MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW Editor, ALFRED J. HENRY
Vol. 55. No. 4 CLOSEDJune 2,1927 W. B. No. 924 APRIL, 1937 ISSUED Julv 2. 1927
MEASUREMENTS OF SOLAR RADIATION INTENSITY AND DETERMINATIONS OF ITS DEPLETION BY THE ATMOSPHERE WITH BIBLIOCIRAPHY OF PYRHELIOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS By HERBERTH. KIMBALL TABLE1.-Stations which obtain records of the total radiation re- ceioed on a horizontal surface .from the sun and sky-Continued [U. S. Weather Bureau] - In Prochs-verbaus des s6snces de la Section de Longi- Alti- Station Latitude tude tude Period Instruments M 6 t korologie, Union G god Csiq ue et G Co ph y sique Inter- - nationnle, aiinese VI, Deusieme Assemblee Gkn6rale, the 0, 0, [der president of the section, Sir Napier Shnw, hrts given an (3) Chirago, I I I . 41 47 N. 8i 35 W. 210 September. Weather Bureau (Un i ver s i t y 192bAprllI thermo-elec- excellent suinmn.ry of pyrheliometric iiiensurenients of Station.) 1927. tric. (4) Mount Weather 39 04 N. 77 53 w. 540 hlny, 1812- Callendar. solar radi:ttion intensity made in all pwts of the world. Va. Geptember, The summrtry was preprxed in response to a resolution 1914. (5) Washington, 38 58 N. 77 05 W. 137 November, Do. of the section at its meetin? in Roiiie in 1922. D. C.. 1914-0 c t 0- ber, 1522. Sir Napier expresses radintion intensities in units of November, Weather Bureau power (kilowatts per square delinmeter) for the re!isoii, 1922-Decem thermo-elec- ber, 1Y25 tric. as he states, that “The Gilowztt is the unit that enpineers (6) New York, N.Y 40 46N. 73 58 W. 48 April, 1024- Do. (Central Park April, 1927. use to represent electrical power; solar energy is thereby Otserratorg .) brought into the sPme category ns the energy which inen (7) Hnhana, Cuba. 23 09 N. 82 91 W. 40 March, 1925- Do. May, 1926. buy or sell.” (8) Turonto.Can3da 43 40 N. 79 24 Tv. 116 .____....._____Cdlendar. (9) Rothamsted, 51 4Y N. 0 22 1%‘. 123 1927r1524.---- Do. There are two kinds of solzr mhtion niensureiiients to England. be considered, as follows: (10) South Kensing- 51 30N. 0 10 W. 37 1913-19%. -. Do. ton. England. (1) The total rtdiatioii receiLed on it unit of horizontal (11) Davos Platz, 46 43 N. 9 49E. ,600 November, Kngstrsm. Switzerland. 1QZ-0c to- surface from the sun and sky, md ber, 1921. (2) The intensity of solt~rr3clit:tion at norind inci- (12) Arosa, Switzer- 48 47N. 9 40E. I 860 1021-1925.--.- Mi.; S. I. 1nnd.l dence. (13) Lindenberg, 52 13N. 14 07 E. 106 1919______. Robitzsch. Clermany.1 (14) Stockholm. 59 21 N. 15 04 E. 44 July, 1922- Angstrom. THE VERTICAL COMPONENT OF SOLAR RADIATION Sweden. June, 1923. (15) Sloutzk (Pav- 59 41 N. 30 29 E. 40 1913-1919..-~~ Crova-Sawinoff. lovsk), Russia. Mensurements of the total radiEtion as in (1) above (16) L o u r e n c o 25 55 S. 32 26 E. 459 1915-1919. ___ _. Callendar. Marques, Port; are best niede with recording instruments, and the South Africa. records are continued during cloudy and rainy weather (17) Johannesburg, 26 11 s. 28 04 E. ,806 lWJune,1910. Do. 1 South africa. as well as when the sky is free froin clouds. Teble - gives a list of the stations at which continuous records of 1 hlesurements of direct solar radiation only. this character have been obtained. Figures 1 and 2 give the nnnud march of the ddy totals for the diflerent TABLE2.--Sources of data given in Figures 1 arid S stations espressed in kilowatt hourspersquaredeksriieter.’ (1) LINCOLN. For all stctions in the United States escept Mount KIMBALL,HERBERT H. 191C1925. Solar and sky radia- Weather, the data froni which the curves are constructed tion measuremeuts. Mu. Wea. Rev., 44 :17Y. Monthly is in the form of weelrly means of the daily totals; €or thereafter. Washington. (3) hlanisow. Mount Weather and Lourenco Marques the means are for I Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 11:49 PM UTC 156 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW APRIL,1937 (7) HABANA. For Sloutzli (Pavlovsk), Russia, two curves are given. THEYE,CARLOS. MS.tables. (8) TORONTO. One includes direct solar riidiation only, thc other both SHAW, SIR NAPIER. 1926. Radiation in relation to direct solar arid diffuse sky radiation. Thf curves for meteon~lugp. ProcPs-verhaus. Deu\;&nie AssemI)Me Alros:tI nil Linc!eiil)erg inclucle only tlie direct sol~rrr'- Since Figure 2 contttins ciirves for stations in lroth the 1 hIr'3sulamLnta 111 de1u 1913 nortliern ;ind southern hemispheres, in order to syncliro- yew nize corresponding seasons of the it is necesswy to ,ingstriiin (I) 1i:is foiinc1 t1i2:t the total radiation income follow rL different sequence of months for the two heniis- Qa during tlie day 11i:~ybe expressed by the forinula piieLw, :LL; s1ion.n. Wliile we have no assurance that the Qa = Qo (0.25 + O.iSSj, wliere Qo is the rriclitttion income instriimmts of clifferent tges in use tit the different which corresponds to n cloudless sky, imd S is the dura- stations (bee T:tble 1) record solar energy on precisely tion of sunshine expressed :is tl, perceiittige of the possible .IC. tlie c~irves:ire generdly in good ticcord. clurtition. hly own (2) studies of niensure1iieiit8s iiintle Stocl~holiiiis fwrtlier north than the stations ut \Vasliington, hltrdison, and Linroln give for this equc- on the Briti4 Ides, it undoubtedly hcts clearer skies; tioii 0,= 0, (0.22 +O.'iSS). tliereioie, the nittrkecl similp,rity hetween the curves for The oiily difference between these tlvo equ:ttions is in F~t~~l;l~~~hii,.. South Kensington, tmd Rothnmsted is not the term that represents the prrcentnge of cletw-sky The curves for Jo1i:mnesl)urg and Lourrlico my, r~clitttioiithat penetrtttcs H conti~iriouscluritl Iq-er. hl::rques Lire in good agreement with t>htitfor Eld~tm~,, The nv-ernge snnual miounts of solar therm:tl energy t\\o but there is not t8he difference betuwn thc first rec&ed on ti horizontal surfttce at the diflerent stations nilined that the difference in their elevations woiiltl leiitl is given in Ttible 5. us to expect. On the other hand, the curve for D~vos ~ Platz is so high as to indicate unusuelly ~learskies. 2 The told-[;ice Agums iu parentheses refrr to references at the end of the paper. Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 11:49 PM UTC APRIL, 1927 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW .--- Nov Dec I 7 I7 27 7 I7 27 FIG. l.-Annml march of daily totals of radiation received on a horizontal surface directly from the sun and diffusely from the sky (Weetern Hemisphere) TABLE5.-Average annual ainoicnts of sdar thermal energy received INTENSITY OF SOLAR RADIATION AT NORMAL INCIDENCE on a square dekameter of horizontal szcrjace Measurements of the intensity of solar radiation at normal incidence, (2) above, are usually made only when Iiilonat t- Kilowatt- Stations hours the sun is unobscured by clouds. They may be us@ to ~~ determine the total heat energy received directly .from Habsna ...... 184.JSY Lourenro Marques...... 1R9, .IC2 the sun with the sky cloudless, on either a horizontal Llneoln ...... 160 Johannesburg.~...... 175.696 surface, a surface norninl to the incident rays, or a ver- Mount Weather ...... 14R Dnvos Platz.-...... 174.013 Washington ...... 145 Rothnm?tell ...... 83. 133 tical or sloping surface facing in any desired direction (3), Madison...... 139 South Kensington...... 3.569 Toronto ...... 106,460 Btocliholm ...... iY.267 (4). However, such determinations have not the mete- New York ...... 97, Y56 Sloutzk ...... 70,296 orological significance that attaches to continuous records Chicago...... 89,424 under all sorts of weather conditions. Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 11:49 PM UTC 158 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW APRIL,1927 In this paper these measurements will be used in con- transmission of solar radiation, or its complement, junction with the mean value of the solar constant, as stniospheric depletion. determined by the Astrophysical Observat,ory of the Table 6 gives a list of stations at which pyrheliometric Smithsonian Institution, in a study of the atmospheric niensurements of the intensity of solar radiation have Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 11:49 PM UTC APRIL, 1927 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW rm been made, the length of the period of observation at approximately. Therefore, in compiling Table 7, when- each station, and the kind of instrument employed. ever it seemed reasonably certain that radiation inten- For this latter the following abbreviations have been sities had been recorded on the Angstrom scale they have employed : been multiplied by 1.0325 to reduce them to the Smith- A =Angstrom electrical compensation pyrheliometer. sonian scale. That such reduction has been made is A. P. 0. =Astrophysical Observatory copper bos pyrhe- indicated by n reference to an appropriate footnote at liometer. the end of Table 6. Ma. =Marvin electrical resistance pyrheliometer. This reduction has been made for the purpose of bring- Mi. = Michelson bimetallic pyrheliometer. ing the intensities into accord with the scale on which S. I. = Smithsonian silver-disk pyrheliometer. Smithsonien solar constant values are expressed in so M. G.= Gorczydski pyrheliometer employing a Moll far as this is possible. thermopile. Table 7 summarizes the pyrheliometric measurements TABLE6.-Liat of pyrheliometric atalions made at the various stations. In this table the following Alti- abbreviations have been employed : Station Latitude Longitud’ tude Prriod InStNIIIent m= the air mass= the length of the path of the solar - rays in the earth’s atmosphere, the length with mnithal 0,0, Urlrr. (1) Ablsko, Sweden.- 68 21 N. 18 49 E. 3w July 2-Sept.13 sun being unity. 1913; Julyl- Aug. 21.1914 A.1 A, = the solar thermal energy after passing through (2) -4gr3, Switzerland 45 48 N. 9 WE. 550 October, 1822- MI. air mass m. September, 1923. A,= t>he solar thermal energy after having passed (3) Al@u (Riezlern) 47 22 N. 10 10 E. 1,150 May,May. 1922-1824. Mi., 8. I. through air mas? m=2. Austria. (4) Apia Samoa-.--- 13 48 S. 171 46 W. 2 1925-1927- .. -. M. u. a = atmospheric transmission coefficient. (5) Areqhpa, Peru ... 16 22 S. 63 05 1%‘. 2,451 August 1912- s. I. March 1915 a1--2= atmospheric transmission coefficient determined (6) Arosa Saitmr- 46 li N. D 40 E. 1, SKI @rtoher,’l921- 9. I.. MI. land Mxch. 1‘925 from solar thermal energy measurements made with (7) Bangkok Siam.. 13 44 N. I00 30 E. 10 hIay .5-21,1023 M1.I the sun in the zenith, m=l, and also with m=3; or, (8) BR~SOIX, ’~lgeria. 36 13 N. 2 62 E. 1,160 A 11 gust- No - A. P. 0. vemher, 1911 A2 A1 6 11 S. 106 50 E. 6 1915 .t11d 1917- 6. I. and Mi, a1-2=--- Likewise, a and where A,,, lL‘I9. A1 - 7z;’ A0 (loi Calama,Chili(Mt. 22 ms. 68 56 W. 2,250 July, 191s- 8.1. the solar constant, is assumed to be 1.937 gram-calories Monteruma). July, 19%. 22 38 5. 6s 56 w. 2, 700 August, 19% s. I. per minute per square centimeter, and the value of AI .4pril 1826. (11) Cape Horn, Chili 55 31 S. 70 25 W. 12 fieplember, Pouillet. has been reduced to that for the mean distance between 1682 - sep- “a” temher, 1983 the sun and the earth. In general, the subscripts to (12) Cheyenne. J%‘yo.- 41 08N. LO4 48 W. 1,65G Angust 29- 8. I. indicate the range of va1ue.s of A upon which the value of Srptember 3.1910. “a))is based. (13) Cordoba, Argen- 31 25 S. 64 12 w, 435 February, 8. I. tlna. 1:11?-J u u e, In Table 7 the values of A, are usually the means of l!bl I pyrheliometric readings made near noon, and the corres- (14) Corloto, Italy. - .. 41 36 N. 10 51 E. 5s 4 gust-Sep- t.1 tcmtvr. 1898 ponding values of m have been computed from the (15) Daros Paitzer 46 48 N. 9 49 E. l,fi00 191?-1818 (re- A and Mi. land ducrd to s. I zenith distance of the sun at noon on the middle day of srde, 1Y13). the month, as derived from the latitude of the place (16) ElliJay, N. C ____.35 11 N. 65 15 W. 683 bin> h-13,1916 s. I. (17) Eskdalemuir, 55 19 N. 3 12w. 214 l‘rn-l$l21. __ .- A.1 and the solar declination. Scotland. The value of A, given in the table, and the values of (18) Etna, hlount 37 45 N. 15 00 E. 2,950 Aug 18-23, d.1 (Casa Cantoniera 1,865 1908 AI, and A, which enter into the determination of the (19) Feldberg, Ger- 47 52 N. 8 03 E. 1,300 Oct 19, 1821- Mi., 8. 1. values of a0-], a]-,, and RZ-3, have been obtained by inter- many. March, 1825. (20) Flagstaff, _.35 12 N. 111 37 w. 2,105 Sept. 25-30, 6. I. polation or extrapolation from measured values. In 1910. winter, except in the Tropics, the extrapolated values of (21) Flint Island..---- 10 05 S. 152 10 W. Dec. 39, 1807- 6. I. (22) Florenm, Italy.. - 43 46 N. 11 13 E. 73 June 1915- 1.1 A, are subject to considerable error. Dec‘omber,1917. In many cases it has been necessary for the write,r to (23) Frankfort on the 50 07 N. 8 38 E. 820 July 1919- Mi.1 plot logarithms of original pyrheliometric rcaclings Main, Germans hlaich, 1922. (34) Fresno, Calif. ..__36 43 N. 119 49 w. 110 Mar.. 14,1920. !. I. against air mass to obtain the desired value of A. In (25) Fuji, Japan ______.35 22 N. 138 44 E. 3, 726 July 28.19og- 4.1 the case of values for Cordoba, La Quiacn, and La Con- (26) Gornergrat, 45 59 N. 7 47 E. 3,136 June ?%July A.1 . Swtzerland. 12,1803. Flanza in Argentina, this was not possible, as the original (?7).. Hald. Denmark.. 56 23N. 9 19E. 78 lKr2-1903----- 4.1 readings are not accessible to me. I have therefore made (28) Helwan (Cairo), 29 5? N. 31 20E. 116 February A.’ Egypt. 1914-De: use of the published values of AI and “a,” and from oember, 1923 (28) Hump Mountain, 38 08 N. 82 00 w. L.500 June, 1917- 6.I. these have computed A,. N. C. March, 1918. Values of A in the table are expressed in gram-calories (30) Innsbruck, Aus- 17 16 N. 11 23 E. 580 January- 8.1 tria. June, 1908. per minute per square centimeter of normal surface. (31) Johannesburg, 26 11 s. 28 04 E. 1,806 April 1907- AI. They have not been reduced to mean distance between South Africa. June‘ 1911. (32) J u n g f r a uf o e h , 46 32 N. 758E. 3,457 Sept. h-Oct. 1,Mi. the earth and sun. Sw iteerland. 3,1923. (33) Earlsruhe, Ger- 49 01 N. 8 25E. 128 Sept. 6, 1921- Mi., 8. I. The A. P. 0.)the S. I., and the Ma. pyrheliometers many, Mar. 31,1825. (34) Katharinenburg, 56 50N. 60 39 E. 280 18!36-1898-- - - - Chwolson. have been intercompered to permit of bringing their Russia. readings into conformity with the Smithsonian pyrhe- (35) Kew Observatory, 51 28 N. 0 18W. 6 1911-192 1- - - - 8.1 England. liometric scale of 1913 (5). The Mi. pyrheliornet#eris a (36) Kief, Russia_.____ 5024N. 3028E. 183 1888___--_____ Crova. secondary intrument that is standardized by comparison (37) Kolberg. Germany 59 11 N. 15 33 E. 2 April, 1914- 8,Mi.’ April, 1915. with a standard instrument, most frequently the Rng- (38) La Confianea, 22 088. 65 45 W. 4,- August-Sep- 6. I. Argentina. tember, 1913. strom. It has been shown (6) that the ratio (39) La Jolla, Calif-..- 32 50N. I17 15 W. 30 Mar. 2-4, 1820 s. I. (40) La Quiaca, Argen- 22 08s. 65 45 W. 3,492 September 8. I. tina. 1912-Octo: Smithsonian scale - - 1.0325, ber, 1913. 1 Radiation intonsitia u recorded have been reduced to the 8mithmnim pyrhelb Angstrom scale metric acale of 1913 by multiplying by 1,0325. Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 11:49 PM UTC 160 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW APRIL, 1927 TABLE&--List of pyrhelionietiic stations-Continued TABLE6.-Lisl of pyrheliomehic stations-Continued - - ~ Station Alti- .41ti- Latitude Lbngitudi tude Period Instrument Station LRtitudP LonKiturir Period 1nstrume.nt - tude 0,0, MC- Mc. ters 0,0, tera (41) Lausanne, Sa-it- 46 31 N. 6 38E. 515 1896-1802....- Crova. (67) Potsdarn.many. Ger- 52 33 N. 13 04 E. merland. 106 MI, 1,8. I. (42) Leningrad (St. 59 58 N. 30 16E. 5 18&1904----. Chwolson. Petersburg), (68) Red Bluff, Calif--. 40 10 N. 22 15 W. Russia. 110 6. I. (43) Lipcoln, Nebr-.-- 40 50N. 98 41 W. 373 July, 1915- (69) St. Blsien, Ger- 47 46 N. 8 08E. 790 Mi., S. I. December, many. 1925. (44) Lindenberg. Ger- 52 13N. 14 07 E. 106 lele ___.-.__ .. Mi. and Ro- (70) Santa Fe, N. Mer. 35 41 N. 05 57 W. 2,138 Ma. many. hitzsch. (45) Madison, Wis..-- 43 05N. 89 23 w. 297 July, 1910- Ma. December, 1925. Twin Moun- 35 39 N. 05 55 W. 2, A38 s. I. (46) Madrid, Spain.--- 40 24 N. 3 41 E. 655 September, K.1 tain. 1910-A u- Lake Peak. - -. 35 48 N. 05 45 3,730 Oct. 29, 1R12.. gust, 1924. w. 6. I. (4i) Medford, Oregon. 43 20 N. 122 49 w. 468 Mar. 28-Apr. S. I (71) fiestala, Italy ..... 44 15 N. 10 46 E. 1.092 July- 8ep- .I and Violle.1 5,1920. tember, (48) Modena, Italy---. 44 39N. 10 56 E. 51 March-No- K.1 1899; July- vember, August, 1900; July- 1W; July- September, September, 1UOl; Janu- lY2l. ary, 1902- (73) Simla, India...... 31 07 N. 77 08 E. 2,204 October, 190% A.1 June, 1W. December, (49) Mont Blanc, 45 49N. 6 52E. 1,810 August and Crova actino- 1915. Franc?. September, graph. (i3) Smeroe, Jdva ..... 8 09s. 12 55 E. 3,670 Apr. 30, 1915, 1904. and Aug. (50) Monte Cimone, 44 12N. 10 42 E. !, 165 August, 1899; Violle and A.1 25, 1918. Italy. August, IaD; (74) Sonnblick, Austria 47 03 N. 12 66E. 3,106 June 19-July July-Sep- 17,IW. tember, 1901, (7.5) Tashkent, Russia. 41 2ON. 69 18 E. J a n u a r y - July-Au- April, 1036. gust, 1902; Teneriffe, Canary Jul y-Sep- Islands: tember, 1903; (76) Pic de Teyde. 28 12N. 16 42 W. 3.683 K.1 July-Au- gust, 1904; (7i) Alta Vista .... 28 12N. 16 42 W. 3,252 K.1 July-Au- gust. 1805. (78) Izana ...... 38 I9N. 18 30 w. 2,367 8. I. (51) Monte Rosa, Italy 45 55 N. 7 56 E. I, 560 August, Rep- K.1 tember, 1905, (79) Cadadas...... 25 13N. 16 34 w. 2, la, s. I. 1808,1807. (52) Montpellier, France 43 36 N. 3 53E. 43 1883-1800-.-.. Crova. {80) Ouimsr ...... 38 18 N. 16 28w. 360 K.1 (53) Moscow, Rush-- 55 45 N. 37 34 E. 156 May-August, M i c h B Is0 n 81) ThBodosie, Russia. 45 02 N. 35 24 E. Mi. 1921. (54) Mount Czarno- (82) Tjisoeroepan, Java 6 506. 09 30 E. 1,200 Mi.1 hora, Poland (W)Trapp, \'a ...... 39 04 N. 17 52 1%'. 220 A. P. 0. (Eastern Carp& thians): (S4) Treuronberg, 79 55 N. 16 52 E. 9 K.1 Worchta------48 18N. 24 34 E. 770 August, 1924. A. R. I. Bpitzbergen. Jablonica----. 48 19N. 24 2QE. b.10 ....do...... i.9. I. (85) Upsala, Sweden.. 59 51 N. li 32 E. 40 1901 ...... K.1 ,372 September. K. S. I. (SF) Urnanova. Poland 53 02 N. 21 00 E. 100 JuneAuwst.. K.1 Poiyiewska. -. 48 ION. 24 33 E. 1909. July. dugust, Mi, 8. I. 1W. ,406 %, (87) Wahnsdorf, Qer- 51 07 N. 13 41 E. 260 August. 1917- Mi. 1922. many. August, 1918 Chomiak__.... 48 22 N. 24 30E. ,544 August, 1924. %, 9. I. Poiyiewska.. (&3) Wnrsam, Poland -. 52 15N. 21 02 E. 120 191&1918-. .... and others.' 48 09N. 24 32E. ,&32 ____do._.____. A, 8. I. 69) Washington, D. C. 38 S6 N. 77 05 W. 13i Octoher, 1914- Ma. Honerla-----. 48 10N. 24 30 E. !. 058 -.-.do ______.. K, Mi, S. I. December, (55) Mount Weather, 39 04 N. 77 53 w. MO Septemher. Ma. 1925. Va. 1907-Sep- (YO) Zakopsne. -4ustria 49 18 N. 19 58 E. 899 Augus t-S e p - i.1 tember, 1914. ternher, 1903 (56) Mount Wbitney, 36 35 N. '18 17 W. 9 433 August, 1908, A. P. 0. MISCELLANEOI S Calif. September, 1909. Sep- (91) dtlantic Ocean ... 38 N. 10 1%'...... fir=. 8.19m.. tember, 1910. (82) h1eoliteirane:tn Yea 36 N. 50 E...... hlar. 1.7, 3933.. (57) Mount Wilson, 34 13 N. 18 04 w. ,737 180519m..... A. P. 0. 32 N. 32 E. Aug. 5, 1923... Cdil' 34 N. 24 E. ___.._.4ug. 7, 1w.. (58) Naples, Italy ..... 40 52N. 14 15 E. 149 December, K.1 38 hr 16 E. .._._.Aug. 9. 1923... 1913-Janu- (83) Suez Calla1 ...... 39 N. 33 E...... Mar. 18. 1923.. :try, 1915. (94) Red FP~...... 22 N. 3R E...... Mx. 20. 192.3.. (59) Nijni-Oltchedaeff, 48 38 N. 37 40 E. 197 1912-1914.. ... K.1 18 N. 40 E...... July 31, lnZ3.. Russia. 32 N...... Aug. 1. 192Z.. Numazu, Japan. - (60) 35 06 N. 38 51 E. 10 July 29, 1909.. K .: (%) (Gulf of Aden ...... 12 N. 2 E: ...... Mar. 23, 1'~s.. (61) Nykiiping, 8we- 59 45 N. li 01 E. 18 hiarch, 1916- 8.1 11 N. 4i E. July 28. I!$=. . den. May. 1919. (913 Indian Ocean ...... 10 N. 1;s E...... hIar. 2Y,l!r?.'r.. (63) Pangerango, Java- .e 50s. 06 50 E. 8,030 June - July. Mi.1 4 N. 61 E...... July 22. 1923.. 1915; July- (07) (iuir of Siam ...... 3 N. 01 E...... Apr. 10, 1923.. August, 1919. OBSERVATIONS FROM OALLIXJNS 48 49 N. 229E. 50 1807-1923. _..- %.I (9s) OmAhn. Nehr 41 16 X, 59 41 N. 30 29 E. 40 September Crova - Sawi- 85 E6 w. ?. 000 July 11. IN!-. S. I. registcr- 1892-Decei1 noff, hii. ing. berJ91Y: Jan (99) Orieshcirn. Oer- 51 07 N. 8 41 E. 7, 505 Ort. 19. 1913... K.1 UdW. 1925- many. April, 1928. -__ (65) Phoenix, Ark----. 33 BN. 12 00 w. 350 Oct. 3-8, 1010. 9. I. (64) Pomona, Calif..-.. 34 03 N. 17 45 W. 265 Fob. 26-26. 5. I. 1 Radintiou intensities as recorded have heen reriured t.o the Frnithsnnian pyrhelio- 19m. inet.ric scale of 1913 hy multiplying hp 1.0335. Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 11:49 PM UTC Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 11:49 PM UTC 162 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW APRIL,1927 TABLE7.--Monthly means of solar radiation and atmospheric TABLE7.-Monthly means of solar radiation and atmospheric transmission-Continued tra.nsmission-Continued - Stations Jan. Feb. Mar.1 Apr. M3y June July ?Lug Dee. - ___I----- Katharinenhurg (34): 4, ...... 1.27 1.40 1.41 1.37 1.26 1.26 1.33 1.27 1.26 1.24 m ...... 3.26 1.9611.46 1.25 1.20 1.22 1.37 1. 71 2.90 3.59 .... a,=(?.45) ...... 1.41 1.33 ‘1 25 1.13 1.03 0.911 1.11 1.17 1.31 1.40 ..... Gief (36): A, ...... 1.281.: ... 1.32 1.22 ..... 1.27 1. 25 1. li 1. 11 1. 13 m ...... 1.IB..... 1.18 1.12 ..... 1.31 1.4i 2.24 3. 19 3.49 Leningrad (42): , , 0. 99 0. A, 0.97 I 1.31 1.29 1.26 1.?i 1. 16 io ...... 1 1.14 I1.33 11.35 I1.35 m ...... 6.10 3.37 2.10 11 55 1.32 1.25 1.28 1.44 1. 82 2. i5 4.20 6. 10 h.Ioscow (W,: A, ...... 1 ...... 1 ..... 1.31 /I. 2; I. 30 1.2s ...... R1.2-3.5 ...... 0,s 0.m 0.82 .....I :::::I:::: ..... 111 ...... 1.20 1.18 1.21 1.34 ._..- Nijni-Oltchedaeff (5!1 I : .im...... 1.05 1.29 1.25 1.26 1.2.5 1.19 1.12 1. li 1.22 1.07 1.03 0.94 m ...... 2.M 2.10 1.56 1.23 1.15 1.11 1.12 1.?1 1.43 1.8G 2.56 3. 20 FRI-IOVS~(6loutzk) A: ...... 1.32 1.31 ..... 1.2 1.18 1. If 1.29 ...... _._ .______...... BP-3...... E.% .E53 ...... 260 .855 .SI . M4_.- BO-I ...... ,748 .782 ...... r49 ,756 .lL .,IS ...... __.. Am...... 0.87 1.10 1.23 1.29 1.32 1.33 1.29 1.Z 0.61 m ...... 5.95 3.34 2.08 1.51 1.31 1.24 1.27 1.44 1. 8218 l2.n1. 13 0.B4.e 7. 80 Tashkent (75): A, ...... 1.38 1.43 1.39 1.39 ...... _.._ m ...... 2.14 1.71 1.3i 1.18 ...... 1 ..... ~ .... _.___ Theodosie (81): A, ...... 1.16 1.23 1.24 1.14 1.20 1.33 1.22 1.2: ..... m ...... 2.45 I.% 1.44 1.24 1.13 1.08 1.09 1.1; .-..- Treurenberg (84): Ai ...... 1.36 1.30 1.32 1.36 .... 1.32 ..... :~z.s...... ,677 .8iY . 651 -894 ... . !IOS ..... Ahisko (1): .- An ...... 11. 17 1.11 1.11 ..... ai., ...... 1::::: 1:::: ,641 .% ,670 .._._ BO.I-...... ,725 .7: _____ Nykoping (61): Ai ...... 1.29 1.2Y 1.40 1.26 ...... 1.24 ...... ___._ az.8...... ,663 ,686 ,899 .891 ...... ,895 ...... __._. 80.1...... ,766 . 771 .i72 . is6 ...... ,756 ..______._____ A, ...... 0.89 1. la ...... 1.30 1.2‘ .-.-..1.23 0.9f 0. 62 m ...... 5.25 4.08 ...... 1.49 1.4, ...... 2.20 4.5: 9.07 Upsnln (85) : ...... As ...... 1.03 ..... ai.~ .__...... Az ...... 1.31 1.28 1. 1.27 a1.5.l.D ...... I .si21 .8m1( . ,861 n0-I .... . i3i Bassour A,...... 11.1 ..... ---I .i4sl I I I I ...... m ...... ~1.621.39 1.1~1.07 1.03 1.0?11.(13 1.0 I. 13 1.30 1. 54 1.72 Bntnvin CY): I A: ...... I. 13 1. 13 1.03 1.!3 0.5s 0.99 ‘0‘13 0.8 0.89 0.79 1.05 1. 08 az.3 ...... 750 . ~57.01; . r3i . ~OC.SX : ~SS. i .a71 ,881 .!02 ,727 80.~...... ,636 .66.i .e!); ,711 . 6ii .6SR; ,704 .6 .mo ,600 .,ii ,714 ...... I...... Ill, ...... I ...... I :::::I .....1 ...... I ...... 1 Decamber and January combined. Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 11:49 PM UTC APRIL, 1927 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW 163 TABLE7.-Monthly means of solar radiation and atmospheric CALAMA. transmission-Continued ABBOT,C. G., & OTHERR. 1922. Annals Astrophysical Ob- servatory, Smithsonian Institution, IV: 115-127. Wash- OBESERVATIONS AT SEA ington. Mount Montezuma. 4pr. Mag June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nor. Dec. ABBOT, C. G. 1936. hlont.ezuma pyrheliometry. Mo. Wea. Fkv., Siipplement No. ’77. ~ -_____- .. Washington.- CAPE HORN...... International Polar Expedition, 1882-1883. (France.) 1885...... Observations des radiations soldres. Mission scientifiaue du Cap Horn, 1882-1883. Tome 2. MBtBorologie. Secodde ...... I. 35 ...... 1.06 ...... partie, s. 59-73. Paris...... CHEYENNE...... ,...... KIMBALL,HERBERT H. 1919. Variations in the total and luminous solar radiation with geographical position in the ...... 1.21 1.21 ...... 1.m 1.00 ...... United States. Mo. Wca. Rev., 47: 776. Washington. CORDOBA...... 1.16 !!I BIGELOW,F. H. 1914. Bulletins of the Argentine Meteoro- ...... 1.02 logical Office, No. 4, pp. 137-140. Buenos Aires...... 1.24 ..: CORLETO...... 1.04 CHISTONI,CIRO. 1903. Misure pireliometriche eseguite a .28 Corleto nell’ estate del 1898. Rend. Acc. Lincei, ser. 5, v. 12, 1 sem., p. 53-57. Rome. DAVOS. DORNO,C. 1919. Himmelshelligkeit, Himmelspolarisation, Sonnenintensitat in Davos, 191 1-1918. Veroff. des Preuss. Met. Inst., No. 303. Abh. Band VI. Table 60. Braun- schweig. ELLIJAT. KIMBALL,HERBERT H. 1919. Variations in the total and luminous solar radiation with geographical position in the United States. Mo. Wes. Rev., Nov. 47: 775. Wash- AI...... 1.29 ington. 80.1...... 1 .6M ESKDALEMWIR. ..____ i GREATBRITAIN, METEOROLOGICALOFFICE. 1909-10. An- nual report, Observatory department, National Physical Laboratory. Report of Sup’t Eskdalemuir Obs’y, Ap- pedis 11, Table 5. London. Jan. Feb. hIar.1 Apr.lMay June July Aug. Sept. Ort Nu\7.1 Dec. GREAT BRITAIN, METEOROLOGICALOFFICE. 1911-1922. 1 ..I British Met’l and Magnetic Year Book, Part 111, section 2. Omaha (9s): The Geophysical Journal. London. Am...... 1.7s ...... m ...... 1.06 ...... ETNA(MOUNT). Griesheim (99): BELLIA, C. 1908. Risultati delle misure pireliometriche Am...... 1.72 ...... eseguite sull’ Etna a l,S85 m. e 2,950 m. di altezza. Mem. m...... 2.04 .....j ..... SOC. spettr. ital., v. 37, p. 200-207, Catania. FELDBERG. I PEPrLER, ALBERT & WILHELM. 1925. Beitrage zum Strah- lunmklima Badens (1 Teil). Veroffentl. d. Bad. Landes- wederwarte Nr. 7. ~ Barlsruhe. FLAGSTAFF. KIMBALL,HERBERT H. 1911. Some causes of variation in the polarization of skylight. Jr. Franklin Institute. 171: 333-344. Philadelphia. (See also Mo. Wea. Rev., Nov., 1919, 47: 776.) FLINTISLAND. ABBOT, c. G. & OTHERS. 1913. Annals Astrophysical Ob- servatory, 111, 1-11-143. Washington. FLORENCE. ALFANI,P. Gurno, D. S. I’. 1917. Letture pireliometriche. Pub. dell’ Osscrvatorio Xmeniano dei PP. Bcslopi,Firenze, No. 153 and 125. Florence. FRANKFORTON THE hIAIN. LINKE, FRAXZ.1922. Normalwerte der Sonnenbtrahlung AREQUIPA. am Taunus-OI~aervatorium. hlet. Zeit., 39: 392. Brmn- ABBOT, C. G. 1916. Arequipa pyrheliometry. Smithso- schweig. nian miscellaneous collections, v. 65, No. 9. Washington.- FRESNO. AROSA. IiihmALL, HERBERTH. 1920. Solar radiation intensity in GOTZ, F. W. PAUL. 1926. Das Strahlungsklima von hosa. the Pacific Coast States. Mo. Wea. Rev., 48:359. Wash- Berlin. ington. BANGKOK. FUJI AND NuaiAzu. GORCZT~~KI,Lanrs~ans. 1923. Report. from the Polish OKADA,T. R YOSHIDA,Y. 1910. Pyrheliometric ohserva- actinometric expedition to Sam and the equatorial region. tions at the summit and at the base of Mount Fuji. Bull. Bulletin MBtCorologique, Institut Central MCtBorologique Central Meteorological Observatory, Japan, No. 3. Tokio. A Varsovie, pp. 90-93. Warsaw. GORNERGRAT. bass on^. SCHEINCR,J. 190s. Uiitersuchungen iiher die Solarkon- ABBOT, C. G. 8: OTHERS. 1913. Annals Astrophysical Oh- stante und die Temperatur der Sonnenphotosphare. Publi- servatory, Smithsonian Institution, 111: 96-9s. Wash- kationen des Astrophysikalischen Observatoriums zu Pots- ington. dam. No. 55, 18. Band. 3d. Stuck. Potsdam. BATAVIA. HALD. SHAW,SIR NAPIER. 1926. Radiation in relation to meteor- HOLM, RAGNAR & JANSSON, MARTIN. 1904. Mesures ology. Union Gbod. et G6oph. Int. Section de RICt6or- actinombtriques. In Travaus de la station Franco- ologie. ProcPs-verbaux, Deusiitme AssemhlBe GhBrale, Scandineve de sondages aCriens S Hald 1902-1903. p. 30- Madrid, 1934, p. 114. Rome. 38. Viborg. Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 11:49 PM UTC 164 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW APRIL, 1927 HELWAN. MODENA. SHAW,KNOX. 1924. Ms. tables. CHISTONI, CIRO. 1905. Risultati pireliometrici ottenuti HUMPMOUNTAIN. coll’ attinometro di Violle negli anni 1900 e 1901 a1 R. ABBOT,C. G. & OTHERS. 1922. Annals of the Astrophysical Osservatorio geofisico di Modena. Rend. Acc. Lincei. Observatory, Srnithsonian Institution, IV: 116-117. Wash- Ser. .5, v. 11, 1 sem., p. 147-153. Rome. ington. CHISTONI, CIRO. 1905. Risultati pireliometrici ottenuti INNSBRUCK. dall’ ottobre 1901 al 3 liiglio 1903 a1 R. Osservatorio geo- MYRBACH-RHEINFELD,DR. OTTO. 1910. Uber die Abhangig- fisico di Modena. Rerid. A4cc.Lincei. Ser. 5, v. 14, 1 sem., keit des Transmissionskoeffizienten der Atmosphare fur die 560-567. Rome. Sonnenstrahlung von Feuchtigkeit, Luftdruck und Wetter- 3 luglio a1 21 agosto 1902. hid. 2 sem., p. 7G-82. Rome. lage in Innsbruck. Sitz. ber. Ak. Wien. Mathem.-naturw. 1906. 22 agosto a tutto girigno 1903. Ibid. v. 15, 1 sern., a Klasse; I I9 :419-435. Vienna. p. 126-133. Rome. JOHANNESBURG. MONT BLANC. Transvaal, Meteorological Dep’t. 1907-10. Annual reports. HANSBY,A. 1905. Ohservations actinom6triques faites au Pretoria; Union Astronomer, July, 1910-June, 1911. Ms. sommet du Mont Blanc. Comptes rendus. Tome 140, tables. pp. 422-425. Paris. JUNGFRAUJOCH. Ibid., pp. 1OOY-1010. STEIN, M. EDWARD.1924. Mesures de la radiation solaire MONTECIMONE. B Junnfraajoch.-- Comptes Rendus. 178: 513, Paris. CHISTONI,CIRO. 1903. Rlisiire pireliometriche eseguite a KARLSRUHE. Sestola ed a1 hliinte Cimone nell’ estate 1R99. Rend. Acc. PEPPLER,ALBERT & WILHELM. 1925. Beitrage zum Strah- Lincei, ser. 5, v. 12, 1 sem., p. 255-2633. Rome. lungsklima Badens (1 Teil). Veroffentlichungen der Bad. Ibid. (estate 1900), v. 12. 2il. sem.. pp. 625-628. Landeawetterwarte Nr. 7. Iiarlsruhe. CHIHTONI,CIRO. 1902. Misure pireliometriche fatte sul KATHARINENBURG. Monte Cinione nell’e. NYKOPING. SMEROE. WESTMAN,J. 1920. Starke der Sonnenstrahlung im Mittel- SHAW,SIR NAPIER. 1926. Radiation in relation to mete- schwedischen Ostseegebiet. Mare 1918-Mai 1919. orology. Procbverbaur des SBances de la Section de Meddelander FrIln Statens Meteorologisk-Hydrografiska m6tBoiolo ie. Union GCodBsiyue et Gbophysique Interna- Anstalt. Band 1, No. 1. Qt,ockholni. tionale. heiixi8me AssemblBe GBnBrale. Madrid, Octohre, PANGERANGO. 1924, p. 115. Rome. SHAW,SIR NAPIER. 1926. Radiation in relation to meteor- QONNBLICK. ology. ProcPs-verbaur des SBances de la Section de EXNER,DR. F. 1903. Messungcn der Sonnenstrahlung und mbteorologie. Union GCodCsique et GCophysique Int,er- der nachtlichen Ausst.rahlrrng auf dem Sonnblick. hlet. nationale. DeuxiPme AssenihlCe GBnBrale. Madrid. Zeit., 20: 409. Braiinschweig. Octdher, 1924, p. 115. Rome. GORCZY~SKI,LADISLAUS. 1923. Preliminary report on TASHKENT. the. results obtained during a voyage in the equatorial RUSSIA. OBSERVATOIRE G~OPHYSIQUECENTRAL. 1926. region, March to August, 1923. hlo. Wea. Rev. Oct. Bulletin de la Commission actinomBtrique permanente de 1923, vol. 51, p. 528-529. Washington. l’observatoire g6ophysiqrie cent.ra1. No. 1-2, 1925, No. 1, PARIS. 1926. Leningrad. BUREAUCENTRAL h~kTk0HOLOGIQUEDE FRANCE.1907-14. TENERIFFE. Observations actinom6t,riqiies fait,es au Parc Saint-hlarir, Pi- de Teyde. Annales 1. MBmoires, 1907-1914. Paris. ~NGSTROM,IiNUT. 1900. Intensit6 de la radiation solaire INSTfTUT DE PHYSIQUE DU GLOBE DE L’UNIVERSIT~~DE PARIS A diffCrent.es alt,it,udes. Reeherclies faites 9. TBnBriffe ET DU BUREAUCENTRAL DE MAGNfiTIRME TERREYTRE. 1895 et. 1896, pp. 37-40. Upsala. 1925. Annales, Tome 111, pp. 13-137. Paris. d/ta Vista. PAVLOVSK(SLOUTZK) . ANGSTROM,I~NUT. 1900. Int.ensit6 de la radiation solaire SAVINOV,S. I. 1913. The masima of solar radiation at. 9. diffdrentes altit.utles. Recherches faites 9. TBnBriffe Pavlovsk since 1S93. Bull. Ac. Imp. des Sci. St. Peters- 1895 et 1896, pp. 37-40. Upsala. hourg, 6me. &., No. 12, pp. 707-720. St,. Petersboiirg. Zzana. IiALITIN, N. N. 1923. Die Wiirmesunimen der Sonnen- SPAIN. OBSERVATORIO CENTRAL nIETEOROL60ICO. 1917. strahlung f!ir Pawlowsk. Met., Zeit., vol. 40, p. 353. Anuario. Suplemento a1 Tom0 111, p. 132-136. Madrid. Braunschweig. Caiiadas. CENTRALPHYSICAL NICHOLAS OBSERVATORY., Annals, Part SPAIN. OBSERVATORIOCENTRAL ~,~ETEOROL~GICO. 1917. 1, 1893, to date. St,. Petersbourg. Anuario. Suplemento al Tom0 11, p. 137-179. Madrid. SCHUKEWITSCH,J. 1894. Actinometrische Beohactungen Guimav. im ~onstaut~inowscheiiObservatorium zu Pavlovsk. St. Petersbourg. ANGSTROM, IiNUT. 1900. Intensite de la radiation soleire Repert f. Meheorol. BrI. 17, No. 5. 9. differentes alt.it,udcs. R.echerches faites TBnBriffe RUSSIA. OBSERV.4ToIRE GfiOPHYSIQUE CENTRAL, 1936. A Bulletin de la Commission actinom6trique permanerite de 1895 et 1896, pp. 37-40. Upsala. I’Observatoire g6ophysique central. No. 1-2, 1925, No. 1, THEODOSIA. 1936. Leningrad. RUSSIA. OBSERV.4TOIRE GEOPHYSIQUECENTRAL. 1925, 1926. PHOENIX Bullet.in de la Commission actinomCtrique permanente de IiIhrBALL, HERBERTH. 1911. Some causes of the variat,ion l’Obseruat,oire gbophysique cent,ral. No. 1-2, 1925, No. 1, in the polarization of skylight.. Jr. Franklin Institute, 1926. Leningrad. I7 I :333-344.‘ Philadelphia. TJISOEROEPAN. See also Mo. Wea. Rev., Nov. 1919, 47:776. Washington. SHAW, SIR NAPIER. 1926. Radiation in relation to mete- POMONA. orology. Proces-verbaux des SBances de la Section de KIMBALL,HERBERT H. 1920. Solar radiation inbensitv in M6tCorologie. Union GBod6sique et G6ophysique Inter- the Pacific Coast States. Mo. Wea. Rev., 48:359. Wnsh- nat,ionale. DeusiBme Asse~nhlde GBnCrale. Madrid, ington. October, 1924, p. 115. Rome. POTSDAM. TRAPP. MARTEN,W. 1930. Normalwerte der Somenstrahlung in KIMBALL. HERBERTH. 1913. Observations on the increase Potsdam. Met. Zeit., 37: 254, Table 3. Braunschweig. of insolation with elevation. Bulletin hlt. Weather Obs’y, RED BLUFF. vol. 6, p. 107-1 10. Washingt.oii. KINBALL,HERBERT H. 1520. Solar radiation intensit,y in TREURENBERG. the Pacific Coast, Qtat,es. Mo. Wea. Rev., 48:359. Wash- WEsThiAN, J. 1904. Rlesnres de l’int,znsitb de la radiation ington. solaire faites en 1899 et en 1900 8. la station d’hivernage ST. BLASIEN. suddoisc 8. la hie de Treurenberg, Spitzberg. Mission BAUR, DR. FRANZ.1922. Mitt.eilungen der Wetter und scientifique pour 1% mesure d’un arc de mCridien au Spitz- Sonnenwarte St. Blasien, Heft 1, Table 3, p. 14. St. berg ent,erprises en 1899-1902 sous les auspices des ouvern- Blasien. ment,s RiiCdois et. Russe. Mission su6dois. fome 2. PEPPLER,ALBERT & WILHELhi. 1925. Beit,r?ige zum Strah- Section VIII. B. Stockholm. lringsklinia Badens (1 Teil). Veriiffentlichungen der UTPSALA. Badisrhen Landeswetterwarte. Nr. 7. Iiarlsruhe. WEsTmiN, J. 1907. Mesare:; de 1 ‘intensit6 de la radiation 8ANT.4 FE. solaire. Kungl. Swnska veten~liaps.zkademienshandlingar. KIMBALL,HERBERT H. 1915. Solar radiation measure- Brl. 42, No. 1. Upsala. ment,~at. Sant,a Fe, N. hIes., et,c. Mo. Wen. Review, IJRS A N ovA. 43:439-443, 590, 44:2-4. Monthly thereafler. Wa:shingt~on. GORCZI-~SKI,LADIRLAU:;. 1910. Sur la valcur de la “con- Twin dfoi(ntnin. st,nnt,e rolaire ” d ‘apr8s les iiiesures prises 9. Ursanova KIMBALL,HERBERT H. 1013. Observations on the iiirreave (Po!ogne) en Cb6 1909. Estrsit des comptes rendus des of insolation with elevation. Bull. hlt. Weather Oh, ’v.“, sCnnces de la sociCt,B scientifiqiie de Varsovie; classe des VI, 107-110. Washingt.oii. Also Ms. tables. sciences niath6niat,iques et. nat,iirelles; 111 annee (1910), Lake Peak. fascicirle 3 (Mars). Warsn-a. Ihid. WAHNSDOHF. SESTOLA. JA~RBUCHDER SACHRISCHEN L.4NDES-WETTERW.4RTE. CHISTONI,CIRO. 1913. hlisure pireliometriche eseguite a 1919. Beobschtringen im Jahre 1918 in Wahnsdorf aiif dem Sestola ed a1 Monte Cininne nell’estate 1899. Rend. Arc. Fichtelherg. I. und 11. Abt.eilung des Jahrganges XXXVI Lincei, Ronirt, ser. 5, v. XI, losem., pp. 258-263. Rome. (10181, Tahle 14, page 50. Dresden. Ihid (estate 1900) 20. Rem., 62.5628. WARSA w . CHISTONI, CIRO. 1902. RIisrrre pireliomet.rirhe fatte a GORCZY~KI,LADISLAUS. 1914. Valeurs pyrh6liomCtrique.s Sestola ne11 ‘estate del 1901, wr. 5, V. SI, 10 sem., pp. 77-94. et lea soninies d’insolat,ion 9. Varsovie pendant la pBriode Rome. 1901-1913. Publicat.ions de la BociCt,6 scientifique de SIMLA. Varsovie. Comrnission MCtBorologique, Tome 11. Warsaw. INDIAMETEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 1905-15. India STENZ,ED~ARD. 1922. Intensitd de la radiat,ion solaire et Weather Review, 1906-07. Simla. l’insolation zt Varsovie pendant. la phiode 1913-1918. Ibid. 1908-1913. Calcutta. Monthly Weather Review, Annuaire de 1 ’institiit. Central hlCt,eorologiqiie de Pologne, 1914-15. Calcutta. bnn6e 1919, pp. 153s. Warsaw. Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 11:49 PM UTC 166 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW APRIL, 1927 WASHINQTON. b = energy absorbe,d by the permanent gases and KIYBALL, HERBERTH. 1910. Solar radiation intensity at c.onve.rted ihto heat. Washington, D. C. Bull. Mt. Weather Obs’y. Vol. 111, Part 2, pp. 69-126. Waahington. =depletion from at,mospheric dust and haze, KIYBALL,HERBERT H. 1915-1925. Mo. Wea. Rev. 42:648. D 43:112. Monthly thereafter. Washington. which probably does not vary greatly XAKOPANE. with A, and becomes almost negligible at GORCZY~~SKI,LADISLAUS. 1906. Sur la march annueLle de high altitudes. l’intensit6 du rayonnement solaire B Varsovie et sur la theone des appareils employ&.. page 127. Warsaw. Assuming b and D each equal to 0.0 and P = Po, uaX (Authority given by Gorczydski; Witkowski, A. 1905. hns been co~nput~edby equnt,ion (1) for 39 vilues of A Spostrzezenia p rheliometryczne w Zakopanem w lecie r. 1903. Spraw. kom. Fizyogr., Krali6w, 1905.) betwe,en 0.3415 p nand2.442 p, corresponding to prismatic MISCELLANEOUS. deviations of t.he Sniithsoninn u. v. glass prism between Obsemalions at sea. +240’ and -40‘, Rtintervals of lo’, except that between GORCZY~~SKI,LADIsL~US. 1023. Report from the Polish 120’ and 20‘ the interval is 5’. The relative inten- Actinometric Expedition to Siani and the Equatorial + + Region. Bulletin MBtBorologique, 1nst.itut Central hlBt6o- sities of rasliat,ion for these wave lengths before deple- rologique B Varsovie. Septembre to October, 1923. pp. tion by the. atmosphere, eo,,, have been taken from 90-92. Warsaw. Fowle,’s values (I 0) with interpolation where necessary. Observations from balloons: Let 7n = t8he air mass, sqproxinietely the secant of the OMAHA. ABBOT, C. G. I% OTHERS. 1922. Annals Astrophysical sun’s zenith distance, and 0.’ the trnnsniission c,oefficient Observatory. Smithsonian Institut,ion. Vol. IV, pp. for the total solm radiation through dry pure eir. Then 347-366. Washington. GRIESHEIMAM MAIN. emx= eOxumaX,and (2) PEPPLER,ALBERT & STUCHTEY,KARL. 1914. Absolute Mes- sungen der Sonnenstrahlung auf Hochfahrten in den Aero- nautischen Observatoriums. 1913. ISBand, pp. 34s364 (3) Braunschweig. Both t,he niiiiie,rat,or nnd the de,nominat,orof (3) must Table 8 gives the sources of the data summarized in inchde correct,ions for bot>h ultra-violet a.nd infre-red Table 7. radiation I) beyond the liinit,s of the wave-lengths It will be noted that in Tables 6 and 7 each stat,ion is (I given a number, and that in Tables 6 and 8 the arrange- ~0nsidere.d.~The magnitude of the,se,corrections appears ment is alphabetical. In Table 7 the arrangement is to be known only n.pproximst8ely. geographical, beginning with South America, and then To take account of t,lie scattering- of solnr radiation passing in succession to North American, the Canary by Rtmospheric moisture, I have also used Fowle’s (IO) Islands, southern, central, and northern Europe, Africa, values of The equation for a‘ then bec.omes -? India, Java, Siani, Japan, observations at sea, Oceania, ’ m- ~eOx(Q~axa.Wwx)m and observations from balloons. - Zeox (4) ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION where w is the dept,h of water in centimeters that would be’obtained if all the moisture in the atmosphere were The data of Table 7 have been summarized in con- precipit,ntecl. If w=0, equation (-1) is ide.ntica1 with (3). venient form for studying atmospheric, t,ransmission of At stations of t,he dstrophysicd Obse,rvatory of the solar radiation, or its complement, atmospheric depletion. Smithsonian Inst,it,ution tmhevdue of 20 is determined The latter is due to four princi a1 causes, as follows: spect,robolonietrically. At, other stations it is necessary (1) Scattering by the gas in0P ecules of dry pure air. ~--h (2) Scattering by the water vapor in the atmosphere. t,o use, Hnnn’s equat’ion, .w=2.3 e 102200”owhere e is (3) Absorption by the gases of the atmosphere, principally by wat’er va or. the surface vapor pressure in centimeters, and h is dti- (4) Scattering and ag sorption by the dust partides tude in me,ters above sen, level. Fowle states (12) that suspended in the atmosphere. t,his equ%t,ioncan be relie,cl upon only whe,n the mean Fowle (7) has shown that on high niountains above values of e for a considerable period nre used. the dust of t,he lower leve.ls at,mospheric transmission In Figure 3, the values computed from (3) for values of m.=l, 2, mil by dry air, sax, agre,es closely with the theoret,icalequation 3, 4, 40.0/76.0=0.536, have, been plotted developed by King (8) from Rayleigh’s c,lassicaloquations as ordinates on the scnle of t’heir logsrithms to the base (9) as follows: 10. The abscissas have been numbered for an air pres- sure of 76 cm. Evidently, however, if P< Po, unit sir mnss will fall on the absc,iss,a corresponding to the value a,,, = e - k, where k of PIPo. Thus, if P=40.0 cm., unit air mass falls at 3 N0X4 (1) 0.526, 2 111. at 1.052, etc. Similarly, t,he values comput,ed from (4) for m = 1 .O 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, w=0.5, 2.0, n = index of refraction of air. and and va1ue.s of 1.0, 3.0, and 4.0 cm., give curves 2-6, Figure 3. Values have also been (n-.l)107=B75.16+ 13.412/X210-8+ 0.3777/X410-’6 co1npute.d for ‘in=0.526, but the form of the equation shows that for t,his vnlue of m the precipitable water, H= height of the homogeneous atmosphere, w, =799,000 cm. P represented by t,he c.urve.s is - w,where w is its value, for P = observed pressure in cm. of mercury. PO 8 As this paper,Foes to the printer I have received a copy of “Smithsonian Solar Radia- - wave length of light in cm. tioq,Researches hy C. 0.Abbot (Sopderdruck aus “,Qerlan$8 Beitrage eur qeophy- sik Bd. XVI.’Heft 4. pp. 314353. Lelpsic. 1927). In it are given new determnations No = molecules per ~m.~(Po=76.0 cm., t = for’these corrections that are much larger than those heretofore publlshed. Theu USB Ooc.) would probably lead to lower transmission coefficients than are indmted by the cuIve8 = 2.705 X 10 of Figure 3. Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 11:49 PM UTC APRIL,1927 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW 167 P=Po. Thus, for P=40 cm., on curves 2-6, w=0.263, stations, and the results are given in Table 9. Columns 0.526, 1.052, 1.578, snd 2.104, respectively. 3 and 4 give the scattering and absorption, E,, by pure From computed values of (eOXa,XuwwX)m,(u’)~, and curves dry air; columns 5 and 6, the scattering and absorption, given by Fowle (lo), I have determined the proportion E,, by water vapor; columns 9 and 10, the total deple- of incoming radiation absorbed by quantities of water tion, 1 -urn, as determined from the data in Table 7; vapor represented by wm, where w has the same value columns 7 and 8, the depletion designated D’, above, as m curves 2-6. These computed values of water vapor which is the difference between the total depletion of absorption have been plotted on curve 12, Figure 3; and columns 9 and 10 and the sums of the depletions given in after increasing thein by 0.5 at all air masses to take columns 3 and 5, and 4 and 6, respectively. The sub- account of absorption by the permanent gases of the script figures &xed to E, E,, D’, and a in the heading atmosphere (13) have been deducted from the value of of Table 9, indicate the values of m between which (a’), to give values of (u”)~as plott,ed on Figure 3 in depletions were computed. Air Mass Pressure - 76 0 cm.) FIO.3.-Atmospheric transmission of solar radiation through pure moist air curves 7-11. They ive the proportion of solar radiation Linke (14) calls the ration T,-- the atmosp~wie that is transmitted %y pure air containing the amounts Ern of water vapor indicated. turbidityfuctor, and Gotz (15) and Milch (16) have made The curves of Figure 3 do not take into account the extensive use of this factor in recent publications. I have depletion of solar radiation by the haze and dust in the given values of To-, and in the last two columns of atmosphere represented by the term D in equation (1). Table 9. Undoubtedly this depletion results from both scattering An inspection of Table 9 shows bu’t little depletion and absorption; but since we do not know the relative from water vapor or from dust on high mountains, which amounts scattered and absorbed, the total is usually is in accord with the results obtained by Fowle (17). attributed to scattering and is here designated D’m. There is also less depletion from dust and haze on island From the data in Table 7 and with the aid of Figure 3 stations than on continents. At Samoa it is less during we may determine with considerable accuracy the amount the wet summer months than during the dry winter of depletion of solar radiation by the scattering and months. It has been shown (18) that haze at sea consists absorption of dry air, aqueous vapor, and haze and dust principally of minute salt crystals. of the atmosphere. This has been done for a few typical Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 11:49 PM UTC 168 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW APRIL, 19Z -. TABLE9.-i%tmospheric depletion of solar radiation THE RELATION BETWEEN SOLAR RADIATION AND AIR TEMPERATURE Tur- Dry air "2; Dust Total bidity Angstrom (22) has shown the relation that exists I I 1 I 1 factor Station Season between radiation and temperttture. Briefly, the diurnsl 1 -1 I march of both radiation and temperature may be expressed EO-I EO-,E,o-I( EmD'o-I D'o-a -- by a Fourier series, the first constant of which gives the snnusl mean, mid the constant of tlie first harmonic the Apia _.______Whter..0.0840.155 0.197 0.277 0.077 0.061103880.484 3.913.19 Summer- .W.155 .205 .287 .MS ,005 .a47 ,4447 3.692.S annual oniplitucle. Wdiugton___.___ Winter.. .041 . 155 .081 ,101 ,087 ,141 .262 .3Y7 2.m 2.56 Sunnier- .w .is5 .le5 . SO . io3 .127 .am ,612 3.85 3.30 For Washington, the equirtion for the mean daily Mount Wilson ____ Summer- .Oi9 .135 .IO6 .E7 ,021 .026 . ZQ6 .%E 2.61 2.13 rndiation receipt on a horizontd surface from the sun and Winter.. .070 ,126 ,048 ,021 .021 . 139 ,217 1. 9Y 1.74 Mount Monte- .Oil sky is Q, = 335 .i+ 1; 1.1cos(e, + I:, .io) - 20.0 COS(^, + 3.40)~ where 8=0 on July 5. After depletion by reflection, by processes of evaporation, and by re-radiation from the heated surface of the earth, the radiation available for ._._.. 2iO .3YY 2. &" 2.57 .0211____.I .%5/ ____ ~/I.SO heating the atmosphere is expressed by the equation ~~=32.2+i06.4~o~(e,+ 10.0~) -22.3~0~(2e,-33.0~) The total depletion of solar radiation by atmosphe.ric scattering is approximately (1 - + Urn,and from it The corresponding equation for the mean daily tem- we may comput,e the intensity of the diffuse radiation to perature is be e,xpected at the surface of the e.arth with a cloudless sky. In this computation it is necessary to make allow- T, = 12.s+ 13.3 COS(^- 15.50)+ 0.3 COS(^^^ + 45.90). ance for the fact that only tt small proportion of the diffuse sky radiation is rece,ived at the earth's surface at In case of continuous snow cover from December to normal incidence, and also for the fact that the intensity February, inclusive, the radiation equation beconies of the radiation is not the same from all parts of the sky. Upon the assumption that, phot,ome.tric measurements of QB= 10.9 + 132.3~0~(8,-0.3~)- 37.6~0~(28,-49.4~); the brightness of different parts of the sky (19) give the variations in sky radiatioli intensity with sufficient ac- and the temperature equation becomes curacy, I find that at Washington the intensity of diffuse sky radiation on a horizontal surface as com- T,= 10.0 + 15.3 cos(e, - 15.50). puted from the atmospheric scattering of radiation is 1 to 2 per cent greater than the nieasured amount. Similarly, we obtain for continuous sunshine Abbot (20) computed the excess of the solar constant value over the suI!i of tlie measured intensity of direct Tco=19.4+ 16.7Cos (0,- 15.5'). solar radiation, dlffuse sky rsdintion on a horizontal surface, and the computed absorption of solar radiation From the above it appears that a continuous snow Ly the atmosphere. He found that, expressed in per- cover during the winter months would lower the mid- centages, on Mount Whitney the escess was only 0.43;on winter temperature nearly 6' C., while continuous sun- Mount Wilson, 2.0; and at Bnssour, on September 5, 6, shine ~-orrldraise min-summer temperatures 11' C. and 7, 1912, about t,hree months after the eruption of Such equations are of value not, only in climatological, Katmai Volcrmo in Alaslra, the excess was 14 per cent. but also in thermodynamicd studies. Here, agrtin, scattering and absorption by t,he gases of For exam le, hgstrom found the annual term for QT the atmosphere accounted for nearly a11 t>hedepletion in at StockhoP m to be minus. Therefore to maintain solar radiation HS it pttssed through the atmosphere, uniform temperatures from year to year heat must be except at Bassour during the prevailence of the dusi conveyed through horizontal atmospheric convection cloud from I Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 11:49 PM UTC APBIL, 1927 MONTHLY WEATHEB REVIEW (2) Kimball, Herbert H. (13) Fowle, F. E., jr. 1919. Variations in the total and luminous solar radiation 1915. The transparency of aqueous vapor. Astrophysical with geographical position in the United States. Journal. 42: 394. Chicago. I Mo. Wea. Rev., 47:769-793. See especially (14) Linke, E'. Figure 9, p. 780. Washington. 1922. Traiismissionskoeffizient und Trubungsfactor. (3) ICimball, Herbert H., and Hand, Irving F. Beitr. Z. Phys. d. freien Atmosphare. 10: 91. 1922. Daylight illumination on horizontal, vertical, and Leipzig. sloping surfaces. Mo. Wea. Rev., 50: 615628. (15) Glitz, F. W. Paul. Washiugton. 1926. Das Strahlunnsklima- von Arosa. Berlin. (4) Kimball, Herbert H. (16) Milch, W. 1925. Daylight illumination on sloping surfaces. A cor- 1927. uber die Extinktion der langwelligen und der rection. Mo. Wea. Rev., 53:448. Washington. kurgwelligen Sonuenstrahlung in der Atmosphlire (5) Abbot, C. G., and others. der Erde. Gerlands Beitriige z. Geophysik, 1913. Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory, Smith- 16: 66. Leipzig. sonian Institution, 111, 69. Washington. (17) Fowle, F. E., jr. (6) Angstrom, Anders. 1914. Atmospheric transparency to radiation. Mo. Wea. 1919. Note on comparisons between pyrheliometers and on Rev. 42: 2. Washington. the difference between the Angstrom Standard and (18) Great Britain Meteorological Office. the Smithsonian Standard. Mo. Wea. Rev., 1926. Advisory Committee on Atmospheric Pollution. 47:798. See also 18 : 147. Washington. Report on observations in the year ending March (7) Fowle, F. E., jr. 31, 1925, Section 3, p. 42-44. London. 1913. The nonselective transmissibility of radiation (19) Kimball, Herbert H., and Hand, Irving F. through dry and moist air. Astrophysical Jr. 1921. Sky brightness and daylight-illumination measure- 38:392. Chicago. . ments. Mo. Wea. Rev., 49: 481. Washington. (8) King, Louis Vessot. (20) Abbot, C. G., and others. 1913. On the scattering and absorption of light in gaseous 1913. Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory, 111, media with applications to the intensity of sky 150- 15 1. Il'ashington. radiation. Phil. Trans. R. SOC.London, A. 212, (21) Abbot, C. G. 375. London. 1927. A ~OUDof solar channes. Smithsonian Misc. Coll.. (9) Lord Rayleigh. v. 86, No. 2. Wasuhington. 1599. On the transmission of light through an atmosphere (22) Angstrom, Anders. containing small particles in suspension, and on 1925. On radiation and climate. Geografiska- Annaler. the origin of the blue of the sky. Phil. Mag. 4.1 och 2. Stockholm. 47 :375. London. (23) Angstrom, Anders. (IO) Fowle, F. E., jr. 1925. The albedo of various surfaces of ground. Geo- 1917. Water vapor transparency to low-temperature grafiska Annaler. Arg. 7. H. 4, 323-342. Stock- radiation. Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 68, No. 8. holm. Washington. (24) Angstrom, Anders. (11) Abbot, C. G., and others. 1925. Evaporation and precipitation at various latitudes 1913. Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory, 111: 39-40. and the horizontal eddy conductivity of the Wanhinnton.u- atmosphere. Arkiv for matematik, Astronomi (12) Fowle, F. E., jr. och Fysik. Bank 19 A, No. 20. Stockholm. 1913. The determination of aqueous vapor above Mount Wilson. Astrophysical Journal,37: 359. Chicgao. TORNADOES IN VIRGINIA, 1814-1925 ALBERTW. GILES [University of Arkansas. FayettevilIe, Ark.] The compilation of a record of tornadoes and the con- agency for the collection and recording of weather data. struction of a tornado map is a difficult and unsatis- The record is believed to be fair1 complete since 1870, factory task. Not only are the necessary data widely although probably a number of mi& tornadoes in country scattered, but when assemblage from all available districts have not been recorded. sources has been completed many interesting and often In the preparation of tbe data all available Bources essential details are lacking. The phenomena involved have been utilized. Files of old newspapers have been are exceedingly transient, and the destructive results consulted and clues have been profitably followed up by are quickly healed by man and nature. Therefore, personal correspondence. Tho records of the Weather unIess the affected area is soon visited by a competent Bureau o6ce in Richmond have been placed at the observer, much of the interesting detail and many of the writer's disposal by Mr. E. A. Evans, in charge of that unusual features are permanently lost, or survive only in oBce. A number of accounts have appeared in the the memory of the local inhabitants, always an uncer- MONTHLYWEATHER REVIEW, and Mr. H. C. Hunter, of tain index of what occurred. the Weather Bureau, has kindly assisted in making avail- Another difficulty is in interpretating correctly the able from the files in Washington the record of a number character and motions of the destructive winds. Thun- of occurrences. The reports by Mr. J. P. Finley pub- derstorm squalls may do considerable local damage lead- lished in 1882 and 1885 by the United States Signal ing to the belief that they were tornadic, yet they lack Service have supplied information concerning a number the gyratory motion of tornadic winds and can not be of Virginia tornadoes, and Mr. Finley has kindly supple- classed as such. Trained observers can readily detect mented this with details regarding 22 more recent occur- the dserence from the position and attitude of the rences. The annual reports of the Chief of the Weather dhbris, but unless a storm causes great property damage Bureau, particular1 for the years 1896 and 1897, have or casualties the area is rarely visited by such observers. also yielded valuab 9e data. In the following account an earnest effort has been made Table 1 gives all obtainable data for the 63 tornadoes to exclude all storms that did not exhibit the phenomena recorded in Virginia to January 1, 1925. The order is characteristic of tornadoes. chronological. The numbers in the first column are those The record for the earlier years is necessarily meager ~ of the tornado tracks the location and relative length and brief due to uncertain and dacult means of com- of which are shown in Figure 1. munication, smaller population, and absence of a suitable d Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 11:49 PM UTC