MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW Editor, ALFRED J. HENRY Vol. 55. No. 4 CLOSEDJune 2,1927 W. B. No. 924 APRIL, 1937 ISSUED Julv 2. 1927 MEASUREMENTS OF SOLAR RADIATION INTENSITY AND DETERMINATIONS OF ITS DEPLETION BY THE ATMOSPHERE WITH BIBLIOCIRAPHY OF PYRHELIOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS By HERBERTH. KIMBALL TABLE1.-Stations which obtain records of the total radiation re- ceioed on a horizontal surface .from the sun and sky-Continued [U. S. Weather Bureau] - In Prochs-verbaus des s6snces de la Section de Longi- Alti- Station Latitude tude tude Period Instruments M 6 t korologie, Union G god Csiq ue et G Co ph y sique Inter- - nationnle, aiinese VI, Deusieme Assemblee Gkn6rale, the 0, 0, [der president of the section, Sir Napier Shnw, hrts given an (3) Chirago, I I I . 41 47 N. 8i 35 W. 210 September. Weather Bureau (Un i ver s i t y 192bAprllI thermo-elec- excellent suinmn.ry of pyrheliometric iiiensurenients of Station.) 1927. tric. (4) Mount Weather 39 04 N. 77 53 w. 540 hlny, 1812- Callendar. solar radi:ttion intensity made in all pwts of the world. Va. Geptember, The summrtry was preprxed in response to a resolution 1914. (5) Washington, 38 58 N. 77 05 W. 137 November, Do. of the section at its meetin? in Roiiie in 1922. D. C.. 1914-0 c t 0- ber, 1522. Sir Napier expresses radintion intensities in units of November, Weather Bureau power (kilowatts per square delinmeter) for the re!isoii, 1922-Decem thermo-elec- ber, 1Y25 tric. as he states, that “The Gilowztt is the unit that enpineers (6) New York, N.Y 40 46N. 73 58 W. 48 April, 1024- Do. (Central Park April, 1927. use to represent electrical power; solar energy is thereby Otserratorg .) brought into the sPme category ns the energy which inen (7) Hnhana, Cuba. 23 09 N. 82 91 W. 40 March, 1925- Do. May, 1926. buy or sell.” (8) Turonto.Can3da 43 40 N. 79 24 Tv. 116 .____....._____Cdlendar. (9) Rothamsted, 51 4Y N. 0 22 1%‘. 123 1927r1524.---- Do. There are two kinds of solzr mhtion niensureiiients to England. be considered, as follows: (10) South Kensing- 51 30N. 0 10 W. 37 1913-19%. -. Do. ton. England. (1) The total rtdiatioii receiLed on it unit of horizontal (11) Davos Platz, 46 43 N. 9 49E. ,600 November, Kngstrsm. Switzerland. 1QZ-0c to- surface from the sun and sky, md ber, 1921. (2) The intensity of solt~rr3clit:tion at norind inci- (12) Arosa, Switzer- 48 47N. 9 40E. I 860 1021-1925.--.- Mi.; S. I. 1nnd.l dence. (13) Lindenberg, 52 13N. 14 07 E. 106 1919_________. Robitzsch. Clermany.1 (14) Stockholm. 59 21 N. 15 04 E. 44 July, 1922- Angstrom. THE VERTICAL COMPONENT OF SOLAR RADIATION Sweden. June, 1923. (15) Sloutzk (Pav- 59 41 N. 30 29 E. 40 1913-1919..-~~ Crova-Sawinoff. lovsk), Russia. Mensurements of the total radiEtion as in (1) above (16) L o u r e n c o 25 55 S. 32 26 E. 459 1915-1919. ___ _. Callendar. Marques, Port; are best niede with recording instruments, and the South Africa. records are continued during cloudy and rainy weather (17) Johannesburg, 26 11 s. 28 04 E. ,806 lWJune,1910. Do. 1 South africa. as well as when the sky is free froin clouds. Teble - gives a list of the stations at which continuous records of 1 hlesurements of direct solar radiation only. this character have been obtained. Figures 1 and 2 give the nnnud march of the ddy totals for the diflerent TABLE2.--Sources of data given in Figures 1 arid S stations espressed in kilowatt hourspersquaredeksriieter.’ (1) LINCOLN. For all stctions in the United States escept Mount KIMBALL,HERBERT H. 191C1925. Solar and sky radia- Weather, the data froni which the curves are constructed tion measuremeuts. Mu. Wea. Rev., 44 :17Y. Monthly is in the form of weelrly means of the daily totals; €or thereafter. Washington. (3) hlanisow. Mount Weather and Lourenco Marques the means are for I<IMBALL, HERBERTH. & ~~ILLER,ERIC R. 1916. clecades; for all other stations they are monthly means. The total radiation received on a horizontal surface The weekly and decade means have been smoothed ty from the sun and sky at Madison, Wis. Mo. Wea. the well-known smoothing formula Rev., 44:lSO. KIMBALL,HERBERT H. 1916-1925. Solar and sky radia- a+2b+c tion measurements. Mo. Wea. Rev. 44:179. Monthly thereafter. Washington. 4 (3) CHICAGO. The sources of the data are given in Table 2. KIMBALL,HERBERT H. 1923-1927. Solar and sky radia- tion measurements. Mo. Wea. Rev. 51 :533. Monthly thereafter. Washington. TABLEl.--Statio7is which obtain records of the total radiation re- (4) MOUNTWEATHER. ceived on a horizontal surface from the sun and sky KIMBALL, HERBERT H. 1914. The total radiation ____ received on a horizontal surface from the sun and sky at Mount Weather, Va. Mo. Wea. Rev. 42:474. Station Latitude z-1 ti& 1 Period 1 Instruments Washington. _- __________ (5) WASHINGTON. IhhfBALL, HERBERTH. 1915-1925. The total radia- tion received on a horizontal surface at Washington, D. C. Mo. Wea. Rev. 43:10&111. Monthly there- thereafter. Washington. (6) NEW1-0~~. KIMBALL,HERBERT H. 19261927. Solar and sky radia- tion measurements. Mo. Wea. Rev. 52:225. Monthly 1 One gram-calorie per square centimeter equals 1.161 kilowatt hours per square deka- meter. thereafter. Washington. 50037-27-1 155 Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 11:49 PM UTC 156 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW APRIL,1937 (7) HABANA. For Sloutzli (Pavlovsk), Russia, two curves are given. THEYE,CARLOS. MS.tables. (8) TORONTO. One includes direct solar riidiation only, thc other both SHAW, SIR NAPIER. 1926. Radiation in relation to direct solar arid diffuse sky radiation. Thf curves for meteon~lugp. ProcPs-verhaus. Deu\;&nie AssemI)Me Alros:tI nil Linc!eiil)erg inclucle only tlie direct sol~rrr'-<liti- G6iilirale, ITiiioii G6odC.siclue et G6ophj iiqrie Inter- tion, th:iut for Arus:i :,5 receivetl upon :: horizont. ,1 burface, nationale, Section (le 1116t6orologie,p. 94. Rome. (9) ROTHAMSTED. rind thitt for Lintlcnberg 11s rtwivell on LL siir.f:i,ce :,t right SHAW, SIR NAPIER. 1926. Radiation in relation to angles to the incitlent solnr r:iys. nieteorologg. Proce~-verbaus. Deusi&me AssenihlCe conipurison of the two curves for Sloufzl,, niitl nlso GBnbrale, Union CGodEsique et GCophysique Inter- that for Arosit with the curve for nenr-lJy L): ,vas, indi- ilatiuiinle, Section de m6tCorologie, 11. 94. Rome. (10) SOUTHKEN~INGTON. cittes the very considertible part of the tut.I.1 sol:.r t ticrmal Great Britinn. Meteorological Office, 1913-1920. Brit- energy tlint is received diffusely from tlie +I\J-, ~.niotinti~irr ish nieteorological and niagnetic year book, Part I11 in riiitny months to 50 per cent. On the otller li:.ii11, the (2), Geophysical Journal. London. curve for Lidenl~er;: shows nc:ridy : 5 much energy (11) DAVO~. D~RNO,C. 1922. Fortscliritte in Strahlring~iiessiingen. received from the sun on :I ~7url':;~eriorni:il to its rt',ys RY hlet Zeit. 1932, 39:311, Tahelle 2. Brauiischaeig. the total energy received on t~ 1iorizont:tl surf:.ce Iroiii the (12) AROCA. sun ant1 sky tit Dtl,vosl which is tit R lower l:>,titu(lt.::nd Cidrz, W. PAUL. 1926. Das Strahlungsklima von I?. higher altitude. (r Arms. Berlin. (13) LINDENBERG. For Stockliolni Angstriini (I ) €ound the rr.tios ,vivel1 ROBITZSCH, hl. 1930-21. Einige Ergehnisse von in Tahle 3 1,etween the totnl radiation and the sky r:xli:i- Strahhiii~sregistrierungen, die ini Jahre 1919 in tion received on n horizontal surface. Lindenberg gewoiinen wurden. Beitrage zur Phpsik der freien htmosphare. Band IS, pp. 91-9s. Leipzig. TABLE3.-Ratio of sky radiation lo the total radiation at Stockholvj, (14) STOCKHOLM. expressed as a percentage-July, 19%?-June, 19.33 ,&NG~TROM, ANDERS. 1934. Solar and terrestrial radiation, Qr. Jr. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 1924, 50:123, Table 1. London. f 15) SLOUTZK(PAVLOVSK). Rrs51~OB~ERVATOIRE L~OPHTSIQUE CENTRAL. 19'76. Bulletin r1,e 1s Coni~niission ActinomCtrique periiianeiit de 1 observatoire g6ophpsique central. 1925, No. 1-2, 1926, No. 1. Leningrad. From a sii1mi:w.v published hy me in the ~IONTHLI. IiAwrIN, N. N. 1925. Die Warmesummen der So~~nenstralilungfur Pavlovsk. Met. Zeit., 40:355, WEATHERREVIEW for Octobcr, 1924, 52: 175, Ttihle 1, Tabelle 2. Braunsclin eig. the relations given in Tnble 4 twe found. ( 16) LOUREN(W~~ARCJUE:~. Provincia de hlocanibique. Servicos de blarinha. 1910-1921. Relatonio do Observatorio TABLE4.-Ratio of the sky radiatioib to the total radiation, us re- Campos Rudriges em Lorirenco Marqueg. Anno de ceived on a horizontal surface uith a cloudless sky, expressed cis a 1915-1919. Lourenco RIarcrues. percentage (17) JOHANNE~BURG. Tna~sva.4~.METEOROLOC~ICAL DEP'T. 1907-1910. Annual Reports, Traiiavsal Observatory. Pretoria. In Figure 1 the eflect of latitude is shown by a conipari- son of the curves for hladison and Toronto with that for Hab:,ne, and the effect of altitude from a comparison of curvt's for WtLshington md Rlount Weather. The curves for C'lii~t~3)ltnd New York show the screening effect of city mi~ke,especitilly during the cold months. Tlic in- struments in use nt these Ariiericm stations, except that fur Tororito, htlve been sttindardized tit the tiiiitetl States TVe::ther Buretin by the method illustrntecl in the MoxmLy WEATHERREVIEW for May, 1923, 61 : 2-42. ~ Since Figure 2 contttins ciirves for stations in lroth the 1 hIr'3sulamLnta 111 de1u 1913 nortliern ;ind southern hemispheres, in order to syncliro- yew nize corresponding seasons of the it is necesswy to ,ingstriiin (I) 1i:is foiinc1 t1i2:t the total radiation income follow rL different sequence of months for the two heniis- Qa during tlie day 11i:~ybe expressed by the forinula piieLw, :LL; s1ion.n.