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In the Heart of Polish Salem: an Ethnohistorical Study of St.Joseph Hall and Its Neighborhood

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In the Heart of Polish Salem: an Ethnohistorical Study of St.Joseph Hall and Its Neighborhood National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Ethnography Program Northeast Region IN THE HEART OF POLISH SALEM: AN ETHNOHISTORICAL STUDY OF ST.JOSEPH HALL AND ITS NEIGHBORHOOD SALEM MARITIME NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE SPECIAL ETHNOGRAPHIC REPORT In the Heart of Polish Salem: An Ethnohistorical Study of St. Joseph Hall and Its Neighborhood Cathy Stanton, Ph.D. and Jane Becker, Ph.D. Prepared under cooperative agreement with University of Massachusetts – Amherst History Department Northeast Region Ethnography Program National Park Service Boston, MA December 2009 Cover photo: Members of the St. Joseph Society in front of St. Joseph Hall on its fiftieth anniversary, 1949 (Dorothy Filip) i EX E CUTIV E SUMMARY This report focuses on Polish Americans in Salem, Massachusetts, and their associations with St. Joseph Hall (now owned by Salem Maritime National Historic Site) and the Derby Street neighborhood in which the national park site is located. The report (1) documents how members of Salem’s Polish American community have developed a sense of themselves as a collective group over time from the period of early immigration through the present, (2) explores the role of the St. Joseph Society and its hall within their identity as a distinct ethnic community over time, and (3) provides a basis for future research and for an ongoing collaboration between community members and the park to document, preserve, and celebrate the history of Poles in Salem. Key findings are as follows: • The work of self-definition among Salem’s Polish Americans took place over three generations in the overlapping contexts of (1) Polish history and nationalism, (2) the mostly urban ethnic enclaves of Polish America, and (3) the city of Salem, with its growing immigrant populations, its increasingly industrialized economy, and its deep sense of its own historical roots. Beginning with a somewhat chaotic first-generation mix of linguistic, regional, religious, and ideological sub-groups from a wide range of socioeconomic classes, Poles in Salem and the U.S. gradually achieved a general consensus about the central place of the Polish Roman Catholic Church within Polish American identity and a view of their community which emphasized family ties, property ownership, and hard work. • There remains tremendous affection among Salem’s Poles for the “old neighborhood” along Derby Street. Many people have fond recollections of this neighborhood as a largely self-contained ethnic enclave that incorporated home life, elementary school, shopping, and socializing. • The third-generation Polish Americans who retain first-hand memories of the Derby Street neighborhood as a center of Polish life in the city are now in their sixties and older, and there is a generational and often geographical divide between the primary participants in this project and younger Polish Americans with roots in Salem. However, a sense of connection and community endures. Older Polish Americans in Salem are concerned but pragmatic about how their i Executive Summary community is continuing to change in the early twenty-first century. They recognize that if their local Polish Catholic church is eventually closed, as many ethnic parishes have been, an important cultural center will have been lost. But they see models in other Polish communities for retaining a sense of collective identity even without the historical center provided by the church. Five recommendations emerged from this study: • The park should find ways to strengthen direct connections with interested third- generation Polish Americans in and around Salem, and to work with them to broaden the base of interest in St. Joseph Hall and Salem’s Polish history. • Making St. Joseph Hall as available as possible to interested community members for gatherings, meetings, and other activities will help to strengthen these connections. • The park should ensure continuity and succession among park staff involved in this community partnership so that relationships and projects around St. Joseph Hall do not depend on a small number of individuals. • Establishing connections with interested staff at the House of Seven Gables could be a way to recognize and perhaps revitalize the important role played by the Gables in Polish neighborhood and community history over time. • Future ethnohistorical research could fruitfully be conducted in several areas, outlined in Chapter Seven. ii iii Executive Summary TABL E OF CONT E NT S Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... i List of Illustrations and Tables .....................................................................................................v Foreword – David Kayser ........................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... xi Chapter One – Background and Purpose of this Study ..................................................... 1 A General Overview of the Project ............................................................................... 1 Salem’s Poles as a “Traditionally Associated People” ................................................. 6 Data Collection and Analysis ....................................................................................... 12 Outline of this Report ................................................................................................... 22 Chapter Two – Immigrants and Industry: Early Polish Settlement in Salem and the Founding of the St. Joseph Society ....................................................... 25 Pre-industrial Salem ...................................................................................................... 27 Industrial Salem ............................................................................................................. 31 From Poland to Salem ................................................................................................... 36 The St. Joseph Society and Salem’s First Polish Generation .................................... 46 Chapter Three – Making Salem Home: Social and Spiritual Infrastructure in the Immigrant Community, 1899-1909 ............................................... 67 Overview ......................................................................................................................... 67 St. John the Baptist Polish Roman Catholic Church ................................................. 69 Building St. Joseph Hall: The St. Joseph Society Creates a Community Base ....... 84 Chapter Four – Economic Life in Polish Salem, 1899-1939 ............................................ 99 Mutual Assistance in Action ......................................................................................... 99 “A Little Town”: Derby Street as Salem’s Polish Main Street (1912) ................... 103 1914 as a Watershed Year in Polish Salem ................................................................ 113 The Salem Fire ............................................................................................................. 116 At Work in the Leather and Textile Industries ......................................................... 120 Labor Relations and the 1933 Strike ......................................................................... 124 Salem’s Polish Main Street Revisited (1939) ............................................................ 131 Chapter Five – Becoming Polish American: Two Sites of Transition .......................... 143 Men, Women, and Politics in Polish Salem: 9 Daniels Street ................................ 144 Singing and Soldiering: The Firehouse at 128 Derby Street .................................. 156 ii iii Table of Contents Chapter Six – Growing Up Polish American: The Third Generation of Poles in Salem ..................................................................................................................... 171 Bridging the Generations: Grandparents and Grandchildren .............................. 171 Language and Learning: St. John the Baptist School ............................................. 177 The House of Seven Gables as a Polish Community Institution ........................... 191 Old Clubs, New Generation ....................................................................................... 209 Chapter Seven – Neighbors and Partners: Polish Salem and Salem Maritime NHS Today ......................................................................................... 219 Salem’s Polish Community Today ............................................................................. 221 The Park/Community Relationship .......................................................................... 232 Suggestions for Future Research ............................................................................... 236 Afterword – Linda Moustakis ................................................................................................. 243 Annotated Bibliography .......................................................................................................... 245 Appendix A List of Interviews ............................................................................................... 267 Appendix B Project Documents ............................................................................................ 269 Appendix C Minutes
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