E n ere a or n t o A c t of C on ress t d cc di g g , i n r t h e y ea 1900,

B " A C H E B U T LE H U B T R R R L ER ,

I n t h e O fic e of t h e Lib ra ri a n of C ongress at W as n t n hi g o . N O T E

H E call for independent copies of my copyrighted mono ” graph The Indian Thoroughfares of Ohio has led to its

on revision and publicati in the present form . The new title In ” dian Thorou ghfares of the Central West is qu ite as appropri ate as

rm for u os of has e i n the fo er, , tho gh m t the field work b en done

of a t the state Ohio , all the import nt trails had their destina ion

without the state . When not otherwise stated, towns and coun

ties mentioned are in Ohio .

The monograph was written at the suggestion of Mr . Ran

dall , the successful secretary of the Ohio State Archaeological

H a o sh an and istoric l S ciety , and was publi ed in the J uary quarterly of soc e that i ty.

a 26 1 0 0 . Columbus , Ohio, J nuary , 9

PED MEN ’S DOADS

n ISTOR" tells of two O hios the old and the ew . The old Ohio was all of that portion of the central west

i and e w t o dra ned by the Ohio All gheny rivers , hich , R r to B el l e i vi ere N ew a . gether, fo med of Fr nce It w s included the territory bet een the Alleghenie , the Mississippi

as we and the great lakes, save except the country of Illinois, a l t h e which early in history bec me a territory distinct by itse f , as

- s- k as meadow lands of Kan t a ee became distinct later . As late “ ” t ar n n o as he Revolutionary w a English map pri ted Ohio s uth , l well as north , of the Ohio river . Of this central west (the old Ohio) only that part whi ch lay north of the Ohio river contained a resident Indian pogu lation . That portion south of the river was the Korea “ ” of the central west the dark and bloody battle ground of su rrou nding nations half a centu ry before the white man gave it that name .

t h e North of the Ohio river, in valleys of the Alleghany,

a W a Beaver, Muskingum , Scioto , Sandusky, Mi mi , Maumee , bash and Illinois , more white men knew the redman intimately than perhaps anywhere in the U nited States in the eighteenth

d i n - n century . This knowledge of the In ian his own home la d resulted in gi ving to t h e world a mass of material respecting his country, customs and character . Among other things this knowledge of the northern division of the old Ohio during t h e

Indian regime made it possible to map it, and some of these maps are essentially correct .

’ “ 1 Ma wi P ownal l s Mi ddl e B ri ti sh Col oni es i n N orth A meri ca 1 6 p th 77 , Lon on ( d , ’ - 6 RED MEN S ROA D S .

The eastern half of the northern division of the old Ohio off lying between the Beaver and Miami rivers, ers special induce ments to prosecute t he study of this branch of Indian archae l a . ology, the Indian thoroughfares of the centr west Perhaps the more important conditions are not answered any better in any portion of the continent than in what is now the state of Ohio ; it contained a resident Indian population ; it was ext ensi v el v

a n visited during Indi n occupatio by explorers , traders , spies ,

r armies, missionaries , su veyors and geographers , who studied and

was and knew the land as it then ; and , finally , a last imperative

condition is answered , it is in part a hilly country . It is possible to believe that in the earliest times the In i n dians travelled only on rivers and lakes . When they turned

- and land we can be practically sure that they found , ready made

- of deeply worn , the very routes travel which have since borne

r adm ki n their name . For the beginning of the history of o a g

' o t wo in this central west, we must g back centuries , when the ff w bu alo, urged by his need of change of climate , ne er feeding grounds and fresher salt licks , first found his way through the forests . Even if the first thoroughfares were made by the mas

’ mou ndbu i l d er w todon and the , they first came to hite man s “ ” ff t 1 knowledge as bu alo traces , and later became Indian rails .

w we In Kentucky , hich have already noted as unoccupied by “ ” w resident Indians , the word trace has come do n from last

1 A vivid description of the trail s of D arkest A frica as seen by D u C h ai l l u and Stanl ey h as come rec entl y fro m t h e pen of Jul ian H awthorne nd ma be n e est n i n t s onnec i on a “ y i t r i g hi c t T s a l s t wo or e e i n w a e se as ex he e tr i , but thr e f et idth , tr v r the v t panse from one side t o another ; you wal k i n them singl e—fil e ; if you s e as for a few o s ou ma s en s of o l e r n t o t p ide r d , y y p d the re t y ur if t yi g fin n A o n ou on e er s are an ol mns d the route agai . r u d y v y ide the gig tic c u of o es - s o a t wo n e al o o s and the f r t tree ; verhe d, hu dred f et ft, their b ugh dense fol iage make a roof through which no sunshine ever fal l s ; al l i s as na ma e e a s n l na ow ea of o o a e ture de it, xc pt th t i g e rr thr d th r ughf r , m o an o rea e man oo s s non can el l how an s a s a . c t d by hu f t tep , e t y th u d ye r g F or a s we k s mon s ou ol l ow s a l s o e o san s of m l s d y , e , th , y f uch tr i , v r th u d i e ; t e we l ai ou t w o a om ass t h e na ns n of the sa a e h y re d ith ut c p , by u ided i ti ct v g ;

MA P

RA N A R H D IND IAN T ILS O W TE S E S.

"Th e evol ution of ou r A merican highways i s described el sewhere. A nd whil e not icing the fact that ou r roads have been comi ng down hill

for a n i s n s n t o a a s i s of ou r z a on. ce tury , it i tere ti g rec ll th t thi true civili ti O u r s owns w on t o s as w as ou r s oa s and k e fir t t ere the hill p , ell fir t r d , li a om wn n a s T h e n of mo the ro ds have c e do i t o the v lley . eed the tive power furni shed by t h e streams led t o the building of mill s i n the v al h m n f s A o t e m s s an sma s t m n s. o o ley . b ut ill pr g up ll et le e t The c i g the a wa era was oom of ’ t h ou sand s of o owns and a s and r il y the d pr ud t vill ge , and the shrill scream of the loc omotive sounded t h e passing of the ol d thoroughfare s on the hills . no n n m om i onn i n a A ther i teresti g atter c es up n this c eec t o . A fter l a t o at Ad ebert C o C an a w k nown O o ecture by the u h r llege , level d , ell hi s a o and am on of oo oa s ook t on t o a s at legi l t r ch pi g d r d , t excep i t e ment made th at the first clearings and farms were al ong the ol d high i m n a a m n a m ways on the hilltop s. There s uch evide ce th t the st te e t s a de was and i an n s n s on for s ss on n s . s o true , it i tere ti g que ti di cu i The que ti s t o s a n s and a ms not t h e o a o n of t h e s set refer the fir t cle ri g f r , l c ti fir t t l emen nd wn Se a w s s a o f a ari n f t s a to s. ver l riter pe k the e rly cle g o o s D e H ass for ns an and n of st mon of the hillt p , , i t ce , the burde te i y the pioneers with wh om I have tal k ed i s that the first farms were on I n c on c an no o l the hill s. su h a questi there be rule t h old tru e i n al as s i s a m o n t o ak w i we w i n c e , but there iddle gr u d t e , h ch , believe , ill n o a r n f h m cli e t w rd ou origi al v iew o t e atter . " ( 7 ) ’ - 8 RE D ME N S RO A DS .

century rather than trail , which is the word generally used by 1 the oldest inhabitants of Ohio . ff a a The routes of the plunging bu alo , weighing thous nd o a d a p unds and capable of covering two hundred miles y,

were well suited to the needs of the Indian . One who has any conception of the west as it was a century and a half wh o ago, can see the river valleys filled with the immemorial fl plunder of the river oods , can realize that there was but one

- wa man practicable passage y across the land for either beast or , m H and that , on the sum its of the hills . ere on the hilltops , a w mounting on the longest ascending ridges , lay the t ny paths w i hwa s ff . h of the bu alo and Indian They ere not only g y , they 2 hi hest wa s were the g y , and chosen for the best of reasons

I ff . The hilltops o ered the driest courses ; from them water was sh ed most quickly and least damage was caused

by erosion . we 2 . The hilltops re windswept ; the snow of winter w and the leaves of summer ere alike driven away , leaving

little or nothing to block or obscure the pathway .

3 . The hilltops were coigns of vantage for outlook

and signalling .

n n C as but they bri g you by the shortest route from di sta t sea t o sea . 1 127 mo ol i tan N o m 899 . . p , ve ber , p

1 i k w n The t wo great thoroughfares n Kentuc y ere o buff alo traces. ’ n n a B oone s road led t o the B lue Grass cou try where Lexi gton w s built. ’ ’ Lo an s oa B oon s at Ro k as l C k and t o C a O a g r d left e c c t e ree led r b rch rd , ’ ’ “ ” l l Road B a s own B u l l i t t t s L k and Lo s . S e s W i d erness rd t , ic ui vil e p ed , 27 p . . 2 I n such a study as the present nothing coul d be of more val ue than ' t h e t esti mony ofie red by the Jesui t mi ssiona ries t o N ew France duri ng C a on w ons an the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. it ti s ill c t tly be ma t o s a o m of s mon some m s as oo some m s de thi gre t v lu e te ti y, ti e pr f , ti e i n on as a wa s t o n an s om and a i n e e c tr t, but l y depict the I di cu t “ pr ctice r f r r o a on w om u i R l ati n and ence t o ou r sub"ect . O u qu t ti s ill be fr J es t e o s ” Mr R n ol T w u m G a t es . A l l i ed D oc ent s edited by . eube d h i Th e great snow fall s of C anada were not experienced south of Lake i n n no ff of m sno on u s of E . t o w e rie It s i te“resti g te the e ect uch the l wa w 3 e of snow and no a Indian trai s : There s every here f et ; “ p ths ” l " I I D . o Rel . an oc . n ma I es . d V . W e a e h ad y et bee de ( , p dep rt d o e on 13t h and a om er a at n a r con theref r , the re ched h e v y l te ight, fte ’ - A 9 RED MEN S RO DS .

w and The follo ing chart gives the names , destinations routes o f the Indian thoroughfares of the central west . Of many Th e a oi trails only a few became prominent . est blishment

forts , as at Detroit and Pittsburg, and of trading stations , ren 1 d ered certain trails especially important . Of these the follow ing were well known

si d erabl e troubl e for the paths were onl y about half a foot wide where snow wo s s a n one and ou n e so t o the uld u t i , if y tur ed ev r little the right ” w i n al wa l " r ou t o o r do. o . o s V V . left y ere it h f y up y u thigh ( , p It i s quite evident from the records of t he Jesuit missionaries that t h e trail s of C anada were not of such importance as routes of travel as

were those south of the lakes. Th e long winters and deep snows rendered t m for a a of t h e ea s m n w n m a ss . he , the gre ter p rt y r ee i gly , ell igh i p ible T h e rivers were the main routes of travel and the missionaries call both “ ” “ water and l and routes roads indi scriminately the whole length oi the road ( from the H uron country t o Q uebec) i s full of rapid s and ” l " i D . . " . s. o Vo precip ce ( II , p 1 B u t the Indi an trails h ad much t o d o with the l ocation of the forts D o an sk P and a n s a ons . S s Ma a and i n tr di g t ti etr it, du y, itt burg, riett C ci nnat i w a s st ra et i c o n s for w s for o ere the e rlie t g p i t the hite , b th trade a d war and s w o a i n na al st ra et i o on B n c s . , the e ere l c ted tur ly g p iti s u t for the l ocation of the scores of inl and forts and trading houses the I n d an o o fa s m s a n s ons t o a a i th r ugh re u t h ve bee re p ible l rge degree . ’ - 10 RED MEN S RO A DS .

0 fl l ' £ - n 0 8 a x u 6 8 5 w fi o fi 3 0 0 5 5 0 5 o 3 0 a 5 0 fi m 0 0 2 ° 0 0 1 5 5 a $ 0 m 0 3 3 0 9 fi n 5 3 3 9 5 “ 9 5 o u 3 . 5 H 5 o 0 o 0 3 5 o 8 n n B 3 5 o d 9 fi 0 3 n 6 d 9 w 0 a 3 c 5 0 t 9 v 0 0 3 g 0 h 8 o 5 9 a 0 . m v fi 0 5 3 5 a 5 o 0 m 3 u m 9 0 0 u g n 0 » 0 « 2 = 0 n a 5 o 0 8 3 a 3 o g 0 t m 9 . w 0 0 . “ m 0 n n 3 o 5 f 0 $ 5 w 5 o 2 a m u 0 0 0 5 5 S a w5 u 0 s a 0 a 3 n 0 m 5 0 n 0 0 5E 5 £ 0 $ 5 2 0 5 8 0 m 0 t E 0 0 0 m5 8 0 m 0 J £ o 5 F o b 5 ? 0 5 m m w 0 u S t 0 0 8 s N 0 o 0 0 3 0 5 £ 8 0 E e R 5 m3 B 3 5 3 0 5 2 s N m 8 o 3 8 l I . 9 5 a m 0 n 5 z m 5 m0 2 u fi m o 9 mm 0 5 n E w w u 0 | s u M w 0 3 a 0 0 0 c = 0 > m 0 0 x | 0 0 m u a m s 0 > z u C m O z o 0 3 © m B 5 0 0 5 . 0 B 3 5 5 0 8 0 t 0 8 0 0 0 mo 5 2 0 a u Q

’ 1 2 R D - N A E ME S RO DS .

3

5 a 5 0 8 1 l i 0 3 m3 3 fi 0 s o 5 » m n mA E . w z 3 w 0 w c w 3 n n B a a 0 o n fi s a a m 3 v l o 3 s 0 2 m0 s 0 0 ma z 9 8 f O n0 5 u m 3 c u a w 0 $ 0 0 0 e m 0 8 | s M i 5 0 m 5 0 u 0 5 5 0 3 t 0 t 0 a o 5 u m 0 0 0 mmo O m

MA P

IND IA N T H O RO UGH FA RES O F TH E C ENTRA L W EST .

f i H n Se al n an "Th e gene ral plan o t his map s that of utc hi s. ver I di a s and n an l a s a e n a om ot ma s mak n tr il I di vi l ge h v bee dded fr her p , i g it

perhaps the most complete map Of the populated portion of the central west. s e w l l no a o s not n w s n or publi h d . It i be ticed th t it d e i clude the e ter p T i s ow n t o a a ol d ma s a mos no n an tion. his i g the f ct th t the p give l t I di t a s w s of n a O h o s ow n a so i no a n wh h r il e t ce tr l i , h i g the b lute g r ce ic existed of it when the central and sou thern porti ons were quite wel l

k n n Th e n an a s are n m t o o s on w a . ow . I di tr il u bered c rre p d ith the ch rt Th e n e s of n an o l a on s o no a o f three ce t r I di p pu ti h uld be ted , th t the W n o s on w s rn s o s of Lak E w s t a o t ya d t the e te h re e rie , here they et led b u 1701 a of t h e D awa s e ween O h o and M sk n m and ; th t el re , b t the i u i gu wes wa w am om as n a w os nam t t rd , hither they c e fr the e ter v lley h e e hey o w n 1740 a nd 1750 and Sh awnese i n S o o a b re bet ee ; the the ci t V lley , 174 B h e m l which they occupied after 0. y t iddle of ast century the n an o l a on i n o a l l m n o n n o I di p pu ti O hi w s fu y deter i ed . C u ti g f ur t o a famil y there may h ave been twelve thousand Indians i n the present O o i n 1770 as O o am n al n o n he hi , but hi bec e the ge er fighti g gr u d t no rthern and western nat i ons hurried their warrio rs ea stward t o the or and i n 1779 w oss t en o san wa r o s a on b der , there ere p ibly th u d r i r l e ’ n n ol B u et wi thin the co fines of the norther d O hio . oq s route i s marked ’ ons o sl as i n B a oc k s Roa and c picu u y , r dd d ( 13 ) ’ 1 4 - N A RED ME S RO D S .

“ $ c 0 a3 0 0 0 a 0 v n t n , 0 5 k 2 § 0 o d 5 w 0 o 5 5 mw a u 0 5 u v fi a 0 h o 8 M x 0 o 0 5 m d 0 8 m 0 5 u w $ 0 v w 0 3 0 5 q t 4 0 0 0 9 a o 5 0 w a C “ 3 O 0 0 w © a 3 3 0 s 0 0 3 3 5 0 0 3 9 0 0 8 0 n 0 0 0 o 0 0 8 o8 “8 0 4 ’ - A 15 RE D ME N S RO DS . ’ 16 D - RE MEN S RO AD S .

Advancing civilization has made the valley and hillside blos som as the rose ; the rivers are dredged until they look little as they did in the old days ; great chasms have been hewn through hill and mountain by the railways — but the rough n summits of the hills are left much as they were . And here o

the highlands , which were to the trade and travel of the olden l time what our through trunk railways are to us , one may stil follow the serpentine highways of the buffalo and Indian with

as perfect assurance , in many cases , as he may follow the rail ’ wa - y , turnpike or tow path in the valley below . The writer s I : sources of information have been , then ; a bibliography c ov

m w k s ering the any narratives , diaries and memoirs , and the or

w m c en ritten upon them , which have co e down to us from last tury ; 2 : Personal exploration and interviews with many of t ha t race of pioneers wh o knew this west when the Indian thorough 1 fares were its main routes of travel . Compare any good geological or topographical map of Ohi o ’ w m H H ec k ewel ith one of the old aps of last century , utchin s , ’ ’ w f m o der s or Evan s , and it ill not be di ficult to deter ine , the l l h i h "J ret i ca wa s . y, the courses of the old g y Among the several u a l g iding principles one is of very great help , and that, the gener rule that the trails kept faithfully on the summit of the water — ma s sheds for even what y be termed valley trails , as di tinct

- w from cross country trails , kept well a ay from the river courses , 3 H often a mile or more back on the highlands . aving once de

1 on man a o ow s a s a of anks a or A m g y the uth r e peci l debt th , gre ter D " n as ma t o ol l ow n n l men : Rev . a a less as the c e y be, the f i g ge t e vid t Mr a a B okaw of S o k r Z a . O Mr . . Zu tav e n of o of B ol ivar ; . J C r ; b di h r t c K ns T u s n n en Mr. . C l k of G a . po rt ; B ishop Van V ec de hutt ; F i ey ,

on al H o S o Es . o f Mr n H o of A kr so . carawas C o . . o ; J h vey ; J pe ut r , q

R mson of Ma a. n M. S Zanesville ; and th e H o . . ti riett ’ “ 2F arl ma s see B al wi n s Earl Ma s of Ohi o and the W est or e y p d“ y p , - l 1 W e tern Reserv e and N orthern Ohi o H i s a n fiv e Vo . . s tr ct twe ty , t P u bl i cati ons A r l A l so a n e l s of ma s i n tori cal S oci e y ( p i , ppe d d i t p possession of same society . “ ’ L e Jeu ne wrote Th e roa d t o the Savages cabins was very bad ; it ” n n e R l nd D ol s e . a oc . . was necessary t o ascend a very steep mou tai . (I . V “ ” S ee l s we t o be l om w o e one who fol " I . , p t p rugged hi l re c b, r t ’ l B a ock s a m o t he A l l e hani es on t he n an oa “owed r dd r y thr ugh g I di r d ; n l t o e es n e own w th e cannon and wa ons headlo g dec ivities b d ce d d, d hich g

Punch and Judy shows came a — 31 that w y p. .

’ 18 R D - M N A E E S RO DS .

T H E G REA T T RA I L

The great trail from Fort Pitt to Detroit descended the Ohio river from Fort Pitt to the mouth of the Big Beaver — struck northwest to headwaters of " ellow Creek passed north of New Lisbon on highlands between headwaters of Big Beaver streams and " ellow Creek came down into Big Sandy valley passed

C o . C o . near Bayard , Columbiana , Pekin (now Minerva) , Stark , i mi sh i l l en m Waynesburg and Sandyville , crossing N creek half ile above Sandyville — crossed Muskingum ( now Tusc arawas) at “ the Crossing Place of t h e Muskingu m at the new mouth of w Big Sandy struck north est , passing through old Baptist bury ing ground one - half mile south of Wooster— crossed the Killbuck north of the bridge on the Ashland road — westward near pre ’ O f e w wn sent site R edsburg to the Indian to n, Mohican John s to — t e e w C o . thence nor h est n ar the pr sent Castalia , Erie , to Fort Sandusky on Sandusky Bay — thence by River Raisin t T t . wo . . . and De roit river to For Detroit living men , Mr J C e " 1 Z u t av ern Z . v B 0 , of oar, and the ven rable Rev Da id ant , of

c r e m ivar , des ibed the course of the Gr at Trail fro Fort Pitt to h w h Z t w . n the Muskingum to e riter it out contradictions Mr .

e c m m 1 8 1 bu t t h e tav rn a e to Ohio fro Fort Pitt in 9 , crossed Ohio m at e C o . river Wellsvill , Colu biana , met the Great Trail near “ Bayard and followed it th ence to the Crossing Place of t h e

Muskingum ( Bolivar) .

MU SKI N GU M T RA I L

T " "IN T U SC A RA W A S C O U N . "

m a Take for instance this , the Muskingu trail , in Tuscaraw s

S h ow men ma county , to how fully yet living y be able to de scribe the course of the O l d time highway . The writer learns that descending the Muskingum (now Tuscarawas) on the west ern bank , it crossed Sugar Creek near the present site of Canal Dover — crossed Stone creek at its mouth — crossed Old Town — m creek at its mouth thence on the highland far s of A . W .

Patrick , A . Rupert , David Anderson , Elia Mathias , Chas . Kin ’

w . . sey (who was the riter s guide) , P F Kinsey , Sweitzer heirs ’ — — crossed Frye s creek farms of B . Gross and Wyant fol

MA P

A RA " TUSC WA S C O UNT .

"T h e map of Tu scara was C ounty will sh ow that it may be po ssibl e t o map t h e e ntire c entral west i f al l t h e grou nd were covered ca re ” l l O n no rn n i s t h e amo s C oss n P l a of t he fu y . the rthe li e f u r i g ce k n m on T a om o P o o D o T M s G a t e . s u i gu , the re t r il fr F rt itt F rt tr it hi ne f t h e mos amo i n I t s h n ford i s o o t f us the west . exac t sit e as bee n ou t t o w n a D a " an was a poi ted the riter by the ve er ble vid t . It ex ctly at s o w B i San now n e s t h e T s a awa s a n the p t here the g dy e t r u c r , h vi g broken from i t s ancient course and reaching t h e river some distance l i m s H a a m so o f of h fro m the o d t e e tuary . lf ile uth the site t e ol d ma n h e of o La ns i n o o s t s s o O . f rd y be ee ite F rt ure , the fir t f rt built hi

C o on B o et o ow G a T a om o P i -t t n l el qu f ll ed the re t r il fr F rt , but tur ed so t a ossi n t h e o ow n o n a e owa u h fter cr g river , f ll i g the r ute i dic t d t rd the — D el aware capitol at Gosh- gos hing ( C oshocton ) T h e river trail ( Mu s k i ng u m) came down t h e river and illustrates what h as been said c on cerning river tra il s keeping away from the river itself i n order t o follow h s l o T he a o h a al t e mo t pra cticab e c urse . uth r s so mapped this trail by owns s s ow n i t s o s ou a a m E n t hip , h i g c ur e thr gh e ch f r . very i ch of t his n i o of mo n n a on cou ty s w rthy the st searchi g i vestig ti . N ear the ol d m h e f h o Z er ti e highway lies t d ust o t e her ic ei sb g er. From it are seen t h e i am s of Gna n n and Sh oenb ru nn and t h e s of o n qu et h let de hutte , ri e gr u d ’ a h a n i h m s which m rks t e site of Fort L ure s . It s t e o t historic of al l O hio s n o o n es n w t h e on of W a s n on t h i teri r c u ti , i deed , ith excepti hi gt , e most h o n i n s a istori c c u ty the t te." ’ D - N 20 RE ME S RO A DS .

now P ort lowed Tuscarawas to site of Moravian town , Salem ( t w ard hi l Washing on) thence turned west ard onto hills tow C i,

Coshoc ton county .

MO N O N GA H ELA T RA I L

( 0 11 1 0 D IVI SIO N . )

Crossed Fairfield and Perry counties coming from t h e Sc i oto valley — descended Wolf creek in Morgan county to Mills H all farm — thence over the highland and down ridge thirty rods

’ east of Eve s schoolhouse Little Wolf creek on farm formerly owned by Jeremiah Stevens on old H armar and Lancas ter road — thence ov er ridge to William Pickett farm on branch of Bald Eagle creek — down creek to hills behind Stockport thence onto Wallace Ridge between Stockport and Roxb u ry R ’ stations of the Zanesville and Ohio River y . (where pictu r e

S w t om was taken as ho n in frontispiece , opposite si e of Big Bott

- o e Blockhouse) left Muskingum at Big Rock , one half mile ab v railway station Luke Chute crossed over the ridge and crossed the west branch of Wolf Creek at the mouth of Turkey Ru n through farm of George Conner — through Q uigley flats crossed south branch of Wolf creek about t wo miles above i t s junction with the west branch — t hence due southeast on high lands to a point opposite the mouth of the Little Kanawha thence to Monongahela as described under Virginian division Th e historical side of our subject is capable of indefinite expansion . The Indian trails of the old Ohio were the keys O a to the central west . They pened a w y for men to come to know and exploit it . The story of the first adventurers wh o “ ” followed these trails beyond the Great Mountains is of i n tense interest . To Walker and Boone and Gist and Washing on t h e ton , men who lived and beside the winding trails of en west, we owe our first knowledge of the land and the first 1 d eav ors to awaken a desire to reclaim it from savage hands .

" 1 I n Extracts from A n A nal ysi s of a General Map of t he Mi ddl e ’ ’ “ ” i n D a l n t on s J ou rnal s of C ri st o her i t B ri ti sh C ol oni es r i g p G s (p . we find s e t o a i n i n orm n wo l of t he “ thi tribut the tr der f i g the r d Th e Ma of o and i t s B an s as we l as t he P asses h o h W est : p O hi , r che , l t r ug ’ - A 21 RED MEN S RO DS .

ra 1 2 I I I and I l e Christopher Gist employed t ils , , , 4 , whi exploring the west for the first Ohio Company . George Wash ’ i ngt on knew every mile of Nemacolin s Path from Fort Cum “ ” berland , Md . , to the Forks of the Ohio . In his mission to 1 Fort la Boeuf he traversed No . 3 from the present site of Pitts burg .

In addition to the explorers and spies , the brave mission m aries came westward on the Indian trails . In so e instances they were the first white men to travel certain trails . “ ” - Why does the pale face travel so unknown a road , called an old Seneca chieftain from the door of his lodge t o the heroic “ Z ei sber er no g , pushing westward , this is road for white people ” and no white man has come this trail before . One of the most interesting maps made of early Ohio is in the handwriting H ec k ewel d er m of John , so long a faithful Moravian issionary in the Muskingum valley . This gives several trails not given on other maps . The knowledge gained by the first mission aries to the central west of the Indian nations and the geog ra h U p y of the land , was often of greatest value to the nited wh o States in peace and in war . The men came into the cen ' tral west in the h O pe of Christianizing the redman were fit suc “ ” ess r c o s to the brave black robes of the St . Lawrence and H an uron country, whose heroism stands unparalleled in the nal s of missionary endeavor .

If the Indian trails were useful to explorers in the west , fi m they were indispensable to the rst ar ies . Single men could , in time , push their way through pathless forests . For bodies of men hastening to a certain goal , carrying on their backs a C onse limited supply of food , this was out of the question . t quen ly, when the Indian thoroughfares of the west are once

h Mo n ai ns W s wa i s a own t h e n o ma on of T a e s t e u t e t rd , l id d by I f r ti r d r and o s who a s and a l m for man ea s ther , h ve re ided there , tr vel ed the y y r " together .

1 ’ n o 26 om P L o T o n Mo day ( N v . ) Fr this lac e ( gg s w ) W e ” ’ l o t o E a l a n R O S 8: oss C o . ( Gi st s eft the iver hi the tr vel ed cr the u try “ Mr n s a — 2 a h i s o J ou rnal s . . G s o s s 45 , p i t thi tr il g ve c ur e N ” “ W 10 M N 45 W 8 M w Mr. D a l n t on o t o M n , , hich r i g c rrected W 8 a d D N 45 6 M. ot W , p . ’ 22 R D - M N A E E S RO DS .

o l of t h e ut ined, an interesting introduction to the winning ” a l t west is gained . These routes Show at once the avail bi i y of certain rivers as highways for the transportation of troops and S a oi s supplies ; they how at a glance the strategic milit ry p nt , d i where, in many cases , fort or stockade arose ; and they in Th e cate the distribution and the centers of Indian population . i l . r s rivers , save the Ohio , ran north and south The Indian t a and ran , largely, east and west . The conquest was westward ; it is to be noted that i t was made river valley by river valley u l e until at last the conquest , beg n on the Monongahela and litt W a Bushy Run , was ended in triumph at Tippecanoe on the re bash . First the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers were ’ m wh o a t clai ed and held by Boquet, avenged Braddock s Ford Bushy Run In t h e year following Boquet advanced t o w m w and the Muskingum , here he fir ly brought the Dela are ’ m er Shawanese contingent of Pontiac s host to ter s . A decade lat Lewis won t h e decisive battle of Point Pleasant at the mouth of the Great Kanawha and secured all the benefits for Ken r bu t tucky settlers formerly g anted by the Stanwix treaty , which had been repudiated by t h e arrogant Shawanese of t h e

H a e e Mc I nt osh d Scioto Valley . lf a d cade lat r General pushe “ through to the Muskingum and built Fort Laurens to serve as a bridle upon t h e savages in the heart of their own coun ” I m e ma m try ( 77S) . At this ti e w y consider the Muskingu e m t h e w w was valley to have been r clai ed , for next step est ard ’ I t Crawford s campaign directed toward the Sandusky valley . resulted in failure , but the conquest of the Scioto and San dusky valleys was achieved by the Kentuckians in the border m 1 m wars waged fro 1 780 to 785. Another deter ined step was 1 0 was m made in 79 and toward the Mau ee and Wabash , which m w were finally reclai ed by the treaty of Greenville , rung by Wayne from the disconcerted allied nations under Little Tur 1 tle in 795. Thus the conquest of the central west was by

. t o river valleys , on Indian trails For , restate the story of this m conquest in the ter s suggested by our present study , we should say : The first military movement in the central west was the ’ building of the French military road from Presqu ile to Fort

1 . La Boeuf, on French Creek , in 753 This road was twenty

H E C KEW ELD E R ’ S MA P

O F O R H EA S E R N 0 11 10 N T T , 1 796 . D R ’ MA R MA P H EC K EW EL E S NUSC IPT .

It i s unnecessary t o state wh o J ohn H ec k ewel d er was or why t h e map i a and n s S a a s are n from h i s pen s of great v lue i tere t . ever l tr il here give which are not t o be found on any other map s ; the branching trail from t h e Ma on n t o G a a and L a S o a a so a h i g re t Tr il , the ke h re Tr il ; l the tr il from the C rossing P lace of the Mu skingum t o the P ortage P ath i n Su m mi n o ma s a W al h ou nd i n n t C ou ty . N p give the tr il up the g a d Vern on s w was a a o on of Mo a a n m w n river , hich tr velled by p rti the r vi pilgri s he d n om M i n m wo e a H rive fr the u sk gu . It uld be expect d th t ec k ewel d er wo o s not . uld give it , but he d e " ’ 24 R D - A E ME N S RO DS . miles in l ength and followed the align ment of the Venango 1 was . w trail , or 3 This road used in bringing for ard the for t i fic at i on for the line of French forts between Lake Erie and 1 the Ohio river . Two years later Braddock was sent westward to capture H i s Fort Duquesne . advance corps of six hundred choppers ’ wa w m cleared the y for the army follo ing Ne acolin s Path , at P U w a . w least as far as the present site of nionto n , , hence 2 t mem 1 6 the road swung nor hward to the orable ford . In 7 2 Boquet was sent westward from Philadelphia to annihilate Pon ’ l r n t i ac s allies wh o were doggedly be eagu i g Fort Pitt . At ’ t bat t l e h e Bushy Run , in a errible three days , confirmed the dying ’ “ ” w m Braddock s ords , We shall do better next ti e , and soon after

. w raised the siege of Fort Pitt In the year follo ing, consequent n e w w upon orders , Boquet bega a furth r est ard conquest , across

e H i s was m i the Ohio riv r . the first ilitary expedit on into the w present state of Ohio , and it follo ed the course of the Great Trail “ ” m 3 fro Fort Pitt to the Crossing Place of the Muskingum . ’ In Dunmore s war Lewis was sent over the Sandusky - Rich mond trail from Virginia to compel the Sh awnese to acknow 1 8 Mc I nt osh was ledge the Fort Stanwix treaty . In 77 General H sent with an expedition toward Detroit . e built a road straight

I E e P nn t ri C o e . H i s . . “ ” h m w i s a Si r o n St . C a o o The trut , th t J h ( l ir) i plicitly f ll ed the a a N ma o n a D awa n an h ad ma k ou t or az for p th th t e c li , el re I di , r ed bl ed O o C om an som a s o and w a l e w n the hi p y e ye r bef re , hich , very litt ide ed , h ad se rved the transient purp ose s of t hat assoc iation and of W ash-i ng ’ “ ’ ” i n o na i H i s r B ra d oc k Ex edi ti on on s a s n t o o d s . t p rty J ur l y f p , p ’ “

. Th 200 O f B raddock s battlefield we read i n the same volume ( p . e l a of a on was o w l a s and m n s on p ce cti c vered ith rge tree , uch u derbru h up w o an o en n oa w was a o w oo the left, ith ut y p i g but the r d , hich b ut t elve f t ” w W a a a on t h e ra s of C anad a i s o en no s ide . rf r“e l g t il ft ted by the Je uit missionarie s : T hese murders are imputed t o the enemies wh o throughout ” i m u al on t h o m n mn n a s e s a s. e n a l . s m a d a re e J s . Re a d the u er utu “ b h g r d ( for h wa H D o " " . A s t e r o n osse a en c. o . s V l . p their ( ur ) l h ve be an n m s for w o ma ons s n f f greater th their e e ie ; the h le tter c i ti g o“ a ew wa do " I " A s k t h s . S e c e o k n s a o n . so ee s br e head l g the high y ( , p l 2 6 205 0 . o P i oneer H i st or . f y , pp , 3 Se e map acc ompanying B aqu ets Expedi ti on A gai nst the Ohi o I n

- 149 152. di ans . , pp

A n al mos t impa ss ib le portion of t h e Mu sk i n gum tra il a sc e ndi n g a w ooded hill s f N ew P a e n h w e r e a n ree t s e o a O . O t e s e a id outh hil d l phi , hio lo ( l ft h d ) id th foo

e mb a n k me n re ma n s a s s a s w en b r b a b i n t h e ev n a r er . t i olid h uilt , p o ly R olutio y p iod — p o 3 1 . ’ - A 25 RED ME N S RO DS . w Mc I nt osh est from Fort Pitt to the Ohio, built Fort at the a mouth“of Beaver river, and then m rched over the Great Trail to the Crossing Place of the Muskingum ” where Fort Laurens “ ’ was erected , in the heart of the enemies country . Although ’ e a 1 he intend d to avoid all Indian tr ils , Colonel Crawford s ill starred expedition did follow an Indian trail even before reach 2 was ing the Muskingum ; and , later, the battle fought in the forks of the two trails and the retreat was conducted along a “ ’ trail3 to the Muskingum and Williamson s trace ”4 from the Mus i n m k gu to the Ohio . 1 0 H m was t w In 79 ar ar sen north ard , building his road from Fort "Vashi ngton ( Cincinnati ) to Fort Jefferson on

w . the general alignment , probably , of a north ard trail

was m H ar St . Clair annihilated in atte pting to retrieve ’ m w now ar s mistakes , but the ily Wayne pushed on , by now w Indian trail , through pathless s amps ( meriting the name “ " 5 hi m S given by the avages , Black Snake ) and settled forever ’ m the question of white man s conquest at Fallen Ti bers . Dr . ’ ’ ma Belknap s p, appended , is not only valuable in giving Wayne s t h e route , but also for giving the general course of diverging m w a trails from Mau ee south ard . A chart giving Indian tr ils with their use to the armies which completed the conquest of O hio from the savages may be in place

1 L of Ros t o n 13t h n 17 2 I n S a D a m n etter e Irvi g Ju e , ( t te ep rt e t , ’ f C raw or C am i a i n u k d a a Sand s . 1 W as n on . C . s n st 38 . hi gt ) f p g g y, p D o . , p . a

D o . , p . " A az a om O o M n o B o om s a w s t o bl ed tr ce fr hi river , i g tt , tr ight e t k l ’ Mus i ngu m river. Fo l owed by W illiamson s band of murderers who omm na n c itted the G de hutten outrage . ’ W a n o R n o o St . C a s a n 1794 T o y e built F rt ec very l ir b ttlefield , Ju e . ’ L T n n w s t o Ma R v n l deceive ittle urtle he the tur ed e t St . ry s i er a d bui t m I n u l o A a s. o hi s a k and o D an F rt d J y , he d ubled tr c built F rt efi ce at the confl n of A u l ai z e and Ma m ue ce the g u ee . ’ 26 R D - M N A E E S RO DS .

T rai l s Milit a ry Roads Remark s

’ V nan o 13 n oa P res n sh a mam nt and su e g ( ) Fre ch r d Ft . q Fur i ed r e p

- s F eB oeu f 1 753 s for n h forts i n O h o. i le t . L ( ) plie Fre c i

’ ’ Nemacol i n s B raddock s Road (1755) D eparted from pat h ne ar pres

a h See 2 e nt n on own P a. P t ( ) U i t ,

’ ’ G reat T ra il (2) B oqu et s Road (1763) Expediti on e n ded Pontia c s a i n w r O hi o .

’ Sandusky Lewi s route t o Poi nt Exped ition s ecured freed om R h m n 1 for K n e ic o d ( 0) Pl easant e tucky settl rs .

’ G rea t Trail (2) Mc I nt osh s r o u t e t o Exped ition erected Forts La u ns and M I nt osh Mu ski ngu m re c .

' M am 5 P m a r n d a f a n H ar s R oa f om O w or . i i ( ) ( ) d N . r pe e y W y e a sh n on Ft. W i gt

’ M am 1 R l i f Ft . i i ( ) Wayne s route t o Fall e n e su te d n Treaty o G re e n m a n a e Ti bers ville d pe c .

” 1 Mi ngo (6) Federal Tra il

m m After spies , explorers , missionaries and ar ies ca e — i H the deluge o pioneers . istory furnishes no parallel to this instantaneous filling of an imperial domain with a free popu l a m tion , achieving al ost on the instant of occupation a large mea i sure o the blessings of liberty . The population of Kentucky l increased 30 0 per cent . in a decade and Ohio and Indiana a mm most equalled this . Thousands of i igrants to Kentucky di ffi and Ohio came by the Ohio river , after compassing the ’ cult journ ey over Braddock s Road . But more came by land

l r r an u n 126. H i st o o Mo C o t . y f g y , p

’ WA " NE S RO UTE A LO NG T H E MA UMEE .

T i o m n D r B na now i n t h e ma s a o o a . " his p c py fr the rigi l by elk p , ’ H n on m f a n am a n i s t o a at a a a d a o W s . libr ry rv rd , the ly p y e c p ig It be ’ regretted t h at it does not c omprehend the army s entire route from Fort n n w n a M am T a W ashingt on ( C i cin ati) . It ill be oticed th t the i i r il de s n n A u l ai z e i s n a so n a s om o "Va n ce di g the g give , l divergi g p th fr F rt y e , n m om o t a n by which General W ay e came fro the south . Fr F r W y e a o n i s n as o of o a a w n d tted li e give the r ute the p rt ge p th , bet ee the m o t a wa on f m Mau ee and W abash . Thi s p r ge path s e o the ost import ant i n no n a of ol d O o n one of o na the rther h lf the hi , bei g the rigi l n m o M s Th Fre ch routes fro the lake s t the i s issippi . e c ourse of the a i s o a a a o of a s R I n m n p th t d y pr ctic lly the r ute the W ba h ailway . a y ns an s ol d o s of a w o ow a of as re i t ce the r ute tr vel , hich f ll ed the p th le t 1 i t anc e a om o of a o s s a w s a . s i , h ve bec e the r ute r il y bed t d y Thi s true i s a so of C sa a 8: O o Ra wa o here ; it l true the he pe ke hi il y , thr ugh the ass s i n A e n Mo n a ns w o ow o a a h p e the ll ghe y u t i , hich f ll ed the p rt ge p t w n bet ee the N ew and Great Kanawha rivers . "

1 i i Oh o n 1 . 75 H o I I 788 p we , 831 . ’ D - N A 28 RE ME S RO DS .

’ 1 was over Warrior s Path through Cumberland Gap . This the w second most famous continental thoroughfare , being some hat lessened in importance by the building of the National Road ’ over Braddock s Road and through Ohio to Kentucky . But the Cumberland Gap route never lost its importance and off ers

- l w es to day , perhaps more than any road in the centra t, a journey of surpassing interest to the tourist wh o dares un der “ ”

i m w n o . take t . The route early beca e kno n as the Wilder ess R ad

It was marked out by the sturdy hand of Daniel Boone . In 1 m w H en 775 the Transylvania Co pany , ith Colonel Richard

d erson m F as head , engaged Boone to ark out a road from ort H Wataga , on a branch of the olston , to the Kentucky river, ’ “ — w here the company s newly purchased lands lay . This I ac “ c e t ed w p , rote Boone , and undertook to mark out a road in the best passage through the wilderness to Kentucky with such assistance as I thought necessary to employ for such an i m ”2 ’ w portant undertaking . Boone s road ent through Cumber “ ’ ” land Gap over the course of the Warrior s Path , but at some distance from the gap left the Indian trail and followed a bu fial o w m trace to ard the desired destination , the outh of Otter creek H was . on the Kentucky river . ere Fort Boonesborough erected n As clearly shown by Mr . Speed in his most valuable mo o

1 T o a ons one a mono a and o a ma az n a t i l w public ti , gr ph the ther g i e r c e , oompri se a l l the previo u s wo rk i n t h e study of ol d highways so far ’ “ ” m no m l R i a o nows . o a S s W i d erness oad s as the uth r k The gr , peed ’ T wa ar i n En l n M z i m R G . s N ew a d a a ne one and . N o , h ite ticle the g g ( ve ’ 1 n B a o k Roa i s T o i l e Ro ber 896) o r dd c s d the other . the W dern ss ad f r n m n n a o ow s a a o o a o and s a on . n the uth r e gre t debt i f r ti i pir ti O Mr. ’ “ Speed s a uth ori ty we mak e t h e startling assertion a bove ; W i l derness ” 11 22 2 n 42 Road . 3 a d . , pp , , A mong the many reference s i n many book s t o Indian trail s t he a o anno e a n om ot n one w i s ou t of t h e n uth r c t r fr i fr qu i g hich ordi a ry . ’ “ i rom D o as s H i st or of W a ne C o 166 0 . : T s . s a n It f ugl y y , p he e brig ds an a an s no o o s of assa h ad o d v gr t , d ubt like ther bird p ge , their ch sen and w nd st oo o ses of av t o a ss m t o a r e ell u er d c ur tr el , but u e tr ce o d fine them wo uld be playin g spendthrift with time and a culpable di st ortio n

- n on o r i of the legitimat e bent of i ve stigati . N s it important to ind ulg e wh at must be bald fancy and gratuitous sp eculatio n on a mat ter so steri le ” n r fil e t t h e i o f historical u ses a d so p o t ss o publ c .

’ i l dernes R a 2 26 a 5 . B n A u tobi o ra h l so W s o d . oo e s g p y ; , pp , ’ - A 29 RED MEN S RO D S .

’ o i n graph , Boone s route became a m mentous factor the early history of Kentucky . To be sure the Ohio river was the great highway thither, but it was not until near the beginning of this century that that river became the customary route , for pre vions to that time river traveling was exceedingly dangerous and boat building and the hazardous risks to be encountered in sailing decided many thousands to undertake the longer but ”

u . s rer land route over the Wilderness Road When , however, the National Road was built from Cumberland to the Ohio river, 1 82 3 , and shipping facilities were available , the Wilderness Road " . et became , comparatively , forgotten it had been used long enough to influence decidedly the distribution of population in the southern half of the old Ohio , tomahawk claims along its course becoming thriving villages , villages becoming cities and the meadow lands at its destination becoming the home of the har diest race of men , according to the most ingenious of our scholars , in all our republic .

’ e But not only did the gr at continental routes , Braddock s m Road and the Wilderness Road , serve the pioneer ; the aze

' of minor trails leading into every portion of the land invited

w . him onward into the perennial t ilight of the woods I“t is a fair question , and introduces an interesting theme , to ask , What proportion of the interior population of the west made its way by water and what proportion by land routes ?” The testimony of all with whom the writer has conversed and who w w t kne hereof hey spoke , renders it possible to believe that the more careful the investigation the cl earl i er it will be proved that the Indian trails and not the rivers were the routes of t Th the early settlers into the in erior . e following sentence f o n from one o the hist ries of a“n i terior county (but on a navigable river) is pertinent : James Oglesby was a very w . H early settler in the to nship , some say the earliest e also came from Virgi nia and is said to have travelled up the u W al h ou ndi n Musking m and g rivers , in true Indian style, ”1 - fiv e in a canoe . This occurs in a twenty page account of m the early settle ents in the county, and of few settlers is i t

’ 1 H n s H i st ori cal C ol l ect i ons o C osho ou nt 7 C . ct on . 3 u t f y, p ’ 3 0 R - ED ME N S RO A DS .

n suggested that they came by a water route . In this co nec

tion , however, it is well to remember that the very vanguard of

the pioneer host did not usually settle anywhere permanently . “ was w r There a familiar expression , follo ing the emig ation , w m hich reveals the adventurous spirit of the ti es . Pioneers ca me and w was an f settled in hat unbroken wilderness . In a ew years the district began to fill and the first comers would pull up st akes

v and ad ance westward another stage . Thus the first settle rs in any giv en district of Ohio and Indiana often hailed from only a d w ca short istance a ay , and it is not possible to believe that they me

d ffi - w w . as a by a long, i cult ater route This usually the c se , w ith notable exceptions of course , and quite precludes the argu ment that water routes were chosen by the first of the emigrant “ wh m army . And those o ca e in the wake of others who had fol ” m n m m w . lo ed the e igratio , ca e by the sa e routes A n interesting proof of the use made of Indian trails by the w w hite man is found in the blazed trees hich line them . There is m w not an i portant trail in Ohio hich is not blazed , and it is wellknown that the red men were not in the habit of blazing 1 e i n their trails . The writer has been ov r Indian trails ot her parts of the country ( Northern Michigan and Canada) where w n e the trees were not blazed . Why the hite man found it ec s w w a w sary to blaze the ell orn p ths along their hole extent , and ’ in spots where there was not the remotest possibility of one s

e e r t h e wa w . losing his y, do s not app a to the riter But such is m one case , and upon the high su mit of the long ranges , of hills may to - day see upon the aged tree trunks savage gashes made

1 The auth or h as been su rpri sed t o find that it i s the p opular opinion

' T o n a st of t h f l that Indians blaz ed their path s. o th se i terested udy e o l owing reference s will prove that no such custom exi sted among th e l l I 4 12 109 o " " : 5 9. The D oc . Vo : Rel and . V n n : J es . . I dia s VII ; . , R d 1 o f K n k w awn n 5. s o o W i l d erness oa . , p The b rderer e tuc y ere dr i t the fatal battle of B lue Lick s becau se they fol l owed headl ong the route of h e n ans wh o l az n ees and l a n a m n s. on t wily I di , by b i g the tr e vi g g r e t

T - the ground made it seem that they were i n ful l retreat. hese nu Indian n D an l B oon s s o s h i s a i was n e ed sig ns re dered ie e u pici u , but dv ce u he d h F or s m l a n n see H i stor and a massacre was t e result. i i r i cide t y of 107 H tor H m t 86 and . i s o a i l on h M u m . f u nt t e a ee Val l e C o . y , pp ; cf y y , p u 67 221 t o Mu k n u m C o nt . . ; H i s ory f s i g y , p t h e ol d highway h as n ever been os — 3 cl ed up p. 4.

’ 32 - A RED N EN S RO DS .

leave record of the strange appearance of this old roadway . In the expectation of making it a military road i n the European

had n s sense , the course bee grubbed by hauling out the tumps l of the felled trees . Great cavities were left and never filled . H owever it served for hauling cannon toward Forts La Boeuf,

Venango and Duquesne . Not only were the Indian trails used largely by the pio neers O wa , pening the y to a distribution of population over the e m face of the land , but th y beca e the course of our first roads . The day of the ridge road is not long passed and in most i n e t h e d was ff stanc s ri ge road only the trail of the bu alo , Indian m w . and pioneer , idened and i proved The first road upon which m was Kentucky spent oney the old trail , blazed by Boone, m through Cu berland Gap . The National Road from Cumber Z . . Va land , Md , to Wheeling, W , anesville , Ohio , Maysville ,

K . m K . w y , and Lexington , y , follo ed the fa ous Braddock Road , t e e U w . as already sta d , at l ast as far as nionto n , Pa From Wheeling to Z anesv ille and on to the Ohio river again it fol w Z ’ w w lo ed ane s trace , hich did not, probably , follo an Indian 2 m - m trail . The oney behind this epoch aking enterprise made

e it possibl to push this road straight through . While climbing a cou ntry road in West Virginia the writer noted the trees w which ere blazed by the first surveyors , the gashes of which

r n n c e a e still yaw i g . As the road rea h d the summit it met and

e m cross d the Monongahela trail , not far fro the spot where ’ Tecumseh s murderous banditti opened fire upon Nicholas Car ent er H p , Jesse ughes and party , just as Carpenter began his morning devotions and was singing the old West End Baptist “ ” A ou r u l s awa u r f ears wake so o . hymn , , y At the junction of the t wo thoroughfares stands an aged tree . On the side toward

was su r the country road the fresh , ugly blaze of the road r w v e o s . r y On the side to ard the trail was the deep , pa tly healed blaze of the Long Knives t wo trade marks of th e t wo w M . u s centuries In one instance the riter, while following the

1 H i story Eri e C ou nty ( P enn ) 2 t r k u t 7 ffi B u t e H i s o of Mu s i n m C ou n . 6 w a rms ha t vid y g y , p , hich t ’ Zane s trace ran nearl y with a trai l ; perhap s general al ignment of Mi ngo n trai l for a dista ce.

A T H PO RTA G E P .

"N o oldtime highway i n O h io i s of more historic interest than the n i i P a i n S mm C o at as n o or on t o t s n t . P o rtage th u it u ty , le t pr p ti le g h I t i s o a one of o s wa s i n w s a n n pr b bly the lde t high y the e t , h vi g bee m I n a t h e route of the buff aloes across the su mit of the State . l ter yea rs it became the p ortage for the I ndians from the lake c ountry t o t h s ea ms flo w n so t t o t h e o n o f n m s C s e tr i g u h c u try their e e ie , the reek a and C herokees and Mobilians. It m y have been traversed by La l on h i s t o O o he o a o ow Lak C a Sal e trip the hi , but pr b bly f ll ed the e h u — n o Som o a am o an n a A . O o d ta qu lleghe y r ute e h ld th t he c e thr ugh hi , t h ar m n at l ast s s m o an of s o a i e s a . s gu e t , e , ugge t the i p rt ce thi p rt ge p th It said i n t h e text that it i s p ossible t o know the exact course of this m Ma m path for the entire di stance of eight ile s . p s o f Su mit C ounty r t o s n a n a a n n w c h ma k s i t s Th e a e still be ee be ri g f i t li e hi r course . a o a s e a s s h as om a a n w o n uth r , fter ev r l vi it . bec e cqu i ted ith the gr u d . t o men Mr o n H o o f A n n Re " n om w . o d v D a a . a of Fr , J h vey , kr , vid t , B ol a h as ob a n s on s of a i n a a iv r , he t i ed de cripti the p th e rly d ys o f this n M an s om C an w ce tury . erch di e fr level d as brought up the C uyah oga o o a and own s a awas t o n n river , ver the p rt ge d the Tu c r the i la d set m nt M H m m s a a l s . r o w t e e . n vey re e ber , p rticul rly , the be ilderi g circuit ou sness of the trail as it came from the hill s and approached the C uya o I n f o n h ga . the city o A kron the writer f u d the original survey of this a ma i n 17 7 W a n i 9 Mos s . s an n n p th , de by e rre It i teresti g and highly m n m n f a s o . n o a was o n t o m s u i g d cu e t The le gth the p th f u d be eight ile , ou a and 55 nk s f r ch ins li . " ’ - 34 RED MEN S RO A D S .

ki n u m i n an g trail Tuscarawas county, was informed by old resident that i f he continued a certain number of miles he would be find himself in a good travelled road . This proved to true d i the old highway has never been closed up and one may r ve , o if on horseback , freely from the best of county roads int the

- n i n t h e c old time Indian highway without hindrance , as show a companying photograph . The old Portage Path between t h e w m Tuscara as and Cuyahoga rivers in Sum it county , was one of the most important trails for its lengt h (eight miles) in the H state . aving been defined as a portion of the western boundary of the U nited States in the treaties of Fort Mc I nt osh ( 1 785) and Fort H armar this narrow trail became a si gni fi cant landmark . In studying this subject the writer found that all the surveys made east of this trail were of a different kind m w fro those made on the estern side at a later date , and that the course of this trail was indicated much of the way by a line fence . The course of this trail has always been marked by m m ne a faint line on the aps of Su mit county . A w road h as

w - m been building bet een these self same strea s , and in August , ’ 8 9 , it had crossed the old path seven times in seven miles and t wo for some distances the courses are identical . Thus t h e tripod has been as successful in finding the path of least re si st anc e as was the instinct of the buffalo " Another chart may be useful in bringing out distinctly the further historical d e v el opment of certain trails ’ - 35 RED MEN S RO A DS .

T rai l s Milita ry Roads Pu bli c Roads

’ ’ Nemacol in s Path B raddock s Road National Road as far as Union

own P a. t ,

’ B l az b B o n f om W a Warriors Path ed y o e r Ft.

a a T nn. t o B oon s o o t g , e , e b r , K 2 m s a on 00 . G y . ( ile ) re t pi eer route t hrough C umber an a l d G p.

V nan o n m a oa G n a o s of a r own e g Fre ch ilit ry r d , e er l c ur e W te t a t o A P a L ke Erie lleghe ( ) Pike . n R y iver .

’ “ “ Miami H armar s Road north O l d H amilton and Eaton f om o as n Roa s r F rt W hi g d . t on (C incinnati)

Muski ngum Possibly route of B road Public R oad i n Tuscarawas ’ head s army i n C o C ounty i n early years of the

n am a n n r . sh oct o c p ig . ce tu y

’ Mahon ing E arly traders route from Pitts burg t o D etroit (by water from C levelan d) descri bed by 1 m H man 0 a s . C . J e il

o a a s s a awas C a o a a al o of s n P rt ge P th Tu c r uy h g , Pr ctic ly r ute pre e t l oa . 0 . r d

m - a a I nd n a o s of Ma s . G a a s u ee W b h , e er l c ur e W b h Ra a ilw y .

- l o f a N ew Kanaw a . Va. G n a s o C esa h , W e er c ur e h pe ke o R a a O hi ilw y .

’ M am m a on H n . a n s o Roa f o o r Ft i i W y e r ute d r N p le , e y C o n own Ma m rac u ty, d u ee p ’ tically identical with Wayn e s o r ute .

1 ee N o o ma of o a a S t e n p P rt ge P th . ’ 6 - A 3 RED MEN S RO DS .

one To to whom such things appeal , nothing in cabinet or museum will create a more living interest in our past than to find one of the old - time thoroughfares and walk upon i t to see the valley and meadow from the Indian ’ s points of van tage . To one who is imaginative , the old century comes back , h and trail and forest are peopled . Border armies will urry by carrying weapons strange to our eyes and dressed in fashions

n - m mm not i . vogue to day The strea of i igrants will pass , the hard lines of rough faces speaking of the toil and suffering which made our present civilization possible . The subject , again , is the more interesting because of the sources of information which w one must consult , the narratives and journals ritten in the

m v w w olden ti e and li ing itnesses , too many of hom by far are carrying 1 0 the gr av e each day precious facts which can never e m w ea e . w after ard be rev l d The fi ld ork required , de anding no

t e e w e e m . grea exp ns , is not ithout pl asur and ro ance It is safe trav elling t h e Indian trails to - day ; t h e poll tax once required on the old highways by redskin highwaym en is not collected in

ne a these days . Not a lo Indi n will be found overlooking the “ ” w h e u se e r h spot here d to b b o n . Thos e w o once pushed their horses along h istoric H armar H ill with scalps dangling from t h e e we w n wn t h e n man s , or nt hoopi g do Mahoni g and Scioto or t ov ed with the gate of Wolf Creek mill are now hunting

s of t he mo e and e v e the soul os b a r in the Land of the Souls , “ walking on t h e souls of their s nowshoes on the soul of the ” e e e e m — snow . But th y hav l ft th ir trails behind the and erh e e w nothing else , p aps , so int r sting , so pregnant ith varied h memories , so rich in istorical suggestion .

Th e ports ye shall not enter The road s ye shal l not tread Go ma m w o n , ke the ith y ur livi g A nd mark them with your dead .

And yet this has been our mission for a century . We have “ w ” waited in heav y harness on fluttered folk and ild . We have made our roads with our living and marked them all the way m e from Ply outh Rock to the Gold n Gate with our dead . In more than one Ohio valley may be found an Indian trail on