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Republic of Maldives National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) Republic of Maldives GEF Prepared by The Government of Maldives Ministry of Environment Energy and Water National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) Republic of Maldives GEF Prepared by The Government of Maldives Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water i Maldives NAPA Team: Ms. Mariyam Saleem (Marine Research Centre) Lead Author and Project Manager: Dr. Ahmed Jamsheed Mohamed (Department of Ms. Lubna Moosa Public Health) Dr. Mohamed Shareef (Ministry of Planning and Co-Authors: National Development) Dr. Simad Saeed Ms. Hafeeza Abdulla (NAPA National Consultant) Dr. Mohamed Shiham Adam Ms. Mizna Mohamed (Ministry of Environment, Energy Dr. Abdulla Naseer and Water) Dr. Sheena Moosa Mr. Hussain Naeem (Ministry of Environment, Energy Mr. Ahmed Shaig and Water) Contributors: Editors: Mr. Ahmed Jameel (Ministry of Environment, Energy Dr. Simad Saeed and Water) Mr. Ahmed Shaig Mr. Amjad Abdulla (Ministry of Environment, Energy Ms. Lubna Moosa and Water) Mr. Ibrahim Shaheen (Maldives Transport and Support Staff: Contracting Company) Ms. Aminath Zumeena Ms. Fathmath Shafeega (Ministry of Planning and Mr. Ibrahim Hamza Khaleel National Development) Mr. Abdulla Mohamed Didi Mr. Mohamed Aslam (LaMer) Ms Athira Ali Mr. Hussain Zahir (Marine Research Centre) © Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water, 2006 The contents of this report may be reproduced in parts with acknowledgment of source. ISBN Published by: Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water, 2006 Fen Building Male', Republic of Maldives Tel: +960 3324861 Fax: +960 3322286 Email: [email protected] Website: www.environment.gov.mv Cartography, design and layout by: Ahmed Shaig Photos courtesy of: Portrait Gallery Printed by: National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives ii Foreword By President of the Republic of Maldives 27 December 2006 Our world is today faced with many mitigate against climate change, there is serious threats to the prospect of life and no local-level fix to this global problem. the well-being of our future generations. Numerous challenges lie ahead of us in Poverty, terrorism and global pandemics the quest to safeguard the Maldives and rank among the most serious perils its people from the rising seas. We must facing us. However, to the three hundred find ways to adapt to higher sea levels, thousand inhabitants of the Maldives higher levels of natural stress on coral none of these threats compare, in reefs, higher temperatures, higher magnitude and likelihood, to global frequency of severe storms and varying climate change and consequent sea level rainfall patterns. Thus, this National rise. Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) Twenty years ago, the Maldives activated will hopefully guide us in this endeavour the alarm bells on this impending threat in the years ahead. It outlines the to the survival of our nation. Slowly but activities that we must implement to surely, we caught the attention of the adapt to climate change. I note with international community. Two decades satisfaction that the NAPA was developed on, the scientific evidence of climate with wide stakeholder participation and change is overwhelming. Climate change through extensive consultations at the and sea level rise are already happening. atoll and national levels. Thus, the views Although some work is being done to and priorities in the Programme have the endorsement of the public. iii Foreword by President The reverberating message here is that the commitments agreed on in the Kyoto Protocol fall way short of reversing the climatic trends. It is therefore absolutely essential that those who have made those commitments at least prove their good faith. I call upon all Government agencies, our international development partners and friends to extend their full cooperation to us to make this adaptation programme a success. Maumoon Abdul Gayoom National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives iv Contents Foreword ii 4.2 Precipitation 14 Acknowledgment vii 4.3 Temperature 14 Abbreviations ix 4.4 Extreme events 15 1 Introduction 1 5 Vulnerabilities and Impacts 18 2 Adaptation Policy 5.1 Land, Beach and Human Framework 3 Settlements 19 2.1 NAPA Goal 3 5.2 Critical Infrastructure 23 2.2 Maldives Adaptation Policy 5.3 Tourism 25 Framework 3 5.4 Fisheries 28 3 Country Characteristics and National 5.5 Human Health 31 Development 7 5.6 Water Resources 33 3.1 Geography and climate 8 5.7 Agriculture and Food 3.2 Society 9 Security 34 3.3 Economy 10 5.8 Coral Reef Biodiversity 36 3.4 NAPA and National 6 Adaptation Needs and Priority Development 10 Adaptation Strategies 40 4 Climate Change and Climate 6.1 Adaptation Needs 40 Variability 13 6.1.1 Land, Beach and Human 4.1 Sea level rise 13 Settlements 40 6.1.2 Critical Infrastructure 40 v Table of Contents 6.1.3 Tourism 41 6.1.4 Fisheries 41 6.1.5 Human Health 41 6.1.6 Water Resources 42 6.1.7 Agriculture and Food Security 42 6.1.8 Coral Reef Biodiversity 42 6.2 Priority Adaptation Strategies 43 7 Adaptation Projects 45 References 131 Annex I - Maldives NAPA Process and Key Steps 137 Annex 2 - List of participants in the national and regional workshops 147 National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives vi List of Tables year, and its linear trend for Hulhulé for 1989 to Table 4.1 Probable maximum storm 2005 15 tide 18 Figure 4.2 Relationship between hourly Table 4.2 Probable maximum storm tide sea level and return period for by region 19 Hulhulé, based on observed Table 4.3 Storm tide estimates for medium hourly sea level for 1989 to and high sea level rise 2005 16 scenarios 19 Figure 4.3 Maximum daily rainfall, by Table 4.4 Return period of wind speeds year, for Hulhulé for1975 to associated with cyclones in 2005 16 Maldives 20 Figure 4.4 Relationship between daily Table 4.5 Cyclone hazard zone in Maldives rainfall and return period for and the probable maximum Hulhulé, based on observed wind speed 20 daily rainfall for 1975 to Table 5.1 Largest inhabited and 2005 17 uninhabited islands in Figure 4.5 Cyclone tracks over Maldives Maldives 23 between 1877-2004 20 Table 5.2 Major land reclamation Figure 5.1 Island size and land utilization activities in Maldives 25 across Maldives 22 Table 6.1 List of priority adaptation Figure 5.2 Extent of erosion in strategies 48 Maldives 25 Table 7.1List of p roject profiles 50 Figure 5.3 Export revenue for tuna, reef fish fisheries and other varieties, 1998 2005. 32 List of Figures Figure 5.4 Relative estimates of fish catch Figure 2.1 Conceptual framework of NAPA by atoll units in terms of illustrating the complex population and reef area 34 relationship between Figure 5.5 Incidence of acute sustainability and adaptation gastroenteritis in the Maldives to climate change 9 2002-2005 36 Figure 3.1 Location of Maldives 11 Figure 5.6 Incidence of dengue in Figure 3.2 Map of Maldives showing Maldives 2000-2005 37 geographic and climate Figure 5.7 Incidence of scrub typhus in features Maldives 2000-2005 37 Figure 3.3 Population Distribution in year Figure 5.8 Map of Major coral reef 2000 and 2006 structures 42 Figure 4.1 Maximum hourly sea level, by vii Acknowledgement Acknowledgement The National Adaptation Programme of Action Maldives was prepared by the We would also like to thank the members Integrated Climate Change Strategy of the Climate Change Technical Team (ICCS) Projects of Ministry of from the following government and Environment, Energy and Water. private agencies for their valuable time The Ministry wishes to acknowledge the and input to the NAPA process from the valuable support of Global Environment following government agencies and the Facility and its implementing agency, private sector. United Nations Development 4 Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture Programme. We would like to thank and Marine Resources Ms.Hudha Ahmed, the UNDP Programme 4 Marine Research Centre Co-ordinator for her commitment, 4 Maldives Transport and helpful support and guidance throughout Contracting Company the NAPA process. 4 Ministry of Health The Ministry gratefully acknowledges the 4 Ministry of Planning and National work undertaken by the National Project Development Manager of the Integrated Climate 4 Ministry of Tourism and Civil Change Strategy Project, Lubna Moosa Aviation and the Maldives NAPA Team for co- 4 ordinating the stakeholder consultative Ministry of Housing and Urban process and producing the draft NAPA Development report. National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives viii 4 Ministry of Construction and Public Infrastructure 4 Ministry of Transport and Communication 4 Ministry of Education- Educational Development Centre 4 Ministry of Economic Development and Trade 4 Ministry of Atolls Development 4 Department of Meteorology 4 Maldives Fishermen's Association 4 Land and Marine Environmental Resources Group Pvt. Ltd. 4 Seamarc Pvt Ltd 4 Banyan Tree Maldives Appreciation is also expressed to representatives from the atolls who participated in the regional stakeholder consultations and those from the government and private agencies who participated in the national workshop. We thank the staff of the Integrated Climate Change Strategy Project, Atoll Ecosystem Conservation Project, and the Environment Section for the support extended by them. ix Acronyms Acronyms 7NDP Seventh National Development NAPA National Adaptation Plan Programme of Action CCTT Climate Change Technical SRES Special Reports on Emission Team Scenarios ENSO El Niño-Southern Oscillation SST Sea Surface Temperature FNC First National Communication UNDP United Nations Development GDP Gross Domestic Product Programme GEF Global Environment Facility UNFCCC United Nations Framework ICCS Integrated Climate Change Convention on Climate Change Strategy IOTC Indian Ocean Tuna V&A Vulnerability and Adaptation Commission IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change MDGs Millennium Development Goals MSL Mean Sea Level MTL Mean Tide Level National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives x Male’ International Airport 1 Introduction Chapter I Introduction “...there must be a way out.
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