DOCSLIB.ORG

Footprints on the Sands of Time;

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Footprints on the Sands of Time; FOOTPRINTS IN THE SANDS OF TIME CELEBRATING EVENTS AND HEROES OF THE STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY IN SOUTH AFRICA 2 3 FOOTPRINTS LABOUR OF LOVE IN THE SANDS OF TIME Unveiling the Nkosi Albert Luthuli Legacy Project in August 2004, President Thabo Mbeki reminded us that: “... as part of the efforts to liberate ourselves from apartheid and colonialism, both physically and mentally, we have to engage in the process of telling the truth about the history of our country, so that all of our people, armed with this truth, can confidently face the challenges of this day and the next. ISBN 978-1-77018-205-9 “This labour of love, of telling the true story of South Africa and Africa, has to be intensified on © Department of Education 2007 all fronts, so that as Africans we are able to write, present and interpret our history, our conditions and All rights reserved. You may copy material life circumstances, according to our knowledge and from this publication for use in non-profit experience. education programmes if you acknowledge the source. For use in publication, please Courtesy Government Communication and Information System (GCIS) obtain the written permission of the President Thabo Mbeki “It is a challenge that confronts all Africans everywhere Department of Education. - on our continent and in the Diaspora - to define ourselves, not in the image of others, or according to the dictates and Enquiries fancies of people other than ourselves ...” Directorate: Race and Values, Department of Education, Room 223, President Mbeki goes on to quote from a favourite 123 Schoeman Street, Pretoria sub·lime adj 1. so awe-inspiringly poem of Nkosi Albert Luthuli; A Psalm of Life, by Henry Tel: (012) 312-5080 beautiful as to seem Longfellow: Fax: (012) 326-1909 almost heavenly Email: [email protected] 2. of the highest moral or Lives of great men all remind us spiritual value We can make our lives sublime, 3. excellent or particularly And, departing, leave behind us impressive (informal) 4. complete or utter Footprints on the sands of time; Footprints, that perhaps another, So, what Sailing o’er life’s solemn main, ‘footprints in the A forlorn and shipwrecked brother, sands of time’ will you leave Seeing, shall take heart again. behind? “I am confident that through our combined efforts, together we can make the lives of our people sublime and magnificent, uplifting particularly those who occupy the lowest rung in CELEBRATING EVENTS AND HEROES our social order. In doing so, and as the poet said, we will OF THE STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM emulate A.J. Luthuli in leaving behind us ‘footprints on the AND DEMOCRACY IN SOUTH AFRICA sands of time’.” 4 5 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TWO AFRICAS: THE ONE BEFORE AND THE ONE AFTER THE HOLOCAUST.......7 his book was written in 2007, a year that One hero we all need to be reminded of is Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe. The title of chapter six: OF 200th Anniversary of the Abolition of the Transatlantic Slave Trade Tcelebrated and commemorated many anniversaries. Fifty years ago, under the leadership THE AFRICAN, BY THE AFRICANS, FOR of Dr Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana became the AFRICANS, describes the kind of Africanist - WE DIE LIKE BROTHERS ... WE ARE THE SONS OF AFRICA ...............................15 first sub-Saharan African country to reclaim her inspired government he wanted to see. The year 90th Anniversary of the Sinking of the SS Mendi independence from colonial rulers. Since then, all 2008 is the 29th anniversary of the death of this other African countries have fought to take back great thinker, and the first leader of the Pan Africanist WE SHALL RESIST .................................................................................................21 their freedom. Congress. 90th Anniversary of the Three Doctors’ Pact For many decades, Africa was the victim of Our celebrations would not be complete without colonialism. The infamous Berlin Conference of remembering the courageous young leader, Steve LET MY PEOPLE GO ...............................................................................................29 1884 had divided Africa between European powers. Biko, who was murdered by police 30 years ago. 50th Anniversary of the Death of Nkosi Albert Luthuli What made this occupation possible was that Africa His philosophy of Black Consciousness, which had been brought to its knees by almost 400 years of called black people to liberate themselves from self- CHAMPION OF FREEDOM ......................................................................................37 slavery. Africa’s male population had been reduced oppression, has inspired people all over the world. 90th Anniversary of the Birth of Oliver Reginald Tambo by 20%, and its morale had been destroyed. You can Explore these ideas in chapter seven: BLACK read about the 200th anniversary of the abolition MAN, YOU ARE ON YOUR OWN. of the British slave trade in chapter one: TWO OF THE AFRICAN, BY THE AFRICANS, FOR AFRICANS ......................................47 AFRICAS: THE ONE BEFORE AND THE Inspired by their leaders, South Africans from all 29th Anniversary of the Death of Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe ONE AFTER THE HOLOCAUST. cultural and economic backgrounds have marched in protest against apartheid. One of the most BLACK MAN, YOU ARE ON YOUR OWN ................................................................55 Not all anniversaries are celebrations. Some are courageous marches of all time happened 50 years 30th Anniversary of the Death of Steve Bantu Biko better thought of as commemorations. Ninety years ago. It was the three-month Alexandra Bus Boycott, ago, about 300 black South Africans died with the in which marchers cried, ASIKWELWA! WE WILL NOT RIDE! ASIKWELWA! WE WILL NOT RIDE! ........................................................................63 sinking of the SS Mendi during the First World War. Their moving story is told in chapter two: WE DIE 50th Anniversary of the Alexandra Bus Boycott LIKE BROTHERS ... WE ARE THE SONS OF Peaceful protests very quickly invited violence AFRICA. from the apartheid government, and many South DAWN OF NEGOTIATION .......................................................................................69 Africans embraced an armed struggle in response. 20th Anniversary of the Dakar Declaration We then turn our attention to the liberation struggle The violence could have gone on for many years, of the mid 20th century, in which many brave South but 20 years ago, some far-thinking black and white CREATING OUR FUTURE TODAY ..........................................................................77 Africans, inspired by Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy South Africans agreed to talk to each other about negotiations for a peaceful change. A group of 5th Anniversary of the World Summit on Sustainable Development of passive resistance, marched together in peaceful demonstrations against racial discrimination. There white Afrikaners and the leaders of the ANC, met is a long history of cooperation between Indian and in Dakar, Senegal, and began a new DAWN OF LEARNING ACTIVITIES...........................................................................................85 black South Africans. It began 90 years ago with the NEGOTIATION. Three Doctors’ Pact, which you can read about in Acknowledgements Photo credits: Ahmed Kathrada; AP Photo; Artist Proof Studio; chapter three: WE SHALL RESIST. This new dawn inspires us to look to the future, as Bailey’s African History Archives; Adil Bradlow; Luli Callinicos; Cape we did five years ago when we hosted the World Project management by Rola Ball Eduscript. Town Archives Repository; Chancery of Orders, The Presidency; Daily Summit on Sustainable Development, and began Despatch; Department of Education; Film Resource Unit; Henner While the history of liberation in South Africa relied Frankenfeld; Dr Lancelot Gama; Rashid Lombard; Benny Gool; Graaff- on the mobilisation of thousands, it also relied on the to explore how we are all CREATING OUR Research and writing by Eugenie Banhegyi, André Croucamp, Reinet Museum; Marit Greenwood; Peter Greenwood; Government leadership of a few. The year 2007 marks the 50th FUTURE TODAY. Diane Favis, Dr Patricia Watson and Neil Verlaque-Napper. Communications and Information Services; Heinemann SA; Steve Hilton- Barber; Hollybrook Memorial; International Organisation of Migration; anniversary of the death of Nkosi Albert Luthuli. We hope these commemorations inspire you to Historical consultant: Phil Bonner. Jonathan Ball Publishers; John Carter Brown Library; Johncom Media; Chapter four uses the title of Luthuli’s famous book, Johnnic Communications; Dina Kraft; Local History Museum, Durban; LET MY PEOPLE GO. cherish your freedom. We invite you to learn about Mayibuye Centre, UWC; Media 24; MTN Art Collection; NASA; National the history of your freedom in the LEARNING Picture research by Marie Human. Archives; National Library of South Africa; National Maritime Museum, London; National Military Museum; Navy News Magazine; Nelson The year 2007 is also the 90th anniversary of the ACTIVITIES for each chapter found on page 85 of Illustration by Alastair Findlay. Mandela Metropolitan Museum; Sam Nhlengethwa; Tony Nkotsi, Norwich birth of Oliver Reginald Tambo. In chapter five: this book. Castle Museum and Art Gallery; PictureNet Africa; Royal Main; SA Military CHAMPION OF FREEDOM, we celebrate Design and layout by Jerome Erasmus and Neil Verlaque-Napper. Museum; SA Tourism; Sharpeville Remembered Project Department of Visual Arts and Design, Vaal Triangle Technikon;
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Malibongwe Let Us Praise the Women Portraits by Gisele Wulfsohn
    Malibongwe Let us praise the women Portraits by Gisele Wulfsohn In 1990, inspired by major political changes in our country, I decided to embark on a long-term photographic project – black and white portraits of some of the South African women who had contributed to this process. In a country previously dominated by men in power, it seemed to me that the tireless dedication and hard work of our mothers, grandmothers, sisters and daughters needed to be highlighted. I did not only want to include more visible women, but also those who silently worked so hard to make it possible for change to happen. Due to lack of funding and time constraints, including raising my twin boys and more recently being diagnosed with cancer, the portraits have been taken intermittently. Many of the women photographed in exile have now returned to South Africa and a few have passed on. While the project is not yet complete, this selection of mainly high profile women represents a history and inspiration to us all. These were not only tireless activists, but daughters, mothers, wives and friends. Gisele Wulfsohn 2006 ADELAIDE TAMBO 1929 – 2007 Adelaide Frances Tsukudu was born in 1929. She was 10 years old when she had her first brush with apartheid and politics. A police officer in Top Location in Vereenigng had been killed. Adelaide’s 82-year-old grandfather was amongst those arrested. As the men were led to the town square, the old man collapsed. Adelaide sat with him until he came round and witnessed the young policeman calling her beloved grandfather “boy”.
    [Show full text]
  • True Confessions, End Papers and the Dakar Conference
    Hermann Giliomee True Confessions, End Papers and Hermann Giliomee was Professor of the Dakar conference: A review of Political Studies at the University of Cape Town and is presently Professor the political arguments Extraordinary at the History Department, University of Stellenbosch. E-mail: [email protected] True Confessions, End Papers and the Dakar conference: A review of the political arguments As a social critic Breyten Breytenbach published two books of political commentary and political analysis during the mid-1980s without the opportunity of engaging with commentators at home. While True Confessions of an Albino Terrorist is part autobiography and part searing comment on prison life, End Papers is a more detached dissection of the major political and cultural issues confronting South Africa. Breytenbach was now one of the respected international voices on the political crisis in South Africa. The violent break-up of apartheid had changed Breytenbach’s social criticism. In the place of the earlier rejection and denunciation had come a willingness to engage and reason with his audience. The Dakar conference of 1987, which Breytenbach co-organised, offered an ideal opportunity for this. The conference was given wide publicity and was seen by some as the catalyst that broke the ice for the negotiations between the government and the ANC two and a half years later. Key words: Afrikaans literature, Dakar conference, National Party, African National Congress, South Africa, violence, negotiations. Introduction Shortly after being released from jail in 1982 Breyten Breytenbach published two non-fiction books, The True Confessions of an Albino Terrorist (1984) and End Papers (1986).
    [Show full text]
  • The Black Sash
    THE BLACK SASH THE BLACK SASH MINUTES OF THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE 1990 CONTENTS: Minutes Appendix Appendix 4. Appendix A - Register B - Resolutions, Statements and Proposals C - Miscellaneous issued by the National Executive 5 Long Street Mowbray 7700 MINUTES OF THE BLACK SASH NATIONAL CONFERENCE 1990 - GRAHAMSTOWN SESSION 1: FRIDAY 2 MARCH 1990 14:00 - 16:00 (ROSEMARY VAN WYK SMITH IN THE CHAIR) I. The National President, Mary Burton, welcomed everyone present. 1.2 The Dedication was read by Val Letcher of Albany 1.3 Rosemary van wyk Smith, a National Vice President, took the chair and called upon the conference to observe a minute's silence in memory of all those who have died in police custody and in detention. She also asked the conference to remember Moira Henderson and Netty Davidoff, who were among the first members of the Black Sash and who had both died during 1989. 1.4 Rosemary van wyk Smith welcomed everyone to Grahamstown and expressed the conference's regrets that Ann Colvin and Jillian Nicholson were unable to be present because of illness and that Audrey Coleman was unable to come. All members of conference were asked to introduce themselves and a roll call was held. (See Appendix A - Register for attendance list.) 1.5 Messages had been received from Errol Moorcroft, Jean Sinclair, Ann Burroughs and Zilla Herries-Baird. Messages of greetings were sent to Jean Sinclair, Ray and Jack Simons who would be returning to Cape Town from exile that weekend. A message of support to the family of Anton Lubowski was approved for dispatch in the light of the allegations of the Minister of Defence made under the shelter of parliamentary privilege.
    [Show full text]
  • Adamandmoodley.Pdf
    The Global Review of Ethnopolitics Vol. 2 no. 2, January 2003, 67-74 PRACTITIONERS’ CORNER POLITICAL TRAVEL THROUGH THE HOLY LAND Heribert Adam, Simon Fraser University, and Kogila Moodley, University of British Columbia I We have studied ethnic conflicts in many countries as insiders and outsiders over the past thirty years. Seldom have we felt so constrained to write as about our experience in Israel. That one of us is of German origin and the other lived through Apartheid victimisation evokes special sensitivities. It is the heavy burden of an atrocious anti- Semitic history that cautions against judging the descendants of century-long persecution, culminating in the horrendous Holocaust. Vulnerable, traumatised people long for security and protection at any cost, even at the price of expansionism. With Arab resistance to new Jewish settlers, the historically displaced inevitably engaged in displacement themselves. After four wars since 1948, the mythology of a promised land resulted in the Jewish domination of its Arab population. However, can the recent American settlers on the West Bank and Gaza still claim victimhood? With state subsidies and army protection, they confiscate more Arab land and use five times the scarce water per capita than the Palestinians are allocated. Why concern yourself with Israel at all when there are so many worse human rights violations among Israel’s Arab critics, some of our Jewish friends wanted to know? Why does the world pick on the only democracy in the Middle East – if not for its latent anti- Semitism? The suspicion runs deep and may even be partly justified, but at the same time it serves as convenient armour to silence any criticism of the Jewish state.
    [Show full text]
  • The Characteristics of Trauma
    DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Music and Trauma in the Contemporary South African Novel“ Verfasser Christian Stiftinger angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, 2011. Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 190 344 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: UF Englisch Betreuer: Univ. Prof. DDr . Ewald Mengel Declaration of Authenticity I hereby confirm that I have conceived and written this thesis without any outside help, all by myself in English. Any quotations, borrowed ideas or paraphrased passages have been clearly indicated within this work and acknowledged in the bibliographical references. There are no hand-written corrections from myself or others, the mark I received for it can not be deducted in any way through this paper. Vienna, November 2011 Christian Stiftinger Table of Contents 1. Introduction......................................................................................1 2. Trauma..............................................................................................3 2.1 The Characteristics of Trauma..............................................................3 2.1.1 Definition of Trauma I.................................................................3 2.1.2 Traumatic Event and Subjectivity................................................4 2.1.3 Definition of Trauma II................................................................5 2.1.4 Trauma and Dissociation............................................................7 2.1.5 Trauma and Memory...……………………………………………..8 2.1.6 Trauma
    [Show full text]
  • Anc Today Voice of the African National Congress
    ANC TODAY VOICE OF THE AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS 14 – 20 May 2021 Conversations with the President South Africa waging a struggle that puts global solidarity to the test n By President Cyril Ramaphosa WENTY years ago, South In response, representatives of massive opposition by govern- Africa was the site of vic- the pharmaceutical industry sued ment and civil society. tory in a lawsuit that pitted our government, arguing that such public good against private a move violated the Trade-Relat- As a country, we stood on princi- Tprofit. ed Aspects of Intellectual Property ple, arguing that access to life-sav- Rights (TRIPS). This is a compre- ing medication was fundamental- At the time, we were in the grip hensive multilateral agreement on ly a matter of human rights. The of the HIV/Aids pandemic, and intellectual property. case affirmed the power of trans- sought to enforce a law allowing national social solidarity. Sev- us to import and manufacture The case, dubbed ‘Big Pharma eral developing countries soon affordable generic antiretroviral vs Mandela’, drew widespread followed our lead. This included medication to treat people with international attention. The law- implementing an interpretation of HIV and save lives. suit was dropped in 2001 after the World Trade Organization’s Closing remarks by We are embracing Dear Mr President ANC President to the the future! Beware of the 12 NEC meeting wedge-driver: 4 10 Unite for Duma Nokwe 2 ANC Today CONVERSATIONS WITH THE PRESIDENT (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Re- ernment announced its support should be viewed as a global pub- lated Aspects of Intellectual Prop- for the proposal, which will give lic good.
    [Show full text]
  • PRENEGOTIATION Ln SOUTH AFRICA (1985 -1993) a PHASEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS of the TRANSITIONAL NEGOTIATIONS
    PRENEGOTIATION lN SOUTH AFRICA (1985 -1993) A PHASEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSITIONAL NEGOTIATIONS BOTHA W. KRUGER Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at the University of Stellenbosch. Supervisor: ProfPierre du Toit March 1998 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za DECLARATION I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the work contained in this thesis is my own original work and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it at any university for a degree. Signature: Date: The fmancial assistance of the Centre for Science Development (HSRC, South Africa) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at, are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the Centre for Science Development. Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za OPSOMMING Die opvatting bestaan dat die Suid-Afrikaanse oorgangsonderhandelinge geinisieer is deur gebeurtenisse tydens 1990. Hierdie stuC.:ie betwis so 'n opvatting en argumenteer dat 'n noodsaaklike tydperk van informele onderhandeling voor formele kontak bestaan het. Gedurende die voorafgaande tydperk, wat bekend staan as vooronderhandeling, het lede van die Nasionale Party regering en die African National Congress (ANC) gepoog om kommunikasiekanale daar te stel en sodoende die moontlikheid van 'n onderhandelde skikking te ondersoek. Deur van 'n fase-benadering tot onderhandeling gebruik te maak, analiseer hierdie studie die oorgangstydperk met die doel om die struktuur en funksies van Suid-Afrikaanse vooronderhandelinge te bepaal. Die volgende drie onderhandelingsfases word onderskei: onderhande/ing oor onderhandeling, voorlopige onderhande/ing, en substantiewe onderhandeling. Beide fases een en twee word beskou as deel van vooronderhandeling.
    [Show full text]
  • Life & Times of Magda A: Telling a Story of Violence in South Africa
    Life & Times of Magda A: Telling a Story of Violence in South Africa Author(s): Didier Fassin, Frédéric Le Marcis, and Todd Lethata Reviewed work(s): Source: Current Anthropology, Vol. 49, No. 2 (April 2008), pp. 225-246 Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/526096 . Accessed: 08/06/2012 11:42 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press and Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Current Anthropology. http://www.jstor.org Current Anthropology Volume 49, Number 2, April 2008 225 Life & Times of Magda A Telling a Story of Violence in South Africa by Didier Fassin, Fre´de´ric Le Marcis, and Todd Lethata How to write about violence? Most recent anthropological works have dealt with this question in terms of either political economy, narratives, or performance. Using J. M. Coetzee’s Life & Times of Michael K as a pre-text, an ethnological inquiry into violence is proposed through the biography of a young South African woman.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chief Executive of the Nelson Mandela Foundation
    Message from the Chief Executive of the Nelson Mandela Foundation Dear Friends, In addition to the Annual Lecture, he engaged South Africans in three formal dialogue forums, as well as a number of Usually the months of September and October are relatively informal gatherings. quiet on the Nelson Mandela Foundation calendar; they provide a period of reflection and review after the The lecture itself was broadcast live by the SABC and was demands of Nelson Mandela International Day and the available in more than 50 African countries on the continent. Annual Lecture. In addition, the lecture was live-streamed on the Internet and delivered directly to the University College Dublin, This year, however, our Annual Lecture programme unfolded in Ireland; Polytechnic of Namibia; University of the West the last week of September and first week of October, providing Indies; Ibadan University, Nigeria; Lund University, Sweden; us with a second operational peak on the calendar. National University of Singapore; University of Ghana and the Pan African University. The media coverage and impact It has been an extraordinarily rich and fruitful period for us. The on public discourse was unprecedented. focus, of course, has been on the 13th Nelson Mandela Annual Lecture, but at the same time we have sustained an array of A transcript of the lecture, the full video, links to media routine memory and dialogue projects and interventions. reports and other resources are available on our website. And, for the first time, in partnership with the University of Highlights since the last newsletter include: the launch of the Johannesburg (UJ), we hosted more than 2 000 guests on exhibition Between States of Emergency, a photographic the day.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconciliation in the Aftermath of Political Violence
    Unchopping a Tree In The Series Politics, History, and Social Change, edited by John C. Torpey Also in this series: Rebecca Jean Emigh, The Undevelopment of Capitalism: Sectors and Markets in Fifteenth- Century Tuscany Aristide R. Zolberg, How Many Exceptionalisms? Explorations in Comparative Macroanalysis Thomas Brudholm, Resentment’s Virtue: Jean Améry and the Refusal to Forgive Patricia Hill Collins, From Black Power to Hip Hop: Racism, Nationalism, and Feminism Daniel Levy and Natan Sznaider, translated by Assenka Oksiloff, The Holocaust and Memory in the Global Age Brian A. Weiner, Sins of the Parents: The Politics of National Apologies in the United States Heribert Adam and Kogila Moodley, Seeking Mandela: Peacemaking Between Israelis and Palestinians Marc Garcelon, Revolutionary Passage: From Soviet to Post- Soviet Rus sia, 1985– 2000 Götz Aly and Karl Heinz Roth, translated by Assenka Oksiloff, The Nazi Census: Identifi cation and Control in the Third Reich Immanuel Wallerstein, The Uncertainties of Knowledge Michael R. Marrus, The Unwanted: Eu ro pe an Refugees from the First World War Through the Cold War ❖Unchopping a Tree Reconciliation in the Aftermath of Political Violence Ernesto Verdeja Temple University Press Philadelphia Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia PA 19122 www .temple .edu/ tempress Copyright © 2009 Temple University All rights reserved Published 2009 Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences— Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48- 1992 Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Verdeja, Ernesto. Unchopping a tree : reconciliation in the aftermath of po liti cal violence / Ernesto Verdeja.
    [Show full text]
  • Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report: Volume 2
    VOLUME TWO Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report The report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was presented to President Nelson Mandela on 29 October 1998. Archbishop Desmond Tutu Ms Hlengiwe Mkhize Chairperson Dr Alex Boraine Mr Dumisa Ntsebeza Vice-Chairperson Ms Mary Burton Dr Wendy Orr Revd Bongani Finca Adv Denzil Potgieter Ms Sisi Khampepe Dr Fazel Randera Mr Richard Lyster Ms Yasmin Sooka Mr Wynand Malan* Ms Glenda Wildschut Dr Khoza Mgojo * Subject to minority position. See volume 5. Chief Executive Officer: Dr Biki Minyuku I CONTENTS Chapter 1 Chapter 6 National Overview .......................................... 1 Special Investigation The Death of President Samora Machel ................................................ 488 Chapter 2 The State outside Special Investigation South Africa (1960-1990).......................... 42 Helderberg Crash ........................................... 497 Special Investigation Chemical and Biological Warfare........ 504 Chapter 3 The State inside South Africa (1960-1990).......................... 165 Special Investigation Appendix: State Security Forces: Directory Secret State Funding................................... 518 of Organisations and Structures........................ 313 Special Investigation Exhumations....................................................... 537 Chapter 4 The Liberation Movements from 1960 to 1990 ..................................................... 325 Special Investigation Appendix: Organisational structures and The Mandela United
    [Show full text]
  • Nelson Mandela and His Colleagues in the Rivonia Trial
    South Africa: The Prisoners, The Banned and the Banished: Nelson Mandela and his colleagues in the Rivonia trial http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.nuun1969_08 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org South Africa: The Prisoners, The Banned and the Banished: Nelson Mandela and his colleagues in the Rivonia trial Alternative title Notes and Documents - United Nations Centre Against ApartheidNo. 13/69 Author/Creator United Nations Centre against Apartheid Publisher Department of Political and Security Council Affairs Date 1969-10-00 Resource type Reports Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) South Africa Coverage (temporal) 1969 Source Northwestern University Libraries Description Note.
    [Show full text]