A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S ROAD, 1764: SAMUEL FINLEY'S FIELD NOTES Part Two Edward G. Williams

early trails traced by the British armies were probably first Thecarved out by wild game and long had been used by the Indians when the pioneers first arrived in frontier North America. The settlers of Western Pennsylvania, in their forays into the wilderness, used the trails, which, whenever possible, ran along the tops of the long, interconnected ridges of the region west of the Alleghenies. 1 Fortunately for the settlers and their commerce, the native Ameri- cans appreciated the dry hilltop routes that avoided the lowland swamps. (Fortunate, too, for the farmers who productively exploited the fertile lowlands when the woods were cleared, introduced drainage, and later created valley roads.) Because the early trails accommodated only foot and packhorse travel, they typically were accessible only by difficult scrambles up steep ascents. Roads graded for wheeled vehicles came when the section of Ohio served by the Tuscarawas Road was subdivided and opened for settlement in 1800, but shortcuts were un- doubtedly made previous to that time. The road served to support and supply Fort Laurens in the war of the Revolution by packtrains. 2 Terrain affected tactics as well as travel. Modern historians have been quick to censure military operations conducted within four hundred to five hundred yards of an overlooking eminence. Many writers have, for example, criticized the location of Fort Pitt at the point of the rivers (which was at a distance of at least 880 to one thousand yards from the nearest high ground), evidently basing their judgment on the range of modern rifles and forgetting the re-

Mr. Williams continues his series of articles on Samuel Finley's notes of the Bouquet expedition.—Editor 1 Wallace, Indian Paths of Pennsylvania, 2. 2 Brodhead to Washington, Fort Pitt, May 22, 1779, Pa. Archives, 1st ser., 12: 114. "Ihave found a short route to Fort Lawrence [Laurens] over which a great road can soon be made to move on a piece of artillery. .. ." Artillery never passed over either the Great Trail or the Brodhead Road during the Revolution, but it is clear that Brodhead and perhaps others were considering improvements as early as the 1770s. 238 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS JULY stricted range of the firearms of the eighteenth century. Muskets had a practical range of little more than sixty yards, an effective range of one hundred yards ;only by elevating the—piece was it possible to increase the range to three hundred yards a distance at which the musket was completely ineffective. As for rifles, which were fast com- ing into general use, the usual distance to the target was one hundred yards with almost pinpoint accuracy. 3 Trials produced nearly as accurate results at two hundred yards, and Timothy Murphy from Northumberland, Pennsylvania, of Morgan's Rifle Corps, mortally wounded General Simon Fraser at the Battle of Stillwater 4 in the Revolution at four hundred yards. This was still an unusual shot. Early routes through the western wilderness often followed the banks of the major rivers, whose depths and widths have been much increased over the centuries. Before dams in the rivers were built, these water courses would have appeared to us, if we could be trans- ported back to the milieu and atmosphere of two centuries ago, much like winding creeks alternately racing over ripples and stagnating in indolent pools with hidden, hazardous sandbars, all bordered on both sides by wide, pebbly beaches which became part of the riverbeds at times of high water. These beaches at low water were convenient avenues for armies on the march. After the raising of the dams and the improvement of navigation, there was no more dread of the Horse-tail Ripple or of Woolery's or Deadman's ripples, but at the same time, these wilderness streamside routes were inundated. 5 To a spectator standing at the water's edge upon one of these beaches, there appeared along both banks high, nearly perpendicular cliffs. Islands in midstream were high ridges with steep sides, topped by a lush undergrowth and richly timbered. At high water, or after the pools had been formed by the dams, the same islands appeared to be floating gardens. It must also be realized by the outdoor historian 3 See Bouquet's orders, Sept. 19, 1764, Bouquet's March —to the Ohio, 117: "They [the riflemen] willEach fire Six Charges at mark A separate Target for this purpose ... the Rifflemen fire 100 Yards from the mark. ..." See also, John G. W. Dillin, The Kentucky Rifle (New York, 1924), 69-75. A series of targets are there reproduced, actual size, made at the standard distance of one hundred yards at trials of many different flintlock rifles during 1921-1923, one also recorded at two hundred yards. Edward Shippen of Lancaster wrote Governor Morris, Apr. 24, 1756: "there is such a difference between these sorts of Guns and Smooth bored, that if Iwas in an Engagement with the Savages, that Iwould rather stand my chance with one of the former Sort. ..." 4 Benson J. Lossing, The PictorialField-Book of the Revolution, 2 vols. (New York, 1855), 2: 62. 5 Zadok Cramer, The Navigator: Containing Directions for Navigating the Monongahela, Ohio and Mississippi (Pittsburgh, 1814), 74. 1983 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S ROAD, 1764 239 or conservationist that practically all small streams and creeks have shrunk inboth width and depth since the cutting away of the forests. The springs that fed them were replenished with water retained in the soil by the luxuriant forest vegetation on the hillsides. Several springs that have been drained come to mind :on the Forbes Road, Stephen's Spring, atop Allegheny Mountain ;the spring at Cock-Eye's Cabin ; one of the two springs at Washington's entrenched camp ;several on this very march into Ohio, to which attention will be directed as Samuel Finley reached them. Springs and small streams have been drained by coal stripping operations and industrial or municipal de- velopment. Rivers are now filled from bank to bank and are deeper due to high dams and channel dredging. Because of all the changes to the landscape, retracing Bouquet's road through the interesting terrain in Western Pennsylvania into eastern Ohio and over the watersheds of the branches of the Muskingum that interlock with the tributaries of the central Ohio rivers can be a challenging business. Surprisingly, there remain many visible scars and traces of these eighteenth-century routes. Many miles of the original tracks of both the Braddock Road and the Forbes Road, which Bouquet also cut over the mountains to Fort Pitt, can be followed on foot, and historically-minded groups of people have hiked these trails, particularly during this century when the public became increasingly aware that these witnesses of past movement of civilization,of armies, of pioneers, of traders, and of commerce were fast disappearing amid urban and industrial development. Interest has escalated as knowledge about the implication of these old thorough- fares of communications, Indian, British, French, American, and of ethnic settlements, and about personalities associated with them has expanded through research. Boy Scout organizations now award merit badges to scouts who complete hikes over sections of the Forbes and Braddock roads; two university professors, one in Georgia, one in West Virginia, and the head of one of the most prestigious Americana libraries have expressed sincere desires to retrace with us this same route through Pennsylvania and Ohio that is the subject of present study.

Bouquet's Dislocated Schedule Bouquet's force was poised at Fort Pitt in the early fall of 1764 for the march westward into the Ohio country. There is, however, an appearance of disagreement among the eyewitness accounts of the 240 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS JULY operations of the army's crossing of the Allegheny River. Dr. William Smith's account obviously reproduced general information from Thomas Hutchins's description of "The Route from Fort Pitt to Sandusky and thence to Detroit," 6 written upon his tour of the Indian towns in 1762, the journal of which was mentioned in the preceding sketch of Hutchins. 7 To this route description Smith added data pertaining to the campsites of the 1764 expedition from some sort of notes or from his journal which has long been the object of search. Smith completely ignored Camp No. 1 on the north side of the Allegheny River and passed to Camp No. 2, dating the departure from Fort Pitt on October 3. Hutchins, however, depicted both camps on his map; and Lt. Bernard Ratzer, a British army engineer, carefully copying the former's map, depicted both locations. Bouquet's letter to General Gage was dated "Camp near Fort Pitt 2nd October 1764 . . . the Army crossed the Ohio yesterday [October 1 ?]." 8 Bouquet's orders of September 30 called for "all men off duty to be employed today in transporting Provisions in Batteaus across the River. ... The Troops Encampt on this side to be in readyness to march tomorrow afternoon [October 1]. ..." At the end of the orders (the orders for the next day were read at evening roll call and retreat beating) :9 "Allmen off duty ... to parade at Eight tomorrow morning to transport the remaining provisions. .. ." Then, on October 1, the orders were :"Allthe Troops proceeding on the Expedition Encamp tomorrow [October 2] on the other side of the Ohio. Batteaux will then be ready at the beach to transport them to the Opposite Landing place." 10 It seems evident, since it took two days to transport the provisions instead of the one intended, that Bouquet's schedule was dislocated. The letter to Gage must have been sent on the morning of the second, before it was known that the move- ment had been delayed. Consequently, the army marched from the assembly area, Camp No. 1, to Camp No. 2 on the morning of

6 Hutchins Papers, HSP; reprinted in Hanna, Wilderness Trail, 2: 202. 7 B.M., Add. Mss. 21655, f. 181 (167-73). Notice of Hutchins, WPHM 66 (Apr. 1983) :140-43. 8 Bouquet to Gage, Oct. 2, 1764, Papers of General Thomas Gage, Manuscript Division, William L. Clements Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 9 All signals were transmitted by drumbeats; all orders of the day (for performance on the following day) were read to the troops at retreat beating at sundown. 10 Pa., Dept. of Internal Affairs, Warrantee Atlas of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania (from the survey records of the Bureau of Land Records, Harrisburg, 1914), survey map of the City of Pittsburgh, North Side, the Reserved tract, survey 1785. 1983 A SURVEY OF BOUQUETS ROAD, 1764 241

October 3, just as Dr. Smith noted, presumably using Hutchins's journal. 11 The latter would have been with the chief engineer at Camp No. 2, laying out the ground plan for the order of encampments on the nights of the second and third. Samuel Finley began to survey and measure the road on October 2, "at a Button Wood Tree." 12 The road cutters preceding him with Alexander Lowry, captain of the guides, 13 made a very energetic— start and cleared the road four miles and five perches downriver reaching the mouth of Jack's Run by the end of the second day. Finley followed, keeping account of courses and distances, but he finally bunched his distances and made no breaks denoting the first two camps and overrunning two miles into the third day's work.14 He kept totals for each page of notes, and, upon reaching the site of Camp No. 3, his total distances matched Dr. Smith's quotations of distances. Finley's system then appeared. He numbered his courses consecutively through the whole project; 620 times he sighted and recorded his courses and his assistants carried and stretched the chain. Finley, however, did not report the day's total distances and the camp at the end of each day, as did Hutchins (Smith) ; rather, he totaled the distances but registered the camp's number and total dis- tance from the last camp and from Fort Pitt under the date of the following morning. For example, he wrote, after the date line,"Left Camp No. ...miles from Fort Pitt," H the dates of the two records differing by a day for the same camp. In all of the project beyond Camp No. 3 Finley was consistent, and his numbering and foot-of-the- page totals facilitate reference.

Encampments In the 1960 publication of the orderly book of Bouquet's expedi- tion into Ohio, Idirected attention to the selection of the army's en- campments. First of all, the camps had to have an adequate water supply for the train of from thirteen hundred to fifteen hundred pack- horses, one hundred mounts for the two troops of light horse (cavalry, ammunition, provision and baggage carriers, officers' mounts, and bat horses), four hundred head of beef cattle whose numbers dwindled 11 Smith, AnHistoricalAccount, 9. 12 Finley's fieldnotes, p. 1. 13 Williams, Bouquet's March to the Ohio, 32, 136-37. 14 Smith (Hutchins) reported nine and a quarter miles for the second day, or 2,960 perches (320 perches=l mile). Finley totaled 2,963 perches, courses 8-23, pages 1-2 of his fieldnotes. 15 Finley's fieldnotes, p. 25. 242 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS JULY each day, a large flock of sheep, not to mention fifteen hundred soldiers. These immense herds of animals consumed huge quantities of fresh grass. Locations capable of furnishing such requirements were infrequent in a country covered by interminable forests and could only be found in extensive bottomlands or valleys. Extended guard posts covered the watering places, which were pools retained by hastily con- structed dams. Allguard posts, by special orders, were 150 yards advanced 16 from the faces of the interior camp of the troops. Ideally, the camp proper might be found upon drier land within that distance from the outpost upon the creek. A notable feature of the planned strategy of the campaign was that, of the twelve encamping sites west of the Beaver River, at least nine were situated at the foot of, or within less than a quarter mile of, a round or oval hill (sometimes a rounded knob terminating a ridge) upon which Smith, quoting Hutchins, mentioned the posting of a guard. 17 The evident plan would have been, in case of an enemy attack in force, to have withdrawn to the high ground where a circular defense line could have been formed, just as at Bushy Run the previous year, upon the tactical principle of defensive operations upon interior lines. It seems quite evident that Bouquet had adopted such a plan as his precedent even before the sanguinary battle at Bushy Run.18 That so many hills of that description could be found in this area of the country accompanied by all the other conditions seems incredible. But Bouquet had four guides 19 who were traders and knew every foot of

16 Williams, Bouquet's March to the Ohio, 25. 17 Smith, An Historical Account, 11, 45, 55. 18 Williams, Orderly Book of Bouquet's Expedition, map following 10. On his plat map, Hutchins prominently depicts, contiguous to Camp No. 5, a round eminence which, in reality, is a round knob terminating a ridge. B.M., Add. Mss. 21649, Pt. 2, f. 369 (39), Capt. Harry Gordon to Bouquet, Philadelphia, Sept. 4, 1763, a congratulatory letter regarding Bouquet's victory at the battle of Bushy Run, Aug. 5-6: "The Knowledge I have had of your Talents ...made me easy, and in confident Hopes it would turn out much as it has, you have many Times talkt of the Disposition you put in Practise. .. ." Gordon meant formation of a circular line, a feigned withdrawal, maneuvering on interior lines, and striking entrapped attacking enemy, 19 Williams, Bouquets March to the Ohio, 136. Bouquet's guides were Captain Alexander Low[e]ry, Andrew Boggs, Thomas Mitchell, Sr., and Samuel Brown, all involved in the Braddock and Forbes campaigns, all traders who suffered losses in the 1763 Indian confiscation of traders' goods, and all familiar with the trail, its topography, streams, springs, and sleeping places. Both Lowery and Boggs were prominent officers in the Revo- lutionand both were involved in the Fort Mclntosh treaty negotiations (1785). Lowery became a senator in Pennsylvania, colonel of militia, and very wealthy. See ibid., 34-35 and 69n 104a, references therein quoted. 1983 A SURVEY OF BOUQUETS ROAD, 1764 243 the path, besides Hutchins who had mapped every stream crossing and trail to the Indian towns. 20 Allof the foregoing circumstances must have resulted from more than mere coincidence. Frederick the Great about this time instructed his generals :"Acamp is a battlefield that you choose, because itbecomes one as soon as the enemy attacks you." 21 A firsthand acquaintance and familiarity with the country and its physical features willconfirm the above estimate of real and circumstantial conditions. This is one of many such instances of problems requiring solutions by evaluation of credibility of documented evidence.

Finley's Notes Great credit must be given to the surveyor-scribe in this unique army as it moved from encampment to encampment under adverse weather conditions, under stress of hurry when the army marched through less difficult country or more open woods (to lag was to be in danger of being scalped or captured by lurking Indians). Consider that all writing was done by quill pens, which always had to be trimmed with a sharp blade, an art in itself. Ink had to be carried in a small well-corked bottle and protected from becoming frozen in cold weather. During the latter part of this very march, the army was forced to tarry a full day. It was a delay that could not have been for reasons other than bad weather, for the next morning Finley recorded that ithad snowed (October 25),22 indicating an early winter season. Cold and stiffened fingers hampered manipulation of the quill pen and were not conducive to fine writing. Finley, having been unex- pectedly inducted into the role of an assistant engineer, would not likely have brought a field desk inhis baggage. Having only the small field book, he would have found a fallen log, a rock, or a stump to sit upon while resting the book upon his knee. That we may read his writing today is remarkable.

20 See Thomas Hutchins, "A General Map of the Country on the Ohio and Muskingum Showing the Situation of the Indian — Towns with respect to the Army under the Command of Colonel Bouquet" (title in the cartouche of the map with Smith, An Historical Account (Philadelphia ed., 1765; title with London, 1766 ed. somewhat abbreviated). This was taken from his map of his 1762 tour of the Indian towns and depicts every stream crossing and the width of each. 21 Jay Luvaas, Frederick the Great on the Art of War (New York and London, 1966), 278. 22 Finley, on p. 45 of his field notes (to follow)," simply stated, "Wensday the 24 'A Oct \u25a0:' 1764 Lay by at this Camp On "Thursday the 25 :th ... this morning before we Left this Camp it Snowed/' 244 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS JULY

Meticulous care must have been taken of the book in the field, only matched by the reverent care with which ithas been preserved for two centuries and two decades by a family conscious of its historic importance. The 6j^-by-7^ inch pages are in excellent condition, the stitching still functioning, and the russet leather covers in good repair. The pages are foxed slightly, but not enough to obscure the writing, and the ink never faded. Mr. Crouse credited the exceptional care to his great-grandfather for the state of preservation of the book, but the Crouse family of the present generation is equally responsible. Let us also not be too critical of the literary form of Finley's notes. There was little or no standardization of spelling, dictionaries not having appeared generally. Spellings of names especially were phonetic, and spellings have changed in two centuries. Meanings of words have had their uses changed. Punctuation was used merely to slow or stop the flow of words, seldom to aid grammatical sentence structure. Periods often did not end sentences nor did capitals always begin a sentence. Capitals were universally used to emphasize impor- tant words within a sentence. Abbreviations, contractions, and superior letters ending contracted words were universally used. Men who could express ideas in written form as well as Finley were quite literate. One might wonder whether Finley may have had a German teacher, or perhaps a German mother, to have taught him to use capital script letters peculiar to that language. The reader will sense that the survey notes are often repetitious, which is inevitable when courses were run through terrain with continuing similarity of physical features. The great value of these notes is the positive manner with which they identify authentically and exactly many present locations of the original road :for example, that the army crossed Sandy Creek, then continued for one mile and eleven perches (eight courses) on its western side to the Camp No. 10 site, twenty perches (110 yards) from the creek, at the foot of a steep hill.23 This documented evidence is at variance with local tradition which has the crossing place nearly opposite to the Camp No. 10 site at Pekin. For the most part the survey report is documentation of many historical side events and related history.

Editorial Aids Inthe editorial process, it has been necessary to rely upon a wide variety of corroborative aids to interpret Finley's comprehensive field

23 Finley's fieldnotes, p. 25. 1983 A SURVEY OF BOUQUETS ROAD, 1764 245 notes. Among these, the most valuable have been Hutchins's maps. These fold-in maps were used as frontispieces in Smith's twopublica- tions of An Historical Account of the Expedition Against the Ohio Indians ... Under the Command of Colonel Henry Bouquet, Esq. 24 (the Philadelphia edition, one inch equals six approximate miles; the London edition, approximately one inch equals ten miles). Hutchins's original drafts were probably larger than the printed maps as he had a talent for reducing his detailed work for simplification, as demon- strated by his penciled lines upon his single surviving sheet among the eight comprising his manuscript plat map. 25 Aids in tracing the route were the plat maps drafted by the sur- veyors of the United States public lands in Ohio that carefully deline- ated by a dashed line the course of the Tuscarawas Path, which Bouquet widened enough for twohorsemen or twopackhorses to travel abreast. There were two separate paths, one on each side of the center road for flankers, so that altogether there were three paths. The army marched with a wide front through flat country and with flankers drawn in over narrow hilltop ridges. The tracings of the road were recorded upon the township plats in the ranges surveyed between 1799 and 1802. The section numbers are those still shown upon all of the topographical maps of the United States Geological Survey. Thus, it is convenient to transfer the line with accuracy from the original government surveys to the modern maps. The center path of the old road was quite visible upon the surface of the land at the beginning of the nineteenth century — of course the road was worn deeply, having considerable use by Mclntosh's and Brodhead's Revolutionary forces, traffic of traders, and pioneer settlers in the intervening thirty-odd years. The marking of the Tuscarawas Path by the government surveyors, of course, ended when it attained its designated goal and purpose of the crossing. The Great Trail continued to Sandusky and

24 This was first published in Philadelphia in 1765 and in London in 1766. The 1766 London edition included appended Military Papers, detailing suggested methods of fighting Indians, equipping, clothing, and training special troops for campaigning and fighting in thickly wooded country. The latter publication was reprinted inCincinnati in1868. 25 The map depicts each course sighted by the surveyor, to scale of one inch equals one mile. Itplots the line of Bouquet's road from the site of the present East Rochester-Monaca bridge, across the Beaver River to and across the Pennsylvania-Ohio line, and 3$4 miles into Middleton Township, Columbi- ana County, Ohio, for a total of 18^ miles 8 perches. It is clearly one of a series of sheets covering the whole route that would have required eight sheets. The penciled lines on the map, connecting salient points on the road, were for the purpose of establishing general directions of the road, later used in reducing the map in its published form. 246 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS JULY

Detroit, the end of its intended course. At a later day, this famous crossing place was the landmark to which the Greenville Treaty line extended the Indian boundary. Bouquet turned southwestward to follow a high and dry path that led to the Forks of the Muskingum with the Walhonding, then called the White Woman's Creek or river. The documentary check and reference guide, other than Hutchins's own map, has been the copy map drafted by Lieutenant Ratzer, who signed the cartouche of the map: "Copied from ye original by Lt: Ratzer," to scale one inch equals two miles, nearly three times the scale of the Hutchins maps. Supposition as to how this copy map happened to be made has been widespread and much of it questionable. The article by Lloyd A. Brown in his compilation of the Howard N. Eavenson collection of Early Maps of the Ohio Valley26 is a fine estimate of the drafting skill and artistic ability of Ratzer while representing in detail, from notes and plats of eyewitnesses, a section of country he had never seen. Just when he executed the assignment has been a moot question. Hutchins made three different arrangements of his greatly reduced map, one of which was published with Dr. William Smith's 1765 and another with his London (1766) editions of his An Historical Account, both signed by Thomas Hutchins. The episode of Hutchins's imprisonment inLondon and the confiscation of such papers as he had in England for the publication of his Topographical Description and large map occurred in 1777. Whether Ratzer obtained Hutchins's eight plat map sheets covering Bouquet's western expedition is a ques- tion, and it seems only probable that they were obtained after Hutchins's papers were taken from him. Brown's assertion that it is possible that Ratzer's map was the one engraved for the 1766 London printing of Hutchins's Ohio map is preposterous. A critical study of Ratzer's map reveals that he reproduced Hutchins's with a little sim- plification of angles at the meeting of the tangents. He faithfully repro- duced the plats at half of Hutchins's scale and exhibited his ethical character by signing his map "a copy of ye original." Since the present project was in preparation, in fact in an ad- vanced stage, an important contribution to the ongoing study has been brought to light — a fragment of Thomas Hutchins's 1764 journal. Ever since this writer's publication in 1959 of primary docu- mentary material relating to Bouquet's Ohio expedition, the search for further writings by the ubiquitous engineer, Thomas Hutchins, 26 Lloyd Arnold Brown, Early Maps of the Ohio Valley... (Pittsburgh, 1959), 110. 1983 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S ROAD, 1764 247 has been pursued wherever there was a reasonable chance. I,and others, are thankful to Dr. Donald H. Kent for his search of the archives inEngland. At least we know that the manuscript papers in London have been ruffled, turned over, and scanned. A few of us can account for the collections in the United States. Even though we have come up empty-handed, we have confidence that more willbe found if we persist. Having been apprised of the advent of this manuscript, and a transcript of and commentary on ithaving been sent to the editor of the Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine, Imust state how much Iwelcome it as all contemporary evidence should be received. Itis printed in—this same number of the WPHM for both comparison and reference one hopes that itmay furnish additional information.

FINLEY'S FIELD NOTES The followin Courses & Distances are the Roads that the Honourable Col. Henry Bouquet Marches the Army under His Honours, Command. To wards the Lower Shannees Towns Down the Ohio River: [The remainder of the lefthand page, originally blank, has been used by an unknown person for payroll notes dated 1849, January 8-24. Succeeding pages of the field notes are indicated by page numbers inparentheses.]

(1) The Courses & Distance of the Roads, Creeks, Mountains, Swampts & the Bearings of the river the O Hio. Takeing our Departur from Fort Pitt or Opposite to said fort from the North West side of the Allegania River above the fork where the Monnangehely Empties into Allegany River Oct:r 2:d 1764. Tusday. at a Button Wood Tree —

N:°Courses Per: 8 Remarks 1 N 5° W 82 to High Ground at Cap 1 [Camp I]27 all rest rich Bottom 27 The ground on which Bouquet's first camp north of the Allegheny River was located can now be fixed with reasonable certainty. It lay just one-quarter of a mile plus two perches (82 perches, or rods) north of the ferry landing, nearly at the end of the Sixth Street Bridge. The whole en- camping area, included within the outer guard posts and the paths that con- 248 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS JULY

2 N 54 W 70 allgood Ground [?] through the Camp 3 N 87 W 120 all good upLand Crossed a small run at end 60 ps 4 N 62 W 136 all good upLand about half mile to the river to 5 N 82 W 31 all Dittoabout mile wide 6N63W 52 allD:0 7 N 50 W 94 to the 2 mile28 run allGood Land 8 N 80 W 28 Where we struct [struck] the Ohio river at the mouth of 2 mile run29 from thence Dessd g [de- scending] the river to a White rock in the narr W8 9 N 27 W 672 all good Bottom for 500 p:8 then Narrows the river Bent in to the survey 100 p:s in form of a Circle to wards the road or Path: 30 at the end of 220 [ps.] came to Shirtees Old fields 31 at the end of 348 p:8 Crossed a small run 3 miles Distance: y:n [then] soft Bottom & at the end of 480 p:s Crossed a small run the remainder Down nected them, would have enclosed about fifty-five acres. The outposts were advanced 150 yards beyond the four fronts of the inner camp with tents enclosed within the camp guards. The inner camp proper enclosed about fifteen acres. The larger area embraced the section of present North Side of Pitts- burgh, east to west between Cedar Avenue and Sherman Avenue, north to south Montgomery Avenue and Stockton Avenue; the central camp covered most of what now is Allegheny Center. See Williams, Bouquet's March to the Ohio, 25, orders, Aug. 5, "Camp." l 28 Smith, quoting Hutchins, says that it was about \/2 miles from Camp l No. 1 to Camp No. 2; the surveyed distance by Finley was 503 perches, or \/2 miles 23 perches. 29 Finley' s note, 28 perches "where we [struck] the Ohio river at the mouth of 2 mile run" exemplifies the execution of Bouquet's regulatory "Orders and Dispositions" of August 5, 28 perches being exactly 154 yards. The map by Hutchins indicates that the present camp, and all succeeding camps, were withdrawn a like distance from the outer guard lines. 30 The meaning here is that the river's bank describes a segment of an arc of a circle, ending with the bank approximately one hundred perches nearer the path. 31 Finley's meaning implies that at 220 perches (nearly .7 mile from Camp No. 2) they came into an open area formerly "Shirtee's [Peter Char- tier's] Old Fields," at the point where the railroad bridge, formerly the B&O Connecting Railway, crossed over the middle of Brunot's (formerly Chartier's) Island. The extent of the fields is uncertain, but Indian cornfields usually were extensive, so that they could have covered more than a half mile square, which would have included the ground now within the bounds of the Western State Penitentiary. The land on both sides of the Ohio, also the island now Brunot's, were Queen Aliquippa's domain and her town occupied the fields formerly belonging to Chartier. Both had left when Finley arrived upon the scene. See Hanna, Wilderness Trail, 1: 272, 278, 347-48, 379. Washington spelled Chartier's name Shirtee and Shurtee, which phonetically resembles the French pronunciation. John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Diaries of George Wash- ington, 1748-1799, 4vols., 1:413, 2 :293. 1983 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S ROAD, 1764 249

river to a Large Rock on river Bank, all rocks being very bad Narrows u

1285 =p:s

(2) Wensday 3:d of Octo:r 1764 We left the Camp on the North side of Allegany river opposite to Fort Pitt or up the river a Little33 N:°Courses Remarks of the road &Lands

Beging at the end of the seventh Course at the 2 mile run [deleted]

Thursday 4:th [of October] 1764: Left the Camp at Two mile run 34 10 N 49° W 148 all very stoney Down north side river High Hillon right hand 11 N 38 W 100 all Down Ditto on Each hand opposite to small Island in D:° a Little above the Long Island 15 partly joins 12 N 45 W 240 all by Ditto, at the end of 100 p:s we were opposite to y:e [the] uper end of the Long Island then Down D:° to y:e right hand the

32 At the end of Finley's courses combined under course 9, namely 672 perches, he encountered the Narrows. Here the high cliffdropped precipitously tothe river's bank. Smith (Hutchins) recorded for Thursday, October 4: "they came to the Ohio, at the beginning of the narrows, and from thence followed the course of the river along a flat gravelly beech, about six miles and a quarter; with two islands on their left, the lowermost about six miles long. ... At the lower end of this island, the army left the river ... to camp No. 3; this day's march being nine miles and a quarter." The Narrows began at Jack's Run, the dividing line between the borough of Bellevue and the city of Pittsburgh. Here began, many years later, the famous rock cut by the Fort Wayne Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, one of the most noted engineering operations before the great Gaillard Cut of the Panama Canal. 33 Finley became aware of how he would have to organize his notes on the third day. The heading, dated Oct. 3, belatedly inserted after course 9, should have been inserted after course 1. 34 The heading dated Oct. 4 should have been inserted after course 7. 35 The small island was and is known as Cow Island. Long Island is present-day Neville Island. It was also designated by the name of the owner contemporary with a particular time, successively Andrew Montour, his son John Montour, General William Irvine, Major Charles Sims (who held under a Virginia claim, which the United States Supreme Court ruled prior to Irvine's claim under a grant from the Pennsylvania legislature). General John Neville purchased the island from Sims. Hanna, Wilderness Trail, 1:245, 246, 382; Pa. Archives, 3rd ser., 3: 502-4; Edward G. Williams, "Samuel Vaughan's Journal," WPHM 44 (Sept. 1961) :267, 276 n64, n65. 250 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS JULY

ridge falls Lower but Stoney, on the south sid[e] of the river apears good Land & Bottom all the way Down from 2 mile run 13 N 62 W 668 all stoney Hill & Brocken on y:e right; at the end of 100 p:s Cross. d a run & at the end of 300 p:s Crossed another run36 14 N 76 W 460 about 300 p:s of the Last of this [course] a small Bottom on the rig[ht] at the end of 340 p:s Crossed a run:37 very narrow Road and water 15 N 51 W 96 this by small Bottom on the right, the road very narrow on the river side; & wett 16 N 68 W 328 to a small run; where we Left the river side; & tooke to the right of the river in a Bottom at the end of 300 p:s the Lore end of the Long Island: Which appear d all to be good Land & very High Land 17 N 2 E 19 on the Bottom 18 N 40 W 16 a Lond [g] D:°a Ridge on the right 19 N 60 W 22 a Long D:° 20 N 68 W 20 a Long D:° then Leaves the Bottom to the Left 21 N 52 W 92 on good up Land at the foot of a Hill 22 N 31 W 34 on D:° up Land at the end then Down in to a Hollow 23 N 73 W 20 a Cross a Hollow to High ground at the end of 8 p:s Cross'd a small run

2263 Pearches

36 The two runs crossed in this long course, scaled on a U.S. Geological Survey topographical map very nearly exactly, were Spruce Run and Lowries Run. Course 8, having been determined as the first course to be accounted the third day's advance, the sum of 28 perches that the camp was withdrawn from Twomile Run plus 672 perches in course 9, plus 2,263 perches in courses 10 to 23, the total to Camp No. 3 would be 2,963; that total being divided by 320 (perches in a mile) results in the quotient 9.25 miles and 3 perches. Smith (Hutchins), An Historical Account, 10, reports, "this day's march being nine miles and a quarter." Finley had reconciled accounts and established a discipline. His method, however, differed from that of the Smith (Hutchins) journal, which recorded "this day's march was .. ." at the end of each day. Finley, as we have seen, made his notation the following morning. There was thus a difference of one day's date between the two methods of the chroniclers. 37 This was KillbuckRun, at just the scaled distance (6.8625 miles) upon the topographical map, measured from Camp No. 2 and back from Camp No. 3. 1983 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S ROAD, 1764 251

(3) Friday the 5th of Oct:r 1764: we Left Camp about a 11 mile8 n from Pitts Burgh 24 N 51 °W 100 all good Land at the end of 80 p:s Cross: d a small run in a Hollow then rises on Each Side 25 N 32 W 74 all good Ground & Dry 26 N 39 W 106 all good Level Land to Each hand at end of 90 p:s Cross a small run 27 N 54 W 32 all good Level Land 28 N 39 W 64 all good Level Land on Each hand 29 N 58 W 82 allby D:° 30 N 46 W 28 all rich Bottom Cross'd a small run at end of 20 p:s 31 N 26 W 94 all by Level rich Land 32 N 45 W 104 all by D:° 33 N 27 W 56 all by rich Bottom a Little to the right a rising Ridge 34 N 40 W 128 all rich Bottom where we Cross the Long run at the head of the Sweetley [Sewickley] Bottom an old Sleeping Place*9 being very rich to the Left & rising Land to ye right 35 N 51 W 32 all rich Level Land a Little hill to the right 36 N 33 W 46 all by rising ground to the right & Level to the Left at the end of 40 p:s cross. d a spring near ye Head 37 N 55 W 70 all good Level Land 38 N 66 W 40 all very Rich Bottom

1056 Per: 8 38 Camp No. 3 was situated on a platform of gently sloping land, ele- vated nearly sixty feet above the river (according to the topographical map), and was approached by a gradual grade following a contour line that formed a natural shelf. The inner camp was removed from the guard post lines the regulation 150 yards that fronted on the little run flowing down the hollow of Waterworks Road and separating present-day Osborne borough from Sewickley borough. 39 The path that led straight through the level plain now the borough of Sewickley ultimately became Beaver Street. Itwent on through the borough of Edgeworth. The early warrantee surveys label the path Mclntosh Road, but earlier than that, even before Bouquet's march, it had been the Great Trail to Sandusky and Detroit. In the seemingly endless forests, where unceasing shadows shut out the sunlight, there were natural open places where sufficient grass grew to feed and refresh the traders' trains of pack animals, also sufficient water at all seasons. Such an oasis was called "a sleeping place," where the traders could rest for a night. They often took the names of noted traders, such as Mitchell's or 252 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS JULY

(4) N:°Courses Per: 8 39 N 50 W 38 all thr.° rich Level Bottom; Little to the right rising ground 40 N 46 W 60 all thr.° D:° Hillat a Little Dist:c from right hand 41 N 33 W 66 all thr.° D.°rich Bottom 42 N 12 W 54 all thr.° D.° 43 N 31 W 70 all thr.° D.° where w[e] Cross. d 2 mile Creek 40 from Logg Town 44 West 10 High Land 45 N 47 W 46 to the Left rich Bott:m to y:c High Land 46 N 43 W 28 thro D.° 47 N 28 W 54 thro, good High Land 48 N 14 W 54 thro D.° 49 N 3 W 50 thro D.° 50 N 25 W 48 thro D.° 51 N 18 W 74 thro good Level up Land about a mile Broad by Computation 52 N 11 W 30 thro D.° 53 N 11 E 41 thr:° good Level Land 54 N 6 W 72 thro good Lower [?] Land about 15 p:s n E from the river 55 N 8 E 134 Thr.° a Low rich Botto[m] at the end of 60 p:s Came Down a Steep Hill to the Bottom Down by the river about 10 p:s N: E of s:d river 56 N 3 W 66 thr.° rich Bottom on the river Bank on the right Barren Ri[d]ge at a small Distance 57 N 15 E 58 thr.° Logs Old Town41 one [on] river Bank rich

Hart's Log sleeping place. The more prosperous traders bought choice tracts; Robert Callender acquired land on Callender's Run atop Allegheny Mountain, near Bedford and on the Forbes Road approaching Wilkinsburg. The Sewickley Bottoms on Little Sewickley Creek offered a welcome respite to tired pack- horses and drivers returning to Fort Pitt and the settlements heavily loaded with skins and furs from the far western country. 40 The guides, or Hutchins, probably told Finley that Big Sewickley Creek was two miles from Logstown; it was actually two and a half miles before Old Logstown. 41 Here is evidence that Old Logstown, by the river, was more than a half mile long and more than a quarter mile from Logstown Run, later called Legionville Run, after General Anthony Wayne's Legion of the United States, which used the same area for intensive training thirty years later. Wayne may have used Bouquet's successful army as a model but also incorporated lessons learned from several disastrous defeats. (Logstown 90 perches long, 86 to the run; 80 perches = % mile.) 1983 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S ROAD, 1764 253

Bottom not very Broad — 58 N 7 E 32 Thr.° D.°

1085 Per

(5) N:° Courses Per: 5 59 North 72 Thro' Level Land where we Left the river from the Begin'g of this Course Down the river 60 N 22 E 92 Just a Cross a run where there was S[t]eep Banks This Course all thro' rich wet Bottom at the end of 14 p:s Crossed a Durty run 42 near the river Bank 61 N 15 E 28 this up a steep Hill all this Course where we Left the river to the Left 62 N 52 E 32 Thro/ good Level Land 63 N 30 E 98 Thro/ good Level up Land 64 N 8 W 60 Thro/ Ditto at the end of 40 per.s Cross string [spring] 65 N 11 E 44 Thro/ D.° at the end of 30 p.s Crossd a run or spring 66 N 22 W 36 Thro/ D.° 67 N 7 W 72 Thro/ D.° 68 N 23 W 40 Thro/ D.° 69 N 45 W 108 Thro/ D.° then Down a steep Hill to a Bottom at the end of 44 p:s Crossed a run at foot of steep Bank thence thro/ a rich Bottom 70 N 3 E 50 Thro/ rich Bottom at the end of 18 p.s Cross'd a run the river Bore West a bout 16 p.s off 71 N 9 E 54 Thro/ Level up Land River Bore west about 20p.s 72 N 5 E 30 Thro/ D:°at the end Just Crossed a run 73 N 37 W 46 Thro/ rich Level Land 74 N 5 E 50 Thro/ D:° 75 N 8 W 26 Thro/ D.° 76 N 11 E 24 Thro/ D; at the end of 20 p:s went Down a steep Hill &Just Crossed a small run at the end to the Encampment

962 Per: 5 42 It seems noteworthy in light of later industrial pollution that Finley considered Legionville Run "a Durty run." 254 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS JULY

(6) N.° Courses Per:8 Saturday 6:th of Oct:r Anno Domini 1764: We Left Camp 43 between Loggs Town & Beaver Creek Being 20 miles & one halfmiie & 91 per.8 Distance from Pitts Burgh 77 N 53 W 50 Thro, the Camp Level good Land 78 N 28 W 13 Thro' good D:° 79 N 50 W 26 at the end of 14 p:s Cross'd a run in Deep Bottom Steep Hillon each Side 80 N 20 W 46 at the end of 36 p:8 Cross'd a Small run good rich Bottom to the Left & rising to the right 81 North 20 Thro/ good up Land 82 N 21 W 66 Thro.0 D.° good Bottom to the Left up Land to right 83 N 20 W 36 thence Thro:' D.° 84 N 8 W 106 at the end of this Cours Just Cross'd Minggo Creek at the end of 80 p:s the minggo Cabins 44 were on the Left rich Bottom on the Left & Ridges on the right 85 N 12 W 82 Thro' rich Bottom to the Left, to the right rising grod 43 The zigzag pattern traced by Finley's bearings of courses, in combina- tion with the completely altered topography by the cutting away of the terminal parts of ridges and the filling of depressions and ravines, and con- duiting of runs underground — all due to the construction of the six-and-a- half-mile-long Conway railroad yards during the—last decade of the nineteenth century and the first two of the present century has made accurate measure- ment of the distance between Bouquet's Camps No. 3 and 4 difficult. By computation of Finley's courses and distances from Logstown and forward and reverse distances from the Big Beaver Creek (river) crossing, Ihave scaled carefully upon the U.S. Geological Survey topographical map (7l/2- minute) 9}4 and .2 miles, which translates to 9.696875 miles or 9^ miles and 64 perches. Smith (Hutchins) reported "nine miles, one half, and 53 perches" for the march of October 5. This study would indicate the location of Camp No. 4 upon ground now occupied by and nearly equally divided between the Northern Lights shopping center and the adjoining drive-in theater, both on ground partly (formerly) owned by the nearby Mount Gallitzin Academy. This location includes the outlying guard posts connected by paths. The outpost locations on the western side of the camp have been cut away by successive highway construction projects. There were formerly traces of the small ravine around the front of the camp, mentioned by Dr. Smith, but they have disappeared with the widening of Pennsylvania State Route 65. 44 Finley has left a definite record concerning the location of the Mingo Cabins. The run at this place is still named Crow's Run, and the cabins were then abandoned by the Crow, he having removed down the Ohio in 1758 to the spot subsequently known as Crow's Town, near the mouth of the Cross Creeks (on the Ohio side, later known as the Mingo Town now Mingo Junction, Jefferson County, Ohio). Washington, in 1770, visited the area. See Wallace, Indian Paths, 62, 63, 93, 200; Hanna, Wilderness Trail, 2: 141, 195, 196, 197; Fitzpatrick, Diaries of Washington, 1:402, 414, 415, 451. 1983 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S ROAD, 1764 255

86 N 16 W 36 thro' rich Bottom at the end of 20 p.8 Cross/ spring 87 N 33 W 34 Thro.' D.° 88 N 10 W 20 Thro/D. 0 89 N 8 W 94 Thro/ rich Bottom to the right rising ridge at the end of this Course Crossed a small run 90 N 21 W 120 all thro/ rich Bottom to the Left. & rising ridges to the right: at the end of 110 p.s Crossed a run then Assended a High ridge:45 the river about 30 p.s to the Left

749

(7) N.°Courses Per:s 91 N 29 W 136 Thr.° rich Bottom to the Left rising ridge to the right rich Bottom Down the river to the river abou[t] 30 p:s Dist.e 92 N 43 W 62 Thro: rich Bottom aLong river about 10 p.f off D.° on the right a High ridge 45 There is not space to remark on all of the many runs which Finley noted in this area; only two are significant, as are two hills, because of their bearing upon the direction of the path and the modified topography of the whole area resulting from the construction of the Conway railyards, among the largest in the world, and the later four-lane divided highway, Route 65. The large run noted at 3.3 miles from Camp No. 4 was Dutchman Run in Freedom borough, now culverted underneath the yards. The ridge over which the path passed immediately after the run would have extended to the river, otherwise the path would have avoided it entirely by diverting to the riverbank, which it reached after passing over the hill.Fosburg's Run, littlemore than a half mile farther, had carved a very deep chasm, which suggests the fillingand leveling problems encountered in preparing the great plain necessary for the railway freight facility. The course of the path was much more abrupt in approaching the town of Rochester, much grading having been effected during construction of the main street and the buildings bordering it. The high hill dropped precipitously to the water's edge. Extensive rock cutting and earth moving have created room for railroad tracks and a wide modern high- way around the base of the hill. Atno time was the path more than 35 to 60 perches from the river's edge. A thoughtful interpretation of Samuel Finley's notes will surely help historically minded individuals visualize the Great Trail winding through the Ohio River valley at the base of a continuous range of high hills, made even more lofty by tall virgin timber atop the hills and cloaking their sides. Occasionally the trail threaded the river's banks and beaches, then ran over a spur of the majestic bounding hills. The monotony would occasionally be broken by the musical sound of rushing waters tumbling down from the barrier heights over the rocks that denoted breaks in nature's ramparts. The simply expressed field notes of this woodsman, surveyor, and temporary officer in Bouquet's army can — and do — awaken visions of one of the most beautiful sights ever beheld by men who dared to go into the wilderness. 256 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS JULY

93 N 67 W 30 to the river Bank thro' rich Bottom yn Down river 94 N 47 W 34 Thro/ D:° 95 N 40 W 104 Thro/ rich Bottom to the right a ridge by the road to the Left the river at 20 p.s Dist:c at the end of 40 p:s Cross. d a run at the end of 96 p:8 Cross'd a run the Bank very steep going Down 96 N 61 W 124 p:s aLong the foot of a steep ridge to the right & Bottom to the Left Down the river about 35 p.5 Distance 97 N 79 W 40 at the 20 p:s Crossed a Small run thence assend- ed a High ridge to the end of this Course where we Left the Bottom 98 N 68 W 126 all Thro/ Level good up Land & very Wide to the right and about 60 p:s Distance from the river thence Down D [unintelligible; written over] Assent to Low Land 99 N 89 W 32 all Thro/ Level Land but fell Lower y:n the Lans* [?] to the top of a steep Bank thence Down D.° 100 N 38 W 20 to the Bank of Big Beaver Creek from thence Down to the Creek Side the Bank very steep 46 101 S 72 W 20 to the Bank on the other side very [deleted]

46 A large level area of land, pleasant after the uphill march, met the gaze of the soldiers at the top of the hill, then dropped away gradually westward to the Big Beaver River (then styled Creek). The crossing place was downstream, possibly 150 yards from the present bridge to Bridgewater and Beaver. The piers of the old bridge were left standing until after the great flood in 1936. The old ferry between Rochester and Beaver may have used the same approaches shelved into the high banks that served the original fording place just below the old, demolished bridge. At any rate, Hutchins's plat map clearly details the landing on the west side about seventy-five yards downstream from the approach on the eastern side, which would indicate a strong current. Smith, An Historical Account, 10, says "twenty perches wide ... with a pretty strong current." Finley also noted the width of the ford was twenty perches. Of course, the backwater from the pool created by the completion of the new Montgomery Dam in the Ohio raised the level of the lower Beaver River so that it now fills its channel about twelve feet higher than its original depth. Its width is now thirty-two perches at normal stage (exactly .1 mile or 176 yards). Smith, ibid., "the ford stony and pretty deep." The army faced the difficult task of getting horses, cattle, sheep, and all the supplies and ammunition across the river. It would have required keeping the animals from straying in the crossing while, at the same time, holding their muskets and rifles above their heads and keeping their footing among the impediments of the rocky bottom. ' : £T*t^"te^^« \u25a0 1 * ** ~ ..." : v^"-<^ _| _ 77 |

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"The Great Trail" of colonial times entered that part of the Northwest Territory which is now Ohio near this spot. This was the main route between the French forts Duquesne (now Pittsburgh) and Detroit. It was also called the Tuscarawas Trail since it passed the old town of Tuscarawas near Bolivar, at the crossing of the Tuscarawas River. The army led by Colonel Henry Bouquet camped here October 7, 1764, en route to the Indian towns on the Muskingum. This route was also used by General Lachlan Mclntosh in 1778-1779 en route to Fort Laurens. — — — 'H 11 r+ t r^^'-^

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The plat plans of surveys made by government surveyors engaged in the subdivision of the public lands in Ohio into ranges of townships and sec- tions have been helpful in that the surveyors plotted the route of the Tuscarawas Path across their section plats. The part shown in the illustration is Township 14 of Range IV (ranges always numbered in Roman type), East Township, Carroll County, Ohio, surveyed by John Bever, D.S., in1801. Mention has been made regarding the surveying instrument of the eighteenth century, the circumferentor or surveyors' compass. Several photos illus- trating its use and the function of the Jacob's staff or simply the surveyors' staff, have been obtained. They are here reproduced with acknowledgments to Arthur Weisflog, of Sun City, Arizona. Photos by Mrs. Lois Weisflog, formerly of the Pittsburgh Instrument Company, Mellon Institute, Pitts- burgh. The instrument is a fine example of that inuse about 1790-1800. 1983 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET?' S ROAD, 1764 257

Banks very [steep ?] on Both sides to White Eyes house 47 102 N 53 W 18 Thro.' White Eyes Town 103 S 81 W 68 at the end 52 p:s where we raised an Assent from white Eyes's Town 104 N 86 W 42 Through Dry Level upLand a ridge to the right

856 Per: 8

(8) Cources Per: 8 remarks 5 S 57 W 78 Thro/ Level good Land a ridge to the right Hand 6 S 69 W 84 Thr.° Level good Land a ridge to the right at a small Diste a Large Body of Level Land to the Left 7 S 73 W 132 all thro/ Level good Land, a ridge to the right Distance of 30 p:s very Broad Body of Land 8 S 74 W 64 at the end 22 p:s Crossed a run at an old Sleeping Place 48 at the end of 40 p:8 Came to

47 Finley here is authority for the information that White Eyes had abandoned his town at the mouth of the Beaver, where the Moravian mission- ary, the Reverend John Heckewelder had found him in 1762. Apparently he had joined the migration of Indians westward after Bouquet's victory at Bushy Run the previous year. His new town was upon Wills Creek, near Plainfield about nine miles from Newcomerstown, Ohio. Refer to Captain James Wood's Journal in Reuben Gold Thwaites and Louise P. Kellogg, Revolution on the Upper Ohio, 1775-1776 (Madison, Wise, 1908), 46n; see also Paul A. W. Wallace, ed., Thirty Thousand Miles with John Heckewelder (Pittsburgh, 1958), 41. Hutchins, in his journal of 1762, B.M., Add. Mss. 21655, f. 181-6 (161), in April 1762 found only the sister of White Eyes, alone with a few other Indians. 48 The path ran 70 perches through present Bridgewater, then climbed the steep bank topped by the P&LERailroad tracks to the fine, level platform of land that is now the town of Beaver. A small deviation to the right was necessary to avoid a swampy spot that originally existed, then the path ran a nearly straight line and crossed Twomile Run about where the present Tuscarawas Road bridges the stream. The name of the run is owing to its mouth on the Ohio being slightly more than two miles below the Beaver River. Here, at Twomile Run, Finley has documented another important land- mark, "an old Sleeping Place." The importance of these places of respite from the forests' gloom and rest from a long day's travel over the rough and rocky trailhas been mentioned innote 39, above. One piquant incident recorded relating to this very refreshing sleeping place was by Captain (afterwards General) Richard Butler, on his tour of the Indian towns to induce the tribes to remain neutral in the conflict between Great Britain and her rebelling colonies. His terse and crisp note reads :"found one Drunk Indian lying on the road; more at big beaver Creek Camp. At the big run 2 M from Beaver Cr." Edward G. Williams, "The Journal of Richard Butler, 1775 :Continental Congress's Envoy to the Western Indians," WPHM 46 (Oct. 1963) :391. 258 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS JULY

the foot of a steep Hill thence up a steep Hill49 to the right all good Land to the Left 9 N 45 W 32 up a Steep Hill 10 S 71 W 100 a Long the Top of a Hill all very good Level Land 50 11 N 80 W 90 a Long the Top of a Hill all good Level Land 12 N 67 W 90 a Long D.° great Level to right Broad [?] Bottom To the right Large Level Country to the Left small ridges 13 N 50 W 78 a Long the Top of a Hill to the right Level Country 14 N 85 W 38 a Long D:° a Little to the right a Great Level Country 15 S 68 W 80 all a Long a Barren Ridg[e] to the right about 30 p:s a Large Level Country of Good Land: to the Left Barren Ridges 16 S 49 W 60 by Ditto 17 N 87 W 88 all good up Land & to the right & Left good Level Land 18 S 73 W 32 all by a Ledge & good Land

1046 Per: 8

49 Eighteen perches past the sleeping place and 40 perches farther on Finley started to climb the steep grade by a small hollow in the face of the hill (not a ravine but with sides receding more gradually). In 32 perches (.1 mile), the rise from the foot was 120 feet. A very gentle grade brought the path to the present First Street in the suburban plan of Pleasant View. A sewer line excavation, completed in 1979, ran down this exact grade and obliterated the only easily visible trace ofBouquet's Road in the whole itinerary from Pittsburgh untilit crosses the present Ohio line. First Street follows the old path and, .2 mile farther, joins again the modern Tuscarawas Road. This road circled, shelved into the hillside, around the point of the hillwest of the shorter and steeper Bouquet Road. The present, shelving road offers a much more gradual grade for modern vehicular travel. 50 The long ridgetop is the watershed dividing and heading the streams that drain northeastward into Twomile Run and Brady's Run from those draining southward into the Ohio River. One traveling the Tuscarawas Road today can be sure that the original path did not wander more than a few feet from the road he is driving. Ifthe surveyor's notes for the succeeding five and a half miles of the itinerary seem dull for the casual reader, it is because of the repetitious nature of rendering his notes. He could have done no other : the "good, Level up Land" prevailed for all of the narrow ridgetop travel. Two centuries later, a like monotony of expression persists despite all the variations and modifications along the route :the road is flanked by beautiful country estates, manicured lawns, handsome houses, professional landscaping, floral shrubs, rose gardens, and rhododendrons, together with views of beauti- ful, rolling country in both directions. Occasionally, Finley noted wide level areas, spurs of the main ridge, which today are seized upon by real estate firms 1983 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S ROAD, 1764 259

(9) Courses Per:9 remarks 19 S 48 W 40 a Long Ridges and good Land to the right & ridges to the Left 20 S 77 W 88 all good Land to the right & ridges to the Left 21 S 65 W 110 all good High Land to the Rig.' about 50 p:« Distc a Level good Country to the Left Ridges but good Land 22 N 71 W 74 all good up Land and Tillable on Both hands 23 West 74 all High & very good Land 24 N 75 W 88 all Thro/ good Level up Land 25 N 60 W 80 all Extra: y good up Land on Each hand 26 N 50 W 146 all Level good Land on Each side 27 N 64 W 44 all by Ditto a Little rising Hillto the right at end of this Course 28 N 67 W 24 all by Good High Land thence 29 N 48 W 40 all very good rich Land and Little Hills on Each Hand 30 West 30 at the end of 24 p:s Crossed at the Head of a spring in a Hollow 51 y.n up a Hill 31 N 69 W 26 To the Top of the Hillwhere there is Level good Land 32 S 85 W 148 all rising good Ground from thence Down into Level good Land 52 for small developments. Such a community is the Dawson Ridge subdivision community. 51 Immediately adjacent to Dawson Ridge, to the west, may be seen a little draw in the side of the ridge, deepening into a narrow valley into which the path descended, about sixty feet lower than the ridgetop, where was the headspring of a small run draining into Sixmile Run into the Ohio River. Hutchins has depicted it upon his plat map by a tiny rectangle, indicating that a dam had been thrown up to form a pool for the livestock to drink. Ascending the west side of the ravine from the spring, the path climbed a little higher than the present road, turning directly west as it topped the slightly inclined plain that was part of the former Waterson farm (on the north side of the present Tuscarawas Road just beyond the Tusca Drive-in Theater). The course which Finley recorded as "S 85 West" ran past the old Waterson brick homestead (only 5° off due west) and down the steep slope in and across the low-lyingmeadow, then bearing northwest "Crossed a Durty run" to the finest and most ideal encamping ground of the entire march. 52 A word of explanation is here offered about the name change of the road as it descended into the low ground from the height at the old Waterson house; it is thenceforward named Lisbon Road, from the fact that the Lisbon stagecoaches traveled the road in the early nineteenth century. The road turning left just prior to this point has been named and marked Tuscarawas Road Extension, and it runs to Fairchance and Ohioville and thence by a secondary road to the Ohio River. This situation has been mis- leading. Lisbon Road, when the state line of Ohio is reached, becomes again 260 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS JULY

33 N 75 W 32 Thro/ Low Level Land 34 N 76 W 22 at the end of 12 p:s Crossed a Durty run 35 N 58 W 70 at the end of 56 p:s Crossed a Durty run runing to y:e right Low swampy ground to y:e Left & Barren ridge to the Left" [Right deleted] 36 N 36 W 46 near the senter of the Camp Thr.° white Barrens on the Right and on the Left a Hillat a small Distance

1182

A break in the notation of Finley's notes may serve to illustrate something of what army life in the eighteenth century (particularly in the British army) was like, especially the camp routine of an army on the move. Let me assure the reader that the following sketch is not fictional, because Ihave before me the Manual Exercise as

Tuscarawas Path upon the Ohio maps, particularly on Columbiana County maps. Of course this is evidenced by all of Hutchins's maps and by Ratzer's map derived from the former, and now confirmed by Finley's survey and descriptive notes. 53 It is significant that Finley documented the hill to the left of the campsite. Hutchins prominently depicted a round hill, which in reality is a ridge, as Finley states, but terminates in an oval knob contiguous to the camp. Smith (Hutchins) recorded: "The Camp No. 5 is seven miles one quarter and fifty seven perches from Big Beaver-creek; the whole march of this day being about twelve miles." Finley's measurements were 7*4 miles and 56 perches, the day's total 3,833 perches or 11^ miles and 73 perches (7 perches short of twelve miles). The situation of Camp No. 5 was all that Bouquet could wish. Having drawn a plan -and spelled out the dimensions on paper representing the ideal camp layout, it remained for the engineers to fit the plan to the terrain which would not always admit of a perfectly rectangular conformation. Plenty of water must be available, and great quantities of green grass must be at hand. Here, at the meeting of two small runs and of two marshy valleys with broad perimeters lay the camp, with the all-important rounded hillat hand. The inner camp was at the foot of the eminence and upon a littleplateau of land, comprising about twenty acres and elevated nearly twenty-five feet above the low areas. The outpost guards were easily located in their prescribed positions at the angles of the fifty-five-acre reserved area within the guard posts and their connecting paths. The inner camp sat upon the angular tableland between the forks of two branches of Brady's Run, the angle at the junction pointing north. The site of Bouquet's Camp No. 5 and the grassy valleys surrounding it are today the scene of the beautiful golf course of the Seven Oaks Country Club. The fine and extensive clubhouse occupies part of the plateau, shaded by seven oaks, survivors of the grove of sturdy oaks that formerly covered the natural platform. The Beaver County Historical Research and Landmarks Foundation has complimented the Seven Oaks Country Club officers for their efforts in beautifying and preserving this historic site. Amore appropriate land use could not be made of such a historic area. 1983 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S ROAD, 1764 261

Ordered by His Majesty, in the Year 1764. Together with Plans and Explanations of the Method Generally Practiced at Reviews and Field- Days. By the Adjutant General. Ihave also relied on a copy of Baron von Steuben's Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States, 1779, based upon and largely derived from the former manual. This drama was enacted on the night of Saturday, October 6, 1764, possibly several times during the long hours of darkness, especially preceding the approach of dawn when enemy attacks were most feared and expected.

There can be little doubt that most of Bouquet's troops slept well that evening of October 6, after a day's twelve-mile march 54 that included a river fording, a steep climb to the top of the ridge and a scramble down from the height of Tuscarawas Ridge to the welcome, thirst-slaking, spring-fed branch of Brady's Run. A supper of beef taken from haversacks and "firecakes" made from flour from the same source, eaten by the light of the camp- fires, refreshed the weary troopers, while the droves of animals engorged all of the luxuriant sward and swamp grass of the bottom land. At retreat beating and roll call, orders were read for the succeeding day that included the following: "The first three days of the week every person receives four pounds of beef and three pounds three quarters of flour. ... The Army to draw immediately three days provisions." Thereupon the drums beat* roast beef, and the issuing of rations took place upon the spot. 5 Each wrapped in his blanket and protected from the dews and rains by a light tent, the tired soldiers were soon lost in sleep. The wakeful sentry on duty at the advanced guard post (in later armies called a picket post) was on the qui vive at every unaccustomed sound :the shrill call of the "whip-poor-will," the wavery howl of the stray wolf,the low pitched hoot of the great owl, the muted bark of the prowling fox. Twin firey orbs in the stygian shadows beamed from the eyes of a down-wind buck in- flamed with curiosity by scenting the unfamiliar human odors from the camp, the sudden whir of a startled grouse disturbed by the stealthy tread of the deer, the slithering rustle among the— leafy shrubs betraying the movement of some woodland rodent

54 See note 53 above. This episode is printed previously inMilestones, the magazine of the Beaver County Historical Research and Landmarks Founda- tion, vol.5 (Spring 1979) :18-19. 55 Williams, Orderly Book of Bouquet's Expedition, 21. 262 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS JULY

all of these nocturnal noises sent a vibrant tingle along the spine of the vigilant sentry, causing his fingers to tighten their grip upon the lock and trigger of his primed flintlock musket. Young Ensign John Peebles of the Forty-second Royal Highland (Black Watch) Regiment, his sleep disturbed by dis- comfort fromhis unhealed wound suffered at Bouquet's victorious Bushy Run battle more than a year before, 56 stirred restlessly in his blanket. He awoke as from a dream to awareness of the cadenced beat of booted feet upon the path that connected the outguard posts. Itwould be Lieutenant Colonel Asher Clayton, 57 the officer of the day, with his escort of a sergeant and two men "going the grand rounds." Voices drifted through the wispy fog that clung to the low bottom land. "Who goes there?" the sentry challenged. The answer: "Grand rounds." "Stand grand rounds !Advance, sergeant, with the countersign." In an interval of ominous silence, the sergeant of the rounds stepped the separating ten paces and whispered, "Oswegatchie." The sergeant of the guard reported to the subaltern officer, who had come up with a squad of his guard, that "the countersign is right." The officer then ordered, "Advance, grand rounds!" Again silence interposed as Clayton whispered the parole for that day (night), "Sandusky." A longer period of silence passed while the officer of the rounds inspected the guard and their arms, then taking a new escort and sending back his former escort, progressed to the next guard post. The tread of marching feet continued as the sounds of challenges and responses now faded into the misty vapors. 58

As Bouquet's little army marched through the wilderness toward the Ohio country, its officers and men adhered to strict procedures of military order and discipline. The parole and countersign for October 6 were those prescribed for that night in the orders that evening, but the officer of the day was designated in orders of the 56 Ensign John Peebles had been wounded, his wound still unhealed, and he "accompanies the sergion for the benefit of Mr. Potts's assistance, on account of the wound he received near Bushy Run under your Command." Maj. John Small to Bouquet, Apr. 25, 1764, B.M., Add. Mss. 21650, Pt. 1, f. 156 (111). His military record willbe given later. 57 Lieut. Col. Asher Clayton, appointed field officer of the day in orders of Oct. 5, to take command on the morning of the sixth. Williams, Orderly Book of Bouquefs Expedition, 20. 58 Ibid., 18, 20; Pa. Archives, 2nd ser., 15: 19, the Journal of Major Ennion Williams. This is a delightful description of the officer of the day going the grand rounds. 1983 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S ROAD, 1764 263 fifth,to serve for the ensuing twenty-four hours beginning just before guard mounting in the morning of the sixth, when all guards were changed. The officer of the day was the administrative officer who had charge and oversight of the camp or of the marching column, after receiving from the brigade major each platoon detailed for guard duty at outposts, camps or barracks, messes, and provost guards. These functions and procedures were carried from the British into the American army's manuals and regulations at the time of the Revolu- tion. The events of the night of October 6, and repeated every other night, can be assumed to have occurred just as described, for military regulations were inexorably carried out uniformly in every camp of the British army around the world. Ensign John Peebles had been with the Seventy-seventh Regiment (Montgomery's First Highland Battalion) in South Carolina, in the Forbes campaign against Fort Duquesne, in the Cherokee Indian war in present Tennessee, in the West Indian campaign (where disease killed more than bullets) under the Earl of Albemarle. He suffered a severe wound in Bouquet's two-day Bushy Run battle and victory over the same tribes against which this army was now marching. Peebles was scheduled for retirement with the decimated, disbanded regiment. He, however, requested and received appointment to a vacancy in the Forty-second Regiment, effective August 23, 1763, in spite of his unhealed wound. The most that can be deemed supposi- tious in this narrative is the averment that Ensign Peebles awoke before reveille reverberated through the camp to arouse the reluctant sleepers. Anyone awake in the camp would have heard the same sounds as related. The orders issued at Fort Pitt on October 259 directed that "As soon as the Centries are placed each out Guard is to open a communication to the next to it on the Right which path willserve for the Rounds. The fieldofficer of the Day willmake the Grand Rounds. ... Allthe Guards to be under Arms every Morning before Day break tillafter Sunrise during which The Field Officer of the Day willagain visit them." Thus official orders confirm the narra- tion and the British Army Lists for 1758-1765 verify Peebles's service record. At daybreak on Sunday morning, October 7, reveille sounded, and immediately after that the general which was the signal to strike the tents, make up backpacks, blanket rolls, and so forth, and to devour a hurried breakfast. The light horse troopers and packhorse

59 Williams, Orderly Book of Bouquet's Expedition, 18. 264 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS JULY drivers were busy rounding up and tending their horses ;and, when the assembly was beaten, 60 packsaddles were loaded upon the horses and foot soldiers formed their ranks. When the last cinch strap had been tied on packsaddles, the march was beaten; and the columns moved, each in its proper path.

(10) N:°Courses Per: 8 Sunday the 7:th of Oct:r 1764 Left Camp Seven miles Va Quarter Below Bigg Beaver Creek 37 S 34 W 56 to the Left Barren Ridg: on the right at about 20 p:s a run in Low Bottom runs to the right 38 S 71 W 46 a run to the right & Low ridges to the Left 39 S 54 W 34 by D:° 40 S 23 W 36 byDitto 41 West 46 at the end of 8 p:s Cross'd a run runing to the right y:n assended a Ridge to the Left small ridges well Timbered to the right Low good Ground 42 N 73 W 30 by Ditto 43 West 40 Thro/ Little Hill on Each hand 44 N 60 W 102 all Thro/ Little Hill on each hand, at y:e end of 20 p.8 Cross'd a run at y:e end of 96 p:s Crossed a run 61 runing to the right

60 The commands were transmitted by drumbeats. There were no bugles ineighteenth-century armies. 61 The army marched out of Camp No. 5 on the morning of October 7 by a circuitous route. The low-lying areas up the two streams that joined in front of the camp were both very swampy. The direct route by the modern road through Blackhawk village would not have been possible. It continued that way until the drainage was effected and the streams conducted underground in the 1960s, when the Seven Oaks golf course was laid out. Hutchins plotted each surveyed course on his manuscript map, so that every one of them can be identified. This is an excellent place to demonstrate the capability of Finley's notes in locating the exact line of the path or exact spot of a landmark. For example, there is only one place possible where the distance measured by the surveyor between the converging forks of the small run corresponds with the crossings he notes, and so on to the third crossing of a branch. Be it also remembered that his magnetic bearings, although needing correction, point the direction from an established point, if the course is not too long. The error in declination becomes perceptible within a half mile. In cross- checking between the U.S.G.S. 7}4 minute maps (scale graduated in .1 mile) and Hutchins's manuscript plat map (scale 1inch =lmile), an engineer's scale is very helpful, because it is graduated in .1 miles also. This sector of the path's itinerary is especially representative of the utility of Hutchins's method. 1983 A SURVEY OF BOUQUETS ROAD, 1764 265

45 N 28 W 122 all Thro/ good Land to the Left Little ridges to the right Level good Bottom 46 N 58 W 132 all by Low Bottom to the right & to the Left ridges 47 N 43 W 82 all by Ditto 48 N 80 W 28 allThro/ a narrow Bottom a ridge on Each hand at end 18 p.s Crossed a run runing to the right 49 S 76 W 52 Thro/ a narrow Bottom a ridge on Each hand 50 N 47 W 130 at the end of 20 p:s Cross'd a run runing to the Left, at the end of 30 p:s Assended a Ridge of good upLand & very Broad to Each Hand

936

(11) Courses Per: 8 51 N 65 W 130 all a Long a Ridge of Good Land: & on Each hand a Bottom Land 52 N 77 W 126 all Long D:° & on Each hand Ditto 53 N 40 W 88 all a Long D:° & on Each hand as formerly about 15p.s D° 54 N 66 W 80 all aLong D:°& as above 55 West 98 all a Long on the Top of a ridge of good Land & on the right a Large Body of Level Land & the same on the Left 56 N 71 W 36 onD:° 57 N 81 W 32 allonD:0 58 N 62 W 134 all a Long D:° on the Left there is spurs runs to the south west mostly: to the right a Desent very near all a Long to a Great Level Country 59 N 33 W 122 all byDitto62

62 By Finley's notations, in four courses and 8 perches of the fifth, he arrived at the first crossing (180 perches), then completing that course and turning west, in four courses and 20 perches of the fifth, he crossed another run, which was actually a second fork of the first run (128 perches). In 76 more perches, he crossed the branch of the run that flows back of the village of Blackhawk, headed northwest and, a half mile before reaching the crossroads just east of Blackhawk, climbed a very high hill, a .6-mile ascent to a long, nearly level ridgetop. The route then swung westward in a wide loop, meeting the modern road from Blackhawk and the Camp No. 5 site as it emerged from a steep wooded hollow on top of the wide level ridgetop. In another mile, with today's road, the path reached Salem Crossroads. Salem church and cemetery appear a quarter mile to the left. Thence the path Bouquet 266 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS JULY

60 N 30 W 50 to the end of the Hill from thence Down a Steep Desent 61 N 51 W 84 all a Long a rich valley: a small ridge on Each Hand at a small Distance 62 N 42 W 26 Thro.' Ditto 63 N 23 W 43 to the Camp: Thro/ Ditto Number 6 Camp. 63

1049

(12) Courses Per:s Munday the 8:th of Oct:r 1764 Left the Camp— at bout 2 miles East of Little Beaver Creek 38% miles & 69 p:s from Fort Pitt Being the 6 Camp 64

followed threaded two and a half miles of ridgetop, occasionally spreading into flattop spurs, but more often a narrow spine that provides no room for any- thing but the narrow road, which was confined by deep, wooded ravines and draws that impinge upon the steep sides of the ridge. Often a fine view of wide lowland country may be seen on both sides of the road at one time. Only sporadically do habitations appear, but country houses are beginning to spring up where the ridgetop widens. There are many suggestions of a few places having been farmed in the past — probably a half century ago. Fruit trees, such nonnative trees as spruce, and flowers gone wild, are evidence of prior plantings that adorned the yards of homes. The houses have disappeared. In 2y± miles, the path reached the present Pennsylvania-Ohio state line, sur- veyed twenty-one years after Bouquet was there. 63 Having reached the Pennsylvania-Ohio state line, otherwise the boundary between Beaver County, Pennsylvania, and Columbiana County, Ohio, has great implications for this study of Bouquet's road, two centuries later. Bouquet's Camp No. 6 lay just over the line, in Ohio. Finley's total dis- tance between Camp No. 5 and Camp No. 6 of 1,985 perches and Smith's (Hutchins) count of six miles and sixty-five perches agree perfectly. 64 In approximately 3.7 miles the path reached what today is the state line. Here was the site of one of the most interesting camps, all the topographi- cal features of which are present and recognizable to this day. Smith (follow- ing Hutchins) stated : "The Camp No. 6 lies at the foot of a steep descent, in a rich valley, on a strong ground, three sides thereof surrounded by a hollow, and on the fourth side a small hill, which was occupied by a detached guard. This day's march was six miles sixty five perches." Smith, An Historical Ac- count, 11. Finley's distance from the last camp agrees completely with Smith. He disagrees, however, with the statement of the steep descent immediately preceding the camp, his measurement making 153 perches from the descent to the camp. A personal view of the site suggests that the path swung right to follow the ridgetop a littlefarther to head and pass down the small branch of Sheepskin Run in the small "rich valley" a half mile long. Ihave for twenty- five years endeavored to harmonize Smith's description withthe actual topogra- phy; Finley's notes have clarified the uncertainty. Hutchins's plat map em- phasizes that the camp was indeed nearly surrounded by ravines and precipices. The small branch joins the main branch of Sheepskin Run about two hundred yards above where the path crosses the present state line. Both branches were larger and more water coursed through them in those days, hence the obvi- 1983 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S ROAD, 1764 267

N.° 64 N 48 W 82 Thro/ the Camp to the rise of a Hillall Level good Land65 65 N 53 W 26 a Long a Little ridge 66 N 88 W 152 all along Little ridges, to the right & Left Level good Land 67 S 62 W 42 Down a Steep Desent: thence Down D.° 68 N 72 W 16 Down Steep Hill to the right 69 N 10 W 34 a Long the side of a steep Hill on the right very stoney 70 N 39 W 30 Down D:° a Hill at the end of 22 p:s Cross. d a run to the Left 71 N 4 W 12 in the Level at the foot of a steep Hill 72 N 72 W 22 at the end of 14 p:s to the Bank of Little Beaver Creek and the Creek from Bank to Bank 8 p:s Broad 73 N 81 W 20 all in a Bottom from the Creeks Bank 74 S 78 W 50 at the end of 16 p:s Cross/ a spring runing to ous effort to avoid crossing them, as does today's road. The main branch rises at the foot of Beatty Hill, the highest eminence on the state line north of the Ohio River. The twobranches join and run parallel to the State Line Road a littlemore than .1 mile, then, just as Lisbon Road meets the State Line Road, the path crosses it and parallels Sheepskin Run, both running northwest. Bouquet's Camp No. 6 was located just over the state line in the northeast corner of the southeast quarter section of Section 25, Township 7, Range 1, of Middleton Township, Columbiana County, Ohio. Practically all of the inner camp and about half of the whole area within the advanced guard posts and picket lines are covered by a fine growth of pine woods. Sheepskin Run, after making nearly a ninety-degree turn, dipped rapidly into a dark and narrow ravine with precipitous sides. It was possible, however, to build in the ravine a dam that held a large quantity of water. A guard post to protect the water supply must have been on the Pennsylvania side, while the reservoir lay close on the Ohio side of the later state line and still retains water in very wet seasons. The corresponding outpost in the rear of the camp was also on the Pennsylvania side, upon the little knoll, really the toe of the high hill rising back of the camp. It was here that Smith specifically mentioned the posting of a "detached guard." The road cut diagonally through the camp, and there, for more than a quarter of a mile, is a well preserved scar of the old road. A party equipped with metal detectors, whom Iaccompanied, found a section of a sword blade there. No inference is intended that it was a relic of Bouquet's expedition, for the road was used many times by detachments sent back by Bouquet and many more passages of military detachments of General Lachlan Mclntosh's Revolutionary army to build and supply Fort Laurens. 65 The column of troops got under way early on the morning of Monday, October 8. The orders of the previous evening had read: "The General to beat at day break Tomorrow morning the Horses not to be loaded till the Assembly beats & as soon as the Convoy is ready to move the whole will proceed as usual." Williams, Orderly Book of Bouquet's Expedition, 22. 268 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS JULY

the right at the foot of a steep Hill thence up D.066 75 N 75 W 86 To the Top of a Hill: which Hillruns N: E & S: W in Dire" 76 N 88 W 102 a Long Ditto good Level Land 77 N 69 W 60 a Long D:° then assending Hill 78 N 74 W 70 a Long Top of a Ridge Low Bottom Land to Each Hand 79 N 57 W 74 all a Long a Ridge & Low Land to Each Hand 67

878

66 The route of the army marching out of Camp No. 6 crossed the Lisbon Road, in Ohio denominated "Tuscarawas Path" by the government surveyor when subdividing Township 7, Range 1, Middleton Township, Columbiana County, in his plat map dated May 23, 1801. A littleto the right (north) of the modern road it kept to the top of the ridge, where coal stripping in the 1950s obliterated all traces of the old path, then ran down the point of the ridge, a little on the descending side hill, as Finley noted (see course 69), but not as the modern road which was excavated into the rocky hillside. Finley's distances enable us to identify the place where he forded the North Fork of LittleBeaver Creek, but not until he had crossed the turbulent small brook that comes tumbling down from the rocky glen, three hundred feet above the creek bottom, where curious outdoor naturalists have found a small natural rock bridge. (This, of course, is extraneous to this discourse, but interesting never- theless, as also the still-to-be-seen massive stone foundation of the oldMackall Tavern on the west side of the creek, a relic of the stagecoach and emigrant travel at the intersection of the Tuscarawas Road with Jackman Road, now only a nature study trail.) By plotting Finley's distances, Bouquet's crossing of the North Fork would have been 165 yards downstream from the iron bridge. 67 At thirty-six perches from the bank of the North Fork, the army began to climb the very steep hill, just three-eighths of a mile long (an 18.18 percent grade as measured upon U.S.G.S. topographical maps, 7.5 minutes, East Liverpool/North and East Palestine quadrangles). The top of the ridge is flat for a half mile and the same distance of a more gradual climb to the summit of the ridge, which Finley says stretches in a northeast-southwest direction. This is Pancake Hill from the family of the name who were original settlers and owned a square mile of fine Ohio land, with a majestic view far into Pennsylvania and the upper Ohio Valley. At the very crest stood the widely known, thirteen-room Rising Sun Tavern, built and operated by the Pancake family and dismantled in 1960. A welldug in the front yard of the —tavern supplied water to a large watering trough and to patrons of the hostelry remarkable at this high elevation. Iclearly remember this well,later covered by a platform with a pump. Another remembered feature was the sight of holes in the ceiling over the small bar through which tubes were passed from whiskey kegs placed in the upper story down to the ground level bar. This tavern spanned the years from the packhorse trains to the wagons of settlers and freight carriers, to the days of the automobile and truck transportation. In the early 1920s, a modern highway, Ohio 170, a north-south route, crossed the Tuscarawas Road (Bouquet's Road) at the Rising Sun Tavern on Pancake Hill. The original pioneer family still own nearly all of the originally patented section. Continuing westward by the Pancake-Clarkson Road .4 mile by a sloping spur of the higher hill, the old Mount Zion church and cemetery appear, and a fine view of a broad valley beyond. 1983 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S ROAD, 1764 269

(13) Courses Per:s Remarks 80 S 77 W 86 all a Long a ridge to the end then Thro/ Low Bottom Land a few Per:s further 81 S 87 W 46 a Long a Level good Land 82 S 52 W 76 a Long a ridge at the end of this Course at Spring & Indian Camp 68

208 [To be continued]

68 In the valley a half mile beyond the church is a small tributary of LittleBeaver Creek named Rough Run which is the outlet of man-made Lake Tomahawk. The Tuscarawas Path swung sharply away (left) from the above named road (Bever's survey plat shows it turning around the church and cemetery, others are of opinion that it ran down the littleridge in back of the church) to a point .14 mile (44.8 perches or 246.4 yards) from the road and twenty perches from Rough Run to a fine spring draining into the run. There Samuel Finley noted and recorded it, making it historically important. At this point Hutchins's manuscript plat map ends, but not before creating a problem : the map had been cut cleanly through a line of very small connected rectangles and a line of lettering, leaving only the bottoms of the letters and the whole word "Encampment." The last word of the cut-away line clearly had been "Indian," the preceding word had three letters and the first of the three was the bottom of an "O," the middle letter had been one stroke, and the last had a rounded bottom with a serif appended — "Old." The short first word had two angular strokes with serifs at the bottom—of each and the second letter had two vertical strokes with a serif on each "An." This Ihad puzzled out several years ago, before the publication of The Orderly Book of Colonel Henry Bouquet's Expedition, 1764, in 1960. Evidently one author, the compiler of a book of Ohio maps, was not convinced ;he merely deduced that this meant the location of Bouquet's Camp No. 6, which would have placed Bouquet's camp more than three and a quarter miles westward and would have affected the itinerary for the rest of the way across Ohio. Now Samuel Finley has solved the question conclusively :"a Long a ridge at the end of this Course at a Spring & Indian Camp." 270

IN COMMEMORATION

GIFTS

IN MEMORY OF

MRS. RICHARD D. EDWARDS

FROM

James K. Hess

Mr. and Mrs. William Lafranchi

IN COMMEMORATION

GIFT

IN MEMORY OF

MRS. CARLTON G. KETCHUM

FROM

William Adams Littell