DOCSLIB.ORG

SEATO and the Defence of Southeast Asia 1955-1965

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
SEATO and the Defence of Southeast Asia 1955-1965 SEATO and the Defence of Southeast Asia 1955-1965 Damien Marc Fenton Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, UNSW@ADFA 2006 Certificate of Originality I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial portions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project’s design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged. Mr. Damien Marc Fenton Abstract Despite the role played by the South East Treaty Organisation (SEATO) in the defence of Western interests in that region during the Cold War, there has to date been no scholarly attempt to examine the development and performance of the organisation as a military alliance. This thesis is thus the first attempt to do so and as such seeks to take advantage of the recent release of much SEATO-related official material into the public domain by Western governments. This material throws new light upon SEATO’s aims and achievements, particularly in regard to the first ten years of its existence. Because SEATO was eventually rendered irrelevant by the events of the Second Indochina War (1965-1975) a popular perception has arisen that it was always a “Paper Tiger” lacking in substance, and thus easily dismissed. This thesis challenges this assumption by examining SEATO’s development in the decade before that conflict. The thesis analyses SEATO’s place in the wider Cold War and finds that it was part of a rational and consistent response within the broader Western strategy of containment to deter, and if need be, defeat, the threat of communist aggression. That threat was a very real one for Southeast Asia in the aftermath of the First Indochina War and one that was initially perceived in terms of the conventional military balance of power. This focus dominated SEATO’s strategic concepts and early contingency planning and rightly so, as an examination of the strength and development of the PLA and PAVN during this period demonstrates. SEATO developed a dedicated military apparatus, principally the Military Planning Office (MPO), that proved itself to be perfectly capable of providing the level of co-ordination and planning needed to produce a credible SEATO deterrent in this regard. SEATO enjoyed less success with its attempts to respond to the emergence of a significant communist insurgent threat, first in Laos then in South Vietnam, but the alliance did nonetheless recognise this threat and the failure of SEATO in this regard was one of political will rather than military doctrine. Indeed this thesis confirms that it was the increasingly disparate political agendas of a number of SEATO’s members that ultimately paralysed its ability to act and thus ensured its failure to meet its aims, at least insofar as the so- called “Protocol States” were concerned. But this failure should not be allowed to completely overshadow SEATO’s earlier achievements in providing a modicum of Western-backed stability and security to the region from 1955-1965. i Table of Contents Acknowledgements - - - - - Page ii List of Abbreviations - - - - - Page iv Maps - - - - - - Page viii Introduction - - - - - - Page 1 Chapter 1: SEATO’s Place in the Cold War - - Page 7 Chapter 2: The Conventional Military Threat - - Page 32 Chapter 3: SEATO’s Military Organisation 1955-1965 - Page 70 Chapter 4: SEATO’s Strategic Concepts - - - Page 105 Chapter 5: Planning for Limited War - - - Page 142 Chapter 6: Plan 5: The First Foray into Counter-insurgency Page 179 Planning Chapter 7: Counter-insurgency Planning for South - Page 207 Vietnam and Thailand Chapter 8: The Beginning of the End 1964-1965 - - Page 237 Conclusion - - - - - - Page 267 Appendix I - - - - - - Page 273 Appendix II - - - - - - Page 279 Appendix III - - - - - - Page 288 Bibliography - - - - - - Page 291 ii Acknowledgements In keeping with tradition I would firstly like to thank my supervisors, Professor Jeffrey Grey and Professor Peter Dennis, for their support and guidance over the last six years. I consider myself extremely fortunate to have numbered amongst the ranks of their PhD students and a post-graduate with a passion for military history would be hard-pressed to find two better exponents of the field. Their professionalism, knowledge and generosity were invaluable – Jeff’s spirited efforts to make sure I got to carry out research in the US and the UK and Peter’s offers to house-sit for him (and thus escape my non-air-conditioned apartment) are but two examples that spring to mind. I should also mention that while I undoubtedly tested the forbearance of both men towards the end of this undertaking, they were never anything but encouraging in their insistence that I could finish it. I would also like to thank my other friends and colleagues from the School of History, now part of the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, at UNSW@ADFA for their encouragement and support over the years. In particular Professor Robin Prior and Dr Albert Palazzo, who both offered gainful employment to a struggling student; the School Secretary, Bernadette McDermott, without whose Delphic powers I would never have managed to navigate the labyrinth of university regulations, entitlements and requirements; and my fellow frontschwein, Darren Clifford, John Connor and Luke Auton. As with any serious researcher I owe a great deal of gratitude to the many archivists and librarians who have helped me, although special mention must go to the staffs of the National Office of the National Archives of Australia and the Australian War Memorial Research Centre. Both institutions bore the brunt of my research effort – one that seemed to invoke the laborious process of obtaining access clearance for nearly every SEATO-related document I wished to see. My old friend and present-day Wellingtonian, Peter Connor, provided valuable assistance in preparing the way for a successful summer raid on Archives New Zealand. In a similar vein I am deeply indebted to another Mt. Maunganui old boy, Peter Butler, and his wife Suk, for their gracious offer of a spare room for the duration of my month-long stay in London. That research trip, which also included a month in Washington DC, would not have been possible without the generous financial support of the Australian Army iii History Research Grants Scheme. I spent most of this thesis as a full-time student in part-time employment but end it as a part-time student in full-time employment with the Department of Veterans’ Affairs. To that end I should like to thank my Director, Deborah Rollings, and her predecessor, Nik White, for their sympathetic support and understanding of my extra-curricular activities over the last two years – I know both of them gave me more leeway in this regard than I could rightfully expect from any employer. Thanks is also owed to my friends and colleagues in the Military History Section and Australia-Japan Research Project at the Australian War Memorial: firstly for the employment opportunities that helped me to keep body and soul together for some two and a half years, and secondly for the camaraderie and collegial encouragement offered by the likes of Dr Steve Bullard, Dr Chris Clark, Ian Hodges, Dr Peter Londey, Brad Manera, Dr Robert Nichols, Dr Peter Stanley, and Dr Keiko Tamura. The Canberra experience has not always been an easy one for an ex-pat New Zealander and with that in mind I would like to express my gratitude to Matthew Keene, Dr John Moremon and Tamara Johnston not only for the help and support they have offered me during the course of this thesis, but also for their friendship: my time in Australia would have been immeasurably poorer for their absence. Finally, I would like to thank my family, particularly my parents, Justine and Sel, for their unwavering belief in my ability to do this. iv Abbreviations 1ATF 1st Australian Task Force AA Anti-Aircraft AATTV Australian Army Training Team Vietnam AFP Armed Forces of the Philippines AFV Armoured Fighting Vehicle AMDA Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement ANZAM Australia, New Zealand and Malaya (agreement or area) ANZUK Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom (division or smaller force) ANZUS Australia, New Zealand, United States (treaty) APC Armoured Personnel Carrier ARVN Army of the Republic of Vietnam ASW Anti-Submarine Warfare BAOR British Army of the Rhine BCFESR British Commonwealth Far East Strategic Reserve BCT Battalion Combat Team BDCC-FE British Defence Coordination Committee, Far East CCP Chinese Communist Party CDNI Committee for the Defence of the National Interests CEFEO Corps Expéditionnaire Française d’Extrême Orient CENTO Central Treaty Organisation CIA Central Intelligence Agency CINCPAC Commander-in-Chief, Pacific (US joint theatre command) CINCUSARPAC Commander-in-Chief, US Army, Pacific v CMPO Chief, Military Planning Office CPI Communist Party of India CPP Communist Party of Pakistan CPT Communist Party of Thailand CPV Chinese People’s Volunteers CSE Committee of Security Experts CTZ Corps Tactical
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Secret History of Australia's Nuclear Ambitions
    Jim Walsh SURPRISE DOWN UNDER: THE SECRET HISTORY OF AUSTRALIAS NUCLEAR AMBITIONS by Jim Walsh Jim Walsh is a visiting scholar at the Center for Global Security Research at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. He is also a Ph.D. candidate in the Political Science program at MIT, where he is completing a dissertation analyzing comparative nuclear decisionmaking in Australia, the Middle East, and Europe. ustralia is widely considered tactical nuclear weapons. In 1961, of state behavior and the kinds of Ato be a world leader in ef- Australia proposed a secret agree- policies that are most likely to retard forts to halt and reverse the ment for the transfer of British the spread of nuclear weapons? 1 spread of nuclear weapons. The nuclear weapons, and, throughout This article attempts to answer Australian government created the the 1960s, Australia took actions in- some of these questions by examin- Canberra Commission, which called tended to keep its nuclear options ing two phases in Australian nuclear for the progressive abolition of open. It was not until 1973, when history: 1) the attempted procure- nuclear weapons. It led the fight at Australia ratified the NPT, that the ment phase (1956-1963); and 2) the the U.N. General Assembly to save country finally renounced the acqui- indigenous capability phase (1964- the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty sition of nuclear weapons. 1972). The historical reconstruction (CTBT), and the year before, played Over the course of four decades, of these events is made possible, in a major role in efforts to extend the Australia has gone from a country part, by newly released materials Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of that once sought nuclear weapons to from the Australian National Archive Nuclear Weapons (NPT) indefi- one that now supports their abolition.
    [Show full text]
  • Sir Howard Beale, 1958–641 Matthew Jordan
    5 ‘Mr Necessity’: Sir Howard Beale, 1958–641 Matthew Jordan Howard Beale was appointed Ambassador to the United States in 1957 at a critical time in American and indeed world history. The Cold War was well underway and tensions between the US-led West and Soviet Russia made the prospect of a ‘hot war’ with all its awful consequences a real possibility. Moved mainly by the inherent strategic limitations of ‘massive retaliation’, the US increasingly focused on winning ‘hearts and minds’ in former colonial territories in the Middle East, Asia and Africa during the 1950s and thereby stopping the spread of global communism.2 This broadening of the policy of containment, based on a continuing belief that communism was monolithic, found its most pertinent manifestation for Australia in the signing of the Manila Pact in September 1954. The pact, which established the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), committed the US to the defence of signatory countries in the event of communist aggression or subversion. Taken together with the Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS), signed three years earlier, SEATO reinforced Australia’s identification of the US as its primary great power protector. 1 For their comments and suggestions on earlier versions of this chapter, I would like to thank David Lowe, David McLean, Neville Meaney, Colin Milner and especially James Curran, who was kind enough to give me a large number of key documents from the John F Kennedy Library in Boston. 2 See John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy, Oxford University Press, New York, 1982, chs 6–8.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Zealand Army Officer Corps, 1909-1945
    1 A New Zealand Style of Military Leadership? Battalion and Regimental Combat Officers of the New Zealand Expeditionary Forces of the First and Second World Wars A thesis provided in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Wayne Stack 2014 2 Abstract This thesis examines the origins, selection process, training, promotion and general performance, at battalion and regimental level, of combat officers of the New Zealand Expeditionary Forces of the First and Second World Wars. These were easily the greatest armed conflicts in the country’s history. Through a prosopographical analysis of data obtained from personnel records and established databases, along with evidence from diaries, letters, biographies and interviews, comparisons are made not only between the experiences of those New Zealand officers who served in the Great War and those who served in the Second World War, but also with the officers of other British Empire forces. During both wars New Zealand soldiers were generally led by competent and capable combat officers at all levels of command, from leading a platoon or troop through to command of a whole battalion or regiment. What makes this so remarkable was that the majority of these officers were citizen-soldiers who had mostly volunteered or had been conscripted to serve overseas. With only limited training before embarking for war, most of them became efficient and effective combat leaders through experiencing battle. Not all reached the required standard and those who did not were replaced to ensure a high level of performance was maintained within the combat units.
    [Show full text]
  • Australian Political Elites and Citizenship Education for `New Australians' 1945-1960
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Sydney eScholarship Australian Political Elites and Citizenship Education for `New Australians' 1945-1960 Patricia Anne Bernadette Jenkings Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Sydney MAY 2001 In memory of Bill Jenkings, my father, who gave me the courage and inspiration to persevere TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................... i ABSTRACT................................................................................................................ iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................. vi ABBREVIATIONS..................................................................................................vii LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................viii LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................. ix INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 1 Theoretical Orientation ................................................................................... 9 Methodological Framework.......................................................................... 19 CHAPTER ONE-POLITICAL ELITES, POST-WAR IMMIGRATION AND THE QUESTION OF CITIZENSHIP .... 28 Introduction........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • IN THIS ISSUE Fire Section Cats • Taff the Fire Part 2 up to His Elbow in It Museum News Ascension Island AOC for the Day Beyond the RAF Fire Service
    ORCE & F D IR E A F L E A N Y C O E R • • F I N R O E I S T E IA R C VI O E FL CES ASS LUS AM SA MI NIS S ATQUE RUI ROYAL AIR FORCE & DEFENCE FIRE SERVICES ASSOCIATION MAGAZINE IN THIS ISSUE Fire Section Cats • Taff the Fire Part 2 Up to his elbow in it Museum news Ascension Island AOC for the day Beyond the RAF Fire Service www.rafanddfsa.co.uk Spring 2018 www.rafanddfsa.co.uk1 Flashpoint Magazine - SPRING 2018 Who To Contact - Officers and Committee Patron AREA CO-ORDINATORS Air Marshal Sir Roger Austin KCB AFC RAF (Ret’d) The Co-Ordinators Committee Member President Vacant Dennis McCann BEM Member 9 Lincolnshire Wood View, St Andrews Close, Alresford, Colchester, Steve Harrison Essex. CO7 8BL. 58 Gospel Gate, Louth, Lincolnshire, LN11 9JZ Tel: 01206 820715 Tel: 01507 355740 Vice – President Email: [email protected] Ron Brown Member 294 Cornwall, Devon & Somerset 38 Sedgebrook, Liden, Swindon, Wiltshire, SN3 6EY. Terry Mortimore Tel: 01793 496307 32 Newbridge, Truro, Cornwall, TR1 3LX Email: [email protected] Tel: Chairman Email: [email protected] Neil Slade Member 934 North West & Wales 29 Orchard Close, Ash Vale, Surrey, GU12 5HU. Vacant Tel: 01252 492111 North Email: [email protected] Robert Atkinson Member 108 Vice- Chairman 4 Fairway, Stella Park, Blaydon, Tyne and Wear, NE21 Howard Harper Member 682 4LL. 34 The Westering, Meadowlands, Tel: 0191 4148176 Cambridgeshire, CB5 8SF. Norfolk Tel: 01223 292298 John Savage MBE Member 188 General Secretary 3 Mercedes Avenue, Hunstanton, Norfolk, PE36 5EJ Mike Clapton Member 704 Tel: 01485 532353 4 Fairfax Road, Cirencester, Gloucester, GL7 1NF.
    [Show full text]
  • Inside the Canberra Press Gallery: Life in the Wedding Cake of Old
    INSIDE the CANBERRA PRESS GALLERY Life in the Wedding Cake of Old Parliament House INSIDE the CANBERRA PRESS GALLERY Life in the Wedding Cake of Old Parliament House Rob Chalmers Edited by Sam Vincent and John Wanna THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY E PRESS E PRESS Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at: http://epress.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Author: Chalmers, Rob, 1929-2011 Title: Inside the Canberra press gallery : life in the wedding cake of Old Parliament House / Rob Chalmers ; edited by Sam Vincent and John Wanna. ISBN: 9781921862366 (pbk.) 9781921862373 (ebook) Notes: Includes bibliographical references and index. Subjects: Australia. Parliament--Reporters and Government and the press--Australia. Journalism--Political aspects-- Press and politics--Australia. Other Authors/Contributors: Vincent, Sam. Wanna, John. Dewey Number: 070.4493240994 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU E Press Back cover image courtesy of Heide Smith Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2011 ANU E Press Contents Acknowledgments . vii Foreword . ix Preface . xi 1 . Youth . 1 2 . A Journo in Sydney . 9 3 . Inside the Canberra Press Gallery . 17 4 . Menzies: The giant of Australian politics . 35 5 . Ming’s Men . 53 6 . Parliament Disgraced by its Members . 71 7 . Booze, Sex and God .
    [Show full text]
  • Press Secretaries: Before Spin Doctors
    10. Press Secretaries: Before spin doctors None of Menzies’ press secretaries could be described as a spin doctor, and they saw their role as providers of information (except Hugh Dash, who had no information to provide), rather than propagandists. They answered housekeeping questions from the gallery: when was the Prime Minister going overseas, or when would the Government say something about whatever; they issued press releases and notified the gallery of press conferences and important statements to be made in Parliament. They stayed away from attempting to sell policy, leaving that to their political masters. Television hit the political scene in full force in 1988 when the move was made from Old Parliament House to the permanent Parliament House. Press secretaries came to be seen as more in the mould of the American publicist. They did not hesitate to come up to the gallery to sell a line, or, just as often, complain about a report reflecting badly on their bosses. Many of the press secretaries played favourites and fed material to journalists regarded as politically friendly. A good press secretary working for a humble backbencher will attempt to persuade the local press in the home electorate that a popular decision by the MP’s side of politics—be it government or opposition—can be spun for the benefit of their boss. The MP might not have had the slightest influence on how the good news arrived. It does not matter; a press release can claim the boss has been ‘tirelessly working’ for such an outcome for years. It is easier if their MP master is from a rural or regional electorate.
    [Show full text]
  • A “Foreign” Country? Australia and Britain at Empire's End
    A “Foreign” Country? Australia and Britain at Empire’s End. Greta Beale A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of B.A. (Advanced)(Hons) in History. University of Sydney October 2011 − Acknowledgements – ____________________________________________________________________________________________ I would like to firstly thank my supervisor Dr. James Curran for his patience, support and for sharing with me his incredible knowledge and passion for Australian political history. Your guidance was invaluable and much appreciated. I would also like to thank the 2011 honours coordinator, Dr. Kirsten McKenzie, for guiding me in the right direction and for her encouraging words. To the staff at Fisher Library, the National Library of Australia and the National Archives of Australia, your assistance in the research stages of the thesis was so helpful, and I thank you for going above and beyond your respective roles. To my family, I thank you for talking me through what sometimes seemed an overwhelming task. To Dad and Sasha, my calming influences, and to Mum, for her patient and precise proof reading, day trips to Canberra, and for listening with genuine interest to my ongoing discussions about the finer details of the Anglo- Australian relationship, many, many thanks. 2 - Contents - _____________________________________________________________________ Acknowledgements 2 Introduction Disentangling From Empire 4 Chapter 1 The Myth of “Civic Britannicus Sum” The United Kingdom Commonwealth Immigration Act 27 Chapter 2 “Austr-aliens” The Commonwealth Immigration Act, 1971. 49 Chapter 3 “Another tie is loosed” The transfer of responsibility for Australia House, 1972. 71 Conclusion 95 Bibliography 106 3 − Introduction − Disentangling from Empire ___________________________________________________________________________________________ In July 1973, the Australian Ambassador to the United States, James Plimsoll, received a personal letter from the retired Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, Sir Alexander Downer.
    [Show full text]
  • RAF Stories: the First 100 Years 1918 –2018
    LARGE PRINT GUIDE Please return to the box for other visitors. RAF Stories: The First 100 Years 1918 –2018 Founding partner RAF Stories: The First 100 Years 1918–2018 The items in this case have been selected to offer a snapshot of life in the Royal Air Force over its first 100 years. Here we describe some of the fascinating stories behind these objects on display here. Case 1 RAF Roundel badge About 1990 For many, their first encounter with the RAF is at an air show or fair where a RAF recruiting van is present with its collection of recruiting brochures and, for younger visitors, free gifts like this RAF roundel badge. X004-5252 RAF Standard Pensioner Recruiter Badge Around 1935 For those who choose the RAF as a career, their journey will start at a recruiting office. Here the experienced staff will conduct tests and interviews and discuss options with the prospective candidate. 1987/1214/U 5 Dining Knife and Spoon 1938 On joining the RAF you would be issued with a number of essential items. This would have included set of eating irons consisting of a knife, fork and spoon. These examples have been stamped with the identification number of the person they were issued to. 71/Z/258 and 71/Z/259 Dining Fork 1940s The personal issue knife, fork and spoon set would not always be necessary. This fork would have been used in the Sergeant’s Mess at RAF Henlow. It is the standard RAF Nickel pattern but has been stamped with the RAF badge and name of the station presumably in an attempt to prevent individuals claiming it as their personal item.
    [Show full text]
  • Australia and Britain at Empire's End
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Sydney eScholarship A “Foreign” Country? Australia and Britain at Empire’s End. Greta Beale A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of B.A. (Advanced)(Hons) in History. University of Sydney October 2011 − Acknowledgements – ____________________________________________________________________________________________ I would like to firstly thank my supervisor Dr. James Curran for his patience, support and for sharing with me his incredible knowledge and passion for Australian political history. Your guidance was invaluable and much appreciated. I would also like to thank the 2011 honours coordinator, Dr. Kirsten McKenzie, for guiding me in the right direction and for her encouraging words. To the staff at Fisher Library, the National Library of Australia and the National Archives of Australia, your assistance in the research stages of the thesis was so helpful, and I thank you for going above and beyond your respective roles. To my family, I thank you for talking me through what sometimes seemed an overwhelming task. To Dad and Sasha, my calming influences, and to Mum, for her patient and precise proof reading, day trips to Canberra, and for listening with genuine interest to my ongoing discussions about the finer details of the Anglo- Australian relationship, many, many thanks. 2 - Contents - _____________________________________________________________________ Acknowledgements 2 Introduction Disentangling From Empire 4 Chapter 1 The Myth of “Civic Britannicus Sum” The United Kingdom Commonwealth Immigration Act 27 Chapter 2 “Austr-aliens” The Commonwealth Immigration Act, 1971. 49 Chapter 3 “Another tie is loosed” The transfer of responsibility for Australia House, 1972.
    [Show full text]
  • Republic of Maldives
    National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) Republic of Maldives GEF Prepared by The Government of Maldives Ministry of Environment Energy and Water National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) Republic of Maldives GEF Prepared by The Government of Maldives Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water i Maldives NAPA Team: Ms. Mariyam Saleem (Marine Research Centre) Lead Author and Project Manager: Dr. Ahmed Jamsheed Mohamed (Department of Ms. Lubna Moosa Public Health) Dr. Mohamed Shareef (Ministry of Planning and Co-Authors: National Development) Dr. Simad Saeed Ms. Hafeeza Abdulla (NAPA National Consultant) Dr. Mohamed Shiham Adam Ms. Mizna Mohamed (Ministry of Environment, Energy Dr. Abdulla Naseer and Water) Dr. Sheena Moosa Mr. Hussain Naeem (Ministry of Environment, Energy Mr. Ahmed Shaig and Water) Contributors: Editors: Mr. Ahmed Jameel (Ministry of Environment, Energy Dr. Simad Saeed and Water) Mr. Ahmed Shaig Mr. Amjad Abdulla (Ministry of Environment, Energy Ms. Lubna Moosa and Water) Mr. Ibrahim Shaheen (Maldives Transport and Support Staff: Contracting Company) Ms. Aminath Zumeena Ms. Fathmath Shafeega (Ministry of Planning and Mr. Ibrahim Hamza Khaleel National Development) Mr. Abdulla Mohamed Didi Mr. Mohamed Aslam (LaMer) Ms Athira Ali Mr. Hussain Zahir (Marine Research Centre) © Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water, 2006 The contents of this report may be reproduced in parts with acknowledgment of source. ISBN Published by: Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water, 2006 Fen Building Male', Republic of Maldives Tel: +960 3324861 Fax: +960 3322286 Email: [email protected] Website: www.environment.gov.mv Cartography, design and layout by: Ahmed Shaig Photos courtesy of: Portrait Gallery Printed by: National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives ii Foreword By President of the Republic of Maldives 27 December 2006 Our world is today faced with many mitigate against climate change, there is serious threats to the prospect of life and no local-level fix to this global problem.
    [Show full text]
  • Rotorua Boys' High School---An Historical Introduction
    ROTORUA BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL AN HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION Kevin J. Lyall School Historian 1 Published by Rotorua Boys’ High School P.O. Box 10148 Rotorua 3046 New Zealand Telephone: +64 7 348 6169 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.rbhs.school.nz First published 1994 Second edition 1995 Third edition 2009 Fourth edition (first digital-only edition) 2018 Fifth edition (second digital-only edition) 2019 Sixth edition (third digital-only edition) 2020 Seventh edition (fourth digital-only edition) 2021 Eighth edition (fifth digital-only edition) 2022 Copyright © Kevin J. Lyall 2022 All rights reserved This publication is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act 1994, no part may be reproduced by any process without the permission in writing of both the copyright owner and the above Publisher. Kevin J. Lyall has asserted his right under the Copyright Act 1994 to be identified as the author of this work. 2 CONTENTS Foreword…………………………………………….…………….……………5 School Names…………………………………………………………………...6 The New Zealand Flag………………………………………………………......7 The School Shield……………………………………………………………..8-9 School Mottos………………………………………………………………….10 Vision Statement, Principles and Values………….…..................................11-12 The Three Plumes – “Raukura”.…………………………………………….....13 The 1881 Endowment……………………...………………………………..…14 History of the School……………...…………...………………….………..15-20 Principals……………………………………...……………………………21-26 A Block………………………………………...…………………….……..27-29
    [Show full text]