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1:24i'r=r11 112.0 I.8 1.25 1.6 t DjctJ1E RESUME lb i28 257 SO 009 370 1U7UOR DeVilti, jam ; !tfl Others 7LE FxonettLevemt to Suburbia: A New Ili cjaeloprd. INSTITL1TIOR lelmoforrd Pliblic Schools, Mass. PUE IIATE 7 6 No '7E 6 4p . MPS P:RICE 11-$.0,83 flc-. .SQ Plus Postage. DESC-_3172T0B5 ccloosi.aL Iiiioty (United States) ;Community; Ccamarlity Attitudes; Community Change; *Community Omaracteristjxs; *Community Study; Geography; H5-storiograhy; History; Industrialization;Land settlement; lamd Use; *Local Color Writing; *local History; Local Issues; Primary Sources; Secondary Scoial History; Studett Developed materi_als;*UnitedStates History DENTI Massac.rha se tt (Ch el ms ford) ABSTFACT A histor-y of chelmsfo:d, Massachusetts, from 1655 to 1970 is prerited.. iiri_tt-en as an historiography exercise by students at ChelmsfordHiglaSchool, the study is intended to acquaint residen-ts and students ol Chelmsford with the town's past and its rela-tio.nslipwithsarrou/alle communities and the United States. Chapter onem coloni al settlement Develops," describes geographic features andrecordsClieln.sford's economic, political, and social development into a tqpiczl Poritan community. Chapter two, gaChelmsford Prepares f or Independence," provides information on the town.' s prerevoluti_onary apolitical activities and on its war experience. Chapter three, "Chelmsford at the Edge of Industrial Ameri_ca," chronicles the tiown's economic development during and immeaiate2y following the Civil War, at which time Chelmsford lost Ruch of its most promisizg industry to larger towns. Chapter four, "Twentieth Centuryhe lesfcret," describes the town's "coming of age" with the post World War aI growth in defense and space industries. The authors conclude tiat Chelmsford presently is a mature suburban community facing the contirini_ng task of preserving and improving its guali.ty of life. it postscrp.t, bibli graphy, and summaries of each cha pt er axe included. (A aathor/DB) * ******************************** *********** tocuments acluired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * erials not avaiaahle from other sources. ERIC makes every effort * * to obtailn the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal* * reprodUciDility are ofteri encountered and this affects the quality* * of -the miCrofiche and bardc opar reproductions ERIC makes available * via the ERIC Document Repro duction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * respoilsb1e for the guaili-ty of the original document. Eeproductions * * supplied toy EDRs axe the best that can be made from the original. * * ***It 2:4***A1***V **4*** 44c slig****** **************************************** FROM SETTLEMENT TO SUBURBIA A NEW HISTORY OF CHELMSFORD T.1 5 CPAn TRI1NT OF HEALTH. EQUCAT ION I WELFARE NAT D'JNAL I wiTITLITE OF cc:KmAT ION THD_10cHmENT HAS STEN RET,RO. DUELD hAC1LY AS RECEIVED FROm THE FEWT,0^1 OR ORGANIZATiONDRIGIN. ATING PONTSDTT VIEWOR OPINIONS TAT1-D DO NOT NE':EINARD,Y REPRE. DTI-T ICIAL NArIONAL INOTITOTO EDOCII-.110,1 POSILIOR OR POLICY -FHA m15510 REPTIODUCErt-ws QFIANTED 6`1, ...0-HTO El e L os NU onANIZATIONS (-Pr HATINci UNDER laREEMEN7l WITH THENATIONAL IN sTrrliTE OF EDNCATION FURTHER PPPO= AiCTION OUTRIK THE ERICr-feSTEN RF DipPER PERMIS5iDN OF THE CGPTAIGHT ANER De Vita. Larose Milani.Riley with Leclerc andMitsakos FROM SETTLEMENT TO SUBURBIA A NEW HISTORY OF CHELMSFORD James A. DeVita E. Nicholas Milam Lawrence A. Larose Kathleen P. Riley Chelmsfo d High School Class of 1976 with Daniel C. Lecle Charles L. Mitsakos Social Studies Te her Social Studies Coordinator CHELMSFORD PUBLIC SCHOOLS CHELMSFORD, MASSACHUSETTS 3 authorized publication of the Ch&isford Revolutionary War Bicentennial Celebrations Commission Hi. Consultants: Jam Drury and Eleanor Parkhurst Photographs: Courtesy of the Chelmsford Historical Society, Robert S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology at Phillips Academy and the Chelmsford Newsweekly Graphic Artist D. Nikki Richardson Typeset: Marilyn Ryan Printing: Picken Press North Chelmsford Massachusetts Copyright 6D 1976 Chelmsford PuEic Schools TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface A Colonial Settlement Develops The Topographical Features of Chelmsford... The First Inhabitants... Rise of European Settlement... Emergence of the Chelmsford Power Structure... Early Town Planning. Architecture in Colonial Chelmsford... Summary II. Chelmsford Prepares for Independence 13 Prelude to Revolution... Preparation for lar... Chelms ord and the Revolutionary War... Summary III. Chelmsford at the Edge of Industrial America 21 Industrial Development... Early Chelmsford Industries... Lowell, A Planned Industrial Community... The Chelmsford Connection... Support for Abolition Grows... On the Battle and Home Fronts of the Civil War... Reform... Immigrants Become New Settlers for the Area... Summary IV. Twentieth Century Chelmsford 37 The Industrial Boom Continues... Industrial DeVelopment in Chelmsford... Industrial Investment and Decline... Great War Brings Changes... The Depression Years... World War II and Industrial Revitalization... Housing Industry Keeps Pace with Town Growth... Town Meeting Maintained for 300 Years... Summary V. A Postscript 55 Bibliograpki 57 PREFACE From 5e tlement to Suburbia: A_ New_litslary_of Chelmsford was written by four students enrolled in the United States History Seminar course for the 1975-1976 school year at Chelmsford High School. The main objective of this ;:ourse was to instruct students in the skills of writing history. These skills, such as researching diffaent materials and d_awing and backing theories and conclusiors, were stressed in hopes that somedaythey would utilize this knowledge. This goal and much more has been fulfilled with this book. In addition to the actual research and writing, the four stu- dents displayed their individual strengths by proof-reading, correcting and organizing their work in a chronological order. The students also gained personal experience in working alone and as a group on a single project. The result of all of this time and effort you now hold in your hands. The purpose of this history is to acquaint the residents and students of Chelmsford with an idea of this town's past wi.an individual town as woll as how it related to the communities surrounding it and to the United tes as a whole. Various parallel social, political and economic events hak-7 taken place and ara presently taking place in towns and cities across the nation and Chelmsford is no exception. It is in this vein that From Settlemen_ Suburbia. A New Historof Chelmsford was written. A COLONIAL SETTLEMENT DEVELOPS e,14,31t )1 9 :-.41 Ne(1.1' he z Thf_ip_v2aL42111c.ILIJI1IL!mjLtj;litlraLf_plA Chelmsford (coranonly pronounced "CHEMZ-ford") is situated 23 miles n r h- west of Boston in Middlesex County, Massachusetts. Incorporated in 1655, the town has many interesting topog aphical fea- tu-es The highest point is Robin's Hi'l, so named because tradition said that the first cultivator of the area belonged to the Robin family of the Pennacook Indians. This hill became an important geographical feature of the area because, it was said, the pine tree that once grew at its summit was the first view of land sighted by sailors entering Boston Harbor. It also commanded a wide view of the surrounding area, not a small feature during early settlement. The towns of Carlisle, Lowell, Westford, and Littleton were once located wi hin the boundaries of Chelmsford. Two rivers border Chelmsford, the Merrimack to the north and Concord to the east. These rivers proved to be prime attractions for trade and manufac- turing in and around Chelmsford durng the 18th and 19th centuries. Settlers in the 17th century noted that there was fertile soil along the Merrimack and Concord Rivers, but much of the rest of the soil was shallow and sandy or rocky and hard. As a result, the main assets of the town at that time were its fisheries, granite, limestone, clay, peat, and wood. One of the most interesting features of the town is the Middlesex Canal. Opened in 1804 to connect the Merrimack and Concord Rivers, the part con- structed th ough East Chelmsford rose 25 feet above the waters of the Merri- mack by employing three locks. The modern equivalent of the canal are the interstate highways. Routes 3 and 495 pass directly through Chelmsford placing it within easy reach of Bos- ton, New Hampshire, and most of the municipal and industrial centers of the Northeast. 9 The Fi st Inhabitants When dealing with the history of Chelmsford it is only naturaland right to begin with its first krloWn inhabitants: the Indians. But because the in- diginous population of colonial Massachusetts did not recognize,and there- fore did not have town, county, and state boundaries, therewas no sole tribe f Indians living entirely in Chelmsford. Instead, there was a variety of tribes inhabiting various areas of the town. The tribes that farmed and resided along the Merrimack and Concord River valleyswere the Pawtuckett and Wampanoag tribes. The former were a relatively sedate farming tribe inhabiting the area now knftia as North Chelmsford and Lowell. The latter inhabited the South Chelmsford area to the Concord River. This tribe was rather large and friendly and even held a corner in the English trading market during the early years. Both tribes were members of the Algonquin language group. This group, wh ch spread throughout the eastern region of the United States from Carolina to Labrador, hada common language and simi- lar culture among the tribes whid composed it. Contrary to the stereotype