December 2017 Supervisor: Professor Kirk Helliker Department of Sociology i ABSTRACT Access to, control and ownership of land and water, amongst other natural resources in Zimbabwe, shape and affect rural lives, livelihoods, social relations and social organisation. Rural poverty has been entrenched and exacerbated by, amongst other factors, highly restricted access to these scarce resources. Historically, Zimbabwe’s rural areas (such as communal areas, smallholder irrigation schemes and resettlement areas) have existed as sites of struggles where contestations and negotiations over access to, control or ownership of these resources have taken place. Resultantly, multifaceted and dynamic social relations have been weaved and contested social spaces carved out. In rural Zimbabwe, contestations have tended to be complex, nuanced and intricate, working themselves out in different ways across time and space. In their heightened and more visible state, they have been characterised by violent physical expressions which, in the history of the country, involved two wars of liberation, the First Chimurenga (1896-1897) and the Second Chimurenga (1960s to 1980). The most recent violent manifestation was through nation-wide land invasions, politically christened the Third Chimurenga, which peaked in 2000 and continued sporadically to this day. Few studies on smallholder irrigation schemes in Zimbabwe have focused on understanding how contestations for access to scarce land and water resources are framed and negotiated at the local level. Cognisant of this lacuna, this thesis uses social constructionism in examining, as a case study, Mushandike Smallholder Irrigation Scheme in Masvingo Province in order to understand and analyse how land and water politics occur at the local level.
    [Show full text]
  • Zimbabwean Government Gazette
    ZIMBABWEAN GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Publishedby Authority Vol. LXVI,No. 11 : 26th FEBRUARY, 1988 . Price 40¢, General Notice 115of 1988. a ‘{c) depart Sagambe- Saturday 5 am., atrive Mutare - ROAD MOTOR TRANSPORTATION ACT [CHAPTER262] . 9,20. 2.02.5 . 7 (d) depart. Sagambe Sunday 10 am., arrive Harare Applications in Connexion 715 pm So o with Road ServicePermits (e) depart Harare Monday,Wednesday: and Friday 6 a.m., . arrive Sagambe 3.15 p.m.; Po . IN terms of ‘subsection (4) of section 7 of the Road Motor | (f) depart Mutare Thursday and Saturday 10.50 a.m., arrive Transportation Act [Chapter 262], notice is-hereby. giventhat .Sagambe 3.15 p.m. Ss . the applications. detailed in the ‘Schédule, for the issue or The _. amendment of road service .permits, have been received for the service to operate as follows— | ~ “eonsideration of the Controller ‘of. Road.Motor ‘Transportation. (a). depart Sagambe Tuesday andThursday 4 am, atrive — Harare 12,30 p.m.; Any personwishing to object to:any ‘such: application must lodge with the Controller of {b) depart Sagambe Saturday 5 am., arrive Mutare Road Motor’ Transportation, 8.45 a.m; P.O. Box 8332, Causeway-— oe . ‘(c) depart Sagambe Sunday 7.a.m., arrive Harare 3.30 p.m; {a) a notice, in writing, of hie intention to object, soas to (d) depart Harare Monday andWednesday 6 a.m., arrive ~ yeach the Controller’s office not later than the 18th Sagambe3.15 ip.m.; . March, :.1988; @ depart Harare Friday 4 p.m., arrive Sagambe ‘Saturday (b) his’ objection and the grounds therefor, on form R.M.T.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of FAO Cooperation in Zimbabwe (2006-2010)
    EVALUATION OF FAO COOPERATION IN ZIMBABWE (2006-2010) Report Commissioned by the Office of Evaluation, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome, Italy Independent Evaluation Team James K. Gasana Lori Bell Julius Kajume Shinga Mupindu Marjorie Smith-John May 2011 Map of Zimbabwe Source: http://www.goldbamboo.com/topic-t8659-a1-6Zimbabwe_.html ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Evaluation of FAO Cooperation in Zimbabwe (2006-2010) 1. This report presents findings and recommendations of the Evaluation of FAO-Zimbabwe Cooperation (2006-2010) which was commissioned by the Office of Evaluation, FAO and was carried out from 1st to 25 February 2011. The period under evaluation saw difficult relations between Zimbabwe and Donors. FAO played a key role of “Coordination/Honest broker” between Donors, Government and other emergency aid and development partners. It followed, with great success, the principle of partnership with government, while taking into account the donors’ funding constraints and the accountability requirements. In most of this period, FAO’s cooperation with Zimbabwe, which consisted mainly of an emergency program, was not guided by an overall official framework document. Nevertheless there was continuity of a rolling strategy consisting in adjusting interventions as needs and the context changed. Furthermore, there is a Draft Country Programming Framework (CPF 2009-2013) as well as a Plan of Action (PoA 2010-2015) entitled “Zimbabwe: Transitioning Emergency into Rehabilitation and Development”. Its expected outcomes are improved food security through increased production and sustainable management of natural resources and the environment. To implement its program, FAO works through a large number of Implementing Partners (IPs).
    [Show full text]
  • Examining the Sources of Smallholder Horticultural
    Bindu Samuel,Chigusiwa Lloyd., Int. J. Eco. Res., 2013, v4i6, 1-12 ISSN: 2229-6158 EXAMINING THE SOURCES OF SMALLHOLDER HORTICULTURAL FARMERS EXCLUSION FROM FORMAL URBAN MARKETS IN ZIMBABWE: THE CASE OF CHIHOTA COMMUNAL AREAS Bindu Samuel1 Chigusiwa Lloyd Department of Economics, Bindura University of Science Education Abstract The study seeks to establish why some smallholder horticultural famers in Chihota communal areas market their produce in communal markets which are known to generate less revenue for any given quality and quantity of produce than urban formal markets. It uses primary data collected from 119 farming households randomly selected from four villages that were selected on the basis of horticultural intensity. MLE technique through logit analysis is used to establish the determinants of smallholder horticultural farmers’ exclusion from formal urban markets. The results show that while diversification and household size reduces participation in urban markets, having own transport, input use, land size, age of the household head and access to information increase farmer participation in urban markets. Policy to improve SHFs participation should thus increase specialization, transport availability, input use and information access to SHFs. Keywords Smallholder horticulture farmers, communal markets, market exclusion 1 Introduction At independence, in 1980, the new Zimbabwean majority government prioritized correction of developmental imbalances created by the colonial regime (GoZ, 1982). Chief among the priorities of the new government was black empowerment and rural development. Rural development was a priority since most of the black majority lived in reserve and tribal trust lands which are now known as communal areas2. Most of these communal areas had lagged behind in development due to the reserve status accorded to them.
    [Show full text]