YEARBOOK 2013/14

The Department of Arts and Culture (DAC) con- tinues to make signifi cant strides in positioning Arts and the cultural and creative industries as one of the main drivers of economic growth and job crea- tion in South Africa. The success of the arts and culture sector is also reliant on effective governance, infra- Culture structure and skills development, partnerships, research, sharing of information and enterprise development. In this context, the department is committed to supporting a number of emergent shifts in the arts, culture and heritage sector over the next fi ve years. These shifts have the potential to increase the growth and development of the sector signifi cantly. They include addressing a number of inade- quacies in the policy and regulatory environment to strengthen governance in the sector, increase investment and improve information and sta- tistics for more effective planning and decision - making. The DAC is strengthening co - operation with a range of public and private sector institu- tions and stakeholders. The development and implementation of the Mzansi Golden Economy Strategy is an example of how to mobilise the resources of all stakeholders in the sector. Measures to promote the arts include: • providing fi nancial, as well as information and communication technology support to artists to enable the creation of works expressing national creativity, while opening space for vibrant debate • strengthening the Independent Communica- tions Authority of South Africa’s mandate for nation - building and value inculcation • incentivising commercial distribution networks to distribute and/or host art • developing and implementing plans for a more effective arts and culture curriculum in schools with appropriate educator support • supporting income-smoothing for artists in a special unemployment insurance scheme and evaluating funding models for such initiatives • developing sectoral determination legislation frameworks to protect arts-sector employees. Legislation and policies The mandate and operations of the DAC are guided by various policies and legislation. These include the: • National Film and Video Foundation (NFVF) Act, 1997 (Act 73 of 1997) • National Heritage Council (NHC) Act, 1999 (Act 11 of 1999) • National Heritage Resources Act, 1999 (Act 25 of 1999)

61 Arts and Culture

• National Library of South Africa (NLSA) Act, of the Free State and the Windybrow Theatre. 1998 (Act 92 of 1998) Total transfers in 2013/14 amounted to R342 mil- • Pan South African Language Board lion, including capital works. (PanSALB) Act, 1995 (Act 59 of 1995) The Museum’s budget for • South African Geographical Names Council 2013/14 was R132,8 million. The South African (SAGNC) Act, 1998 (Act 118 of 1998) Heritage Resources Agency’s (SAHRA) budget • South African Library for the Blind Act, 1998 for 2013/14 was R43,7 million. (Act 91 of 1998) • Cultural Institutions Act, 1998 (Act 119 of 1998) National symbols • Culture Promotion Act, 1983 (Act 35 of 1983) Animal: Springbok • Heraldry Act, 1962 (Act 18 of 1962) (Antidorcas marsupialis) • Legal Deposit Act, 1997 (Act 54 of 1997) The springbok’s common name is derived from • National Archives and Record Service of its characteristic jumping display. It is the only South Africa Act, 1996 (Act 43 of 1996) southern African gazelle and is fairly widespread • National Arts Council (NAC) Act, 1997 (Act 56 in open, dry bush, grasslands or riverbeds near of 1997) water. It is also the emblem of South Africa’s • Promotion of Access to Information Act, 2000 national rugby team, which bears its name. (Act 2 of 2000) • National Council for Library and Information Bird: Blue crane Services (NCLIS) Act, 2001 (Act 6 of 2001) (Anthropoides paradisia) • White Paper on Arts, Culture and Heritage This elegant crane with its silvery blue plumage • Use of Offi cial Languages Act, 2012 (Act 12 is endemic to southern Africa, with more than of 2012). 99% of the population within South Africa’s bor- ders. Funding As part of Cabinet-approved budget reductions, Fish: Galjoen the department reduced spending by R186 000 (Coracinus capensis) in 2013/14. The galjoen is found only along the South African Over the medium term, R4 million was re- coast and is a familiar sight to every angler. It prioritised from the National Archive Services keeps to mostly shallow water, is often found in and the National Library Services subpro- rough surf and sometimes right next to the shore. grammes to the Administration programme to centralise information technology (IT) services. Flower: King protea The programme received additional funding of (Protea cynaroides) R32 million over the medium term for improved This striking protea is found in the south- conditions of service. In addition, R1,1 billion western and southern areas of the Western was reprioritised from the Department of Basic Cape. It derives its scientifi c name cynaroides, Education’s (DBE) schools infrastructure back- which means “like cynara” (artichoke), from the log grant to the community library service’s artichoke-like appearance of its fl ower head. conditional grant to accelerate the provision of community library services and provide for the Tree: Real yellowwood function shift of library services from municipali- (Podocarpus latifolius) ties to provinces. The yellowwood family is primeval and has been Of this revised grant allocation, R35,3 million present in South Africa for more than 100 million was allocated to the programme to manage, years. The species is widespread, from Table monitor and exercise oversight over the com- Mountain, along the southern and eastern Cape munity library services grant. coast, in the ravines of the Drakensberg up to Transfer allocations for 2013/14: the Soutpansberg and the Blouberg in Limpopo. • heritage institutions: R322,6 million • libraries: R88,5 million National fl ag • NAC: R87,6 million South Africa’s fl ag is one of the most recognised • the NFVF: R105,2 million in the world. It was launched and used for the • NHC: R52,7 million fi rst time on Freedom Day, 27 April 1994. The • PanSALB: R78,2 million. design and colours are a synopsis of the princi- The following performing arts institutions receive pal elements of the country’s fl ag history. annual transfers from the DAC: the State Thea- It is the only six-coloured national fl ag in the tre, The Playhouse Company, Artscape Theatre, world. The central design of the fl ag, beginning The Market Theatre, the Performing Arts Council at the fl ag-pole in a “V” form and fl owing into a

62 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2013/14

single horizontal band to Below the bird is the protea, an indigenous the outer edge of the fl y, South African fl ower, representing the aesthetic can be interpreted as the harmony of all cultures and the country fl owering convergence of diverse as a nation. The ears of wheat are emblems of the elements within South fertility of the land, while the tusks of the African African society, taking the elephant symbolise wisdom, steadfastness and road ahead in unity. strength. When the fl ag is displayed vertically against At the centre, stands a shield signifying the a wall, the red band should be to the left of the protection of South Africans, above which are a viewer, with the hoist or the cord seam at the top. spear and knobkierie. These assert the defence When displayed horizontally, the hoist should of peace rather than a posture of war. be to the left of the viewer and the red band Within the shield are images of the Khoisan at the top. When the fl ag is displayed next to people, the fi rst inhabitants of the land. The or behind the speaker at a meeting, it must be fi gures are derived from images on the Linton placed to the speaker’s right. When it is placed Stone, a world-famous example of South African elsewhere in the meeting place, it should be to rock art. the right of the audience. The motto of the coat of arms – !ke e:/xarra//ke – is in the Khoisan language of the /Xam people, and National anthem means “diverse people unite” or “people who are South Africa’s national anthem is a combined different joining together.” version of Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika and The Call of South Africa (Die Stem van Suid-Afrika). National Orders Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika was composed by a National Orders are the highest awards the Methodist mission schoolteacher, Enoch Son- country, through its President, can bestow on tonga, in 1897. The words of The Call of South individual South Africans and eminent foreign Africa were written by CJ Langenhoven in May leaders and personalities. 1918 and the music was composed by Reverend They are presented annually on 27 April, Free- ML de Villiers in 1921. dom Day: • The is awarded to National Coat of Arms South African citizens for excellence and South Africa’s Coat of Arms, the highest visual exceptional achievement. symbol of the State, was launched on Freedom • The is awarded to South Day, 27 April 2000. African citizens for distinguished service in the Its central image is a secretary bird with fi elds of business and the economy; science, uplifted wings and a sun rising above it. medicine and technological innovation; and community service. The National Anthem • The Order of the Companions of OR Tambo is awarded to heads of state and other dignit- Nkosi sikelel’ i Afrika aries for promoting peace, cooperation and Maluphakanyisw’ uphondo lwayo, friendship towards South Africa. Yizwa imithandazo yethu, • The is awarded to South Nkosi sikelela, thina lusapho lwayo. Africans who have made a meaningful contri- Morena boloka setjhaba sa heso, bution to the struggle for democracy, human O fedise dintwa le matshwenyeho, rights, nation-building, justice and peace, and O se boloke, confl ict resolution. O se boloke setjhaba • The is awarded to South sa heso, African citizens who have excelled in the fi elds Setjhaba sa South Afrika – of arts, culture, literature, music, journalism South Afrika. and sport. • The Order of Mendi for Bravery is awarded to Uit die blou van onse hemel, South African citizens who have performed Uit die diepte van ons see, Oor ons ewige gebergtes, extraordinary acts of bravery. Waar die kranse antwoord gee. In April 2013, 38 South Africans and foreign nationals who have contributed towards the Sounds the call to come together, advancement of democracy, were awarded And united we shall stand, National Orders by President Jacob Zuma. Let us live and strive for freedom, The 2013 ceremony was held under the theme In South Africa our land. “Mobilising society towards consolidating our democracy and freedom.” 63 Arts and Culture

The recipients of the 2013 National Orders were: South African Heritage Resources • The Order of Mendi: Alfred Duma, Riot Agency Makhomanisi Mkhwanazi and Cletus Mzimela. SAHRA provides for the identifi cation, protection, • The Order of Ikhamanga: Chad le Clos, Ilse conservation and promotion of South Africa’s Hayes, Vusi Mahlasela, Zolani Mkva, Kaizer heritage for present and future generations. It Motaung and Pretty Yende. established the National Heritage Resources • The Order of the Baobab: Suraya ‘Bibi’ Khan, Fund to provide fi nancial assistance to approved Nontsikelelo Qelane, Yusuf Abramjee, David bodies or individuals, for any project that contrib- Jacobus Bosch (Posthumous), Colin Wells utes to the conservation and protection of South Eglin, Herbert William Garnet de la Hunt and Africa’s national heritage resources. Sayed Mohamed Ridwan Mia. Conservation categories include: • The Order of Luthuli: Nomazizi Mtsotshisa • national heritage sites, registers, areas and (Posthumous), Neville Edward Alexander objects (Posthumous), Amina Desai (Posthumous), • protected areas Michael Alan Harmel (Posthumous), Essop • structures of more than 60 years old Essak Jassat, Arthur Letele (Posthumous), • burial grounds and graves Mosibudi Mangena, Moosa Mooila, Richard • fossils (palaeontology) and archaeology Mothupi, David Fani Mncube, Elias Phakane • rock art Moretsele (Posthumous) and Nkosazana • underwater cultural heritage, including histor- Dlamini Zuma. ical shipwrecks. • The Order of Mapungubwe: Professor Quar- Sahra conserves buildings of historical or archi- raisha Abdool Karim, Dr Bennie Fanaroff, tectural value. Professor George Ekama, Dr Glenda Gray More than 4 000 buildings, sites and other and Professor Malegapuru William Makgopa objects (including trees) have been declared • The Order of the Companions of OR Tambo: national monuments. Dina Forti, Reverend Jesse Louis Jackson, Heritage South Africa is a non-profi t organi- Enuga Screenivasulu Reddy, Giuseppe sation that conserves South Africa’s variety of Soncini (Posthumous) and Linden Forbes architectural gems. Sampson Burnham (Posthumous). South African Geographical Names Languages Council South Africa is a multilingual country. The The SAGNC advises the Minister of Arts and Cul- country’s Constitution guarantees equal status ture on the transformation and standardisation to 11 offi cial languages to cater for its diverse of offi cial geographical names in South Africa. people and their cultures. These are: English, The council has jurisdiction over all names of isiNdebele, isiXhosa, isiZulu, , Sesotho geographical features and entities falling within sa Leboa, Sesotho, Setswana, Siswati, Tshivenda the territories over which the South African gov- and Xitsonga. ernment has sovereignty. Other languages used in South Africa include The renaming of geographical features is the Khoi, Nama and San languages, Sign regarded as a form of symbolic reparation to Language, Arabic, German, Greek, Gujarati, address South Africa’s past. Hebrew, Hindi, Portuguese, Sanskrit, Tamil, The following principles are adhered to: Telegu and Urdu. South Africa has various struc- • each individual feature or entity should have tures and institutions that support the preserva- only one offi cial name tion and development of languages. • the following types of geographical names would generally be avoided: Role players - approved names of places elsewhere in National Heritage Council South Africa The NHC is responsible for the preservation of - names of places in other countries and the country’s heritage as a priority for nation names of countries -building and national identity. - names that are blasphemous, indecent, offen- The NHC focuses on policy development for the sive, vulgar, unaesthetic or embarrassing sector to meet its transformation goals, enhance - names that are discriminatory or derogatory public awareness and education, and increase - names that may be regarded as an advert- knowledge production in heritage subjects that isement for a particular product, service or fi rm were previously neglected. -names of living people. It also makes funding available to projects that Geographical names committees have been present heritage as a socio-economic resource. established in all nine provinces.

64 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2013/14

National Orders and Symbols

The Order of the Baobab The Order of Luthuli The Order of Mendi

The Order of The Order of the Companions of The Order of Ikhamanga Mapungubwe OR Tambo

The Coat of Arms National fl ower: King protea National fi sh: Galjoen

National tree: Real National bird: Blue crane National animal: Springbok yellowwood

65 Arts and Culture

National Arts Council of South Africa The centres operate at different levels, rang- The NAC was established in 1997 as a funding ing from general socio-cultural promotion to institution for the arts, to provide, and encour- advanced programmes and vocational training. age the provision; of opportunities for people to These centres are located in, for example, practise the arts and to promote the apprecia- craft centres, community halls and theatres. tion, understanding and enjoyment of the arts. Many art centres are functioning well and have It awards grants to individuals and organisa- made impressive contributions to local socio- tions in the arts. economic development. Funding is also available for individual bursa- The DAC endorses and supports programmes ries for postgraduate studies in the arts. in needy centres that are community-initiated or Individuals and registered organisations active non-governmental. in theatre, dance, crafts, literature, music, multi- discipline and visual arts may apply for project Bureau of Heraldry funding. The Bureau of Heraldry is responsible for reg- istering: Arts institutions • coats of arms The following arts institutions contribute to a • badges and other emblems such as fl ags, sustainable performing arts industry based on seals, medals and insignia of rank and offi ces access, excellence, diversity and redress, and of order encourage the development of the full range of • names and uniforms (colours) of associations performing arts: and organisations, such as universities • State Theatre, Pretoria • promoting national symbols. • Playhouse Company, Durban • ArtsCape, National Language Service (NLS) • Market Theatre, The NLS is tasked with meeting the constitu- • Performing Arts Centre of the Free State, tional obligations multilingualism by managing Bloemfontein language diversity through language planning, • Windybrow Theatre, Johannesburg. human-language technologies and terminol- The institutions receive annual transfers from ogy projects. It also provides a translation the DAC, but also generate revenue through and editing service in the official and foreign entrance fees, donor assistance, sponsorships languages. and rental income. The DAC launched the Multilingualism Campaign in February 2010, recognising the Business and Arts South Africa (Basa) national wealth in linguistic diversity and the Basa promotes mutually benefi cial and sustain- importance of multilingualism in heritage, able business-arts partnerships that will benefi t culture, education, science and technology. society as a whole. It has peer agencies in the Through its bursary scheme, the department United Kingdom (UK) and Australia, and has offers language-learning opportunities, as over 160 corporate members. well as training in language practice.

Arts and Culture Trust (ACT) Pan South African Language Board The ACT is the oldest funding agency in South Parliament established PanSALB to develop Africa. It was established to develop and pro- South Africa’s 11 official languages, as well as mote arts, culture and heritage, in general, by the Khoi and the San languages and South securing fi nancial and other resources; and to African Sign Language, and to promote mul- promote the needs and the role of the sector in tilingualism by: the public domain. • creating the conditions for the development Due regard is given to ensuring a spread of and the equal use of all official languages of projects across all the cultural and artistic • fostering respect for and encouraging the disciplines, including arts administration, arts use of other languages in the country education, community art, festivals, heritage, • encouraging the best use of the country’s craft, fi ne art, dance, music, theatre, literature, linguistic resources to enable South Africans multidisciplinary and new media. to free themselves from all forms of linguis- tic discrimination, domination and division Community art centres and other cul- and to enable them to exercise appropriate, tural organisations linguistic choices for their own wellbeing, as More than 160 community art centres are in well as for national development. operation, varying from community-initiated to government-managed centres. 66 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2013/14

To achieve this, the board has three struc- Other cultural events that received support tures: include the Mangaung African Cultural Festival, • provincial language committees the North West Cultural Calabash in Taung, the • national language bodies Diamonds and Dorings in Kimberley, the Joy of • national lexicographic units. Jazz in Johannesburg, the Cape Town Interna- tional Jazz Festival and the National Arts Festi- Programmes, projects and val in Grahamstown. initiatives The DAC committed to support at least one Public Art Programme major signature event per province, targeting a The Public Art Programme, which will focus baseline of 2 000 work opportunities per event. on beautifi cation and story telling through art Other programmes include: in communities and showcasing artistic talent, • fi ve cultural precincts and information centres, is one of three projects aimed at stimulating which are being piloted in fi ve major cities and demand in the sector. are expected to create more than 2 000 new The programme is projected to create 5 000 work opportunities work opportunities by 2014/15. • supporting 26 major cultural events annually The heritage legacy projects include the libera- to generate a baseline target of more than tion heritage route and a marine heritage project. 2 000 work opportunities per event and include The latter is a recreational underwater big events such as the Joy of Jazz museum in Kosi Bay in KwaZulu-Natal, which • setting up a National Skills Academy for the will interpret aspects of the history of slavery, arts to train youth, particularly those in rural indentured labour and the South African Native areas Labour Corps. • the Indoni, “My Heritage My Pride” Pro- It has the potential to create 1 517 work oppor- gramme, aimed at providing youth with life- tunities, with annual growth of between 200 skills training, education and appreciation for and 968 work opportunities during 2013/14 and their heritage 2014/15. • the Trendsetter Initiative, which will encourage youth to participate in the arts and contribute Mzansi Golden Economy Strategy to the development of their communities As part of the national target of creating fi ve • developing a recreational underwater museum million jobs within the next 10 years, the DAC in Kosi Bay, which is expected to boost adven- launched the Mzansi Golden Economy Strategy ture and cultural tourism on the East Coast in 2011, which was expected to create more than • working with the United Nations (UN) Confer- 150 000 work opportunities between 2012 and ence on Trade and Development towards 2017. establishing a cultural observancy to collect The strategy involves a number of arts and and analyse data within the sector. culture job-creation programmes. These include the Public Art Programme, where youth will Investing in Culture Programme receive art classes, after which the department The programme promotes job creation, skills will employ them in their respective communities development and economic empowerment, to beautify the environment through art. supporting business start-ups and poverty- About 3 000 full-time art facilitators will be alleviation projects. deployed in schools throughout the country to Funds are transferred to participants in the facilitate the initiative. Along with the establish- programme’s projects and are disbursed on the ment of an Art Bank, this is expected to create basis of annual business plans and service-level 10 000 new work opportunities over the next agreements between the department and the three years. individual or group contractors. More than R1,5 million was set aside for the Bokgabo Dikolong visual arts and photography Festivals competition, which targeted learners from all Arts and cultural festivals abound in South provinces and was implemented jointly with the Africa, offering something for every taste – from DBE. A further R600 000 was set aside for the prickly pears, peaches, “witblits”, asparagus South African School Choral Eisteddfod, involv- and cherries, to various music forms, dance, ing all provinces. arts, science, books and whales. Many of these have become annual events, Heritage Day is celebrated on 24 September. The 2013 growing in popularity and attendance numbers. national Heritage Day was celebrated in Mdantsane in the • Aardklop, held annually in Potchefstroom, Eastern Cape. The theme was “Reclaiming, Restoring and Celebrating our Living Heritage.” North West, is inherently Afrikaans, but uni-

67 Arts and Culture

versal in character. The festival provides a Theatre platform for the creativity and talent of local South African theatre is internationally acclaimed artists. as unique and top class. • Arts Alive International Festival is held in the Refl ecting South Africa’s kaleidoscope of cul- Johannesburg inner city, with over 600 artists tures and customs, the theatre scene offers eve- performing during the four-day festival at vari- rything from indigenous drama, music, dance, ous venues in Newtown. cabaret and satire, to West End and Broadway • The Cape Town International Jazz Festi- hits, classical music, opera and ballet. val is a two-day festival featuring some 40 Apart from early productions, notably the international and African acts, performing on groundbreaking musical, King Kong, in the fi ve stages and attracting more than 15 000 1960s, theatre created in South Africa by South people. It also features photographic and art Africans only started making an impact with the exhibitions. advent of Johannesburg’s innovative Market • The FNB Dance Umbrella is a festival of Theatre in the mid-1970s, just as the cultural, contemporary choreography and dance, pre- sporting and academic boycott was taking hold. senting work ranging from community-based The Market Theatre was formally opened dance troupes to international companies. on 21 June 1976. It was here that Johannesburg • The Ficksburg Cherry Festival in the eastern theatre-goers were introduced to the work of Free State attracts about 20 000 visitors. most of South Africa’s leading playwrights and • The Klein Karoo Nasionale Kunstefees, known directors, including Welcome Msomi, Zanemvula as the KKNK, a vibrant festival for the per- (Zakes) Mda, Pieter-Dirk Uys, Gibson Kente, forming arts, is held annually in Oudtshoorn Paul Slabolepszy, Mbongeni Ngema, Adam and presentations include drama, cabaret, Small, PG du Plessis, Kessie Govender, Bar- and contemporary and classical music. tho Smit, Maishe Maponya, Percy Mtwa, Deon • The Mangaung African Cultural Festival in Opperman, Reza de Wet, Matsemela Manaka Bloemfontein is gaining status as one of the and many others. biggest cultural tourism events in southern It was to the Market Theatre that Athol Fugard Africa. This 10-day festival showcases the brought his A Lesson from Aloes, Master Harold cream of African and international talent and ... and the Boys, The Road to Mecca, A Place attracts up to 140 000 people. with the Pigs, My Children! My Africa! and Play- • The National Arts Festival, held annually in land. At the Market Theatre, Barney Simon and July in Grahamstown in the Eastern Cape, is his actors developed in workshop Cincinnatti – one of the largest and most diverse arts gath- Scenes from City Life, Call Me Woman, Black erings in Africa. Dog Inj’emnyana, Outers, Born in the RSA and • Oppikoppi Easter Festival and Oppikoppi Woza Albert! Bushveld Bash near Northam in North West The performing arts marketed South Africa offer live performances by rock, alternative most effectively to overseas audiences during and blues bands, both local and from abroad. the 1980s, specifi cally through theatre and musi- • The Splashy Fen Music Festival near Under- cal productions. berg in KwaZulu-Natal offers a variety of In recent years, South African theatre has mainstream and alternative rock and pop taken the entertainment world by storm with music. commendable reviews for Umoja, The Lion King • Standard Bank Joy of Jazz is Johannesburg’s and Kat and The Kings. The reception these pro- biggest annual jazz festival, with more than ductions enjoy in capitals of the world testifi es 200 local and international artists performing to the high quality of indigenous South African at different venues across the city. theatre. • Up the Creek is a popular music festival on In nurseries such as the Market Theatre the banks of the Breede River near Swellen- Laboratory, the Liberty Theatre on the Square, dam in the Western Cape. Saturday Children’s Theatre Workshops, the Other festivals that attract visitors at both Cape Town Theatre Lab and the National national and international level are: Innibos in Children’s Theatre, new shoots of talent are Nelspruit, Mpumalanga; North West’s Cultural burgeoning and blooming, nurtured by events Calabash; the One City Festival in Taung, North such as the Market’s Community and Young West; the Awesome Africa Music Festival in Dur- Writers’ festivals. Many new names are being ban; the Spier Summer Festival at Spier Estate added to the list of South African playwrights in the Western Cape; the Windybrow Theatre such as Lesego Rampolokeng, Xoli Norman, Festival in Johannesburg; and the annual Wit- Mondi Mayepu, Heinrich Reisenhofer, Oscar ness Hilton Arts Festival. Petersen, Mark Lottering, Nazli George, Craig Freimond and Rajesh Gopie. 68 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2013/14

Music Moshito Music Conference The Breathe Sunshine African Music Confer- and Exhibition ence was launched in April 2013. Debates The DAC hosts the annual Moshito Conference there raised a question that is important for and Exhibition, a key music event on the African any industry: work better within old paradigms continent that promotes collaboration among — or work differently? According to the Fourth interested parties from both the private and South African Edition of PwC’s South African public sectors. Entertainment and Media Outlook: 2013 – 2017, The event is designed to provide opportunities published in September, digital music sales will for business networking; information exchange; account for just 14% of South African recorded music-business education; promotion and prod- music retail sales by 2017. uct development for national music producers, Local artists dominated digital sales in 2012, performers, individuals and entities providing while international artists accounted for the support services; as well as to strengthen busi- majority of physical music sales. ness opportunities for the music industry and According to PwC, South Africa’s music mar- related media. ket was worth R2,2 billion in 2012. South Africa is the 25th largest market for South African Music Awards (Samas) recorded music, with the industry employing The 19th annual MTN Samas ceremony was more than 20 000 people. held at Sun City, North West, in May 2013. The Local music accounts for a third of all the music winners were: bought by South Africans. • Lifetime Achievement Awards: Johannes Ker- Township jazz and blues, especially the kwêla korrel; Sizwe Zako; Dr Thomas Chauke. music of the forties and fi fties, are being rede- • Album of the Year: Khuli Chana – Lost in Time. fi ned; the country also has a rich choral tradition, • MTN Record of the Year: Sfi so Ncwane and pop and rock musicians have made their – Kulungile Baba. mark internationally. • Duo or Group of the Year: Even techno-rave and house music have – Take Me to the Dance. found their own variations in local culture. • Female Artist of the Year: Kelly Khumalo Kwaito and hip-hop are very popular, combin- – The Past, The Present, The Future. ing elements of rap, reggae and other musical • Male Artist of the Year: Khuli Chana – Lost in styles into a distinctly South African style. Kwaai Time. Jazz is also gaining momentum. • Newcomer of the Year: Toya Delazy – Due Music is one of the key cultural industries iden- Drop Deluxe. tifi ed in the Cultural Industrial Growth Strategy • Best Rock Album: Zebra & Giraffe – The Wis- Report, and government has committed itself to est Ones. harnessing its potential. In addition to its cultural • Best Pop Album: Toya Delazy – Due Drop value, music plays an important economic role in Deluxe. the country, generating signifi cant copyright rev- • Best Adult Contemporary Album: Elvis Blue – enue. In this industry, the department has solid Journey. foundations on which to build. These include the • Best Contemporary Music Album: Theuns annual South African Music Week, the in-school Jordaan – Roeper. education programme run in conjunction with • Best African Adult Album: Maleh – Step Child the DBE, and the Moshito Music Conference • Best Alternative Album: iScream & The Choc- and Exhibition. olate Stix – The Paradox. The Taking South African Music to the World • Best R&B/Soul/Reggae Album: Khaya – For Programme is aimed at improving export oppor- You. tunities for South African music. • Best Rap Album: Khuli Chana – Lost in Time The DAC funds a number of musical ensem- • Best Kwaito Album: Professor – The Orienta- bles directly and indirectly, through the NAC. tion. • Best Dance Album: Black Coffee – Africa Rising. In September 2013, construction workers in Cape Town • Best Traditional Faith Music Album: Various – uncovered a cannon dating back to the 18th century, just Spirit of Praise Vol. 4. a few metres from one of the city’s busiest streets. The • Best Contemporary Faith Music Album: cannon was found lying below 15 on Orange, one of Cape Ntokozo Mbambo – Filled. Town’s popular hotels near the Company Gardens. Initial assessment dates the cannon at almost 300 years old. • Best Traditional Album: Soul Brothers The South African Heritage Resources Agency will be in – Isiphithiphithi. charge of assessing and cleaning the cannon. The cannon • Best Maskandi Album: Ichwane Lebhaca will most likely be put on display in a Cape Town museum. – Inkunzi Yomthakathi.

69 Arts and Culture

• Best Jazz Album: Herbie Tsoaeli – African Johannesburg Arts Alive International Festival, Time. ran from 31 August to 4 September. • Best Classic & Instrumental Album CH2 Dance Umbrella 2013 included fi ve interna- – CH2 Guitar Duo Live with the University of tional companies, and 15 new works from South Pretoria Symphony Orchestra. African choreographers along with the Stepping • Best Live DVD: The Captured Tour Concert Stones programme, which featured 30 choreog- Film – Lira. raphers. • Best Collaboration: Riot featuring Zahara – The Cape Town City Ballet, started in 1934 as Thetha Nami. the , is • Best Music Video of the Year: Claudio Pavan the oldest ballet company in the country. South – Honey Spiders by The Parlotones. African Mzansi Ballet’s (SAMB) Celebration • Best Producer: Jax Panik – Due Drop Deluxe 5 showcased a major cultural collaboration by Toya Delazy. between South Africa and Colombia, when the • Best Engineer: Mark Beling – Strong by Black- Cartagena-based dance company, El Colegio Byrd. del Cuerpo, combined forces with SAMB for • Remix of the Year: DJ Kent – Thinking about three performances at the Joburg Theatre and You feat. Zonke DJ Kent Remix (Theo Kgo- two in Cape Town. sinkwe). • Best Selling DVD: Vol. 16 Live at Carnival City Visual arts – Joyous Celebration. South Africa has a rich variety of visual art, with • Best Selling Album: Roeper – Theuns Jordaan. infl uences ranging from pre-historic, ancient and • Best Selling Tru-Tone: Follow Me – DJ Cleo indigenous art to western, Asian and contempo- feat. Teddy Bears. rary art. • Best Selling Ring-Back-Tone: Loliwe – Zahara. Art galleries, ranging from small privatel owned • Best Selling Full-Track Download: You’re The commercial galleries, to major regional galleries Voice Shout/J23 – Artists for a safer South such as the South African National Gallery in Africa. Cape Town, the Durban Art Gallery in KwaZulu- • Sampra Award: Heavenly Sent – Mi Casa. Natal, the Johannesburg Art Gallery in Gauteng and King George VI Gallery in in Dance the Eastern Cape, showcase collections of indig- Dancing is part of the African way of life and has enous, historical and contemporary works. become a prime means of artistic expression, Educational institutions also play an import- with dance companies expanding and exploring ant role in acquiring works of national interest. new territory. Substantial collections are housed at the Ger- Contemporary work ranges from normal pre- trude Posel Gallery at Wits and at the University conceptions of movement and per formance art of South Africa. Collections at the University of or performance theatre to the completely uncon- Pretoria include the Mapungubwe, Van Tilburg ventional. and Edoardo Villa collections. The University of Added to this is the African experience, which Stellenbosch art collection dates back to 1919. A includes traditional dance inspired by wedding collection of contemporary Indian art is housed ceremonies, battles, rituals and the trifl es of at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. everyday life. The DAC commissioned a team of research- An informal but highly versatile performance ers to do an assessment of the visual arts sector venue in Johannesburg, The Dance Factory, in South Africa, to assess the current position provides a permanent platform for a variety of of visual arts in South Africa, and to identify dance and movement groups. opportunities for growing the artistic, social and The University of the Witwatersrand (Wits) economic contribution of the visual arts in the Theatre is another popular dance venue. society and the economy. The report noted that: • the sector contributes over R1 billion to the Dance Umbrella economy The FNB Dance Umbrella is an annual platform • the sector provides employment to almost for South African contemporary dance at which 18 000 people new choreographic creations are presented. It is • over 50% of these are women and 53,4% are an open platform encompassing performances under 35. by youth and community groups, the efforts of In October 2013, Irma Stern’s painting, “The young choreographers and commissioned works Malay Bride” was sold in London for almost R20 from professionals. The FNB Dance Umbrella million. 2013, in partnership with Dance Forum and the

70 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2013/14

Rock art Famous South African photographers include There are many traces of ancient cultures that Kevin Carter, Ernest Cole, David Goldblatt, Bob existed in southern Africa in the distant past. Gosani, Alf Kumalo, Peter Magubane, Jürgen Experts estimate that there are 250 000 rock-art Schadeberg, Austin Stevens and Jodi Bieber. sites south of the Zambezi. Many universities of technology in South The San people left a priceless and unique Africa offer diploma and degree-courses in pho- collection of Stone Age paintings and engravings tography, including the universities of technol- in the region, which also represents the largest ogy of Tshwane, , and Durban, collection of its kind in the world. the Central University of Technology, Free State Rock engravings are scattered on fl at rock and the Vaal University of Technology in Van- surfaces and boulders throughout the interior. derbijlpark. The artworks depict mainly hunter-gatherers There are also several private educational and their relationship with the animal world and institutions that offer photography courses, historical events, as well as their interaction with including the Stellenbosch Academy of Design and observation of newcomers encroaching and Photography, the Open Window School upon their living space. of Visual Arts in Pretoria and the Cape Town Indigenous people with spears and Nguni cat- School of Photography. tle, Khoikhoi fat-tailed sheep, European settlers on horseback with rifl es and wagons, and ships Architecture and soldiers in uniform were captured in surpris- South Africa has a rich architectural heritage, ing detail. refl ecting contributions from all the cultural Immortalised visions of the artists’ spiritual groups in the country. Through the centuries, world can also be found on the sandstone can- a unique trend has developed in South Africa’s vases. architectural style, which has been referred to These depict complex symbols and metaphors as an innovative marriage of traditions. to illustrate the supernatural powers and potency This is evident in the variety of architectural they received from nature. structures found all over the country, ranging The oldest dated rock art in South Africa, an from humble dwellings, historical homesteads engraved stone, some 10 200 years, was dis- and public buildings, to modern, commercial covered in a living fl oor at the Wonderwerk Cave buildings refl ecting state-of-the-art technology near Kuruman in the Northern Cape. and designs that match the best in the world. The oldest painted stones (around 6 400 A prime example of local excellence and inno- years) were recovered at Boomplaas Cave in vation is the Mapungubwe Interpretation Centre the Cango Valley near Oudtshoorn. in the Mapungubwe National Park, Limpopo. Three painted stones were also found at the Designed by Peter Rich Architects of Johan- Klasies River caves, which yielded the second- nesburg, the building was awarded the World oldest painted stone, dating back some 3 900 Building of the Year Award 2009 at the World years. Architecture Festival in Barcelona, as well as The DAC supports a number of projects, the David Alsop Sustainability Award. including a rock-heritage project in Clanwilliam Schools of architecture exist within various in the Western Cape. South African universities, including the univer- sities of Pretoria, Cape Town, the Free State, Photography KwaZulu-Natal, the Witwatersrand and the Nel- With its scenic beauty, abundant wildlife, diversity son Mandela Metropolitan University. of cultures and rich historical heritage, South Africa is a photographer’s paradise. Crafts Many South African photographers have been A high level of skill is brought to the production of acclaimed for their work, which features in cof- work that has long been a part of African society, fee-table books, documentaries, local and over- and has found new commercial outlets. seas exhibitions, magazines and newspapers. South African beadwork, once the insignia of tribal royalty alone, has found a huge range of In December 2013, in celebration of the centenary of the applications, from the creation of coverings for most iconic building in Pretoria, a bronze statue of former everything from bottles to matchboxes, to the President was unveiled at the Union Build- ings as a token of appreciation for his valuable contribution to reproduction of the red AIDS ribbon using Zulu a free, democratic and non-racial South Africa. beadwork known, as Zulu love letters. Designed by Sir Herbert Baker in 1908, construction of With workplaces ranging from the pavements the 275-metre long Union Buildings, situated at the northern and markets of the big cities to dwellings in deep end of Arcadia, Pretoria, began in 1909 and was completed in 1913. rural areas, South Africans produce a remarkable

71 Arts and Culture range of arts and crafts, including various forms of address professionals from the creative, corpo- traditional artwork and innovative new products. rate and education sectors alike. There is a lot of new work in traditional media, Design Indaba recognises graphic design, with artists constantly developing the African advertising, fi lm, music, fashion design, indus- crafts repertoire. trial design, architecture, craft, visual art, new There are also several important collections of media, publishing, broadcasting and performing African art in South Africa, such as the Standard arts shoulder-to-shoulder. Bank collection at the Gertrude Posel Gallery In 2013, there were over 30 local and interna- at Wits University, in Johannesburg. The Dur- tional speakers; all masters of their respective ban Art Gallery houses works of historical and industries and disciplines. Everything at Design anthropological signifi cance. Indaba Conference has cross-disciplinary appli- These range from jewellery, tableware, home cation possibilities. decorations, embroidery and key rings to skil- The Design Indaba Conference attracts busi- fully crafted wooden engravings and wirework nesspeople, designers, creatives and educators, sculptures. In addition to the standard materials making it the ideal event at which to network and such as beads, grass, leather, fabric and clay, meet like-minded individuals. many other mediums are also used, including About 20% of the delegates came from abroad. telephone wire, plastic bags, empty cans, bottle It is a one-of-a-kind conference in South Africa tops and even food tin labels, to create brightly and renowned globally for the value it adds to coloured paper mâché bowls. the design industry. Shops, markets and collectors dealing in Afri- can crafts provide much-needed employment Literature and income to communities. The local literature sector has become globally Fugitive’s Drift in KwaZulu-Natal, offers a large competitive and the country’s writers continue to variety of skilfully crafted basketry; the Northern command respect throughout the world. Cape Schmidtsdrift community of displaced San Well-known South African writers include people produces paintings infl uenced by ancient Nobel Prize winners JM Coetzee and Nadine rock art; and the Madi a Thavha Art Gallery in the Gordimer, Gcina Mhlope, Phaswane Mpe, Soutpansberg region of the Limpopo produces Es’kia Mphahlele, Wally Serote, Athol Fugard, and sells a range of arts and crafts created Herman Charles Bosman, Sir Percy Fitzpatrick, by the local Venda and Tsonga communities, Breyten Breytenbach, Dalene Matthee, Alan including beautiful beadwork, sculptures, ceram- Paton, Olive Schreiner, Andre P Brink and ics and jewellery. Njabulo Ndebele. South African folk art is also making inroads The current generation of writers are also into Western-style “high art.” The work of cerami- making their mark on the world stage, with cist Bonnie Ntshalintshali, has gone well beyond writers such as Zakes Mda, Niq Mhlongo and the confi nes of traditional African pottery – yet the late K Sello Duiker, who have had their her works could still be used at your table. novels translated into languages such as Dutch, Sculptor Phutuma Seoka is another artist who German and Spanish; and Deon Meyer, whose has taken a traditional form and given it a per- work has attracted worldwide critical acclaim sonal twist. and a growing international fan base. Originally The Ndebele tradition of house-painting, part written in Afrikaans, Meyer’s books have been of the widespread African practice of painting or translated into 25 languages, including English, decorating the exteriors of homes, burgeoned French, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Dan- amazingly with the advent of commercial paints. ish, Norwegian, Swedish, Russian, Finnish, It also gave rise to artists such as Esther Czech, Romanian, Slovakian, Bulgarian, Japa- Mahlangu, who has put her adaptations of the nese and Polish. distinctive, highly coloured geometric Ndebele Well-known poets include Keorapetse Wil- designs on everything from cars to aeroplanes. liam Kgositsile, Joseph Mbuyiseni Mtshali, Roy Campbell, Sheila Cussons, Jakob Daniël du Design Toit (better known as Totius), Elisabeth Eybers, The Design Indaba Conference 2013 took place Ingrid Jonker, Antjie Krog, Thomas Pringle, from 27 February to 1 March 2013 at the Cape NP van Wyk Louw and Eugène Marais. Town International Convention Centre. A live The new pop culture in poetry, often referred simulcast was hosted at the same time at vari- to as “spoken-word poetry”, is one of the most ous venues around southern Africa. celebrated art forms in the country and beyond. Since 1995, the Design Indaba Conference Poets such as Lesego Rampolokeng, Lebogang has invited the world’s top creative minds to Mashile, Kgafela oa Magogodi, Blaq Pearl, Jes-

72 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2013/14

sica Mbangeni and Mark Manaka are household ment of Correctional Services. The theme for names in the genre. Regular platforms have this 2013 was “The Book of Our Lives.” been created to give these poets opportunities The main events were held at the Red Location to hone their skills. Museum in Port Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape, The Publishing Association of South Africa with regional events held in the other provinces. (PASA) is committed to creativity, literacy, the The DAC supports the Baobab Literary Journal free fl ow of ideas and encouraging a culture with the purpose of providing a regular publish- of reading. According to their 2012 survey, ing platform for budding writers to appear along- the publishing industry recorded a turnover of side seasoned ones. This publication includes R3 336 million, of which R2 540 million was contributors from various countries across the locally produced and R796 million imported. African continent and the Diaspora. The education subsector recorded R1 703 mil- The department continues to support the Time lion in turnover (51% of total survey turnover), of of the Writer and the Poetry Africa festivals, held which R1 569 million (92%) was for locally pub- annually in Durban. These festivals also deliver lished printed books. Schoolbooks contributed developmental workshops for young emerging R1 585 million, of which R166 million (10%) was writers, a schools programme and an initiative for imported books. Further Education and Train- with the Department of Correctional Services ing textbooks accounted for R93 million (6%) of to promote writing among inmates. WordFest, total sub-sector turnover. a literary component of the Grahamstown Arts The academic subsector recorded R560 mil- Festival, focuses on promoting literature in indig- lion in turnover (17% of total survey turnover) enous languages. Also popular are the Johan- ,of which R490 million (87%) was generated by nesburg and Franschhoek literary festivals. locally published books. Academic textbooks There is an English Literary Museum in Gra- contributed R294 million, of which R32 million hamstown and an Afrikaans Museum in Bloem- (11%) was contributed by imported books. Pro- fontein. The Centre for African Literary Studies fessional books accounted for R243 million, of at the University of KwaZulu-Natal is home to the which 91% were published locally. Bernth Lindfors Collection of African literature. Scholarly publications contributed R4 million The centre’s mission is to promote a culture to the total industry subsector turnover. of reading, writing and publishing in all local lan- English texts contributed R183 million to local guages, and easy access to books for all South publication turnover (54%), of which 23% was Africans. fi ction and 83% adult books. Afrikaans contrib- uted R151 million (45%), with 48% contributed South African Literary Awards by fi ction and 62% by adult books. The 2013 South African Literary Awards were Children’s fi ction contributed more than 90% awarded as follows: to the recorded R2 million turnover in African • The 2013 Sunday Times Fiction Prize and the language books. isiZulu contributed 47% to this K Sello Duiker Memorial Literary Award: For total and isiXhosa 35%. the Mercy of Water by Karen Jayes. On average, 15% of net income was paid as • Lifetime Achievement Award for his entire royalties. oeuvre: Afrikaans writer PG du Plessis The DAC, in collaboration with the National • First-time Published Author Award: Khalil’s Library of South Africa (NLSA), is reprinting Journey by Ashraf Kagee. some out-of-print books that are considered • Nadine Gordimer Short Story Award: Haai classics in indigenous African languages. Karoo by Etienne van Heerden. The department is continuing with the Indige- • Literary Translators Award: Mangolo a nnake nous Languages Publishing Programme, a part- (Letter to My Sister) by Nhlanhla Maake. nership with the South African Book Develop- • Poetry Award: Om die gedagte van geel by ment Council (SABDC), to produce new material Petra Muller. in the nine previously marginalised indigenous • Creative Non-Fiction Award: Transformations languages. by Imraan Coovadia. The programme offers publishing opportunities to emerging writers and support to independent Film small publishers. The fi rst - ever newsreel was shot in South National Book Week was celebrated from Africa during the Anglo-Boer/South African War, 2 to 7 September 2013. The initiative promotes which ended in 1902. The weekly newsreel ran literacy, celebrates reading and is the result of for more than 60 years. Film production began a partnership between the South African Book in 1916, when IW Schlesinger set up Killarney Development Council, the DAC and the Depart- Studios in Johannesburg.

73 Arts and Culture

The studio produced 42 movies between The fi lm Layla Fourie received a Jury Special 1916 and 1922. Access to international markets Mention Award at the Berlinale International became limited in the 1920s, and it was only in Film Festival, while local comedy Fanie Fourie’s the 1950s that the market picked up again, when Lobola won the Audience Choice Award for best Afrikaans fi lmmakers developed an interest in comedy at the 19th Sedona International Film the industry. Festival in Arizona, USA, in March 2013. The In the 1980s, South Africa gave foreign com- fi lm won the audience award at the Seattle Inter- panies the opportunity to fi lm movies in the national Film Festival in June 2013. country by giving them tax breaks. In the same month, South African fi lm Otelo The South African fi lm industry contributes R3,5 Burning added to a long list of accolades, picking billion annually to the country’s GDP, while provid- up a hat-trick of awards – for best fi lm, best dra- ing employment for more than 25 000 people. matic feature and best surf fi lm – at Australia’s The South African government offers a pack- Byron Bay International Film Festival. age of incentives to promote its fi lm production The locally produced fi lm, Mandela: Long industry. Walk To Freedom emerged as the highest gross- The incentives comprise the Foreign Film and ing fi lm in South Africa in its opening weekend Television Production incentive to attract foreign- in December 2013, earning over R4 million. The based fi lm productions to shoot on location in fi lm also opened in the USA in November 2013, South Africa, and the South African Film and with exclusive engagements in New York and Television Production and Co-production incen- Los Angeles. It earned the highest in its opening tive, which aims to assist local fi lm producers in weekend there, with an average of US$25,076 producing local content. per screening. South Africa’s fi rst co-production treaty was signed with Canada in 1997, followed by Ger- National Film and Video Foundation many, Italy, the UK, France, Australia and New In 2013, government was in the process of Zealand. converting the NFVF into a full-fl edged National At the Cannes Film Festival in May, the Minis- Film Commission and establishing a National ter of Arts and Culture signed a new co-produc- Film Fund. tion treaty with his Irish counterpart, bringing the The foundation awards grants for develop- tally to eight. ing and producing feature fi lms, short fi lms, The three largest fi lm distributors in South Africa te levision series, documentaries and animation are Ster-Kinekor, United International Pictures projects, as well as bursaries for students from and Nu-Metro. Ster-Kinekor has a specialised art other countries. This ensures a South African circuit, called Cinema Nouveau, with theatres in presence at major local and international fi lm Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban and Pretoria. markets, festivals and exhibitions. Film festivals include the Durban International At the NFVF Film Indaba, held in November Film Festival; the North West Film Festival; the 2013, the NFVF pledged to put R1,5 million Apollo Film Festival in Victoria West; the Three towards a nine-province documentary proposal Continents Film Festival (specialising in African, by fi lmmakers with disabilities. South American and Asian fi lms); the Soweto The NFVF will appoint temporary sign lan- Film Festival; and the Encounters Documentary guage interpreters to assist with hearing- Festival, which alternates between Cape Town impaired applicants during NFVF training pro- and Johannesburg. grammes. It will also reserve two bursaries for In October 2013, the locally produced fi lm, people living with disabilities, who want to follow Felix, won a cash prize of €7 500 (R100 000) for fi lm - related programme at any tertiary institu- Best Children’s fi lm at the 36th Lucas Interna- tion in South Africa. tional Children’s Film Festival in Germany. The NFVF Film Indaba is held every four years Felix also won the Audience Award at the and seeks industry input on the state and direc- Durban International Film Festival and was tion of the fi lm industry. It also brings together screened at the Hamburg Film Festival, British fi lm industry stakeholders to help draft the indus- Film Industry’s London Film Festival and the try’s response to the National Development Plan Vancouver International Film Festival. and the Revised White Paper on Arts, Culture Florence Masebe won the Best Actress in a Lead and Heritage. Role Award for the fi lm Elelwani, during the 2013 The South African Film and Television African Movie Academy Awards. The fi lm also won Awards (Saftas) honour individuals and pro- the Best Production Design Award, while a number ductions in the following categories: TV Non- of other South African productions were nominated Fiction, TV Fiction, Feature Films, Short Films, and received awards at the event. Student Films and Animation.

74 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2013/14

The awards also honour lifetime achievers • War Museum of the Boer Republics, Bloem- with the Special Lifetime Achievement Awards fontein given to esteemed individuals who have long • Robben Island Museum, Cape Town served the industry in various categories. • William Humphreys Art Gallery, Kimberley • Luthuli Museum, KwaDukuza Film and Publication Board • Nelson Mandela Museum, Mthatha. The FPB assists the public to make informed The following museums report to the Minister of choices about whether a particular fi lm is Arts and Culture: appropriate by displaying guidelines that identify • Ditsong museums of South Africa classifi able elements such as strong language, • , Cape Town violence, sex, nudity, drug abuse, blasphemy • Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg and religious prejudice. • National Museum, Bloemfontein The Film and Publications Act of 1996 recog- • Language Museum, Paarl nises the right of adults to freedom of expres- • National English Literary Museum, Grahams- sion, except with respect to child pornography, town and requires the board to intervene where there • Msunduzi/Voortrekker Museum, Pietermaritz- is a risk of harm to children. burg The board spearheads a national anti-child- • War Museum of the Boer Republics, Bloem- pornography campaign to educate learners fontein about ways to avoid victimisation. Child-pornog- • Robben Island Museum, Cape Town raphy websites can be reported by calling the • William Humphreys Art Gallery, Kimberley board’s toll-free number 0800 148 148. • Engelenburg House Art Collection, Pretoria • Nelson Mandela Museum, Mthatha Museums • Luthuli Museum, KwaDukuza. Museums are the windows to the natural and The Ditsong museums of South Africa comprise cultural heritage of a country. South Africa can the National Cultural History Museum, Kruger justifi ably be called the “museum country of House, Tswaing Meteorite Crater, Willem Prinsloo Africa”, with the earliest of its museums dating Agricultural Museum, Pioneer Museum, Sammy back to the fi rst half of the 19th century. Marks Museum the Coert Steynberg Museum, the More than 300 of the approximate 1 000 Transvaal Museum and the South African National museums in Africa are situated in South Africa. Museum of Military History in Johannesburg. They range from museums of geology, history, The Iziko museums of Cape Town comprise the biological sciences and the arts, to mining, the South African Museum, the South African agriculture, forestry and many other disciplines. Cultural History Museum and its satellite muse- Visitors can fi nd exhibits, both conventional ums, the South African National Gallery, the and eccentric, on every conceivable topic – from William Fehr Collection and the Michaelis Col- beer to beadwork, from fashion to food. lection. New additions are those refl ecting the apart- The Robben Island Museum was established heid era, and commemorating those who fought as a national monument and museum, and and died for the cause of establishing a demo- declared South Africa’s fi rst world heritage site in cratic country. 1999. Guided tours are offered to historical sites Most of the country’s national museums are on the island, including the cell in which former declared cultural institutions and fall under the President Mandela was imprisoned. overall jurisdiction of the DAC. In April 2009, the DAC declared Freedom They receive an annual subsidy from the Park, Pretoria, a cultural institution under the department, but function autonomously. Cultural Institutions Act of 1998. The following offi cially declared heritage institu- The //hapo museum at the historic Freedom tions depend on annual transfers from the DAC: Park was offi cially unveiled in April 2013. • Northern Flagship Institutions, Pretoria The museum, which is situated at the top of • Freedom Park, Pretoria Salvokop in Pretoria, will also serve as a monu- • Iziko Museum, Cape Town ment to the mighty legacy of South Africa’s fi rst • Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg democratically elected President Nelson Man- • Bloemfontein National Museum dela. • Afrikaans Language Museum, Paarl Visitors to //hapo will learn more about the • The National English Literary Museum, Gra- struggle for freedom from, among others, the hamstown Pan African Archives, which are archives of • Msunduzi/Voortrekker Museum, Pietermaritz- research material in audio, visual and text for- burg mats.

75 Arts and Culture

//hapo will also host an interactive exhibition • Port Elizabeth Museum space, presenting the history of southern Africa • Durban Museum of Natural History. over the past 3,6 billion years in the age-old cus- The best-known cultural history collections are tom of narrative and visual form. The Vhuawela housed in the Iziko and the Ditsong museums, garden and walkway create space for quiet and as well as the Durban Local History Museum peaceful meditation and refl ection. and Museum Africa in Johannesburg. //hapo is a Khoi word which means “a dream.” The South African National Gallery in Cape The museum will help the country defi ne the Town and the William Humphreys Art Gallery in history, in holistic terms, from the early wars of Kimberley report to the DAC. dispossession such as the Khoikhoi-Dutch war The South African Cultural History Museum in the 1500s; the arrival of Jan van Riebeeck in (Slave Lodge) in Cape Town houses the oldest the Cape in 1652; the Third War of Disposses- cultural history collection in the country. sion between the Khoisan and colonial authori- The South African Museum (Cape Town) ties in the 1800s; and the South African War, showcases the natural history of South Africa, previously known as the Anglo-Boer War, to the as well as relics of the early human inhabitants anti-apartheid struggle – all of which form part of the subcontinent. of the freedom history and defi ne the freedom The huge Whale Hall houses possibly the South Africans enjoy today. The museum is the most impressive of all its exhibitions. This is the result of nationwide consultative processes that only collection in South Africa with a planetarium solicited advice from youth, intellectuals, aca- attached to it. demics, artistic communities, women’s groups, The Transvaal Museum in Pretoria houses the traditional leaders and healers and faith-based skull of Mrs Ples, a 2,5-million-year-old hominid organisations. fossil, and depicts the origin and development It is a product of South Africans from all walks of life in South Africa, from the most primitive of life and is in every shape and form a com- unicellular form of life to the emergence of mam- munity’s dream. mals and the fi rst human beings. Other elements include a vast wall com- It has an impressive collection of early human memorating those who paid the ultimate price fossils and houses some of the largest herpeto- for freedom, an eternal fl ame paying tribute to logical and ornithological collections in southern the unknown and unsung heroes and heroines, Africa. a gallery dedicated to the legends of humanity, The Tswaing Meteorite Crater, situated to the a symbolic resting place for those who have north-west of Pretoria, combines a museum died and the story of southern Africa’s 3,6 billion with a cultural-development initiative. years of history. The National Cultural History Museum in Other museums administered by central gov- Pretoria is a centre for the preservation and pro- ernment departments or research councils are motion of the culture and heritage of all South the: Africans. • Museum of the Council for Geoscience (Pre- It explores cultural diversity and common- toria) alities, links the present and the past to offer a • Theiler Veterinary Science Museum at Onder- better understanding of both, and nurtures the stepoort (Pretoria) living cultures of all South Africans. • South African Air Force Museum at Swartkop Mining is best represented by the De Beers Air Force Base (Pretoria) with its satellites in Museum at the Big Hole in Kimberley, where Cape Town, Port Elizabeth and Durban visitors can view the biggest hole ever made by • museum of the Department of Correctional man with pick and shovel. Services (Pretoria). It includes an open-air museum, which The best-known natural history collections houses many buildings dating back to the era of in South Africa are housed in the Iziko muse- the diamond diggings. ums, the Ditsong museums of South Africa, The new Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory, a priceless the National Museum and the KwaZulu-Natal historical collection of resources chronicling the life of South Museum. Africa’s greatest statesman, was launched in November The following natural history museums do not 2013. The date of the launch marked the 20th anniversary fall under the DAC, but work closely with the of the adoption of South Africa’s Interim Constitution on 18 November 1993, when the groundwork for a non-racial national heritage institutions: and fully democratic South Africa was laid for the fi rst time. • McGregor Museum, Kimberley Housed at this centre are some of the most important herit- • East London Museum age resources that chronicle the life and times of the found- • South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, ing father of our democratic nation and our icon, Nelson Grahamstown Rolihlahla Mandela.

76 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2013/14

Since the 1990s, the Msunduzi Museum in Pietermaritzburg, There are several open-air museums that an agency of the National Department of Arts and Culture, has been transformed from a historically single-themed showcase the black cultures of the country, for museum to one that depicts the heritage of different cultural example, Tsonga Kraal near Letsitele, Limpopo; groups of KwaZulu-Natal. The museum was created in 1912 the Ndebele Museum in Middelburg, Mpuma- as a tribute to the Voortrekkers. Voortrekker history is the langa; the Bakone Malapa Museum in Polo- main focus in the Voortrekker Complex, i.e. the Church of the Vow, the Andries Pretorius House, the EG Jansen extension, kwane, Limpopo; and the South Sotho Museum the Voortrekker Memorial Church and the Church Hall. The in Witsieshoek, Free State. museum also has a replica Hindu Shiva temple and a herb South Africa has two national military history garden. museums. The South African Museum for Military History Another important mining museum is at in Johannesburg refl ects the military history of Pilgrim’s Rest, Mpumalanga, where the fi rst the country, while the War Museum in Bloemfon- economically viable gold fi eld was discovered. tein depicts the Anglo-Boer/South African War, in The entire village has been conserved and particular. restored. The famous battlefi elds of KwaZulu-Natal, the Agriculture in South Africa is depicted mainly Northern Cape and North West are also worth in two museums. These are Kleinplasie in a visit. Worcester, Western Cape, which showcases The work of the War Graves Division of Sahra the wine culture and characteristic architec- includes the upkeep of graves of victims of the ture of the winelands; and the Willem Prinsloo struggle for South Africa’s liberation. Agricultural Museum between Pretoria and Bronkhorstspruit, in Gauteng. Archives This museum comprises two “house” muse- The archives of governmental bodies are trans- ums and runs educational programmes based ferred to archive repositories after 20 years, and on its extensive collection of early farming imple- are accessible to the public and to the offi ce of ments, vehicles of yesteryear and indigenous origin. farm animals. The National Archives in Pretoria includes The Absa Museum and archives in Johannes- the National Film, Video and Sound Archives burg preserve the banking group’s more than (NFVSA). 110 years of history. The museum also houses Its primary functions are to obtain and pre- a unique and very valuable coin and banknote serve fi lms, videotapes and sound recordings of collection. archival value, and to make these available for The Apartheid Museum in Johannesburg research and reference purposes. offers a realistic view of the political situation in The archives of central government are pre- South Africa during the apartheid years. served in the National Archives’ repository in Exhibitions in the museum include audiovisual Pretoria. footage recorded during the apartheid era. The nine provinces run their archiving services The Red Location Museum in Port Elizabeth independently from the National Archives. highlights the struggle against apartheid and has The retrieval of information from archives won several international awards. is facilitated by the National Automated Archi- A common type of museum in South Africa is val Information System, which can be found the “house” museum. at www.national.archives.gov.za. Examples include an entire village nucleus It includes national registers of manuscripts, in Stellenbosch; the mansion of the millionaire photographs and audiovisual material. industrialist Sammy Marks; the Kruger House The National Archives also renders a regula- Museum, the residence of Paul Kruger, former tory records-management service with regard to President of the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek; current records in governmental bodies, aimed and Melrose House, where the Peace Treaty of at promoting effi cient, transparent and account- Vereeniging that ended the Second Anglo-Boer/ able administration. South African War (1899 to 1902) was signed, The National Archives is responsible for col- around the massive dining table, on 31 May lecting non-public records with enduring value of 1902, in Pretoria. national signifi cance. Simpler variations include the Pioneer In so doing, it is obliged to pay special attention Museum and 1848 house in Silverton, Pretoria; to aspects of the nation’s experience neglected and the Diepkloof Farm Museum featuring a by archives of the past. farmhouse dating back to the 1850s, at Suiker- The Oral History Programme seeks to build bosrand near Heidelberg, in Gauteng. the National Archives’ capacity to document the

77 Arts and Culture spoken word, and fi ll the gaps in the archives of special interest material, including Africana and previously disadvantaged communities. newspapers. The automated National Register of Oral The functions of the NLSA are to: Sources is an important element of the pro- • build a complete collection of published docu- gramme. ments emanating from or relating to South The National Oral History Association, which Africa was established in 2006, hosts annual oral his- • maintain and preserve these collections tory conferences. • provide access to them through bibliographic, The National Archives’ outreach programme reference, information and interlending ser- promotes the use of its facilities and functions. vices Archives are taken to the people of South Africa • promote information awareness and literacy. through coordinated national and provincial In terms of the Legal Deposit Act of 1997, the archive services. NLSA receives two copies of each book, peri- The National Archives is also responsible for odical, newspaper, map, manuscript material or ensuring effective, transparent and accountable other publication that is published in South Africa management of all public records. in any medium, whether print or electronic. The Convention for a Democratic South Africa The Bookkeeper Mass De-Acidifi cation has and the multiparty South African collections have been installed at the NLSA in Pretoria to treat been nominated and provisionally registered books and archival non-book material to extend for the UN Educational, Scientifi c and Cultural the useful life of paper collections. Organisation (Unesco) Memory of the World The NLSA is also able to offer moderate ser- International Register. vices to local libraries, archives and museums. This is part of South Africa’s contribution to the documented collective memory of the peoples of Library and Information Association the world. of South Africa (Liasa) Libraries have always played a role in Library and information services education,whether school, academic, public or South Africa’s growing LIS sector includes special libraries. the NLSA, a statutory body; the South African Where there are not enough school libraries, Library for the Blind (SALB); Blind South Africa public libraries are largely bridging the gap. (Blind SA); public/community libraries; special The concept of lifelong learning is one embod- libraries; government libraries; and higher edu- ied in all libraries, especially public and commu- cation libraries. nity libraries. That any person, young or old, rich or poor, National Library of South Africa employed or unemployed, can walk into a library The NLSA was established after the merger and fi nd information (in both electronic and of the former State Library in Pretoria and the traditional formats) to educate and enrich them- former South African Library in Cape Town, and selves, is one of the major benefi ts of libraries. includes a specialist unit, the Centre for the Book National Library Week was celebrated in in Cape Town. March 2013 under the theme “Educate Yourself The new building of the Pretoria Campus, @ your library.” funded by the DAC, was inaugurated in August 2008. It covers 33 000 m² and has seating for 1 300 library users. In May 2013, a record 150 South African fi lmmakers The NLSA offers free internet access to users attended the 66th Cannes International Film Festival, 12 of in Cape Town and Pretoria. them sponsored by the National Film and Video Foundation The Centre for the Book promotes the culture (NFVF), which also hosted the market screening of three South African fi lms at the prestigious event. of reading, writing and publishing in all offi cial The NFVF ran a South Africa pavilion and hosted an languages of South Africa. array of networking and presentation events over the 11 The NLSA is a custodian and provider of the days of the festival as it pushed to open up new markets nation’s knowledge resources. It is mandated to for local fi lmmakers and attract new investments in South Africa’s industry. collect and preserve intellectual documentary South Africa signed a memorandum of understanding heritage material and make it accessible world- with Kenya during the festival, aimed at opening opportu- wide. nities for local fi lmmakers to explore working partnerships Its collections contain a wealth of information with their counterparts in Kenya. The three South African fi lms that received market sources, including rare manuscripts, books, screenings at Cannes are: Diprente Productions’ comedy periodicals, government publications, foreign Blitz Patrollie; Triggerfi sh Animation’s feature Khumba; and offi cial publications, maps, technical reports, and Ten10Films’ Black South Easter.

78 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2013/14

National Council for Library and The places of legal deposit are: the NLSA; Information Services (NCLIS) the Library of Parliament in Cape Town; the The NCLIS is an advisory council that advises Mangaung Public Library in Bloemfontein; the the ministers of arts and culture, of basic edu- Msunduzi/Voortrekker Municipal Library in Piet- cation and of higher education and training on ermaritzburg; and the NFVSA in Pretoria. matters relating to LIS to support and stimulate The Legal Deposit Act of 1997 also provides the socio-economic, educational, cultural, re- for the establishment of offi cial publications creational, scientifi c research, technological and depositories (OPDs), namely the Constitutional information development of all communities in Court Library in Johannesburg; Phuthaditjhaba the country. Public Library in the Free State; the North West The council is broadly representative and Provincial Library, Information and Archives Ser- councillors are appointed for their expertise and vice; and the Mpumalanga Library Services. experience in the fi eld of LIS. Members serve on the council for a renewable South African Library for the Blind term of three years. The SALB is a statutory organisation located in Some important policy matters include the Grahamstown in the Eastern Cape. Its purpose development of the Library and Information is to provide, free of charge as far as is reason- Services Transformation Charter, which aligns ably possible, a national LIS to serve blind and the role of libraries with the vision and strategic print-handicapped readers in South Africa. framework of government; the training of librar- It is partly state-funded and depends for the ians; and the funding of the sector. remainder of its fi nancial needs on funds from the private sector and the general public. Legal Deposit Committee The SALB also produces documents in special The Legal Deposit Committee was appointed in media such as Braille, audio and tactile formats. terms of the Legal Deposit Act of 1997, which is It develops standards for the production of such administered by the DAC. documents and researches production methods The committee members serve on the com- and technology in the appropriate fi elds. mittee for a renewable term of three years. It also acquires, manufactures and dissemi- The mandate of the Legal Deposit Act of 1997, nates the technology people with visual disabili- includes: ties use to read. The SALB has fi ve broad objec- • providing for the preservation of the national tives, namely to signifi cantly contribute towards: documentary heritage through the legal • helping to build a nation of readers deposit of published documents • assisting the organised blind community • ensuring the preservation and cataloguing of, • improving the lives of individuals with print and access to, published documents emanat- disabilities by meeting their information needs ing from, or adapted for, South Africa • helping the state to discharge its cultural man- • providing for access to government information. date, and its obligations to blind and visually The core functions of the Legal Deposit Commit- impaired people tee include: • assisting Africa’s development by providing • advising the Minister on any matter dealt with advice, expertise and documents in access- in this Act ible formats for blind people and the institu- • making recommendations to the Minister tions that serve their information needs. concerning any regulations which the Minister The SALB has a membership of about 3 655 may make under this Act people, an audio and Braille collection of more • coordinating the tasks carried out by the than 25 600 books, and an annual circulation of places of legal deposit 133 222 books in Braille or audio format. • advising any place of legal deposit regarding To make library services more accessible, any matter dealt with in this Act. the SALB partners 82 public libraries provid- ing accessible reading material and assistive In May 2013, the Minister of Arts and Culture handed over a R13-million cheque for the development of the Ray Alex- devices. ander Simons Memory Centre in . The centre will offer jazz development programmes and create tourism Blind SA awareness among workers. Young workers will be urged Blind SA is an organisation of the blind, governed to continue with their education. The vision also includes plans for a hotel that will encourage tourists to stay over- by the blind, and is located in Johannesburg. night in Gugulethu, and to turn fl ats used by migrants into It provides services for blind and partially permanent homes. The memory centre will make visitors sighted individuals to uplift and empower them aware of the role that the residents of Gugulethu played in by publishing books, magazines and other docu- the struggle for democracy in South Africa. ments in Braille. Blind SA provides:

79 Arts and Culture

• study bursaries for blind and partially sighted going back to 1929, and supports contemporary students fi eldwork. • interest-free loans (for adaptive equipment) The DAC has entered into partnerships with • information (including free Braille magazines) the universities of Venda, Fort Hare and Zulu- • assistance in fi nding sustainable employment land to conduct research into indigenous music • advocacy (to act as a pressure group for dis- and instruments, as well as identifying and col- ability rights) lecting all aspects of intangible cultural heritage • Braille publications at affordable prices in all in their provinces. the offi cial languages The department and the African Cultural Herit- • free Braille training (newly blind people or pre- age Fund promote indigenous music by hosting viously disadvantaged blind people) regional, provincial and national indigenous • free orientation and mobility training (newly dance and music competitions. blind people or previously disadvantaged blind people). African World Heritage Fund (AWHF) The AWHF provides fi nancial and technical International relations support for the conservation and protection of The DAC’s participation in various activities in Africa’s natural and cultural heritage of outstand- the international cultural arena helps to identify, ing universal value. promote and exploit mutually benefi cial partner- The fund was established as a result of work ships for social and economic development in undertaken by African member states of Unesco South Africa. ,with the objective of developing an ongoing Together with the African Union (AU) and the strategy to deal with the challenges that most New Partnership for Africa’s Development, South African countries have in implementing the Africa has embarked on the road to restoring, World Heritage Convention. The AWHF is the preserving and protecting its African heritage. fi rst regional funding initiative within the frame- The department ensures that South African work of the Unesco World Heritage Convention. talent takes its rightful place on the global stage, The AWHF strives towards the effective con- and uses arts and culture as a tool for economic servation and protection of Africa’s natural and self-liberation. cultural heritage. AWHF is aimed at AU member Bilateral agreements have been signed with states that signed the 1972 Unesco World Herit- France, the UK, China, Cuba, India, New Zealand age Convention in support of these goals. and many more. South Africa ratifi ed the Convention on the Promotion and Protection of Cultural Diversity in 2006, becoming the 35th member country to do so. In the area of international cooperation on cultural development, the DAC is committed to promoting the African Agenda. The DAC continues to encourage and support initiatives to promote South African artists on the world stage. A priority in 2014 is the fi nalisation of the policy on cultural diplomacy, in partnership with the Department of International Relations and Coop- eration. Among others, the policy will result in the deployment of cultural attachés in South Africa’s diplomatic missions.

Indigenous music and oral history The International Library of African Music (ILAM), attached to the Music Department at Rhodes University, is the largest repository of African music in the world. Founded in 1954 by ethnomusicologist Hugh Tracy, ILAM is devoted to the study of music and oral arts in Africa. It preserves thousands of historical recordings,

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