STUDIA HUMANISTYCZNE AGH 7RP
http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/human.2013.12.1.57
Pavol Matula*
SLOVAK-POLISH RELATIONSHIPS IN 1938–1947 IN THE CONTEXT OF BORDER DISPUTES
After World War I Poland demanded a connection to the northern part of the former Kingdom of Hungary 6SLã2UDYDDQG.\VXFH 7KLVDUHDZDVDOVRFODLPHGE\&]HFKRVORYDNLD7KHUHJLRQVEHFDPHWKHVXEMHFWRI WKH&]HFKRVORYDN3ROLVKWHUULWRULDOGLVSXWH7KH6XSUHPH&RXQFLOGHFLGHGE\SOHELVFLWHRQWKHUHJLRQVRI7HãtQ 2UDYDDQG6SLãRQ6HSWHPEHU ,QWKHHQGLWZDVQRWDSOHELVFLWHZKLFKGHFLGHGDERXWWKHFRQWURYHUVLDO WHUULWRU\EXWLQWHUQDWLRQDODUELWUDWLRQ7KH&RQIHUHQFHRI$PEDVVDGRUVGHFLGHGRQGLYLGLQJ6SLãDQG2UDYD EHWZHHQ3RODQGDQG&]HFKRVORYDNLDRQ-XO\ 0RVWRIWKHLQKDELWDQWVGLVDJUHHGZLWKWKHGHFLVLRQ $QRWKHUERUGHUGLVSXWHRFFXUUHGLQ DIWHUWKHVLJQLQJRIWKH0XQLFK$JUHHPHQWZKHQ3RODQGPDGHDFODLP QRWRQO\WRRWKHUSDUWVRI2UDYDDQG6SLãEXWDOVR.\VXFH7KH6ORYDN3ROLVK'HOLPLWDWLRQ&RPPLWWHHZDV DWWDFNHGE\LQKDELWDQWVRIGLVSXWHGWHUULWRU\VHYHUDOWLPHVUHVXOWLQJLQWKH3ROLVKDUP\RFFXS\LQJWKHDUHD $IWHUWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKH6HFRQG:RUOG:DUDOOSDUWVRIWKHUHJLRQVRI6SLã2UDYDDQG.\VXFHEHFDPHSDUWRI 6ORYDNLDDV%UDWLVODYDFROODERUDWHGZLWK%HUOLQ$WWKHHQGRI::,,WKHERUGHUZDVUHWXUQHGWRWKHSUH0XQLFK SRVLWLRQEXWWKHVLWXDWLRQLQWKHGLVSXWHGWHUULWRU\ZDVXQVWDEOHIRUDORQJWLPHDIWHU .H\ZRUGV 6ORYDN3ROLVKUHODWLRQV ± 6SLã2UDYD.\VXFHERUGHUGLVSXWHV
Until World War I Poland did not have any claims on Slovak territory and generally the his- WRULFDOERUGHUVEHWZHHQ3RODQGDQG+XQJDU\KDGEHHQUHFRJQL]HG$WWKHWXUQRIWKHth century a segment of Polish society, mostly in Cracow, showed their interest in the territory of Orava and 6SLãEXWWKHLULQWHUHVWZDVPRVWO\LQWKHDUHDVRIHWKQRJUDSK\DQGOLQJXLVWLFV 'HiN ,Q'HFHPEHU 3ROLVKWURRSVRFFXSLHGSDUWRI6SLãEXWDPRQWKODWHUWKH\KDGWR withdraw after intervention of the Supreme Council. Both countries appealed to the Paris 3HDFH &RQIHUHQFH ZKLFK GHFLGHG RQ )HEUXDU\ WKDW WKH ERUGHUV EHWZHHQ WKH WZR FRXQWULHVZRXOGEHHVWDEOLVKHGE\WKH6XSUHPH&RXQFLO%\WKHRUGHURIWKH*UHDW3RZHUV LQ-XO\ QHJRWLDWLRQVEHWZHHQ&]HFKRVORYDNLDDQG3RODQGWRRNSODFHLQ&UDFRZZKHUH WKH 3ROLVK VLGH VXJJHVWHG VROXWLRQ RI WKH IHXG E\ SOHELVFLWH 3RODQG FODLPHG WKH WHUULWRU\ RIWKHZKROHGLVWULFWVRI7UVWHQp1iPHVWRYR.HåPDURNďXERYĖDýDGFD.\VXFNp1RYp 0HVWRDQGKDOIRIWKHGLVWULFWVRI/HYRþDDQG3RSUDG 0LãNRYLþ ± 7KH6XSUHPH &RXQFLOGHFLGHGRQDSOHELVFLWHRQ6HSWHPEHU ,WZDVWRWDNHSDUWLQWKHUHJLRQVRI 7HãtQ2UDYDDQG6SLã &LąJZD ± )RUERWKFRXQWULHVLWZDVPRUHLPSRUWDQWWR
* Comenius University Bratislava, [email protected]
57 PAVOL MATULA
DFTXLUHLQGXVWULDO7HãtQZKLFKKLVWRULFDO\ZDVSDUWRIWKH%RKHPLDQ&URZQEXWDERXW RILWVLQKDELWDQWVDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHth century were Polish. The area was temporarily GLYLGHG EHWZHHQ 3RODQG DQG &]HFKRVORYDNLD RQ 1RYHPEHU E\ LQWHULPDJUHHPHQW of local self-government councils, the Polish 5DGD1DURGRZD.VLĊVWZD&LHV]\ĔVNLHJR and the Czech 1iURGQt YêERU SUR 6OH]VNR7KH &]HFKRVORYDN JRYHUQPHQW KDG QRW FRQ¿UPHG the agreement. When the Polish government announced an election for the Polish Parlia- ment within the disputed territory, Prague claimed that the delimitation was only interim and WKH&]HFKRVORYDNLDQDUP\RFFXSLHGPRVWRIWKHUHJLRQRI7HãtQ7KH3ROLVKSDUW\LQWHUSUHWHG LWDVDEUHDFKRIWKHDJUHHPHQW %RUiNäiþHN ± As regards Spiš and Orava, the Czecho-Slovak party responded to the claim with argu- PHQWVEDVHGRQKLVWRULFDOSULQFLSOH3RODQGXVHGDUJXPHQWVEDVHGRQHWKQLFDOSULQFLSOHDV DFFRUGLQJ WR 3RODQG WKH LQKDELWDQWV RQ WKH FODLPHG WHUULWRU\ ZHUH RI 3ROLVK RULJLQ7KH\ SURFODLPHGWKDWLQKDELWDQWVRIWKHUHJLRQVZHUHHWKQLF3ROLVKEHFDXVHRISKRQHWLFVLPLODUL- WLHVEHWZHHQWKH*RUDOGLDOHFWDQGWKH3ROLVKODQJXDJH1 The Slovak party, while considering Gorals identity, pointed out the national feeling of Gorals, who, in most cases felt themselves WREH6ORYDNV %LHORYRGVNê ± $IWHUWKHSOHELVFLWHZDVSURFODLPHGERWKVLGHVVWDUWHGZLWKSURSDJDQGDWRZLQDVPDQ\ YRWHVDVSRVVLEOH3OHQW\RIZHOOSDLGDJHQWVZHUHLQYROYHGWU\LQJWRSHUVXDGHYRWHUVQRW RQO\YHUEDOO\EXWHYHQE\EX\LQJYRWHV7KH\JDYHRXWSURGXFWVOLNHÀRXUNHURVHQHVDOWDQG sugar, which were very precious at that time (AMTZ: AR/NO/382, 379, AR/248, 315, 300; 9DULQVNê 0DFKD\ 2QERWKVLGHVWKHUHZHUHFDVHVRIYLROHQFHDQG HYHQPXUGHU &KDOXSHFNê ± 0LãNRYLþ 7RPDV]HZVNL ± .RĨPLĔ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ãtQWHULWRUU\DOVRFDOOHG=DRO]LH7KH3ROLVKGHPDQGV VKRXOGKDYHEHHQWKXVVDWLV¿HG Poland initially did not have any territorial demands toward Slovakia, which gained its DXWRQRP\RQ2FWREHU DVHYHQWKRXJKWKHJRYHUQPHQWZDVSUHVVHGE\YDULRXVJURXSV regarding Goral citizens in Spiš, Orava and Kysuce as Polish, although the majority of them
1 Most Polish historians support this thesis even today and some are trying to provide evidence that in earlier WLPHV*RUDOFLWL]HQVVXUUHQGHUHGWRVORYDNL]DWLRQXQGHUWKHLQÀXHQFHRI6ORYDNLDQWHDFKHUVDQGSULHVWV6HH the conference proceedings TRAJDOS, M. Tadeusz (ed.): 6SLV]L2UDZDZURF]QLFĊSRZURWXGR3ROVNL SyáQRFQ\FKF]ĊĞFLREX]LHP.UDNRZ 6HFHVMD 2QWKHFRQWUDU\6ORYDNLDQKLVWRULDQ,YDQ&KDOXSHFNê DVVHUWVWKDWWKHUHODWHGQHVVRIWKH*RUDOGLDOHFWDQGWKH3ROLVKODQJXDJHRULJLQDWHVIURPSRORQL]DWLRQ&KDO~SHFNê ,YDQ .RWi]NHJRUDOVNêFKQiUHþtQD6SLãL,Q6WXGLDKLVWRULFD7\UQDYLHQVLD,9, 2004, p. 161–172.
58 6ORYDN3ROLVKUHODWLRQVKLSVLQ ± LQWKHFRQWH[WRIERUGHUGLVSXWHV declared (registered) themselves as Slovakians. They were mostly the associations situated FORVHWR&UDFRZFHQWUHVXFKDVWKH*HQHUDOFRPPLWWHHIRU6SLã2UDYDDQG.\VXFH *áyZQ\ Komitet dla Spisza, Orawy i Czadeckego), which was delivering letters, analyses and memo- UDQGDWRWKHJRYHUQPHQW:DUVDZKDGEHHQUHVLVWHQWWRWKDWSUHVVVRIDU,IWHUULWRULDOGHPDQGV ZHUHGHFODUHGDWDQLQDSSURSULDWHWLPHDQGWRDQXQUHDVRQDEOHGHJUHHWKHPDLQJRDORI3ROLVK IRUHLJQSROLF\FRXOGEHLQGDQJHUDVLWDLPHGWRGLYLGH&]HFKRVORYDNLDDQGFUHDWHFRPPRQ 3ROLVK+XQJDU\ERUGHUVE\DQQH[DWLRQRI&DUSDWKLDQ5XWKHQLD 3RGNDUSDWVNi5XV WR+XQJDU\ ,WZDVWREHGRQHE\VHSDUDWLQJ6ORYDNLDQVIURP&]HFKV0RUHRYHU:DUVDZWULHGWRLQFOXGH 6ORYDNLDLQLWVVSKHUHRILQÀXHQFH+RZHYHUE\JDLQLQJDXWRQRP\+OLQND¶V6ORYDN3HRSOH¶V 3DUW\UHJDUGHGLWVSROLWLFDOSURJUDPWREHFRPSOHWHDQGGLGQRWZDQWWRIRFXVWKHLUDFWLYLW\RQ JDLQLQJIXOOLQGHSHQGHQFHRI6ORYDNLDDWOHDVWQRWLQWKHQHDUIXWXUH 'HiN ± ,Q ODWH 2FWREHU :DUVDZ WKXV GHOLYHUHG D QRWH WR WKH JRYHUQPHQW LQ %UDWLVODYD ZLWK GHPDQGVLWFRQVLGHUHGDVUHVWUDLQHG,WPHQWLRQRQO\VPDOODGMXVWPHQWVWRWKHERUGHUVVRDV not to disrupt Polish-Slovakian relations too much. A few days later, under the impression of unsuccesful diplomacy in competition with Germany, Warsaw was tougher and expanded LWVGHPDQGV2ULJLQDOO\WKH\ZHUHWREHDERXWXQLQKDELWHGUHJLRQVEXWWKHQHZYHUVLRQDOVR FRQFHUQHGSRSXODWHGDUHDV7KH&]HFKRVORYDNLDQVLGHDFFHSWHGWKHPRQ1RYHPEHU It was not so easy for the common Slovak-Polish delimitation commission to demarcate WKHOLPLWV7KHDIIHFWHGFLWL]HQVZHUHVWURQJO\DJDLQVWLW7KH¿UVWVHULRXVFRQIURQWDWLRQEH- WZHHQWKH3ROLVKSDUWRIWKHFRPPLVVLRQDQGORFDOFLWL]HQVWRRNSODFHRQ1RYHPEHU $WWKHEHJLQQLQJLQDKRWHOUHVWDXUDQWLQýDGFDZKHUHWKH\ZHUHVWD\LQJWKUHHPHPEHUVRI WKH3ROLVKGHOHJDWLRQZHUHYHUEDOO\LQVXOWHG/DWHURQWKHZD\EDFNIURP5DNRYiWRýDGFD WKHFRPPLVVLRQZDVFRQIURQWHGE\JURXSVRISHRSOHJRLQJWRMRLQWKHGHPRQVWUDWLRQDJDLQVW the annexation of their region to Poland. According to the plans of organizers, the demonstra- WLRQZDVLQWHQGHGWREHSHDFHIXOEXWWKHDWPRVSKHUHWKHUHFKDQJHGYHU\TXLFNO\ âLPRQþLþ 2003: 319–320; Gotkiewicz 1998: 121). 7KHSROLFHFRQFHUQHGZLWKWKHVDIHW\RI3ROLVKPHPEHUVWKHFRPPLVVLRQWUDQVSRUWHG WKHPLQDQXQOLWSROLFHEXV7KH\DOVRGURYHWKHFRPPLVVLRQ¶VEXVZLWKWKHLQWHULRUOLJKWRQ so that the demonstrators could see that the Polish delgates were not inside. In this way, they ZHUHDEOHWRPDNHWKHLUZD\WKURXJKWKHGLVRUGHUO\FURZGZKLFKZDVDUPHGZLWKVWLFNVDQG VWRQHVDQGHVFDSHIURPWKHWRZQ âLPRQþLþ ± *RWNLHZLF] ± 7KHQH[WFODVKZLWKUHVHQWIXOFLWL]HQVWRRNSODFHRQ1RYHPEHU &ORVHWRýDGFD QHDUWKHVHWWOHPHQWVFDOOHG3ULYDU\DQG0HJRQN\WKHFRPPLVVLRQZDVFRQIURQWHGE\WZR ZRPHQZLWKUDNHVZKRVWDUWHGWRFXUVHLWVPHPEHUV7KH\WKUHDWHQHGWKHPZLWKPXUGHU VFUHDPLQJWKDWWKH\GLGQRWZDQWWRMRLQ3RODQGWKDWWKH\ZRXOGUDWKHUEHDWWKHLUFKLOGUHQ than send them to Polish schools. Men later joined them and started to threaten the Poles. 7KHDWPRVSKHUHZDVEHFRPLQJPRUHDQGPRUHGDQJHURXVVRWKDWWKHSROLFHKDGWRVHFXUH WKHFRPPLVVLRQE\VSHFLDOFRUGRQ7KHFRPPLVVLRQFKDQJHGLWVSODQVDQGFURVVHGWRWKH3RO- LVKVLGHRIWKHERUGHU *RWNLHZLF] Supporters who considered north Kysuce as part of Poland did not change their attitude HYHQDIWHUIDFLQJWKHUHVHQWPHQWRIORFDOFLWL]HQV7KH\EHOLHYHGWKDWWKRVH³SURYRFDWLRQV´ ZHUHLQVSLUHGE\*HUPDQV\PSDWKLVHUVIURP+OLQND¶V6ORYDN3HRSOHV3DUW\ZKRVXSSRUWHG the unaware citizens in anti-Polish protests (Gotkiewicz 1998: 117, 130).
59 PAVOL MATULA
:DUVDZVWUHQJWKHQHGLWVSUHVVXUHRQWKH6ORYDNVLGHDWWKHHQGRI1RYHPEHU $IWHU DQWL3ROLVKSURWHVWVRIFLWL]HQVIURPWKHýDGFDDUHD-DYRULQDDQG2UDYVNê3RG]iPRNLWEHJDQ RFFXSDWLRQRIWKHGHPDQGHGWHUULWRU\E\IRUFHHYHQEHIRUHFRPSOHWLQJWKHZRUNRIWKHFRP- mon Slovak-Polish delimitation commission. As the Polish and Czechoslovak armies were ¿JKWLQJDJDLQVWHDFKRWKHUQHDUýDGFDDQG-DYRULQDLWGLGQRWFRPHDERXWZLWKRXWEORRGVKHG %RUiN D ± %RUiN E ± %DVHGRQDQDJUHHPHQWVLJQHGLQ=DNRSDQHRQ'HFHPEHU 6ORYDNLDKDGWRFHGH 226 km2 of its territory along with 4,280 citizens to Poland. It concerned the villages of -DYRULQDDQG/HVQLFDLQ6SLã6XFKi+RUDDQG+ODGRYNDLQ2UDYDDQG6YUþLQRYHFýLHUQH and Skalité in Kysuce. The annexation of new areas of northern Spiš, Orava and part of Kysuce as well as WKHEHKDYLRXURIWKH3ROLVKDXWKRULWLHVLQWKHDQQH[HGDUHDVUHVXOWHGLQDQDQWL3ROLVKVHQWL- PHQWLQ6ORYDNVRFLHW\,WFXOPLQDWHGRQ6HSWHPEHU ZKHQ6ORYDNLDMRLQHGWKH*HUPDQ invasion against Poland. Slovak propaganda explained the Slovak participation in the invasion E\SUHYLRXVDQQH[DWLRQVRIWKH6ORYDNWHUULWRU\E\3RODQGDQGWKHSROLWLFDOVLWXDWLRQWKHUH 7KH6ORYDN5HSXEOLFWKXVUHJDLQHGWHUULWRULHVDQQH[HGE\3RODQGLQ DQG $OWKRXJKUHJDLQHGWHUULWRU\RI¿FLDOO\EHFDPHDSDUWRI6ORYDNLDDIWHUWKH6ORYDN*HUPDQ7UHDW\ ZDVVLJQHGRQ1RYHPEHU WKH¿UVWSROLWLFDODQGDGPLQLVWUDWLYHERGLHVLQWKHUHJDLQHG DUHDZHUHFUHDWHGLQWKH¿UVWKDOIRI6HSWHPEHU $317 -DEáRQNDQR±6]F]DZQLFDQR 10; AMTZ, no. AR/306; Baka 2006: 165). 1RUWKHUQ6SLãDQG2UDYDZKLFKKDGEHORQJHGWRWKHMXULVGLFWLRQRIWKH%LVKRSRI6SLãXQWLO 2FWREHU ZHUHUHWXUQHGEDFNWRWKHLUMXULVGLFWLRQRQ6HSWHPEHU E\GHFLVLRQ RIWKH9DWLFDQ %LHORYRGVNê ± $QHZSUREOHPZKDWWRGRZLWKPRVWO\3ROLVK SULHVWVVHUYLQJLQWKHDUHDDURVH2Q2FWREHU WKH6SLãGLRFHVHVHQWWKHPDTXHVWLRQ- naire where, aside from other information, they were to express if they were ready to pledge DOOHJLDQFHWRWKH6ORYDN5HSXEOLF $6'&RUUHVSRQGHQFHQR 7KHGHPDQGIRU WKHSOHGJHRIWKHSULHVWVZDVLPSRUWDQWQRWRQO\EHFDXVHRIWKHLUOR\DOW\WRZDUGV6ORYDNLD EXWPRVWO\EHFDXVHRIWKHLUFDSDFLW\WRSHUIRUPPDUULDJHV %LHORYRGVNê ± But the majority of the Polish priests left their parishes voluntarily in the autumn of 1939 $Ò31 QR6 7KRVHZKRVWD\HGZHUHJUDGXDOO\UHFDOOHGE\WKH6SLãGLRFHVHEHFDXVH WKH\UHIXVHGWRSOHGJHDOOHJLDQFHWRWKH6ORYDN5HSXEOLFRUWKH\DQVZHUHGQHJDWLYHO\WRVRPH questions on the questionnaire (AKM: no. 33; ASD: no. 1509/1940, no. 1847–1848/1940, QR± %LHORYRGVNê Still, some Polish priests stayed in their parishes, even in 1940. However in March they ZHUHWROGWROHDYHWKHPE\WKHHQGRI-XQH $Ò31 QR6 ,Q6HSWHPEHU WKH\ ZHUHRUGHUHGE\WKHORFDORI¿FHLQ6SLãVNi6WDUi9HVWROHDYHWKHLUKRPHVEXWWKH\ZHUHDO- lowed to move to any part of Slovakia, aside from incorporated areas (AÚPN: no. S-1410). $WZRZHHNWLPHOLPLWIRUPRYHPHQWIURPWKHUHJDLQHGDUHDZKLFKZDVVWDWHGE\WKHORFDO DXWKRULWLHVLQ6SLãVNi6WDUi9HVKDGEHHQEURNHQ $Ò31 QR6 ,WFDQEHVDLGWKDWDOWKRXJKWKHVLWXDWLRQRI3ROLVKSULHVWVLQWKH6ORYDN5HSXEOLFIURP ± ZDVQRWVLPSOHLWZDVPXFKPRUHDFFHSWDEOHLQFRPSDULVRQZLWKWKHVLWXDWLRQLQ RFFXSLHG3RODQG7KLVLVHYLGHQFHGE\WKHHIIRUWRIPDQ\RIWKHPWRVWD\LQ6ORYDNLDLQVSLWH RIWKHREVWDFOHV0RUHRYHUWKHDWWLWXGHRIWKH%LVKRSRI6SLãDVZHOODV6ORYDNDXWKRULWLHVLQ
60 6ORYDN3ROLVKUHODWLRQVKLSVLQ ± LQWKHFRQWH[WRIERUGHUGLVSXWHV
WKLVFDVHFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGDVEHQHYROHQWLQFRPSDULVRQWRWKHDWWLWXGHRI3ROLVKDXWKRULWLHV LQDVLPLODUVLWXDWLRQZKHQDUHDVRIQRUWKHUQ6ORYDNLDZHUHDQQH[HGE\3RODQGLQ DQG later in 1945-1947 (5R]PRZD]RMFHPSROVNLHM2UDZ\ 1945: 3). :KHQLQ-DQXDU\ WKH5HG$UP\OLEHUDWHGWKH6SLãDQG2UDYDUHJLRQV6ORYDNWHDFK- HUVFOHUNVDQGSULHVWVVWD\HGWRRSHUDWHLQWKHUHJLRQ$6ORYDNPLOLWLDZDVFUHDWHGE\ORFDO LQKDELWDQWVWRNHHSSXEOLFRUGHU/RFDO1DWLRQDO&RPPLWWHHVZHUHFUHDWHGDVZHOO7KHERUGHUV ZHUHFRQWUROOHGE\6RYLHWPLOLWDU\WURRSV .ZLHN ,Q)HEUXDU\ WKH3ROLVKVLGHKDGVWDUWHGLWVHIIRUWWRFRQWUROWKHWHUULWRU\,QVRPH SODFHVSROLFHVWDWLRQVZHUHFUHDWHG,QWKHSODFHVZKHUH3ROLVKRI¿FHVZHUHHVWDEOLVKHG6ORYDN FOHUNVDQGWHDFKHUVZHUHVXVSHQGHG3ROLVKÀDJVDQGFRDWVRIDUPVZHUHSODFHGRQWKHEXLOG- ings (Garek 2007: 158). New teachers were sent to the territory to control the local schools $$1 0$3QR% 6\UQê 6ORYDNLQKDELWDQWVGLGHYHU\WKLQJWKH\ could to prevent Polish activities. They even tried to protect their area with guns, so there were some clashes with Polish militia (Kwiek 2002: 8). $W WKH HQG RI$SULO 6RYLHW PLOLWDU\ OHDGHUV GHFLGHG WR FRQGXFW D TXLFN SOHELVFLWH RQ WKHWHUULWRU\,WIRXQGWKDWPRUHWKDQ RIWKHORFDOSRSXODWLRQZDVRI6ORYDNQDWLRQDO- LW\ 2Q WKH EDVLV RI WKDW DQG GLVFXVVLRQ ZLWK ORFDO 6ORYDN UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV 6RYLHW RI¿FHUV VHWWKHERUGHUDFFRUGLQJWRLW¶VSUH SRVLWLRQDQGWKH6RYLHWWURRSVFRQWUROOHGWKHOLQH .DPLĔVNL .ZLHN ± *DUHN ± %XWLWZDVQRWWKH ¿UVWSOHELVFLWHFRQFHUQLQJQDWLRQDOLGHQWLW\RIORFDOSRSXODWLRQRQ WKHWHUULWRU\DIWHUOLEHUDWLRQ,Q)HEUXDU\ DVSRQWDQHRXVSHRSOH¶VSOHELVFLWHWRRNSODFH LQZKLFK RIWKHORFDOSRSXODWLRQSURFODLPHGWKHLU6ORYDNQDWLRQDOLW\ &LąJZD Garek 2007: 160). 3ROLVKUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVUHIXVHGWRDFFHSWWKHSOHELVFLWHDQGDUJXHGWKDWLWZDVDQDFWLRQRI the Czechoslovak army and police. Another argument was that the inclination of the popula- WLRQWRZDUGVWKH6ORYDNQDWLRQZDVWKHUHVXOWRIDQHFRQRPLFERRPLQWKH6ORYDNVWDWHLQ ± %LHORYRGVNê )ULHGODQG-LUiVHN 0DFKD\ ,Q$SULOUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRILQKDELWDQWVRIWKHFRQWURYHUVLDOWHUULWRU\GHFLGHGWRWDNHWKHLU demands to the President and Czechoslovakian government representatives. First, on 7 April LQKDELWDQWVRI2UDYDDQGODWHURQ$SULOLQKDELWDQWVRI6SLãGHOLYHUHGDPHPRUDQGXPDORQJ ZLWKWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHFHQVXVRI)HEUXDU\ WR3UHVLGHQW(GYDUG%HQHã .ZLHN *DUHN )ULHGODQG-LUiVHN %RWKGHOHJDWLRQVDVNHGWKHLUKRPHWHUULWRU\WR EHDSDUWRIWKH&]HFKRVORYDN5HSXEOLF7KH3UHVLGHQWSURPLVHGWKHPKHZRXOG³GRKLVEHVW LQWKLVFDVHDQGH[SUHVVHGWKHZLVKWKDWQRERG\RIJRYHUQPHQWDQGORFDODXWKRULWLHVZRXOG OHDYHWKHUHJLRQEHFDXVHLWLVD6ORYDNUHJLRQ1HLWKHULQWKHFDVHRIYLFWLPV³ %LHORYRGVNê 1946: 20–21). The Czechoslovak government considered the issue of northern Spiš and Orava at their PHHWLQJRQ$SULOLQ.RãLFH )ULHGODQG-LUiVHN 7KHUHWKH\GHFLGHGWRUHWXUQ WKHWHUULWRU\EDFNWR3RODQGZLWKRXWDQ\FRQGLWLRQVDOWKRXJKWKH6ORYDNFKDUDFWHURIWKDW territory was stressed (Kwiek 2002: 11). 7KHRI¿FLDOKDQGRYHURIWKHWHUULWRU\WRRNSODFHRQ0D\ LQ7UVWHQi7KH&]HFKR- VORYDNVLGHZDVUHSUHVHQWHGE\GHOHJDWHVRIWKH6ORYDN1DWLRQDO&RXQFLO1RWEHLQJUHDG\IRU WKH&]HFKRVORYDNLDQV¶VXJJHVWLRQWKH3ROLVKVLGHZDVVXUSULVHGDQGKDGQR3ROLVKJRYHUQPHQW
61 PAVOL MATULA representative present. Only representatives of local authorities – Powiatowa Rada Narodowa 1RZ\7DUJ±WRRNSDUWLQWKHPHHWLQJ 6\UQê 7KHGHOHJDWHVRIERWKVLGHVVLJQHG DWUHDW\E\ZKLFKWHUULWRU\ZDVKDQGHGRYHUWRWKH3ROLVKJRYHUQPHQWDQGWKHERUGHUVZHUH UHVWRUHGWRWKHVWDWHWKH\ZHUHEHIRUHWKH0XQLFK3DFW /DWHUQHJRWLDWLRQVZHUHWROHDG WRDGH¿QLWHVWDWHRIERUGHUV 6\UQê ± According to some Polish historians, the sudden handover of controversial territory to Poland was connected with consolidation of Czechoslovak administration in the region of Zaolzie, which was economically more important to the newly restored Czechoslovakia. When the territories of northern Spiš and Orava were returned to Poland, the Czechoslovakian side KDGDUJXPHQWVWRNHHSWKHERUGHUVVWDWXVTXRIURPWKHSHULRGEHIRUHWKH0XQLFK3DFWHYHQ LQWKHUHJLRQRI7HãtQ *DUHN .DPLĔVNL 7KHSURWHVWVRIWKHLQKDELW- DQWV RI WKH 6ORYDN3ROLVK ERUGHUODQG IDLOHG WR LQÀXHQFH WKH DWWLWXGH RI &]HFKRVORYDNLDQ JRYHUQPHQWUHSUHVHQWDWLYHV$VVRRQDVWKH\OHDUQHGRIWKHWUHDW\RI7UVWHQiWKH\VWDUWHGWR RUJDQL]HGHPRQVWUDWLRQVSHRSOHGHPRQVWUDWHGLQ-DEORQNDDJDLQVWWKHDQQH[DWLRQRI their villages to Poland. They signed petitions, moved their property to Slovakia, and attacked WKHQHZO\IRUPHGSROLFHVWDWLRQVRIWKH3ROLVKPLOLWLD,QWKH¿UVWPRQWKVWKH3ROLVKVLGH ZDVXQDEOHWRFRQWUROWKHQHZO\JDLQHGWHUULWRU\VRORFDO3ROLVKUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVZHUHIRUFHG WRDVNWKHDUP\IRUKHOS .DPLĔVNL .ZLHN ±± 7KHKHOSFDPH in summer. On 17 July 1945 the Polish army appeared in northern Spiš and on 14 August HYHQLQ2UDYD,QVRPHSODFHVLQKDELWDQWV³ZHOFRPHG³WKHPDUFKLQJ3ROLVKWURRSVDV HQHPLHVZLWKVKRXWVDQGVWRQHV7UDQVIHURI6ORYDNWHDFKHUVSULHVWVDQGPHPEHUVRIWKHPL- OLWLDJUDGXDOO\VWDUWHG1DWXUDOO\WKHLQKDELWDQWVSURWHVWHGDJDLQVWLW .DPLĔVNL Kwiek 2002: 13, 18–19). The Czechoslovak side used this situation while negotiating with Polish side. If Warsaw FRPSODLQHGDERXWWKHVLWXDWLRQRIWKH3ROLVKPLQRULW\LQWKHUHJLRQRI7HãtQ3UDJXHSRLQWHG DWWKHVLWXDWLRQRI6ORYDNVLQ2UDYDDQG6SLã,QVXPPHU GHSXWDWLRQVIURPLQKDELW- DQWVRIDQQH[HGWHUULWRULHVFDPHZLWKFRPSODLQWVRIWHUURUFRPPLWHGDJDLQVWWKHPE\3ROLVK DXWKRULWLHV7KH\UHSHDWHGO\DVNHGWREHFRPHDSDUWRI&]HFKRVORYDNLDDJDLQ7KH1DWLRQDO &RXQFLORIDQQH[HGYLOODJHVZLWKďXGPLOD9HUþHNRYiDVLWVOHDGHUZDVFUHDWHGDVDUHDFWLRQ WR WKH LQFLGHQWV 9HUþHNRYi LQIRUPHG WKH 6ORYDN 1DWLRQDO &RXQFLO DERXW WKH YLROHQFH LQ WKHDUHD$OOWKHDFFXPXODWHGLQIRUPDWLRQZDVODWHUVXEPLWWHGE\6WDWH6HFUHWDU\RI0LQLVWU\ RI)RUHLJQ$IIDLUV9ODGLPtU&OHPHQWLVWR3ROLVK$PEDVVDGRU:LHUEáRZVNLLQIRUPRIDQRWH RQ$XJXVWDQGODWHURQDQG6HSWHPEHU $06= '3ZWSS± ±± )ULHGODQG-LUiVHN :LHUEáRZVNLUHDFWHGWRWKHQRWHZLWKSUHVVXUHRQWKH3ROLVK0LQLVWU\RI)RUHLJQ$IIDLUV (Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych – MSZ) to create a government commission to investi- JDWHLQGLYLGXDOFDVHVDQGLQIRUP3UDJXHDERXWWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQ7KHDWWLWXGHRI WKH3ROLVKDPEDVVDGRUZDVSUREDEO\EDVHGRQKLVFRQYLFWLRQQRWWRZRUVHQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSV ZLWK6ORYDNVZKRZHUHPRUHRSHQLQWKHFDVHRI7HãtQUHJLRQWKDQZHUHWKH&]HFKV$QGLW FRXOGEHKHOSIXOIRUWKH3ROLVKVLGHLQIXWXUH:DUVDZDFFHSWHG:LHUEáRZVNLCVDGYLFHDQG RQ6HSWHPEHU&OHPHQWLVZDVLQIRUPHGDERXWWKHFUHDWLRQRIDFRPPLVVLRQWREHVHQWWR WKHUHJLRQ7KHFRPPLVVLRQZDVVHQWWKHUHRQ±6HSWHPEHU
62 6ORYDN3ROLVKUHODWLRQVKLSVLQ ± LQWKHFRQWH[WRIERUGHUGLVSXWHV
+RZHYHU&OHPHQWLVODWHUFRQWLQXHGWRERPEDUGWKH3ROLVKDPEDVVDGRUZLWKLQIRUPDWLRQ DERXWWHUURUFRPPLWHGDJDLQVW6ORYDNLQKDELWDQWV $06= '3ZWSS± ±± )ULHGODQG-LUiVHN ± +HUHFHLYHGWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHFRPPLV- VLRQLQYHVWLJDWLRQRQO\RQ1RYHPEHU EHFDXVHRIGLVFRUGEHWZHHQWKH3ROLVK0LQLVWU\ RI3XEOLF$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ 0LQLVWHUVWZR$GPLQLVWUDFML3XEOLF]QHM±0$3 DQGWKH06=:KLOH the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs asked to punish representatives of local authorities UHVSRQVLEOHIRURIIHQFHVLQ6SLãDQG2UDYDWKH0$3DVNHGIRUDKDUGOLQHDJDLQVWDQWL3ROLVK propaganda in the controversial region. At last, the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs pushed WKURXJKLWVVROXWLRQWRWKHSUREOHPDQGWKHGLVWULFWVXSHULQWHQGHQW VWDURVWDSRZLDWRZ\ LQ 1RZ\7DUJZDVUHFDOOHGDQGDIHZPHPEHUVRIWKHPLOLWLDZHUHSXQLVKHG2QO\WKHQZDV &OHPHQWLVLQIRUPHGDERXWWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQ )ULHGODQG-LUiVHN ± In following years in spite of the interventions of Czechoslovak representatives the situ- ation in northern Spiš and Orava was not satisfactory. Even in autumn 1947 local Polish DJHQFLHVZHUHH[SUHVVLQJWKHLUGLVFRQWHQWWRRI¿FLDOVZLWKWKHLQDGDSWDELOLW\RI6ORYDNLDQ FLWL]HQV ZKR ZHUH XQGHU WKHVWURQJ LQÀXHQFH RI DQWL3ROLVK SURSDJDQGD IURP 6ORYDNLD However, Polish agencies were more afraid of reports and other indications suggesting the existence of secret organizations among Slovakian citizens preparing for armed pro- WHVWV$ODUJHDPRXQWRIUHWDLQHGOHDÀHWVDQGPDQ\VPXJJOHGDQGFRQFHDOHGZHDSRQVZHUH the hints (AAN: MAP, no. 776, B-1795, 1–2). $IWHUVLJQLQJD7UHDW\RI)ULHQGVKLSDQG0XWXDO$VVLVWDQFHEHWZHHQWKH&]HFKRVORYDN 5HSXEOLFDQG3RODQGRQ0DUFK WKHFRQGLWLRQVLQWKHUHJLRQVORZO\EHJDQWRFKDQJH2.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
$UFKLZXP$NW1RZ\FK $$1 , 0LQLVWHUVWZR$GPLQLVWUDFML3XEOLF]QHM 0$3 QR% $UFKLZXP0LQLVWHUVWZD6SUDZ=DJUDQLF]Q\FK $06= Warszawa, Departament Polityczny (DP), w. 8, t. 135, p. 8. $QGUiã0DWHM.RPHQWiUNVSUiYH7DGHXV]D.RVPDOXRVLWXiFLLVORYHQVNHMPHQãLQ\QD KRUQHM2UDYHYURNRFK ± , in: $OPDQDFK6áRZDF\Z3ROVFH6ORYiFLY3RĐVNX ;,,±0DWHM$QGUiãDMHKRGLSORPDFLDVUGFD.UDNRY 7RZDU]\VWZR6áRZDNyZZ3ROVFH 6SRORN6ORYiNRYZ3RĐVNXSS ± $UFKLZXP0X]HXP7DWU]DĔVNLHJR=DNRSDQH $07= , AR/NO/382, 379, AR/248, 315, 300, AR/306. $UFKLZXP 3DĔVWZRZH 1RZ\ 7DUJ $317 , $NWD *PLQ\ -DEáRQND QR ± $NWD *PLQ\ Szczawnica, no. 10.
2 For a closer look on the course of situation on a territory in issue after 1947 see also: AAN, MAP, no. 777, % .RZDOVNL5REHUW 6SUDZR]GDQLD7DGHXV]D.RVPDOLLQVSHNWRUD0LQLVWHUVWZD$GPLQLVWUDFML3XEOLF]QHM ]V\WXDFMLJRVSRGDUF]HMLVSRáHF]QRSROLW\F]QHMQDJyUQHM2UDZLHZODWDFK ± , in: 5RF]QLN2UDZVNL,,,, =XEU]\FD*yUQDS ± $QGUiã0DWHM .RPHQWiUNVSUiYH7DGHXV]D.RVPDOXRVLWXiFLLVORYHQVNHM PHQãLQ\QDKRUQHM2UDYHYURNRFK ± , in: $OPDQDFK6áRZDF\Z3ROVFH / 6ORYiFLY3RĐVNX;,,±0DWHM $QGUiãDMHKR'LSORPDFLDVUGFD, Krakov 2011, pp. 349–362.
63 PAVOL MATULA
$UFKtYÒVWDYX3DPlWL1iURGD $Ò31 , .UDMVNi6SUiYD=1%6SUiYDâW%%UDWLVODYDQR S-1410. $UFKLZXP.XULL0HWURSROLWDOQHMZ.UDNRZLH $.0 APA, no. 33. $UFKtY 6SLãNHM 'LHFp]\ $6' , Correspondence 1939–1945, no. 1509/1940, no. 1847– 1848/1940, no. 2045–2046/1940, no. 2798/1941. Baka, Igor. 2006. 6ORYHQVNiUHSXEOLNDDQDFLVWLFNiDJUHVLDSURWL3RĐVNX, Bratislava: Vojen- VNê+LVWRULFNêÒVWDY %LHORYRGVNê$QGUHM 6HYHUQp KUDQLFH 6ORYHQVND %UDWLVODYD ÒVWUHGQi 6SUiYD 6OR- venskej Ligy. %RUiN0HþLVODY DýHVNRVORYHQVNRSROVNi“PDOiYiOND´XýDGFHOLVWRSDGX , ³+LVWRULHDYRMHQVWYt´ ± %RUiN0HþLVODY E,QFLGHQWSRG7DWUDPLOLVWRSDGX DGHOLPLWDFHKUDQLFPH]L 3ROVNHPDýHVNR6ORYHQVNHP³+LVWRULHDYRMHQVWYt´ ± %RUiN 0HþLVODY DQG 5XGROI äiþHN ³8NUDGHQp´ YHVQLFH ýHVNê 7ČãtQ 0X]HXP 7ČãtQVND &KDOXSHFNê,YDQ .UYDYiKUDQLFDQD'XQDMFL2GHOHQt~]HPLDQHUR]KRGROSOHELVFLW Ä+LVWRULFNiUHYXH³ ± &LąJZD -y]HI 6ORYHQVNi QiURGQRVWQi PHQãLQD Y 3RĐVNX 'HMLQ\ D V~þDVQRVĢ , in: $OPDQDFK6áRZDF\Z3ROVFH6ORYiFLY3RĐVNX9,.UDNRY 7RZDU]\VWZR6áRZDNyZ Z3ROVFH6SRORN6ORYiNRYZ3RĐVNX±%UDWLVODYD .UDMDQVNpP~]HXP0DWLFHVORYHQ- skej, pp. 9–29. 'HiN/DGLVODY +UDR6ORYHQVNR, Bratislava: Veda. )ULHGO-LĜtDQG=GHQČN-LUiVHN5R]SDþLWpVSRMHQHFWYt þHVNRVORYHQVNRSROVNpY]WDK\ YOHWHFK ± 3UDKD 1DNODGDWHOVWYt $OHã6NĜLYDQ Garek, Martin. 2007. +RUQi2UDYDDVHYHUQê6SLãYURNRFK ± , in: $OPDQDFK6áRZD F\Z3ROVFH6ORYiFLY3RĐVNX;,.UDNRY 7RZDU]\VWZR6áRZDNyZZ3ROVFH6SRORN 6ORYiNRYZ3RĐVNXSS± Gotkiewicz, Marian. 1998. :VSRPQLHQLD ] SUDF NRPLVML GHOLPLWDF\MQHM SROVNRVáRZDFNLHM RGE\W\FKZOLVWRSDG]LH UQDRGFLQNX6SLV]D2UDZ\L&]DGHFNLHJR, “Wierchy” 6: 99–148. .DPLĔVNL0DUHN.D]LPLHU] 3ROVNRF]HFKRVáRZDFNLHVWRVXQNLSROLW\F]QH ±, :DUV]DZD 3DĔVWZRZH:\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH .RZDOVNL5REHUW6SUDZR]GDQLD7DGHXV]D.RVPDOLLQVSHNWRUD0LQLVWHUVWZD$GPL QLVWUDFML3XEOLF]QHM]V\WXDFMLJRVSRGDUF]HMLVSRáHF]QRSROLW\F]QHMQDJyUQHM2UDZLH ZODWDFK ± , “Rocznik Orawski” 3: 79–114. .RĨPLĔVNL0DFLHM 3ROLWLFVSURSDJDQGDDQGQDWLRQDODZDUHQHVVLQWKH3ROLVK6OR YDNERUGHUODQGDIWHUWKH)LUVW:RUOG:DU, “Acta Poloniae Historica” 63–64: 149–174. Kwiek, Julian. 2002. =G]LHMyZPQLHMV]RĞFLVáRZDFNLHMQD6SLV]XL2UDZLHZODWDFK ± , .UDNyZ 7RZDU]\VWZR6áRZDNyZZ3ROVFH6SRORN6ORYiNRYZ3RĐVNX Machay, Ferdinand. 1992. 0RMDGURJDGR3ROVNL.UDNyZ 2¿F\QD:\GDZQLF]D³$JDW3ULQW´ Machay, Ferdinand. 1945. 1D2UDZLHL6SLV]X“Dziennik Polski” 156/13.7: 2. 0LãNRYLþ$ORM] 1DSUDYHQiNULYGD7XUþLDQVN\6YlWê0DUWLQ .RPSDV
64 6ORYDN3ROLVKUHODWLRQVKLSVLQ ± LQWKHFRQWH[WRIERUGHUGLVSXWHV
Orlof, Ewa. 1995. 2UDZDL6SLV]ZODWDFK – , in: Tadeusz M. Trajdos (ed.), 6SLV] L2UDZDZURF]QLFĊSRZURWXGR3ROVNLSyáQRFQ\FKF]ĊĞFLREX]LHP, Krakow: Wydaw- nictwo i drukarnia “Secesja”, pp. 11–24. 5R]PRZD]RMFHPSROVNLHM2UDZ\NSSURERV]F]HP0-DEáRĔVNLP. 1945. “Dziennik Polski” 184/10.8: 3. 6\UQê0DUHN.SUREOHPDWLNH+RUQHM2UDY\DVHYHUQpKR6SLãDSRGUXKHMVYHWRYHM YRMQH, “Acta Historica Neosoliensia” 8: 137–144. âLPRQþLþ-R]HI'HQQtNGU)UDQWLãND+UXãRYVNpKRSUHGVHGX'HOLPLWDþQHMNRPLVLH þHVNRVORYHQVNRSRĐVNHMURNX , “Studia Historica Tyrnaviensia” 3: 305–332. Tomaszewski, Jerzy. 1995. &]HFKRVáRZDFNDSURSDJDQGDSOHELVF\WRZDQD6SLV]XL2UDZLH ± ³6WĜHGQtDYêFKRGQt(YURSDYNUL]L;;VWROHWt$FWD8QLYHUVLWDWLV&DUROL- nae Philosophica et historica” 3–4: 323–334. 9DULQVNê 9ODGLPtU 9\WYiUDQLH VHYHUQHM KUDQLFH 6ORYHQVND QD 2UDYH D 6SLãL YU ± LQ /HV]HN.XEHUVNLDQG0LFKDá/LV HGV 5RN Z3ROVFHLZSDĔ VWZDFKVąVLHGQLFK, Opole: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Opolskiego, pp. 133–137.
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