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A Case Study of Israel Public Disclosure Authorized 102958 world development report Public Disclosure Authorized BACKGROUND PAPER Digital Dividends Public Disclosure Authorized Best Practices and Lessons Learned in ICT Sector Innovation: A Case Study of Israel Public Disclosure Authorized Authors Dr. Daphne Getz and Dr. Itzhak Goldberg Researchers Eliezer Shein, Bahina Eidelman, Ella Barzani Public Disclosure Authorized This background paper was prepared for the World Development Report 2016 Digital Dividends. It is made available here to communicate the results of the Bank’s work to the development community with the least possible delay. The manuscript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formally-edited texts. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 1 Table of Contents Executive Summary and Key Findings ......... 5 1 Background and Sources for the Development of the ICT Sector in Israel ....... 8 1.1 Historical Background of Israel's Science, Engineering, and Technology Innovation ...... 8 1.2 Government Policies and Initiatives for the ICT Sector in Israel ............................................ 11 1.3 Analysis of the ICT Ecosystem for Entrepreneurship in Israel ................................................. 12 1.4 Case Studies of Successful ICT Startups Companies .................................................................. 13 1.5 Benchmarking and the Distinctive Ingredients that Make Israel a “Start-Up Nation” .. 14 1.6 Conclusion and Lessons for the Emerging and Developing Countries ............................... 14 2 The Role of Government: Government Policies and Initiatives for the ICT sector in Israel ....... 15 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 15 2.2 The Role of Government in Achieving Global Competitiveness ............................................ 16 2.3 Education ..................................................................................................................................................... 18 2.4 Immigration ................................................................................................................................................ 21 2.5 Investment Incentives and Capital Market Reforms ................................................................... 22 2.6 Foreign Direct Investment - FDI .......................................................................................................... 23 2.7 Government Support for R&D ............................................................................................................ 28 2.8 International Support .............................................................................................................................. 31 2.9 Innovation: Technology Incubators ................................................................................................... 32 3 Analysis of the ICT Ecosystem for Entrepreneurship in Israel ....... 36 3.1 Overview of Israel Silicon Wadi ........................................................................................................... 36 3.2 Domestic ICT Market in Israel .............................................................................................................. 43 3.3 Financing Channels for High-Tech and Innovation Industry ................................................... 46 3.4 Telecommunications, Semiconductor and Software Industry ................................................ 50 2 3.5 Empowering Society - ICT and Internet Usage ............................................................................. 53 3.6 Cyber Security in Israel ........................................................................................................................... 56 3.7 Israel - E-Government ............................................................................................................................. 58 4 Case Studies of Successful ICT Startups ....... 61 4.1 The Role of Failure & Success in Innovation: Two Case Studies ............................................ 61 4.2 Five Case Studies ...................................................................................................................................... 65 4.3 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................. 78 5 Learning from the Ingredients that Make Israel a “Start-Up Nation - Replicability to Emerging/Developing Nations ....... 79 5.1 A Comparison with a Similar Country - Singapore ..................................................................... 82 5.2 Poland and Armenia ................................................................................................................................ 84 5.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 85 6 Conclusions and Lessons for Emerging and Developing Countries ....... 86 3 List of Figures Figure 1: 2014 VC Fund Raising Reaches $914m – Most in 6 Years ........................................................ 9 Figure 2: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Israel 1990-2002 (US$ Million) .................................... 24 Figure 3: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Israel 2003-2013 (US$ Million) .................................... 24 Figure 4: OCS Ministry of Economy – Support Programs for R&D ....................................................... 28 Figure 5: R&D Budgets for all OCS Support Programs (Million NIS, 2011 Prices) .......................... 30 Figure 6: Services offered by Tech. Incubator ................................................................................................ 34 Figure 7: GERD for Various Countries as a Percentage of GDP for 2000-2013 ................................ 37 Figure 8: Employment in the ICT Sector in Israel (in Thousands) .......................................................... 38 Figure 9: Transformation in the ICT Industry ................................................................................................. 39 Figure 10: Israeli ICT Exports for the years 2011-2014 at 2011 prices ................................................. 41 Figure 11: Israel Startup Ecosystem ................................................................................................................... 42 Figure 12: Total Capital Raised by Israeli Firms (in Million USD) ............................................................ 47 Figure 13: Capital Raised by ICT Sector (in Million USD) .......................................................................... 48 Figure 14: Total Capital Raised in 2005-2014 by Israeli High-Tech Companies .............................. 49 Figure 15: Total, Daily Internet Users, 2006 and 2013 as a % of 16-74 Years Old .......................... 54 Figure 16: Five Layers Model of Israel E-Government ................................................................................ 59 Figure 17: RAD Genealogical Map...................................................................................................................... 63 Figure 18: Startup Lifecycle ................................................................................................................................... 64 Figure 19: Start-Ups Created from the Failed ICT Company, Modu ..................................................... 65 Figure 20: Innovative Capabilities of Israel with Respect to OECD Countries ................................... 81 Figure 21: Global Competitiveness Index – Israel, Singapore, Poland, Armenia .............................. 83 List of Tables Table 1: GDP, GDP per Capita, Israel and Selected Countries, US Dollars .......................................... 10 Table 2: Network Readiness and Global Competitiveness for Israel .................................................... 17 Table 3: Multinational Companies with R&D Centers in Israel (Partial List) ...................................... 26 Table 4: Top Ten Exits ($US million) in First 6 Months of 2015 .............................................................. 27 Table 5: A List of Joint R&D Programs (Partial List) ..................................................................................... 32 Table 6: Total ICT Exports ...................................................................................................................................... 41 4 Acknowledgment The purpose of this report is to provide a complete and true picture of the ICT Industry in Israel. We used various sources and quoted those sources where needed. We made sure that the report will meet Samuel Neaman institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and full response to study requirements. This report would not have been possible without the work of the following individuals who put a lot of effort into making it come
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