Environmental Impact Assessment for a Tourist Resort and Factory Island Development at Gulf Lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2L '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Proponent Gulf Craft Maldives Pvt Ltd.

Consultant INSA Pvt Ltd

May 2020

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

I. Contents

I. Contents ...... I II. Figures ...... IV III. Tables ...... VI IV. Declaration of the consultants ...... i V. Declaration of the proponent...... ii VI. ސާާ ލާ ޙު ދާ ސާ ...... iii VII. Non-technical Summery ...... v 1 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Background and context ...... 1 1.2 Purpose of the EIA ...... 1 1.3 Project Setting ...... 1 1.4 Project proposal ...... 2 1.5 Scope of the EIA ...... 7 1.6 Pattern of the EIA ...... 8 1.7 Project boundary ...... 9 1.8 Study Methodology ...... 9 1.9 Project Schedule ...... 10 1.10 Methodology used in description of the environment ...... 14 1.10.1 Ecology ...... 14 1.10.2 Water testing ...... 15 1.10.3 Stakeholder’s consultation ...... 15 1.10.4 Impact prediction ...... 15 2 Stakeholder’s consultation ...... 16 2.1 Scoping meeting ...... 16 2.1.1 Meeting summary ...... 18 2.2 Consultation Meeting with MNPI ...... 18 2.3 Consultation Meeting with Transport Authority...... 19 2.4 Consultation Meeting with Maldives Ports Limited ...... 19 2.5 Other consultations ...... 20 3 Policy and legal framework ...... 23 3.1 Introduction ...... 23 3.2 Relevant Environment Legislation ...... 23 3.2.1 Environment Protection and Preservation Act (Act no. 4/93) ...... 23 3.3 Relevant Regulations and Guidelines ...... 24 3.3.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations 2012 ...... 24 3.3.2 Regulation on Sand and Coral Mining ...... 24 3.3.3 Regulation of Dredging and Land Reclamation (2013/R-15),(2014/R-13) 25

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

3.3.4 Regulation on Uprooting, cutting and transportation of trees and palm trees down trees 27 3.3.5 Management, Use and Control of HCFC Substances, 2010...... 28 3.3.6 Waste Management Regulation, (No. 2013/R-58) ...... 28 3.3.7 Environmental Damages Liability Regulation...... 29 3.3.8 Tourism Law (no. 2/99) and Regulations ...... 30 3.3.9 General Electricity Regulation & General Standards Required for Using Standby 32 3.3.10 Fire Regulation ( 2015/R-43) ...... 33 3.3.11 Desalination Plant Regulations (2002) ...... 33 3.3.12 Maldives Recreational Diving Regulation, 2003 ...... 34 3.4 Relevant Regulations and Guidelines Environmental permits required for the project 35 3.4.1 Environmental impact Assessment ( EIA ) Decision Note ...... 35 1.1.1 Dredging and Reclamation Permit ...... 35 1.2 Responsible Government Institutions ...... 35 3.4.2 Ministry of environment and energy ...... 35 3.4.3 Ministry of Tourism ...... 36 3.4.1 Atoll Council ...... 36 3.4.2 Maldives Land and Survey Authority (MLSA) ...... 36 3.5 Guiding Policies and Documents ...... 36 3.5.1 Policy of waste management ...... 36 1.3 International Conventions ...... 36 3.5.2 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD) ...... 36 3.5.3 International Plant protection convention (IPPC) ...... 37 3.5.4 National Biodiversity strategy and action plan ...... 37 3.5.5 National Climate change policy framework...... 37 The proponent must be aware of the long term goals and the National Climate change policy framework if they are to invest in the Maldives...... 37 4 Description of the proposed project ...... 38 4.1 Introduction to the project...... 38 4.2 The proponent ...... 39 4.3 Project Value ...... 39 4.4 The main developments of the project ...... 39 4.4.1 Resort and Service Island ...... 39 4.4.2 The marina islands ...... 49 4.4.3 Factory Island ...... 55 4.5 Development details and methodologies ...... 62 4.5.1 Land reclamation ...... 62

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

4.5.2 Temporary work facilities ...... 77 4.5.3 Construction of island transport infrastructure ...... 79 4.5.4 construction of the back-of-the-house and administrative infrastructure, . 82 4.5.5 Construction of overwater and land based guest rooms ...... 83 4.5.6 Construction of guest facilities ...... 84 4.5.7 Construction of utilities sewerage, power and water infrastructure...... 84 4.5.8 Landscaping ...... 91 4.5.9 Operations ...... 95 4.6 Labour requirements and local labour availability ...... 96 4.7 Site demarcation and mobilization ...... 96 4.8 Emergency plan in case of spills ...... 97 4.8.1 Overall emergency plan ...... 97 4.10 Description of safety measures during construction / operation...... 98 4.11 Summary of Project Inputs and Outputs ...... 99 4.12 Demobilisation ...... 100 5 Description of the environment...... 101 5.1 Introduction ...... 101 5.2 Study area and Survey Locations ...... 101 5.3 Methodology ...... 101 5.3.1 Physical Environment ...... 101 5.3.2 Natural and Biological Environment ...... 101 5.3.3 Socio-economic environment ...... 101 5.4 The local setup...... 102 5.5 Physical Environment ...... 102 5.5.1 Climate ...... 102 5.5.2 Geology and geomorphology ...... 110 5.5.3 Hydrography/hydrodynamics of the project site...... 111 5.6 Ecology ...... 118 5.6.1 Area analysis...... 118 5.6.2 Benthic condition ...... 119 5.6.3 Benthic condition ...... 121 5.6.4 Fish spotting...... 132 5.7 Socio-economic environment ...... 133 5.7.1 Economy and population...... 133 5.7.2 Education ...... 133 5.7.3 Health ...... 134 5.8 Hazard vulnerability ...... 134 5.8.1 Tsunamis...... 134

III

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

5.8.2 Storms...... 135 5.8.3 Storm tide hazard ...... 137 5.8.4 Earth quake Hazard ...... 138 6 Alternatives 140 6.1 No project options ...... 140 6.2 Alternative options ...... 141 6.3 Analysis ...... 148 6.4 Preference ...... 148 7 Potential Impacts ...... 149 7.1 Introduction ...... 149 7.2 Impact predication ...... 149 7.3 Limitations of impact prediction ...... 150 7.4 Impact zone analysis...... 150 7.5 Impact classification ...... 150 7.5.1 Impacts on the natural environment...... 153 7.5.2 Impacts on socio economic environment ...... 159 7.5.3 Construction related hazards and risks ...... 162 8 Mitigation and management of the negative impacts ...... 168 8.1 Impact mitigation ...... 168 8.2 Mitigation cost ...... 169 9 Environmental Monitoring ...... 172 9.1 Monitoring costs ...... 173 9.2 Monitoring report fromat ...... 174 10 Recommendation Conclusion ...... 175 11 References 178 12 Team and role ...... 179 13 Appendix 180 13.1 TOR ...... 181 13.2 Development map ...... 189 13.3 Project boundary ...... 194 13.4 Survey Map ...... 196 13.5 Bathymetric Map ...... 198 13.6 Submission to City council and Atoll council ...... 203

II. Figures Figure 1 Reduced map showing the proposed development ...... 3 Figure 2 Reduced map showing the proposed resort development and service island .... 4 Figure 3 Reduced map showing the proposed Marina island ...... 5 Figure 4 Reduced map showing the proposed factory island ...... 6 Figure 5 Marina and Factory development ...... 10

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Figure 6Resort and service island ...... 11 Figure 7 Project boundary reduced map ...... 12 Figure 8 Survey Map reduced...... 13 Figure 9 Seabed profile from Ithaafushi Lagoon, South Male’ Atoll (HRC, 2014) ..... 63 Figure 10 All borrow sites, reduced map, primary and alternative ...... 65 Figure 11 Typical profile of reclaimed island...... 67 Figure 12 Typical profile of beach...... 67 Figure 13 Proposed bund wall around reclamation boundary...... 69 Figure 14 Sand bund around reclamation boundary 1 ...... 69 Figure 15 Sand bund around the reclamation boundary 2...... 70 Figure 16 A cutter section dredger...... 71 Figure 17 typical shore protection...... 72 Figure 18 typical breakwater section ...... 74 Figure 19 Typical borehole section ...... 85 Figure 20 Typical process flow diagram ...... 86 Figure 21 Outfall location as per the current proposal...... 90 Figure 22 Service island utility section ...... 91 Figure 23 landscaping plan ...... 94 Figure 24 Average Max Temperature 2018 ( (Maldives Meteorological Service, 2019)) ...... 103 Figure 25 Average Min Temperature 2018( (Maldives Meteorological Service, 2019)) ...... 104 Figure 26 Average Max Temperature 2018( (National Bureau of Statitics , 2019)) ... 104 Figure 27 Average Min Temperature 2018 ( (National Bureau of Statitics , 2019)) ... 105 Figure 28 Daily mean temperature 2018 (Maldives Meteorological Service, 2019)) . 105 Figure 29Daily mean temperature 2019, Jan till May (Maldives Meteorological Service, 2019)) ...... 106 Figure 30 Average rainfall throughout 2018 from Hanimaadhoo till Gan, with overall average (National Bureau of Statitics , 2019)) ...... 107 Figure 31 monthly frequencies of wind direction central and south (NASEER, 2003) ...... 108 Figure 32 Comparison of local and long-term wind frequencies (NASEER, 2003) ... 109 Figure 33 Detailed map bathymetry ...... 111 Figure 34 Drogue path and current speed ...... 114 Figure 35 Arial habitat analysis ...... 118

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Figure 36 Data showing outer reef conditions ...... 121 Figure 37 inner reef transect ...... 128 Figure 38 Tsunami hazard zones, (UNISDR-ADRRN, 2005) ...... 135 Figure 39 Cyclone hazard zones, (UNISDR-ADRRN, 2005) ...... 136 Figure 40 Surge hazard zones, (UNISDR-ADRRN, 2005) ...... 137 Figure 41 the seismic hazard zones for Maldives (UNISDR-ADRRN, 2005)...... 138 Figure 42 Proposed alternative outfall locations ( reduced map ) ...... 143 Figure 43 Proposed borrow site ...... 144 Figure 44 Impact zone ( reduced map ) ...... 150

III. Tables Table 1 Borrow material details ...... 66 Table 2 Man power and machinery (Revetment change and development) ...... 73 Table 3 Man power and machinery (Quay wall development) ...... 82 Table 4: Major Project Inputs ...... 99 Table 5: Major Project Outputs ...... 99 Table 6 months and the seasons associated with them ...... 102 Table 7 Tide levels, Maldives ...... 112 Table 8 Sea water and ground water quality of the sites (probe data) ...... 116 Table 9 Tsunami hazard zone and wave height (UNISDR-ADRRN, 2005) ...... 134 Table 10 Cyclone hazard zone in Maldives and the probable maximum wind speed (UNISDR-ADRRN, 2005) ...... 136 Table 11 Hazard zones and specific conditional data (UNISDR-ADRRN, 2005)...... 137 Table 12 the seismic hazard zones for Maldives (UNISDR-ADRRN, 2005) ...... 138 Table 13 Evaluation criteria, grading scale ...... 149 Table 14 Significant impacts, mitigation measures and associated costs ...... 169 Table 15 monitoring requirements and costing ...... 172

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

IV. Declaration of the consultants

This EIA has been prepared in accordance with the EIA regulation 2012. We certify that the statements made in this EIA are true, complete, and correct to the best of our knowledge and abilities.

Mohamed Zuhair (EIA P01/2015)

Hassaan Abdul Muhsin (EIA.T03/2019)

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. V. Declaration of the proponent

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

ާސާ ލާ ޙު ދާ ސާ .VI ުރަބްނަނ ްޓޭނިޑޯކ ުލަފ ުޅޮތައ ެލާމ ީކަޓޯޕިރ ާރުކްނާޔަބ ުރަވްނިމ ާރޯފުރަސައ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތިމ ިމ .1 ަންނަބ ުޗްނޯލ ިދައ ުޓޯބ ާދަހ ްށަރެދ ެގުމަކިރެވުރުތަފ ިއަގ' 4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E ްނުޅެއަށުހ ާވިއަފާޅައަށުހ ްސްވިދްލޯމ ްޓްފާރުކ ުފްލަގ ިދެއ ްށަމުދެހ ްއެށަރ ާރުކުރަބިއަފިދައ .ެވެކެޓޯޕިރ ާރުކްނާޔަބ ުރަސައާރުކ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ްނުކަތަކްއަސަމެއ ްއޮކާސާރިދ ެނާފްށޮކ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުކަތްތަކްއަސަމ ުނުވެންނެދެވްސިއ ީކަދަސްޤަމ ެގުޓޯޕިރ ިމ .2 އަސަރުތައް ބަލާ ، ދިރާސާކޮށް، ނޭދެވޭ އަސަރުތައް ކުޑަކުރުމުގެ ގޮތުން އެޅިދާނެ ފިޔަވަޅުތައް ެނާރުކ ްށަންނުތިޔްއަރ ާރުކުރަދައ ްނިއެތެތެގީދާބާއ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުއޫރްޝަމިމ ިދައ .ެވެމުރުކްނާޔަބ ާވިއަފާމްނިންނަރުކ ްތަކްއަސަމިމ ިދައ .ެވެމުރުކްނާޔަބ ްއަތާދިއަފ ީދާސިތްޤިއ ިދައ ީޢާމިތްޖިއ ެގުމަކްނަކ ާވްނުނޭބ ްށަމުނެމިހ ިއަގުޢުރްޝަމިމ ިއަލަބ ްށަޗްއަމެގުމަކްނަކ ިރުހ ިއަގުދްއަހަރަސ ެނާދިވެނެގ ްށަތަކްއަސަމ ްނުތޮގ ެގުމުރެނ ްއެއާޖީތަނ ޭވެދެއ ެމްނެއ ްނުތަކްއަސަމ ްށޮކާނިބ ްށަޗްއަމ .ެވެއެނާވ ާފިއަލާވުޅައިލައ ިއަގުޓޯޕިރިމ ްސެވްށަކަތުލަދަބ ާވިއަފާމްނިނ ްނަރުކްތަކްއަސަމ ިއަގުޓޯޕިރ ިމ ާރުކްނާޔަބ ުރަވްނިމ ާރޯފުރަސައ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ .3 ެގުދްއަހަރަސ ޭވެރުކާފަލ ްށަމަކ ެނާފްށޮކުރަސައ ޭވެދޭނ ްނުބުބަސ ެގުތަކްއަސަމ ިއާދްއަހަރަސ ެނާދިބިލ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުތަކްއަސަމިމ ީނުވެރުކާސާރިދ ިމ .ެވެއެނާވިއަފިވެރުކ ާސާރިދ ްށަތްނުރިދ ީރުހ ިއަގްއެތޮގ ުޑނަގިއަމ ިއަގުދްއަހަރަސ ިމ .ެވެންނުތޮގ ެގުމުރުކ ާޒާދްނައ ްއަތްނުލްއެގ މުރަކައާއި،ދިރޭ ބޮޑެތި ހިރިއާއި އަކިރިއާއި، ވެއްޔާއި،މަރުވެފައިވާ ގައުއެވެ

ްށަދްއަހަރަސިމ ީކަށަރަންނަބްޓޯބ ިއަގުތޮގިވަމާހ ްނުކަތްނުވެރުކުލަދްއަބ ުނުވެރުކ ާކަތްތާރަފ ޭހެބާމަކ .4 .ެވެކެމަކޭނޭބިލ ްނުރެއިރުކ ީދޯސިތްގިއިދަޢ .ެވެކެމަކާވިއަފެވްނުނޭބ ްށަޑޮބްށަރަވ 5. ކުރެވުނު ދިރާސާއިން ފާހަގަކުރެވުނު ގޮތުގައި، އިސްވެދެންނެވުނު މަސައްކަތުން އެންމެ ބޮޑު ނޭދެވޭ އަސަރެއް ކުރާނެ ކަމަށް ލަފާކުރެވެނީ ބިންހިއްކުމާއި، ބަނދަރު އަދި ނެރު ފުންކުރުމުގެ މަސައްކަތުގެ ާވިއަގުދްއަހަރަސެއ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުމުރުކުރުއަދ ުކެއާރާވަޔޮއ ުޑަސިކ .ެވެންނުޑަސިކ ޭދެފުއ ްނުބަބަސ ކަނޑުގެ ދިރުންތަކަށް ނޭދެވާ އަސަރުތައް ކުރާނެއެވެ. އެހެންކަމުން، ފުންކުރުމާއި ބިންހިއްކުމުގެ ިދައ .ެވެއެވެނާވ ްނަރުކުރަހ "ްނިއެޓާކ ްޓްލިސ " ިއަގުކަތާމިދ ޭމެދަޔޮއ ްނިރުކ ެގުމުށެފ ްތަކްއަސަމ .ެވެންނެގިވެރުކުދްނަބ ްނުކައ"ްޑްނަބ" ުދްއަހަރަސ ާކްއިހ ީނާވްނަރުކ ްތަކްއަސަމ ެގުމުކްއިހ ްނިބ ަޔިދ ުޑޮބ ެމްނެއ .ެވެއަގާޔިދ ުދެމ ިއާއ ަޔިދިކިހ ީނާވްނަރުކ ްއަތްތަކްއަސަމާހިރުހ ާރުކިއަގުދޫމ ިދައ އާއި އޮޔަ ގަދަ، ބާނި ބޮޑު ދުވަސްތަކުގައި މަސައްކަތްކޮށްގެން ނުވާނެ އެވެ. އަދި މަސައްކަތް ވީއެންމެ އަވަހަކަށް ކޮށް ނިންމަންވާނެއެވެ. މަސައްކަތުގެ މުއްދަތު ދިގުލާގެންދާ ވަރަކަށް، .ެވެއެނާދްނެގެވުޑޮބ ުރަސައ ޭވެދޭނ ާރުކްށަޓްށެވާމިތ ްނުބަބަސ ެގިތަކްއަސަމ

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

ްށަރުތިއ ްނުތޮގ ެގުމުރުކަޑުކ ުރަސައ ޭވެދޭނ ާރުކ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުއޫރްސަމިމ .6 .ެވެއެނާވ ިއަފްށޮކްނާޔަބ ްށޮކުލީސްފަތ ިއަގުޓޯޕިރ ިމ ްއަތުޅަވަޔިފ ޭހެޖްނަޅައ 7. ތިމާވެއްޓަށް ކުރާ އަސަރު ކުޑަކުރުމުގެ ގޮތުން، މިހާރު ކުރަން ހުށައަޅާފައިވާ ގޮތުގެ ބަދަލުގައި ޕުރޮޖެކުޓަށް ގެނެވިދާނެ ބަދަލުތަކާއި، ޕުރޮޖެކުޓް ހިންގިދާނެ އިތުރު ގޮތްތައްވެސް އަލިއަޅުވާލާފައި ިއަފްށޮކްނާޔަބ ްސެވްއަތްތޮގ ެނާދެވ ަމަނިފްސޮގްނެގުނ ްށަޔިރުކ ެގުޓުކެޖޮރުޕ ިދައ .ެވެއެނާވ .ެވެއެނާވ ްތަކްއަސަމިމ .ެވެމަރުކަގަހާފ ިއަގުމަކްއެމަކ ެނާވާދިއަފަނުނަނިގ ްށަދްއަހަރަސިމ ީކަތަކްއަސަމ ިމ .8 .ެވެންނީތަމެގުމުދެއ ެގުރާޔިދެއ ީނާވްނަވްއެދަދްއުހ ަދްނެގްށަޔިރުކ

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. VII. Non-technical Summery

1. This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) addresses the proposed tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 2. The purpose of the EIA is to critically analyse and assess the potential environmental impacts associated with the proposed works and propose solutions to mitigate the impacts on the environment. Also, alternatives are proposed to minimize any negative impacts whilst trying to derive the maximum positive impacts from the project 3. A baseline of existing environment was researched which falls under the proposed development area as it is anticipated to impact negatively on the direct footprint. The proposed project area is a marine area with coral reefs, rubble, sand, and isolated coral colonies. 4. Through stakeholder consultation it was evident that the factory island is anticipated by the concerned stakeholders due to its potential economic benefits. 5. Impact of dredging and reclamation is the most significant negative impact which would arise due to the project if not completed properly. Therefore, all mitigation measures prescribed should be carried out including the use of silt screens, silt curtains, bunds etc. It is also important that the work should not be carried out during high tide and the work must be completed as soon as possible. 6. Mitigation of impacts during construction and operations are specified in the mitigation section and must be followed as required. 7. The alternatives proposed were analysed and graded and defined in the alternative section. 8. The proposed development will potentially benefit the locals. If the project is to commence it should be due to the recommendations of the locals.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 1 Introduction 1.1 Background and context This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) addresses the proposed tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. The consultant is working on behalf of INSA PVT LTD, a client of the master planner; Conbizz.Pvt Ltd. The proponent of the project is Gulf Craft Maldives Pvt Ltd.

The consultant had prepared this document in accordance with the EIA regulations (2012), regulation on dredging and reclamation ( Regulation 2013/R15), and relevant amendments of Environment Protection Agency (EPA). The scope of the EIA is limited to reclamation of land, and services development, thus provides a focused assessment of the proposed work on the existing environment of the area. Studies conducted for the project include, on site surveys such as assessment of marine habitat, bathymetric survey and stakeholder consultation.

1.2 Purpose of the EIA Given the potential adverse environmental impacts associated with any developments at the marine environment, the proponent wishes the consultant to prepare and submit an EIA to the concerned government authorities to comply with the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (4/93) and EIA Regulations 2012. The objectives of the EIA are; To provide an assessment of the potential environmental effects of the proposed development and determine, the activities that are likely to have a significant effect on the environment and to propose ways and means of avoiding, mitigating or compensating the predicted negative effects of the project, To provide the necessary information about the site of development and other factors surrounding the development to EPA, To assess the proposal and how it has been developed to achieve a satisfactory level of environmental performance in line with the EIA regulation. 1.3 Project Setting The 5.02 sqkm of fringe reef / lagoon on the western edge of north Kaafu atoll had been accrued by the proponent and wishes to develop the lagoon as two major components a tourism component and a factory component. The components proposed are;

• a tourist resort, its attached service island, and a standalone marina island, and • a factory island.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 1.4 Project proposal The scope of the EIA study is limited to the following. The baseline data, impact predicted, and recommendations are in accordance to the scope. Proposed Sub division Location action Development Resort island Resort at GPS location (4°17'51.45"N, at Gulf lagoon, 73°21'13.58"E) (4°16'40.06"N, Service Service at GPS location (4°17'34.34"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), island 73°21'7.37"E) Kaaf Atoll, Marina Marina at GPS location (4°17'35.50"N, Maldives. island 73°21'54.07"E) Factory Factory at GPS location island (4°16'44.44"N,73°21'10.78"E)

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Figure 1 Reduced map showing the proposed development

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Figure 2 Reduced map showing the proposed resort development and service island

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Figure 3 Reduced map showing the proposed Marina island

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Figure 4 Reduced map showing the proposed factory island

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 1.5 Scope of the EIA The scope of the EIA is based on the consultation held during the scoping meeting at EPA on 24th Jan 2020. After the meeting the drafted ToR was endorsed by the EPA which defined the scope of the EIA under the following; i. Description of the project ii. Description of the existing environment iii. Study of applicable laws and regulations iv. Potential impacts of the project v. Alternatives of the project vi. Mitigation and management vii. Monitoring plan development viii. Stakeholder’s consultation. A copy of the TOR and the attendance sheet is attached in appendix. The attendance sheet of the scoping meeting is attached to it. The meetings were attended by i. Gulf craft Maldives Pvt Ltd ii. CONBIZZ Pvt Ltd iii. Environment protection agency iv. INSA Pvt Ltd v. Maldives Transport Authority More details on the meeting are in the Stakeholder’s consultation section

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 1.6 Pattern of the EIA The EIA follows the following pattern

Introduction •general introduction of EIA the project

Policy and legal Stakeholder framework consultation •legal outlook •Stakeholder outlook wants, dislikes etc, regarding the project

Description of the Description of the project environment •Project management, etc. •existing baseline

Alternatives Potential impacts •alternatives to the •Impact prediction in detail proposal

Mitigation and Monitoring management of •Parameters, Scheduling negative impacts and cost •Mitigation measures, management, etc

Recommendations and conclusion

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 1.7 Project boundary The project boundary is limited to the area demarked on the map below the proposed work for this EIA is limited to the area demarked in red . 1.8 Study Methodology The field studies have been undertaken using methods employed in EIA studies. The sites of marine assessment and water samples areas are provided in the Survey map below.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 1.9 Project Schedule

Figure 5 Marina and Factory development

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Figure 6Resort and service island 11

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Figure 7 Project boundary reduced map 12

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Figure 8 Survey Map reduced 13

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 1.10 Methodology used in description of the environment The physical environment and the climate conditions were described using onsite data, and available data in literature. The climatic conditions were described by using data from the nearest weather stations. The natural and biological environment was surveyed, data collected, analysed and reported. 1.10.1 Ecology 1.10.1.1 Overall conditions The overall site conditions were analysed using an ATS image post survey and post stakeholder consultation. This was done using a Phantom Pro drone and Drone deploy application to grid out and stich the images.

1.10.1.2 Marine Environment To access the marine benthic conditions, the survey team started off with a manta tow, the manta tow, followed by the analysis of the impact zone and the footprint. 1.10.1.3 Manta Tow The objective of the study was to get a general idea of the benthic condition of a general area of interest. The grades to the observations are given based on the experience of the surveyors involved. Two observers were towed along a decided path given breaks at intervals of 2 minutes and the benthic substrate was noted down giving an estimated grade at every break. Each observer graded the live coral, rock, rubble, sand, and dead coral. The grade for each category depending on the estimated observation; 1= 0-10%, 2= 11-30%, 3= 31- 50%, 4= 51-75% and 5=76-100%. was later converted to percentages. They would also observe for the abundance of fish and any other significant finding on site. 1.10.1.4 Benthic condition The objective of the survey is to collect baseline data for later comparison during the phases of monitoring. The locations were pre-set using satellite imagery and navigated to using a Garmin 78s handheld GPS unit. The sites were confirmed and surveyed.

On all outer reef sites a 40 m belt transect was laid and survey benthic data collected on all sites recording every 0.5 m of the line transect. Hard coral, Nutrient indicator algae, Rubble, Other organisms, Soft coral, Sponge, Sand, Recently killed coral, Rock and Silt on the transect was recorded. On the inner lagoon areas due to homogeneity 10 m transects were used to record the baseline where the same categories were analysed at every 1.10.1.5 Fish spotting Due to the unique environment and lack of reference points for repetition of monitoring, fish spotting was carried out on the georeferenced reef study locations. Once reaching the location of interest, the surveyor allowed acclimatization for few minutes, during which the boat crew would stay far. After which fish encountered were recorded using a belt transect method where 2.5m on either side of the transect was used for fish spotting.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 1.10.2 Water testing Sea water and testing was carried out on site using a YSI probe, and water samples were collected at around a depth of 3 m using a 500ml bottles. The sample sites were geo referenced. 1.10.3 Stakeholder’s consultation All stakeholder consultation was conducted after an official request for the meeting. The consultation on site in the island with locals and the council were detailed. The stakeholder’s consultation for the locals was sent through online platforms for those who could not attend the meeting. It was also requested for the stakeholder’s to come forward after the meeting to point out the issues at hand. 1.10.4 Impact prediction Environmental impacts are predicted by using checklists and its significances are evaluated using matrices. Expert judgment and professional opinion as well as review of relevant EIA studies have also been widely used throughout the impact assessment and evaluation process. These methods are described in detail at the relevant section of this EIA Report.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 2 Stakeholder’s consultation The use of the stakeholder’s consultation is to record, analyse and weigh the need of the people and understand how much the project fosters for the stakeholder’s need at the moment of the EIA. This also provides the EIA an opportunity to inform, and get the feedback of the stakeholder’s regarding the project and the needs of the people to properly identify the alternatives. The following are the details of consultation. 2.1 Scoping meeting The scoping meeting granted on 24th January 2020. The meeting was hosted by EPA Maldives. The attendees are i. Gulf craft Maldives Pvt Ltd as the proponent ii. CONBIZZ Pvt Ltd as the master planner iii. Environment protection agency as the hosting government agency iv. INSA Pvt Ltd as the environment consulting body v. Maldives Transport Authority as a main stakeholder.

The meeting was opened by the chair from EPA requesting for an introduction of the scope of work. After which, major discussions followed, details below;

Discussions The proponent introduced the concept • The concept includes 2 major developments; o a tourism component and, o an industry component.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

• The tourism component has 3 major developments; o A resort with 120 rooms and 240 beds, o A support island with 620 staff. The staff island is to support the resort. There will be only duty staff on the resort island, all accommodation would

be in the support island. o A marina island with 20 rooms and 40 beds for guests, and o accommodate 100 staff The marina will act under the same management as the resort although isolated. It will be managed as a part of the resort.

• The industry component is the factory island with a 1500 staff accommodation.

Each development and utilities were discussed It was noted that the tourist resort component is a typical tourist resort that acts to cater for local and international tourists who visit the establishment to experience the one island one resort concept. It was noted that the resort and the support island would share the utilities, making the service island the central hub of all facilities. It was also noted that the services would be connected through a submarine cable connection. The marina island is exclusive for the parties who wishes to higher luxury boats or yachts and wish to spend the holiday in Maldives. The utilities of the marina island were discussed, and it was noted that the development would be self-sufficient. The factory island is an industrial island that produces gulf craft vessels ranging from small to large vessels. It was also noted that the development will have a CSR component, a school with accommodation; boat building. that the factory island would also act as a self-sufficient development.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. The representative from Maldives Transport Authority noted that the development at marina island that needs to be larger if there are no objections from Ministry of Tourism as per the requirements of the authority. It was also suggested that the proponent consult Maldives transport authority prior to finalisation of the concept. The meeting concluded with the chair recommending the consultant meet with the following stakeholders; i. Maldives Transport Authority. ii. Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure. iii. Ministry of Fisheries, Marine Resources and Agriculture. iv. Maldives Marine Research Institute. v. National Disaster Management Authority. vi. Maldives Ports Limited. vii. Ministry of Economic Development. viii. Ministry of Higher Education ix. Ministry of Environment (Waste and Environment Department). x. Kaafu Atoll Council. xi. Ministry of Tourism.

2.1.1 Meeting summary • The development is limited to resort development and factory island development. • The utility services for the resort will be supplied from the services island through submarine cables and pipes. • The factory island and marina will have their own utility services. • The representatives from Maldives Transport Authority noted that there are size issues with the current proposal marinas and the proponent needs to meet with the authority before finalising the size of the marina. • EPA noted that all stakeholder’s must be consulted. 2.2 Consultation Meeting with MNPI The meeting was held at MNPI on 3/3/2020, 10:00. In the meeting, an introduction of the concept with the components were given to the attendees.

1. The main concern from MNPI was the area in which the project would borrow sand and the proposed methodology of work. It was noted that the area seems deep and is unlikely that the dredge area can provide enough borrow material from the proposed development. therefore, they would like to know if an alternative method such as hopper dredgers will be used for the development and if so, the details should be shared. 2. They also informed that the proponent should meet with MLSA after completion of the reclamation.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

2.3 Consultation Meeting with Transport Authority The meeting was held at Transport Authority on 3/3/2020, 11:15. In the meeting, an introduction of the concept with the components were given to the attendees.

1. As pointed out in the scooping meeting, the capacity of the marina was noted to be smaller than expected. They also noted that the development requires a larger marina to accommodate for future developments. 2. They also pointed out that the marina should be able to cater for the all the needs of the vessels and the guests. The marina should refuel, collect sewage, and trash as a part of the exclusive package. 3. They also pointed out that the factory island is a concept that they would welcome and look forward to. They noted that the factory island should be in line with ISO standards, in hopes of producing vehicles that can cater to and compete with the global market.

2.4 Consultation Meeting with Maldives Ports Limited The meeting was held on 4/3/2020. The meeting commenced after the required introductions.

1. The representatives from ports noted that the development is not in the current anchorage region. As long as hopper suction is not used in their area

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. of concern; anchorage zone near Male and Viligilli, they do not have any objection for the development.

2.5 Other consultations Information and invitations were sent to the stakeholders listed in the TOR We are still waiting for a response. Proof of mail and details below.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 3 Policy and legal framework 3.1 Introduction The following section addresses the legal, policy, administrative framework for the environmental management and some regulatory guidelines and standards relevant for the proposed project All the activities during both development and implementation stage of the proposed project will be carried out in accordance with existing plans, policies, guidelines, laws and regulations of Maldives in addition to relevant international conventions to which Maldives is a party to. 3.2 Relevant Environment Legislation 3.2.1 Environment Protection and Preservation Act (Act no. 4/93) Environment Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives (4/93) is the framework law on environmental management in the Maldives. Articles 2, 4,5,6,7, and 8 of the law are relevant to this project. Law consultation 3.2.1.1 Article 2 This document follows and withholds the states that the concerned government concerned bodies’ requirements. authorities shall provide the necessary The TOR in which this document follows guidelines and advise on environmental is endorsed by the concerned government protection in accordance with the authority. conditions and needs. All concerned parties shall follow the guidelines provided by the government authorities Law consultation 1.1.1.1 Article 4 There are no protected area in the states that the Ministry of Housing, vicinity of the project, and the proponent Transport and Environment shall be shall ensure that there are no negative responsible for identifying protected impact from the proposed project on any areas and natural reserves and potential protected areas formulating the necessary rules and regulations for their conservation and protection. Law consultation 1.1.1.1 Article 5 The proponent of the project is Gulf craft (a) states, an Environmental Impact Maldives Pvt Ltd. The contractor is not Assessment shall be submitted to the assigned for the project. Ministry of Environment (MOE) if a The proposed project when subjected to project is likely to have an impact on the screening to EPA Maldives was environment, before implementing any identified as a project with potential activity. environmental impact hence, This EIA report is prepared and submitted by the project proponent to fulfil the legal requirement specified in Act (4/93) Law consultation

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 1.1.1.1 Article 6, The project proponent is aware of this the Ministry of Environment (MOE) has condition and will ensure all practical the authority to terminate any project that measures to prevent irreversible and has any undesirable impact on the significant negative impact of the project. environment without any compensation. Law consultation 1.1.1.1 Article 7 Hence, the project proponent shall use of the Environment Protection Act (4/93) the Environmental Management Plan for prohibits the disposal of wastes, oil and this project which specifies how the gases in a manner that will damage the wastes, oil and gases generated by the environment. Wastes, oil and gases has project will be disposed to be disposed in areas designated by the Government..

3.3 Relevant Regulations and Guidelines 3.3.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations 2012 Regulation consultation According to section 3/8/ހ/1 of this The development’s tourism component is regulation, an EAI screening is required specified in appendix ރ as per the if the development does not fit under the regulation 27-R/2 and re introduced in categories specified in appendix ރ the fifth amendment. Developments factory component is specified in appendix ރ as per the regulation 27-R/2. The decision to go forward with an EIA This report follows the procedures for will be decided upon screening process. EIA outlined in the EIA regulations. which dictates a category and the scope of the EIA. The proponent and the The EIA report will be reviewed by EPA, proponent’s consultant ( who is a where a decision note will be given registered consultant ) will meet the EPA accordingly. After approval the project and stakeholders in a scoping meeting proponent will be required to follow the which will approve the TOR which will monitoring and implement the mitigation set the limits for the EIA. The EIA will measures prescribed in the EIA. start with the baseline studies, impact prediction and finally reporting the findings with impact mitigation and monitoring program.

3.3.2 Regulation on Sand and Coral Mining Regulation consultation

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. This regulation covers sand, coral, and This regulation is of direct relevance to aggregate mining from costal zones, and the project. A ban on coral mining from uninhibited islands that have been leased. house reef and atoll rim exists since 26 September 1990. This project strictly follows the ban.

3.3.3 Regulation of Dredging and Land Reclamation (2013/R-15),(2014/R- 13) Regulation consultation 2013/R-15 Since 2nd April 2013 the This project has a dredging and regulation of Dredging and Land reclamation component and will follow Reclamation is in effect with the aim the regulation aiming to reduce the of reducing environmental impacts potential negative impacts of the work. associated with dredging activities in islands, and reefs across Maldives. It defines the rational acceptable for This project has a dredging and dredging only in cases necessary, as reclamation component, that is identified those approved for development necessary due to the potential industry activities on inhibited islands and and occupation opportunities it will bring economic islands. to the region. All dredging and reclamation activities The EIA will be submitted to EPA with must be approved by EPA. the required dredging and reclamation application for review. After review, EPA will inform

the proponent. It defines rational for reclamation as The proposed project has social and those necessary for social, economic or economic advantages and needs to be safety purpose. considered for the project. Beach replenishment is restricted from All beaches will be made as per the 10m of the registered shoreline in specifications in the regulation. resort islands. • Dreading is restricted in the Three specific dredging components, following areas: only one dredging component is on the o 500 m from the ocean side of the ocean side and qualifies to this reef component; The factory island,

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. o 50 m from any island vegetation line o An environmentally sensitive site. o Land reclamation is restricted within 200m of a sensitive area o Land reclamation cannot exceed 30% of the house reef area.

The distance from the factory island to the western ocean side reef is approximately 278m and must be noted that it is as per the regulation too close for development. There is no vegetation within 50m There are no known environmentally sensitive areas nearby the house reef is approximately 5,036,447.00 sqm and the combined developments are 971,778.98 sqm which is 19.29% of the house reef area. 2014/R-13 Since 9th February 2014, Thee are no protected zones in the area through the amendment 2014/R-15, clause 13,(ރ) it was declared that the cabinet could allow a project if they identify the project to be of social, and economic importance .given that the proponent fulfil the following; • Carry out an extensive baseline study of the protected area • The organisms and the fragile ecosystem of the protected area must be; o Relocated o Acclimatized to site of relocation o Should be monitored according to a management plan o The monitoring plan must be approved

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

• Preparation, and implementation of a management plan for a similar area larger than the site or number of areas as approved by the government. • Identify the impact the proposed change will have on the water table, implement recovery actions, and monitor the changes and report to the authorities. • Identify potential flood episodes due to changes, and develop a flood drainage system on the island.

3.3.4 Regulation on Uprooting, cutting and transportation of trees and palm trees down trees Regulation consultation Cutting down trees and relocating trees This work does not require removal of are regulated in the Maldives by law on any trees. However, planting of trees is cutting down, uprooting, digging out and specified. exporting of trees and palms from one The proposal is to plant trees after island to another. The law is made in growing in a nursery. accordance to Law No 4/93. The law states that the law is to educate the citizens and contractors and developers on the importance, and need of management of trees and provide preservation of the existing trees. The law prohibits the following trees to be removed. • The riparian vegetation growing around the islands extending to about 15m from the vegetation line inland. • All trees and palms growing in mangroves and wetlands, and the vegetation surrounding the area; 15m from the wetland. • All trees in Government protected areas

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

• Trees that are being protected by the Government in order to protect species of animal organisms that use the trees as habitat. • Trees / palms those are unusual, unique, and special in nature. In case off removal, the law states • That prior permission must be obtained for removal or relocation of 10 or more palms. • Un-specified removal and land clearance requires an EIA. • The crown spread of the palms should be at +15 ft from the lowest point to qualify for removal. • The trees to qualify for removal should be more than 8ft from the lowest point of the trunk to the tip of the highest branch. • It also states that all trees removed shall be removed under the supervision of the government authorities that holds jurisdiction.

3.3.5 Management, Use and Control of HCFC Substances, 2010. Regulation consultation Regulating discontinuing and strategic The development will follow the halting of import, use, selling of HCFC regulation. substances by 2011 and banning use of HCFC substances in the Maldives by 2020

3.3.6 Waste Management Regulation, (No. 2013/R-58) Regulation consultation The regulation is providing set of The development follows the regulation comprehensive guidelines and on in every development stage. collecting, storing,

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. transporting and managing solid waste as well as management of hazardous waste. The waste management regulation identifies protected areas under the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act, coral reefs, sand banks, mangroves, lagoons of islands, beaches of islands, coastal vegetated areas of islands, harbour, parks and roads as no dumping areas 3.3.7 Environmental Damages Liability Regulation

Regulation consultation 2011/R-9 was formulated to abide by the Due to the current development, 22th article of the constitution of regulation 2011/R-9 is relevant to the Maldives which states all economic EIA developments should follow strict sustainable development guidelines ensuring mitigated pollution, utility of resources and harm to the existing environment Clause 7 of the regulation deals with Foreseen and predicted negative impacts mitigation measures and states; will be identified and informed in this EIA. If a development has an adverse impact If an unforeseen negative impact is seen on the environment or is likely to have an impact on the environment, due to the construction the regulation • Inform and act accordingly to will be followed. prevent the act of destruction immediately.

Clause 8 of the regulation deals with action from the concerned government office and states; Instead of the proponent/ contractor, the concerned government agency will act to retain the environmental integrity; • In emergencies • If the proponent / contractor does not implement any mitigation • The concerned agencies will cover the cost •

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. Clause 9 of the regulation deals with All mitigation prescribe d will be developments that follow a pre followed in the EIA development processes such as an EIA, etc. In all approved projects, the mitigation measures must be met and followed, as per clause 7 and 8 of the regulation.;

3.3.8 Tourism Law (no. 2/99) and Regulations Regulation consultation • All buildings should be below the The tourism components will follow the tree tops regulation during the development • the maximum land area occupied process. shall not exceed 30 % of the total land area. • All rooms facing the beach should have a buffer area, with a minimum of 5 m of linear beach available in front of each room. • Only 68% of the beach length shall be allocated to guestrooms, 20% has to be allocated to public use and 12% left as open space. • All designs should be well All material will follow the theme. integrated into the resort Landscaping will follow the regulation. environment No coral will be sourced or used • The use of coral is prohibited. All All developments proposed and will be building material shall be used for retaining the dredged sand. imported. • Hard engineering solutions for dynamic coastlines are discouraged and construction of solid jetties and groynes are controlled and shall only be undertaken after conducting an impact assessment study. • Design of boat piers, jetties shall be in such a way that these shall not obstruct the current patterns of the island. • All F and B areas shall be clean and will be clean, structurally sound and will follow safe pest reduction methods are prescribed. Rat proof ceiling and rodent

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. control mechanisms shall be in place • General staff cleanliness will be informed, and monitored • Consumable water must be monitored and maintained. All water must be disinfected to prevent waterborne diseases. • All catch pits and manholes shall be made water-tight and shall not leak. Stagnant waters shall not be left uncovered for mosquito breeding. • Tins, bottles and cans that will hold water shall not be left anywhere. • Sewage system shall be installed ensuring that the outfall does not impact the water supply, beaches and lagoons. • Sewage system disposal design and standard shall ensure that the pollutants shall not impact the surrounding ecosystem. • All garbage shall be disposed in a All islands have infrastructure to collect manner that will not damage the waste and manage the waster as per the environment. regulations. • All tourist resorts should have incinerators, compactors, and bottle crushers adequate for the development • Plastic or hygienic bags shall not be thrown into the sea and such materials shall be burnt. • Sweep cleaning of the entire resort at least once every day is required. Refuse is required to be disposed in closed containers and disposed of daily. • It is discouraged to install hard The hard engineering structures proposed engineering solutions such as on all parts of the development are to heavy breakwater structures, foster for retention of the reclaimed groynes, solid jetties, seawalls structures. and revetments on tourist resorts of the Maldives in order to ensure the natural environmental qualities of the island are maintained.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. • In the construction phase, all development areas will be demarked and will be inspected by planning officials from MOT

3.3.9 General Electricity Regulation & General Standards Required for Using Standby Regulation consultation • Powerhouse shall be registered • All regulatory requirements will • EIA report shall be prepared be met • stack height of at least 24 feet from ground if the powerhouse height is 14 feet and if the powerhouse height is greater than 14 feet, stack height shall be 4 feet above the building • 200 feet distance shall be maintained between the powerhouse and nearest dwelling • Firefighting equipment shall be installed • Sound level at 1 meter from the generator shall not be higher than 70 dB,A. • Generator shall be installed inside a canopy to make it soundproof, or the generator hut shall be soundproofed. • People living in the surrounding area shall not be disturbed by exhaust emission from the generator. • Temperature immediately outside the wall where the generator is located shall not be more than 10 degree Celsius higher than the ambient temperature. • Transmission of vibration from the generator to the floor shall be prevented sing anti-vibration mounts.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 3.3.10 Fire Regulation ( 2015/R-43) Regulation consultation The Fire regulation has been developed • Detail fire drawings for all island under the Tourism Act ( 2/99) for the and buildings will be prepared purpose of implementing preventive during detailed drawings stage measures against fore hazards in tourist and will be submitted for resorts as well as to protect tourism approval via MOT. investments, human life and goods from • All requirements will be met and fire risk. all fire fighting equipment will be Important measures outline in the installed and approved by regulation include: relevant authorities during • All resort established in the constriction stage. Maldives shall have firefighting equipment installed by a licenced party from Ministry of Defence and National Security (MDNS). • All resorts shall submit a fires safety drawing to MDNS through Ministry of Tourism. • A 1 metre boundary shall be maintained free from anything, from location of firefighting equipment or the fire point. • All islands/ resorts must have at least 2 portable firefighting pumps. • In order to understand a fire incident instantly, an automatic fore detection and alarm system shall be installed in all resorts. • At least 2 fire points shall be established in each powerhouse. • A fire squad with trained personnel shall be maintained in all resorts. • If a fire incident occurs, the firefighting equipment maintained in the resort shall be immediately used and shall be immediately informed to MDNS and Ministry of Tourism

3.3.11 Desalination Plant Regulations (2002) • The plant shall be registered • All regulatory requirements will • EIA report shall be carried out for the be met RO Plant installation and operational works.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

• Source of water shall be obtained • Feed water shall be obtained from from the sea or ground borehole, as deep as 20m well • If feed water is obtained from ground below the fresh water lens it should be through a borehole • The plant shall be behind facades • Installed capacity shall be in par with the demand. For resorts the capacity shall be determined based on the rate of 250 l /pers./day • Brine shall be discharged at least 10 m beyond the reef edge. Brine is not allowed to be discharge into ground or reef flat. • Plant house shall be appropriately designed with proper drains and arrangements for proper storage of chemicals shall be in place. • Sound level inside the plant house if exceeds 85dB (A) noise protection gear shall be provided to workers. • Operations and maintenance manual shall be made available at the plant house.

3.3.12 Maldives Recreational Diving Regulation, 2003 Regulation consultation The regulation has been developed under • Proposed dive centres will be the Tourism Act ( 2/99) in order to keep registered and will obtain the recreational diving safe and enjoyable. operating permit. • All dive centres providing • All dive activities and safety services to tourists shall be standards shall be in compliance registered and an operating with the regulation. license shall be obtained. • The safety requirements for dive • All dive information shall be related accidents will be covered provided to Ministry of Tourism. in the emergency plan • License and operating permit for specifically developed for dive dive centres in the resorts shall be operations of the resort. given for 5 years and renewed upon expiry. • The license issued by the Ministry of Tourism shall be displayed in the dive centre. • All breaches of this regulation shall be fined from an amount not exceeding MVR 100,000.00 • All divers shall have acceptable training before undertaking diving in the Maldives.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. • All dives activities shall be supervised by the staff of the dive centre. • The maximum depth for all recreational diving in the Maldives is 30 m. • Only no decompression diving is allowed in the Maldives. • All dive centres must be equipped with pure oxygen and emergency plan ready in case of diving related accidents. • All dive related equipment shall be well-maintained.

3.4 Relevant Regulations and Guidelines Environmental permits required for the project 3.4.1 Environmental impact Assessment ( EIA ) Decision Note The decision note is based on the This EIA will also be subjected to review comments of the EIA reviewer. The note after completion, and will be put into may request further information from the effect after a decision note legally proponent or may declare that the EIA binding the proponent and the contractor provides enough details to proceed with a to the terms in the EIA. decision. If the EIA is not rejected, the decision note will administer the scope of the project and strengthens the EIA which binds the proponent, contractor and sub-contractors to the monitoring and implementation of the mitigation measures prescribed in the EIA. 1.1.1 Dredging and Reclamation Permit If the project requires dredging and Dredging and reclamation form is will reclamation, a permit must be taken from be submitted with the EIA. EPA. A specific application form published by the EPA must be completed and submitted for the approval. EIA application will not be accepted if the approval is not given. 1.2 Responsible Government Institutions The main governmental institutes that acts as the main answering bodies are 3.4.2 Ministry of environment and energy The ministry is responsible for the policies while the EPA manages the technical aspects of various projects. screening, scoping, approval of terms of reference,

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. reviewing and requesting for additional information, issuing decision statement and halting a project falls under the EPA. 3.4.3 Ministry of Tourism The Ministry of Tourism is responsible for the regulating tourist resorts and other tourism related facilities in the country and ensuring that the relevant regulations of the ministry are adhered during construction and operational phase of such facilities. Hence the Ministry has been duly consulted and necessary approval has been sought prior to the commencement of the Project. EIA for this project has been prepared under the Tourism Act (Law no 2/99). Under Clauses 15, 19 and 26 of the Tourism Act, the Ministry has formulated EIA Regulations. It is under this EIA Regulations; the present EIA has been prepared and submitted. EIA regulations relating tourism projects are administered and enforced by the Ministry of Tourism.

3.4.1 Atoll Council The atoll council is responsible for the internal developments of the atoll and plays a mayor administrative role in maintaining the records of the developments of the councils under its authority.

3.4.2 Maldives Land and Survey Authority (MLSA) Established under the Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure MLSA’s mandate among other functions include, registration of the land surveys. Following the completion of reclamation survey of the land will be carried out for land registration purposes.

3.5 Guiding Policies and Documents 3.5.1 Policy of waste management The policy was framed keeping in mind a healthy environment which is solid waste free. Ensuring safe disposal of Solid waste, chemicals and hazardous industrial waste. Encouraging recycling, and reducing of waste generated. It also allows development of guidelines on waste management and disposal and advocate enforcing such guidelines. 1.3 International Conventions 3.5.2 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD) Maldives is a party to the CBD The Loss of footprint and immediate impact objective of the convention is “the zone marine life is invertible. However, conservation of biological diversity, the disturbance and sedimentation must be sustainable use of its components and minimized to allow minimum loss of the the fair and equitable sharing of the coral reefs surrounding the area. Hence, benefits arising out of the utilization of it is recommended for the developer to genetic resources, including by use all mitigation measures including appropriate access to genetic resources planning a pathway and maintenance of and by appropriate transfer of relevant the vehicles to minimize negative technologies, taking into account all impacts. rights over those resources and to technologies, and by appropriate funding”.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 3.5.3 International Plant protection convention (IPPC) Since 3rd Oct 2006 Maldives follows the IPPC in order to protect the native plant species in the Maldives from the risk of disease from introduced and imported plants. Hence, it is advisable for the proponent to be aware of the requirements of the IPPC and obtain the necessary IPPC certifications if any plant is to be imported later on. 3.5.4 National Biodiversity strategy and action plan Taking into account the three goals of CBD the NBSAP of Maldives was put forth. Which follows the following principles; The people of this generation and the generations to come reserves the right to access and share benefits of rich biodiversity and ecosystem services. Responsibility of conserving and sustainably using biodiversity lies on everyone’s shoulders and shall be taken as a shared responsibility. Biodiversity shall be mainstreamed into all sectors and in a manner whereby monitoring progress and accountability is ensured. It is advised for the proponent to be aware of the action plan and follow the programs accordingly. 3.5.5 National Climate change policy framework. The framework prescribes the strategic polices for responding to climate change impacts until 2024. Five thematic goals and strategies prioritized prioritised by the locals and the government are;

(i) ensure and integrate sustainable financing in climate change adaptation opportunities and low emission development measures; (ii) strengthen a low emission development future and ensure energy security for the Maldives; (iii) strengthen adaptation actions and opportunities and build climate resilient infrastructure and communities to address current and future vulnerabilities; (iv) inculcate national, regional and international climate change advocacy role in leading the international negotiations and awareness in cross-sectorial areas in favour of the most vulnerable and small island developing states; and (v) foster sustainable development while ensuring security, economic sustainability, and sovereignty from the negative consequences of the changing climate.

The proponent must be aware of the long term goals and the National Climate change policy framework if they are to invest in the Maldives.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 4 Description of the proposed project This section details the description of the proponent, project locations and boundary project outline and site plan, main developments of the project and the various engineering aspects of the project. 4.1 Introduction to the project Located on the western fringe of north Kaafu atoll, the lagoon at coordinates 4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E, identified in this project by the proponent as Gulf Lagoon is one among the chain of lagoons in the region. This proposal in which the EIA assess is to develop 2 major tourism facilities and a factory facility in on the lagoon. The tourism facilities are, a resort facility with its service island north of the lagoon, and a marina island east of the lagoon. The factory island is proposed on the south. This EIA looks into the development of all three islands from reclamation operation. Sub division Location Details Utilities Resort island Resort at GPS 102,092.00 sqm Combined location (120 rooms, 240 beds) utilities, (4°17'51.45"N, Estimated volume of sand to marina and 73°21'13.58"E) reclaim the island to the initial resort. finish elevation of 1.3m from MSL is 336,600 cubic metre of sand. Service island Service at GPS Accommodating up to 620 location staff. (4°17'34.34"N, Proposed area of development 73°21'7.37"E) 15,627.90 sqm, Estimated volume of sand to reclaim the island to the initial finish elevation of 1.3m from MSL, is 51,572 cubic metre. Marina island Marina at GPS 24,480.00 sqm Separate location (20 rooms, 40 beds). utilities to the (4°17'35.50"N, Estimated volume of sand to other 73°21'54.07"E) reclaim the island to the initial developments finish elevation of 1.3m from MSL, is 80,784 cubic metre of sand. Factory island Factory at GPS 209,000.00 sqm Separate location Accommodating up to 1500 utilities to the (4°16'44.44"N, staff. other 73°21'10.78"E) Estimated volume of sand to developments reclaim the island to the initial finish elevation of 1.3m from MSL, is 672,069 cubic metre of sand.

A total volume of 1,141,025 cubic metre of sand will be required for the proposed reclamation works.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 4.2 The proponent The project is proposed by Gulf Craft Maldives Pvt Ltd duly registered with the Ministry of Economic Development with the prime objective of selling and importing of goods

The contact details of the proponent are given below;

Orchidmaage, 3rd floor, Ameeru Ahmed Magu, 20095, Henveiru, K. Male'.

4.3 Project Value The project will be developed in a single phase and approximately 60,391,849.11USD will be invested towards the completion of the project. Breakdown below Island No of rooms USD Resort island 120 30,481,475.00 Marina Island 3,539,133.64 Industrial Island 26,371,240.47 4.4 The main developments of the project 4.4.1 Resort and Service Island A typical resort section proposed north of the lagoon, the service island is separated and proposed to be connected through submarine cables. The breakdown of the development follows.

Resort Components Details Inclusive utilities

No of rooms Enclosedm3 area each unit Enclosed area m2 total unit

Front of house

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

1 1 365 365 Electricity Water & Sewer, internet

Reception block; the primary area of reception is on the eastern side of the island. This will be the first area of interaction with the staff. The area is on compacted land, at an elevation of approximately 1.5 m above MS. The services required for the area are electricity, internet, water and sewer. 2 1 365 365 Electricity Water & Sewer, Internet

Sunrise Café: Next to the reception area, the platform serves to hold all tables. The platform covers the revetment. The area is primarily a meeting area on the eastern side of the island. The services required for the area are electricity, internet, water and sewer. 3 1 103 1035 Electricity 5 Water & Sewer, Internet

Ala Carte all day dining and bar: Situated on the southern side of the island. The platform of the restaurant is on one of the southern groins. The area is closest to the service harbour. The services required for the area are electricity, internet, water and sewer. 3A 2 82 164 Electricity Water & Sewer, Internet

Boutiques shop: situated on the eastern side and the southern side of the island, situated at a location of interaction for all inbound and outbound guests. The services required for the area are electricity, internet, water and sewer.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

4 1 266 266 Electricity Water & Sewer, Internet

Beach grill; Situated on the southern area of the island, the area is again a service area for the guests primarily serving; barbeque, and bar. The services required for the area are electricity, internet, water and sewer. 5 1 417 417 Electricity Water & Sewer, Internet

Spar complex: situated in the centre of the island, the spar complex is in the main land. The services required for the area are electricity, internet, water and sewer. 6 1 110 110 Electricity Water & Sewer, Internet

Water sports complex: Situated on the west face of the island, the services required for the area are electricity, internet, water and sewer. 7 1 170 170 Electricity Water & Sewer, Internet

The kids club: in close proximity to the main restaurant. The services required for the area are electricity, internet, water and sewer.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

8 1 310 310 Electricity Water & Sewer

The sports complex: situated close to the spa complex The services required for the area are electricity, water and sewer. 9 2 NA Electricity Water

Tennis court; located near the sports complex, the services required for the facility are, electricity and water. 10 1 190 190 Electricity, Internet, water & sewer

Dive centre; situated on the arrival jetty pavilion, the services required are are electricity, internet, water and sewer. 11 1 33 33 Electricity Water & Sewer

Arrival jetty pavilion; the only point of tourist access, the pavilion requires electricity, water and sewer. The pavilion is proposed slightly higher in elevation; 1.5 or 2m above MSL, than the rest of the area. 12 1 NA Electricity

The beach volley court is located on the western beach, the area requires electricity

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

13 1 100 110 Electricity Water (inclusive of pool and Bath) Tub & Sewer, Internet

Breakwater pavilion bar. On looking the northern side, the breakwater pavilion bar is at a convergence point over two revetment connections. Here too the elevation is likely to be 1.5 or 2m above MSL. The services required for the service are electricity, water (inclusive of pool and Bath) tub & sewer, and internet 14 1 140 140 Electricity Water (inclusive of pool and Bath) Tub & Sewer, Internet

Water villa suits. The location is the western most. It is proposed to place the above water structures at least 2m above MSL. The services required for the service are electricity, water (inclusive of pool and Bath) tub & sewer, and internet. 15 30 60 1800 Electricity Water (inclusive of pool and Bath) Tub & Sewer, Internet

The water villa with pool; 30 rooms on the western side of the resort. The above water structures will be in the same elevation. The services required for the service are electricity, water (inclusive of pool and Bath) tub & sewer, and internet 16 2 180 360 Electricity Water (inclusive of pool and Bath) Tub & Sewer, Internet

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Executive water villa: at the northern most point of the island, same elevation as all other above water structures. The services required for the service are electricity, water (inclusive of pool and Bath) tub & sewer, and internet 17 10 110 1100 Electricity Water (inclusive of pool and Bath) Tub & Sewer, Internet

Family beach villa: two units of beach villas with all utilities connected. The services required for the service are electricity, water (inclusive of pool and Bath) tub & sewer, and internet 18 30 60 1800 Electricity Water (inclusive of pool and Bath) Tub & Sewer, Internet

The beach villa with pool: single units with pools on the beach. The utilities required are electricity, water (inclusive of pool and Bath) tub & sewer, and internet. 19 34 60 2040 Electricity, Water, Tub & Sewer, Internet

The beach villas: single units with no pool that requires electricity, water, tub, sewer, and internet. 20 1 104 1040 Electricity 0 Water & Sewer, Internet

The speciality restaurant: south of the island, above water requires electricity, water and sewer, and internet. BACK OF HOUSE

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

21 6 17 102 Electricity and Internet

Butler station: placed strategically throughout the island, requires internet and electricity. 22 2 17 34 Electricity Water & Internet

Water villa butler station: specifically for the water villas. Requires same services as other butler stations. 23 1 62 62 Electricity Water & Sewer, Internet

The Clinique: placed in the centre of the island. the Clinique will foster for all medical emergencies. 24 1 180 180 Electricity Water & Sewer, Internet

The mosque: situated in one of the central lobes of the island. The services required are electricity, water, sewer and internet. 24A 1 151 151 Electricity Water & Sewer, Internet

Staff mosque, located on the service island, requires electricity, water, sewer and internet.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

25 2 NA Electricity & Water

Futsal ground: located on the western side of the service island. the services required are electricity and water. 26 2 280 560 Electricity Water & Sewer, Internet

Junior accommodation rooms, 3 floors: located on the service island, the exact number of the rooms and beds is not finalised. The building will require electricity, water, sewer and internet. 26A 1 280 280 Electricity Water & Sewer, Internet

On duty staff accommodation 2 floors, located on the service island, the exact number of the rooms and beds is not finalised. The building will require electricity, water, sewer and internet. 27 1 280 280 Electricity Water & Sewer, Internet

Senior staff accommodation; located on the service island, the exact number of the rooms and beds is not finalised. The building will require electricity, water, sewer and internet. 28 5 55 275 Electricity Water & Sewer, Internet

GM and Management executive bungalow, located in the central section of the resort island. The utilities required are electricity, water, sewer and internet.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

29 2 375 750 Electricity Water & Sewer, Internet

Staff kitchen and mess: two units, on e on the support island and one on the resort island to accommodate the staff on each unit accordingly. The units require electricity, water & sewer, and internet. 30 2 80 160 Electricity Water & Sewer, Internet

Staff reception, tuck shop and café’: Two units, one on the staff island and one in the resort, a socialising location for the staff. 31 1 80 80 Electricity Water, Sewer & Steam lines

Laundry and housekeeping, to foster for the resort, on the service island. the services requires are electricity, water, sewer, and steam lines. 32 1 80 80 Electricity Water & Sewer

General goods store: storage and store in the service island, requires electricity, water and sewer. 33 1 24 24 Electricity Water & Sewer

Cold storage: cold storage in the service island, requires electricity, water and sewer. 34 1 40 40 Electricity Water & Sewer

Chiller storage: chiller storage and store in the service island, requires electricity, water and sewer. 35 1 40 40 Electricity & Water

Liquor storage: liquor storage in the service island, requires electricity, water and sewer

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

36 1 235 235 Electricity Water & Sewer

Power and desalination plant: one unit located on the support island. utilities required are water and electricity 37 1 119 119 Electricity Water & Sewer

Sewer treatment plant; one unit located on the support island. utility required is electricity 38 - - Electricity

Fuel storage: one unit located on the support island. utility required is electricity 39 - - Electricity

Water storage: units located utility required is electricity 40 1 147 147 Electricity Water & Sewer

Workshop: one unit on the service island, requires water and electricity. 41 - - Electricity

Re-cycled water storage: one unit in the service island, requires electricity 42 1 24 24 Electricity

Telecom tower and utility room: one unit on the service island, requires electricity. 43 - - Electricity & Water

Service jetty and harbour; one on the service island and one on the resort. Requires electricity and water.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

44 1 150 150 Electricity Water & Sewer

Waste collection and sorting: for the resort area. The utilities required are electricity, water and sewer. 45 1 100 100 Electricity Water & Sewer

Central incinerator plant; located in the service island. The utilities required are electricity, water and sewer.

4.4.2 The marina islands An exclusive island proposed east of the lagoon, offers exclusive stay for boat owners. All services of the resort will be provided by the marina.

MARINA

COMPONENTS DETAILS INCLUSIVE UTILITIES

NO NO ROOMS OF ENCLOSED AREA EACH UNIT M3 ENCLOSED AREA TOTAL UNIT M2 FRONT OF HOUSE 1 1 219 219 Electricity Water & Sewer, Internet

Reception Bar: the reception area that receives the guests. The area is on compacted land, at an elevation of approximately 1.5 m above MS. The services required for the area are electricity, internet, water and sewer.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

2 4 9 36 Electricity Water & Sewer, Internet

Boutique shops on the western side of the island. Requires electricity, water, sewer, and internet 3 1 NA - Electricity & Water

Pool; the proposed pool for the marina. Requires water, and electricity. 4 1 18 18 Electricity Water & Sewer

The Clinique: placed in the centre of the island. the Clinique will foster for all medical emergencies. 5 1 530 530 Electricity Water & Sewer, Internet

Office, multipurpose hall; a gathering, working, socialising place, requires electricity, water and sewer, and internet.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

6 1 NA - Electricity & Water

Futsal ground, requires water and electricity. 7 20 55 1100 Electricity Water (inclusive of pool and Bath) Tub & Sewer, Internet

Beach bungalows: 20 units. The utilities required are electricity, water (inclusive of pool and Bath) tub & sewer, and internet. 8 4 56 224 Electricity, Water & Sewer, Internet

Staff accommodation 2 story units: for the staff exclusive in the marina island. The utilities required are electricity, water & sewer, and internet. 8A 1 56 56 Electricity, Water & Sewer, Internet

Senior staff accommodation 2 story units: for the staff exclusive in the marina island. The utilities required are electricity, water & sewer, and internet.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

9 1 NA - Electricity, Water & Sewer

Jetty: piled walkway from island to restaurant, holds the piers. Requires electricity, water and sewer. 10 1 125 125 Electricity, Water & Sewer, Internet

Restaurant: main restaurant over water. Requires electricity, water and sewer. 11 2 NA - Electricity, Water & Sewer

Piers: holds the main mooring area for the marina, provides services such as electricity, water, sewer, waste collection, and fuel.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

12 1 36 36 Electricity, Water & Sewer, Internet

Mosque on the marina: requires electricity, water and sewer. 13 1 21 21 Electricity, Water & Sewer

Sewer treatment plant: main collection and treatment point located on the island. 14 1 81 80 Electricity, Water & Sewer, Internet

Power and desalination plant: one unit located on the support island. utilities required are water and electricity 15 4 NA - Electricity

Fuel and water storage, units required for the marina island.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

16 1 64 64 Electricity, Water & Sewer, Internet

Indoor game hall: a gathering, working, socialising place, requires electricity, water and sewer, and internet. 17 1 24 24 Electricity, Water & Sewer

Central incinerator plant; located in the service island. The utilities required are electricity, water and sewer.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

4.4.3 Factory Island A factory island proposed south of the lagoon. The proposal is to have a factory unit, and a school unit with accommodation for the staff, teachers and students. The design capacity for the island is 2100 people.

FACTORY COMPONENTS DETAILS INCLUSIVE

UTILITIES

UNIT M3 UNIT M2

NO NO ROOMS OF

ENCLOSED AREA EACH ENCLOSED AREA TOTAL

1 1 528 528 Electricity Water, Sewer Internet

Main administrative building of the island, requires water, electricity sewer and internet. 2 1 682 682 Electricity Water, Sewer, Internet

Training school proposed near the admin block; requires electricity, water, and internet. 3 1 370 370 Electricity Water, Sewer

The mosque is to foster for the island, requires electricity, water and sewer. 4 1 955 955 Electricity Water, Sewer

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Kitchen, mess hall, to cater for the entire island. Requires electricity, water and sewer. 5 8 300 2400 Electricity Water, Sewer, Internet

General staff accommodation for the entire island. Requires electricity, water and sewer. 6 2 300 600 Electricity Water, Sewer, Internet

Senior staff accommodation for the entire island. Requires electricity, water and sewer. 7 2 300 600 Electricity Water, Sewer, Internet

Trainee accommodation for the entire island. Requires electricity, water and sewer. 8 1 325 325 Electricity Water, Sewer, Internet

Indoor sports hall, for the staff, Requires electricity, water and sewer. 9 8 55 440 Electricity Water (inclusive of Pool & Bath Tub) & Sewer, Internet

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Executive staff accommodation, Requires electricity, water and sewer. Bath tub. 10 1 39 39 Electricity Water & Sewer, Internet

Pavilion located at the eastern peak of the island. Requires electricity, water and sewer. 11 1 1950 1950 Electricity, Water & Compressed air

Boat hanger, to keep finished medium boats. Requires electricity, water, compressed air and sewer. 12 1 2070 2070 Electricity, Water & Compressed air

Boat hanger to keep finished large boats. Requires electricity, water, compressed air and sewer. 13 3 1200 3600 Electricity Water Compressed air

Closed factory building. Built to ISO standards. Requires electricity, water, compressed air and sewer. 14 2 580 1160 Electricity, Water & Compressed air

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Workshop, carpentry to foster for the resort, marina and support island., Requires electricity, water, compressed air and sewer. 15 2 580 1160 Electricity, Water & Compressed air

Workshop, electrical and electronics, to foster for the resort, marina and support island., Requires electricity, water, compressed air and sewer. 16 2 580 1160 Electricity, Water & Compressed air

Workshop, mechanical to foster for the resort, marina and support island., Requires electricity, water, compressed air and sewer. 17 1 430 430 Electricity Water

Stores, to foster for the island. Requires electricity and water. 18 2 3700 3700 Electricity Water

Warehouse, main storage units segregated, for the factory.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

19 1 485 485 Electricity Water

Power and desalination plant, to cater for the island 20 1 260 260 Electricity Water

Treatment plant on the north eastern side of the island. the area requires water and electricity. 20A 1 NA - Electricity Water

The tanks of the sewage treatment 20B 4 NA - Electricity Water

Treat water and waste water storage tanks 21 1 NA - Electricity

Sports and recreation facilities for the island concentrated to the northern central region of the island.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

22 1 NA - Electricity Water

23 3 NA - Electricity

Harbour and slipway, on the eastern side the island., requires water and electricity 24 1 NA - Electricity Water & Compressed Air

25 1 NA - Electricity Water & Compressed Air

Pepair yard and new boat yard, on the eastern side of the island, requires electricity, compressed air, and water. 26 8 NA - Electricity

27 8 NA - Electricity

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

All storage units concentrated at the eastern tip of the island, minimising the potential impact of an accident. 28 1 390 390 Electricity Water

Incinerator and recycling. Located on the southern end on the eastern half, requires water and electricity.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 4.5 Development details and methodologies The proposal includes the following works for all 3 components; 1. land reclamation 2. development of Temporary work facilities 3. construction of island transport infrastructure, 4. construction of the back-of-the-house and administrative infrastructure, 5. construction of overwater and land-based guest rooms, 6. construction of guest facilities, 7. construction of utilities – sewerage, power and water infrastructure, 8. landscaping and, 9. resort operations. 4.5.1 Land reclamation This chapter includes all the necessary details regarding land reclamation for the proposed development. The dredging and reclamation work consists of the following sub works

• Borrowing and reclamation • Shore protection o Revetment o Quay wall o Breakwater • Harbour paving and lights 4.5.1.1 Borrowing and reclamation The developments; borrow areas and reclamation areas will initially be re-confirmed by an in-survey. The reclamation areas and burrow sites will be marked by certified surveyor by installing floating buoys attached on GI pipe installed around the perimeter. These markers will ensure the dredging works only takes place within the proposed burrow area and land is reclaimed at the proposed location. A cutter suction dredger (CSD) will be used to dredge fill material from the proposed burrow site.

Quantity, Quality and Characteristics of Fill Material The proposed developments require an estimated total volume of 1,141,025 m3 of sand. That is 672,069 m3 for Factory island, 80,784 m3 for marina island, 336,600 m3 for marina island and 51,572 m3 for service island. The proposed burrow sites have an estimated volume of 2,000,000 cubic metre of fill material. The proposed burrow site has varying depths ranging from -2m -4 metre from MSL. An average depth of -8m below the existing seabed as a dredging depth is believed to be obtained from the burrow site. The proposed reclamation height of the island is +1.3m from MSL. Fine and coarse sand will be used for compaction to a Dpr: 95% or as specified in the technical specification. The sallow lagoons are natural catch-pits for sand, which gets deposited within the slopes

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. and bottom of the shallow lagoons that are naturally produced from the lagoon system. Thus, in terms of quality and characteristics of fill material, it is believed that between 80-90% or more of fine to medium sand that is ideal for land reclamation can be obtained from the burrow site give that the site is covered with fine sand. It is expected the burrow to site to have large amounts of rubble and broken coral fragments as well as some rocks. The rubble and coral fragments can also be pumped into the dredge pump and can be used fill materials. If there are large rocks within the dredging depth, they need to be avoided to reduce the potential risk to machinery.

Indication of Sufficient Availability of fill materials Based on sand availability assesses conducted within the lagoon, the large inner lagoon area is believed to have more than enough sufficient sand deposits that can be used fr proposed land reclamation. Although, the lagoon was not cored to assess the general seabed profile, based on studies undertaken for similar projects (reviewed in this EIA) as well as other literature, there is tremendous possibility that the lagoon will have enough fill material in different layers of the seabed profile.

The following figure shows a typical profile from Ithaafushi Lagoon, Located in South Male’ Atoll

Figure 9 Seabed profile from Ithaafushi Lagoon, South Male’ Atoll (HRC, 2014)

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

The seabed profile shows that down to 7m from the seabed potential source of fixed sand with coral fragments can be found in the lagoon environments.

Transport of Fill Material

The dredged material will be transported by means of an offshore floating pipeline from the dredger to the desired reclamation area. A proper pipeline

Route will be established prior to dredging operation with floating buoys and connectors. In order to ensure that the pipeline stays intact during the operation, the buoys will be properly anchored to the seabed.

Due to the proximity of the proposed burrow site to the proposed reclamation areas, a lengthy pipeline is not required for the project . A pipeline in the range of 200m – 400m will be required. The dredging and reclamation component is expected to take between 2.5- 3 months.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

4.5.1.1.1 Borrow material and use

Figure 10 All borrow sites, reduced map, primary and alternative

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

The burrow material will be from within the lagoon. To achieve the volume, the proponent proposes to opt for a cutter suction dredger. If so, sand must be borrowed from the reef flat. The available safe dredge area for the development is on the reef flat and in the channel paths. The dredge depth is calculated to a depth of -8m below MSL. Therefore, if the proponent wishes the depth can be reduced as enough volume is gained at a depth proposed.

Table 1 Borrow material details

Net values Component fill cut cut Factory island 672,069.31 marina island 99,312.27 Resort island 356,542.44 service island 83,455.03

1 Borrow sites primary -8 1,324,122.98 2 Borrow sites primary -8 18,016.97 3 Borrow sites primary -8 27,033.73

Alternative A 459,557.80 Alternative B 1,608,596.72 Sum total 1,211,379.05 1,369,173.68 2,068,154.52 Difference fill - borrow (157,794.63) Difference fill – alternati ve (856,775.47)

Location, Size and shape of the Reclaimed Islands

The islands proposed to be reclaimed will be located at the shallowest areas within the lagoon as shown in Figure 10. It is proposed to reclaim the islands in relation to maximum reclamation potential available from the lagoon plot where available lagoon extents have been considered. The total amount of fill material required to reclaim the islands are estimated to be around 1,220,000 m3, which can be sources from the lagoon itself from the proposed burrow sites as given in Table 1.

The proposed shape of the island consists of bay beaches protected by groynes extended from the revetments located at critical zones. The shape of the island is done to taking into consideration several factors including present site conditions, currents, tides, swells and wave actions that may influence the formation of the island naturally. The seabed contours pattern was also taken into consideration to determine the shape and location of

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. the islands. The proposed islands will be entirely reclaimed and coastal protection systems including revetment and groynes were designed to sustain the reclaimed island.

Justification

While locating the islands in the lagoon, available space for development has been an important consideration. The shape of the island will be artificially created and protected designed coastal protection measures in order to sustain the island.

The size of the proposed islands to be reclaimed have taken some factors. Availability of shallow area given the boundary allocated for the development, existing physical condition of the lagoon, are some of the key considerations. Flow of current within the lagoon system during the field assessment have been carefully studied and natural patterns have been estimated towards locating the proposed island.

Design Detail

The following figure shows the details of proposed land reclamation of the island.

Figure 11 Typical profile of reclaimed island.

Figure 12 Typical profile of beach.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. The design height of the proposed land reclamation is +1.3 m from MSL and a beach slope of 1:10 will be maintained after the reclamation works. However, the natural shaping of the reclaimed profile will occur where beach slopes may be slightly greater than expected. Coastal Protection, revetment and groynes have been considered in selected area to long-term sustenance of the reclaimed island.

4.5.1.1.2 Work Methodology A cutter suction dredger (CSD) having a total length of 34m ( 25 m hull length), with of 7m, hull height of 1.8m and a draft of 1.35m is proposed to be used for dredging operations. The output capacity of the dredger is expected to be between 2,000 m3- 3,000 m3 per day of dry volume. The dredger will have a spud of 450 mm in diameter and a length of 18m-20m with 3 winches sets. The dredger will have dredging depth capacity of 14m. The discharge pipeline will be 200-400m long. A mall tug boat will be used to move the CSD to desired areas within the boundary of the proposed burrow site. Before the start of dredging operations, the proposed site will be marked with visible markers to ensure that dredging will be undertaken within the proposed burrow site boundary.GI pipes will be driven into the seabed during low tide and reclamation boundary will be clearly marked. Once setting out and marking are done, a sand bund wall will be developed around the proposed reclamation boundary by using excavators. Fill material required for bund wall will be obtained from inside proposed reclamation boundary, thus no excavation scars will be visible outside the reclamation boundary. Its proposed that the sand bund will be at least 2m wide and 1.5m high at MSL. Once the sand bund is done around the proposed island, an internal sand bund to make sub-sections inside the reclamation boundary will be created by excavator using sand from inside the reclamation boundary. The internal sub-sections will have a slight opening for directing overflow into the next subsection during the reclamation process. This will control waterflow rate and will allow sediments to settle in the bottom of the pond making the outflow water clear from the sediment. The details of the sand bund is outlined in the following figures.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Figure 13 Proposed bund wall around reclamation boundary.

Figure 14 Sand bund around reclamation boundary 1

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Figure 15 Sand bund around the reclamation boundary 2.

Pipeline Routes

Once bund wall works are completed, laying offshore pipeline works will be initiated. The pipeline routes will be changed depending on the fill area. Various pipeline distances have been envisaged from various positions within the burrow site, which ranges from 200m-400m. Other pipeline routes may occur based on distance to be covered to the reclamation area that are closest. The pipeline location and arrangement will be changed with change in weather and ocean currents. Temporary Arrangements During the initiation of reclamation works, as there will be no land, temporary arrangement for staff accommodation, lodging will be done on a Dhoni or a boat, which will be anchored within the inner lagoon during operations. Once an adequate area has been reclaimed from the island, temporary facilities will be developed. The details of these facilities will be outlined later. Dredging During the process of dredging, the rotating cutter head will be deployed for cutting and fragmenting the material and the soil will be pumped by means of dredge pumps and discharged through the floating pipeline to desired areas. During dredging, the spuds will be securely anchored and the dredger will be move sideways to obtain material to be pumped.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. The dredging operation will be initiated once all equipment is in place including floating pipeline and anchors. It is planned to undertake dredging 10hrs per day until desired volumes required for land reclamation is achieved. Spare parts will be made readily available to ensure that the dredging operations are undertaken without breakdown together with continuous supply of fuel required for the operation. A Global Positioning System (GPS) will be used to accurately position the CSD within the burrow site in desired locations and echo-sounder will be used to scan the depths of the burrow site continuously to control the dredging depths. Additionally, the CSD will be housed with an automatic depth control system to ensure maximum efficiency of the CSD in terms of depths. In case of the proposed lagoon, to ensure safe dredging and sedimentation control, the proposed reclamation area will be sectioned and silt gates fitted with silt screens. The dredging and reclamation component is expected to take between 2.5- 3 months.

Figure 16 A cutter section dredger.

4.5.1.1.2.1 Dredging Plant & Equipment The following equipment and machineries will be used during reclamation works:

• Cutter Suction Dredger (1 x 3,500- 4,000 cbm/ hr) • Floating and shore pipeline (600m) • Floaters for discharge pipeline • Joints fir pipeline • Excavators ( 3 x 330) • Landing Craft ( 200 ft) • Barge ( 20T) • Wheel Loader ( 20T) • Roller (2) • Dump truck ( 2 x 20T) • Spare Parts • Other relevant machineries and equipment.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. Except for the cutter section dredger, separate 3 sets of above-mentioned equipment will be used to carry out works simultaneously in 3 different works sites if need be. Depending on the work progress speed additional team will be deployed. Labour requirements During t dredging and reclamation works, 8 operators, 12 assistants and 24 labourers will be engaged in the works. Hence, a total staff of 44 will be involved during reclamation works. They will work in 2 shifts per day. Both local and foreign staff will be used in the operation. Duration The dredging and reclamation work is expected to take 2.5 months for each island. Thus, a total of 7.5 months will be needed for reclamation works. 4.5.1.2 Shore Protection Works The shore protection system consists of rock boulder revetments and groynes. The table below show the quantity of rock boulder needed for each in tonnage.

Mass of Rock Boulders (Tonne) Resort Island Service Island Marina Island Factory Island Total 19,800 6,600 2,300 25,000 53,700

The boulders will be delivered to site once enough land for storage has been reclaimed. For unloading of rock boulders, a temporary sand bund will be constructed. The heavy load trucks will carry the boulders directly from the barge to the temporary storage site via the sand bund.

Figure 17 typical shore protection.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. The proponent wishes to ensure that all reclamations on all possible sides would be reinforced with shore protection 4.5.1.2.1 Methodology . The following outlines the methodology of the contractor for the proposed development. 4.5.1.2.1.1 Machinery and man power The machinery for the development of the component follows in the table below.

Table 2 Man power and machinery (Revetment change and development)

Machinery & Equipment Manpower Excavator 330 Engineer Excavator 320 Supervisor Wheel Loader Excavator operator Dump truck Wheel loader operator Welding Geneset Lorry driver Survey Equipment Labour er Technician 4.5.1.2.1.2 Site setting out Site setting out for revetment shall be carried out after delivering Rock Materials to the developed reclamation site, with the “site engineer in attendance “. The profile of the revetment shall be marked by installing the GI Pipe meta-boards to ensure the breakwater and revetments are constructed as per the drawings.

The bathymetric survey carried out in way of the Revetment shall be used in calculation of the area of revetment section and the volume. Adjustments shall be made to this volume, where loose sand, silt deposits and other obstructions and unsuitable material is found in way of the base of the revetment on seabed. These locations shall be prepared by use of excavator.

4.5.1.2.1.3 Bed preparation Pegs in GI pipe shall be driven at 10m intervals in length in way of the revetment. 4mm line shall then be stretch over the pegs, so that the line of edge of revetment is set out. The revetment area shall be backfilled, sloped using dredged sand with excavator and Loader, as calculated at each location as above specified. After that geotextile shall be placed.

4.5.1.2.1.4 Laying Geo Textile Prior to deployment of armor rocks, geo textile layer will be placed on the slope draped over the area. Overlaps will be properly taken care of with a minimum overlap of 300mm. During placing of rock boulders, care must be taken to prevent rupture of the geotextile.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 4.5.1.2.1.5 Rock boulder placing Rock boulders purchased in accordance with the contract specification and certified by the engineer shall be loaded on to a barge shall be towed and anchored at the site and unloaded to given stockpile area by trucks.

The rock shall be transported from the stockpile area to revetment construction area. Then first layer of rock boulder (size 100 – 400 Kg) shall be placed carefully to a thickness of 400 mm and after that second layer shall be placed to a thickness of 400 mm (rock sizes shall be 400-800 Kg).

The following parameters shall be maintained:

• Revetment top level shall be maintained as MSL+1.6m • Revetment Crest width shall be maintained as 1m • Slop of the revetment shall be maintained as 1.5:1

4.5.1.3 Rock boulder breakwater Breakwaters are proposed in the harbour and off shore.

Figure 18 typical breakwater section 4.5.1.3.1 Methodology 4.5.1.3.1.1 Break Water Construction First a sand bed will be prepared along the line of break water. Armor rocks will then be loaded to dump trucks from the stockpile with an excavator and will be carried on the sand bed prepared along the side of break water line. Rocks will be initially dumped on the construction line to from a rock-bedding. Excavators will be used to place the armour rocks as per the profile.

Steel guide will be fabricated and used to maintain the profile. Sophisticated survey equipment’s will be used to maintain the levels and lines during the construction. Upon completion of the armour rock installation, the sand bed prepared for the driveway of dump lorries will be removed.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 4.5.1.3.1.2 Machinery, Equipment & Manpower Machinery & Equipment Manpower Excavator 330 Engineer Excavator 320 Supervisor Wheel Loader Excavator operator Dump truck Wheel loader operator Welding Geneset Lorry driver Survey Equipment Labourer Technician

4.5.1.4 Harbour pavement An addition of a 5m wide or smaller pavements are proposed surrounding harbours 4.5.1.4.1 Methodology 4.5.1.4.1.1 Shaping and Formation of Sub Grade

Sub grade is that portion of the earth roadbed which after having been constructed to reasonably close conformance with the lines, grades, and cross-sections indicated on the plans, receives the base or surface material. The sub grade supports the subbase and/or the pavement section

Before preparing subbase for pavement, pre casted drains will be placed as per the spacing mentioned in the drawing and drainpipes (PVC pipes) will be connected from the drains to the openings produced from the quay wall during quay wall construction.

The subbase material will be spread so that it does not exceed the required thickness for compaction using 1-2 ton smooth wheeled rolled. Where necessary the material will be spread in thicker layers greater than the required thickness with the approval of the Engineer provided a heavier roller is used for the compaction. The compaction shall be carried out at or near the optimum moisture content.

The moisture content of the material will be checked at the time of compaction. If the material is too wet it shall be dried by aeration and if it is too dry, the material will be sufficiently wetted prior to compaction.

Preparation of the sub grade for construction will involve excavation, in order to remove surface vegetation, topsoil and other unwanted material, and to create space for the upper layer of the pavement. Steps involving the process of construction of sub grade:

1. The top layer of the existing ground will be removed by excavator and these soils will be transported and stockpiled on another area. 2. The surface than will be compacted using vibratory roller, during compaction the surface will be moist with spraying water.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 3. In the course of the construction, the level shall be checked using control/dipping pegs, set out at regular interval along both sides of the pavement 4. After compaction samples will be taken from the area to carryout tests to check the strength. 4.5.1.4.1.2 Installation of Interlocking Blocks

The blocks shall be laid manually and in accordance with specification. Prior to laying, the string line for levels and lines will be set out by the survey team at regular intervals. Sand material bedding of approved quality shall be placed in thickness specified in the contract and, levelled and watered. Any areas of compacted material having a loose surface deficient in fines due to segregation or otherwise shall be made up to standard after replacing with properly graded material, prior to the installation.

Interlocking blocks of the specified size will be collected from approved source and laid in approved pattern as per approved construction drawings. At the edge of the road the blocks will be neatly trimmed/cut to fit perfectly into kerb edges as applicable. Fine/dune sand material shall be placed on top of laid interlocking blocks to fill in the joints. The laid interlock blocks will then be compacted by means of plate compactor. The dune sand will then be hand brushed and removed after the compaction works is completed to the satisfaction of the consultant. 4.5.1.4.1.3 Preparation of Kerbs Pre-cast kerb units will be cast at site. For these units metal froms will be used. Bracing and staking of froms will be such that the froms remain in both horizontal and vertical alignment until their removal. All froms will be cleaned and coated with approved from oil before concrete is placed. Expansion joints will be made at the required intervals using spacer plates made of metal, as directed by the engineer.

Concrete will be proportioned, mixed, and placed in accordance with the requirements of grade of concrete specified. Compaction of concrete placed in the froms will be by vibration. Froms will be left in place 24 hours or until the concrete has set sufficiently, so that they could be removed without injury to the concrete placed. The concrete will be struck off to the cross section specified, after which it will be finished smooth.

The finished concrete will be kept moist throughout for a minimum period of 3 days and the method of curing shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer. For a further period of 4 days the concrete will not be exposed to the hot sun.

After the concrete has set sufficiently, the spaces in front and back of the kerb shall be refilled to the required elevation using approved material which will be thoroughly compacted.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 4.5.1.4.2 Machinery, Equipment & Manpower Machinery & Equipment Manpower Excavator 330 Engineer 2-ton compactor Supervisor Wheel Loader Excavator operator Dump truck Wheel loader operator Concrete machine Lorry driver Survey Equipment Labourer Technician Mason Carpenter Barbender

4.5.1.5 Harbour lights In addition, enough harbour lights will be installed on all islands which match the proposed asthetics. 4.5.1.5.1 Methodology 4.5.1.5.1.1 Light placement Light foundation will be pre casted at site as per the drawing and specification. Once all the materials are ready and after consultant’s approval, surveyor will mark light locations. Using excavator, excavation will be done and foundation will be placed and levelled as per the specified level in the drawing. Using excavators cable trenching will be carried out. Lights post are then installed on the foundation and cable connection will be done by certified electrician. 4.5.1.5.1.2 Machinery, Equipment & Manpower Machinery & Equipment Manpower Excavator 330 Engineer Wheel Loader Supervisor Concrete machine Excavator operator Survey Equipment Wheel loader operator Electrician Mason Carpenter Barbender Labourer

4.5.2 Temporary work facilities The temporary work facilities will be the first structures built on the landmass. All temporary work facilities will be placed site and will be established on a need basis. Ideally the footprint used for the temporary facilities will be the proposed back of house. As all locations are reclaimed, the development footprint will not have any major impact.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 4.5.2.1.1 Labour camp Labour camp holds accommodation, and necessary facilities required for management of the labour camp and required work management facilities. The work camp includes; A. Temporary Accommodation B. Temporary Water and electricity, C. Emergency assembly, D. Temporary Workshop, E. Temporary Parking area, F. Temporary Oil storage, and G. Temporary Waste management area.

4.5.2.1.1.1 Temporary Accommodation Temporary accommodation initially will be a simple container accommodation that can be moved around as needed. The container accommodation will act as temporary accommodation until the back of house accommodation is built and work force is moved to the location. This applies to the tourist resort development as well, wherein the staff will be moved to the service island once the back of house is developed. At demobilisation and handover, the proponent should ensure that the accommodation is up to the required standard. 4.5.2.1.1.2 Temporary Water and electricity Temporary water and electricity will be established in the temporary work camp initially. A small desalination plant that can cater for the work force will be established on the footprint of back of house. The location of input and location of outfall for the permanent development will be the approved site of use. The system will be updated in according to the capacity. Electricity will be provided according to the required capacity for the temporary facilities initially and moved to back of house once the resort facility is complete. 4.5.2.1.1.3 Temporary Workshop, The temporary workshop should be established at an easy access point at the back of house, ideally the waste management area. The temporary development should be upgraded before demobilisation to the required standards. 4.5.2.1.1.4 Temporary Parking area, The parking area should be in proximity to the workshop 4.5.2.1.1.5 Temporary Oil storage, and All storage will be bunded and in specialised containers. The specialised containers will be monitored accordingly.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 4.5.2.1.1.6 Temporary Waste management area. The proposed waste management area for the temporary work camp is the same as the wate management area for the proposed development. All biodegradable food waste will be used to make compost and taken by the nursery / greenhouse in time. All construction waste and chemical waste will be collected and transported to Thilafushi accordingly. 4.5.2.1.1.7 Emergency assembly, The temporary emergency assembly area in every location will be fitted with emergency lights illuminating the area to guide personnel to location in case of a black out. The location will be fitted with dry sand buckets and fire extinguishers and all staff will be made aware of the location and its function at orientation. 4.5.3 Construction of island transport infrastructure There are 2 major access facilities proposed, 1. the guest harbour at the proposed resort and the marina at the marina island 2. the service harbour at the resort, the harbour at the service island, and the harbour at the proposed factory island. 4.5.3.1 Marina at the proposed marina island The proposed marina will dock, park, refuel, and service the incoming vessels . The floating docs are attached to the main island jetty with a hinge joint at an elevation of 1.5m from MSL. The sections will be pre-fabricated and arranged on site. The marina island is to accommodate for the proposed boats for rent. The services on this marina is limited to docking, refuelling and mooring.

4.5.3.2 Harbours at proposed resort and Service Island and The proposed harbour sections are below. The proposed guest harbour is connected to the island through a walkway. The proposal is for the area to accommodate incoming and outgoing guests.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. The second harbour on the resort is a service jetty that acts as a loading and unloading area and a drop off site for the staff

The harbour section on the service island is also a loading and unloading harbour which will also be used by staff ferry.

The harbour at the factory island is a reception point for staff, visitors and students alike.

4.5.3.3 Quay wall development The quay wall is proposed at every harbour area of the development. The entire project consists of 3 major harbour units one in the tourist resort, one in the service island and one in the factory island.

The machinery and the sequence of work follows.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

4.5.3.3.1 Methodology 4.5.3.3.1.1 Trim Base An excavator will be used to trim the base of the site before unit installation. Followed by checking the depth of the area to minimize error. 4.5.3.3.1.2 installation After checking the trim base, all lifting hook on the connecting groove shall be removed and patched with mortar. A 45T crawler carne shall be used for lifting and installation of blocks. Followed by installing the prefabricated guide on the installed block. Next the Level and alignment will be checked, confirmed and adjusted if necessary. Once one is installed, the next unit will be installed using the first one as a guide. This will be followed by checking the level, alignment before inserting the pre- cast concrete wedges (400-500mm length pcs) into connection joint. Followed by anchoring the unit for the 1st block to be installed as per the drawing (refers to the specified drawing). This will be followed by installation of the tie rod to the unit as a whole. Followed by the installation of another prefabricated guide on the second main block. And repeat till finish. Here only the alternative unit shall be anchored. The guides shall be removed after every two unit installations. Staircase units shall be chipped to the landing height before installing. All staircase units shall be done in-situ. 4.5.3.3.1.3 Wall concrete After installation of units, 4-7 days shall be given for each unit to settle. After this period fromwork of the wall section shall be installed up to the finished level of the pavement. Construction joint shall be in every 10m with a width of 10mm. All

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. anchored units have mooring hooks which shall be installed in place before concreting the wall section. 4.5.3.3.1.4 Back filling Sewed geo textile bags filled with aggregate shall be placed near all weep holes before backfilling. Back filling will be near the main wall by layers to 300 mm and each layer compacted by a plate compacter with a minimum of 12 runs before the next layer. When the backfilling and compaction is completed a waterproof membrane shall be laid on the pavement area. 4.5.3.3.1.5 Machinery and man power The machinery for the development of the component follows

Table 3 Man power and machinery (Quay wall development)

Machinery & Equipment Manpower Excavator 365 / Crane 55 tons Engineer Excavator 330 Supervisor Wheel Loader Excavator operator Dump truck Wheel loader operator Welding Geneset Lorry driver Survey Equipment Laborer Technician Surveyor Mason Carpenter Barbender Driver

4.5.4 construction of the back-of-the-house and administrative infrastructure, The components of back of the house and administrative infrastructure are; 1) Staff accommodation 2) Administrative buildings 3) Service centres 4) Receptions 5) Staff recreation facilities 4.5.4.1 Staff accommodation In the service island, 3 floors of junior accommodation facilities are proposed. there are 2 floors of on duty staff accommodation, and two floors of senior accommodation. In the resort 5 executive bungalows. The marina island has 2 stories of staff accommodation, and 2 floors of staff accommodation. The factory island has 8 senior staff accommodation facilities, and 2 rooms of staff accommodation.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 4.5.4.2 Administrative buildings Each development will have an administrative block, wherein except for the resort component, will be at the back of house. It will house all the administrative facilities and the laundry, dry stores, F&B and housekeeping offices. 4.5.4.3 Service centres The service centres will house the desalination plants and the power plants The maintenance building, the engineering office, relevant stores and workshops. In addition, there will be separate buildings for the cold stores, general stores, recycle house , Sewerage Treatment Plant (STP) and other buildings to cater maintenance departments works 4.5.4.4 Waste management area The resort has a waste collection area and will send the waste to the service island for sorting and packaging ideally daily. The marina island has its own incinerator and will collect the waste in location. All that cannot be incinerated will be sent to the service island to be transported to Thilafushi. The factory island has its own waste collection and sorting area. The following are the equipment for treatment and disposal will be installed on site; waste incinerator, metal can compactor, glass and bottle crusher, plastic waste shredder, green waste shredder/wood chipper, earth tub for composting kitchen waste All incinerator will meet the Ministry of Tourism and Ministry of Housing and Environment specifications. The aim will be to meet the following emission limits; particulate matter, 197 mg/dscm, carbon monoxide 40 ppmv, sulphur dioxide 55 ppmv, nitrogen oxides 250 ppmv 4.5.4.5 Receptions All developments will have reception buildings at, or nearby the arrival jetty. This monitors and controls the inputs and outputs of the resort. 4.5.4.6 Staff recreation facilities All staff recreation facilities will be at the back of house. This includes the gym, TV room, the entertainment room, the football pitch. 4.5.5 Construction of overwater and land based guest rooms The following are the various types of accommodation proposed for the development. The resort island has a total of 30 water villas, 1 water villa suites, 2 executive water villas, and 10 family beach villas. The marina has 20 beach bungalows. The factory island has 8 executive bungalows. All land based rooms will be dug to a footprint of 0.5m to 1m from ground and developed according to the floorplan with the utilities installed and built up accordingly. All over water structures will be built at 1 to 1.2m from MSL. However if need be, the rooms can be built elevated at 2m from MSL according to the specifications.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 4.5.6 Construction of guest facilities The guest facilities are limited to the tourist resort and marina island. The tourist resort gest facilities include cafes, spas, water sports complexes, speciality clubs; kids, sports complexes and facilities, dive centres. The marina island facilities for guests include, pools, clinics, office and multipurpose halls, futsal grounds, and restaurants. 4.5.7 Construction of utilities sewerage, power and water infrastructure

4.5.7.1 Water Water requirements are met by desalination process. However, rainwater harvesting will be given priority and use of as much rainwater for the resort purposes. The water Capacity must be not less than 250 ltr per head per Day and as a reserve half the above capacity must be installed. Clean water must be use for drinking and cooking. Less Refined RO water can be used for flushing / showering / landscape watering needs.

Therefore all developments can manage with normal RO water for basic needs and Special UV filtered bottle water for only drinking. Ground water or Sea water directly can feed to RO system. Most deep well waters have an SDI of 3 and most surface waters have SDI’s greater than 6.

The capacity details site specifically are:

Component Keys Guests Staff Water capacity (l) GL Resort and Service island 124 248 620 155000 Gl Marina Island 20 40 100 25000 Gl Factory island 600 1500 375000

4.5.7.1.1 Water intake and design Water intake will be boreholes at the back of the house. A borehole is preferred over a direct pipeline to the lagoon, since water obtained from the borehole has better water quality (lower TDS and temperature), and is completely free of clogging. This allows a much longer lifetime for membranes and other equipment that use the feed water, and produces better quality product water.

The borehole will be drilled up to a depth of 30 to 20 metres with an internal diameter of approximately 20 centimetres. The screen pipes will be located along the length of the borehole. The sides will be protected using reinforced concrete, gravel packing and Betonite clay seal. The gravel packing will start from 10 m and the pump will be located at a depth of 10 m. However, the PVC strainer top will be located at 20 m. The essential pumping zone will be between 20 and 30 m. The typical borehole design established by Maldives Water and Sewerage Company, the most likely contractors for the job, is presented below.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Figure 19 Typical borehole section The water produced will be subjected to pre-treatment where the membranes will remove suspended solids, adjust the pH, and add a threshold inhibitor to control scaling caused by constituents such as calcium sulphate. Next the pump raises the pressure of the pre- treated feedwater to an operating pressure appropriate for the membrane and the salinity of the feedwater. This is followed by separation where in the permeable membranes inhibit the passage of dissolved salts while permitting the desalinated product water to pass through. Applying feedwater to the membrane assembly results in a freshwater product stream and a concentrated brine reject stream. Because no membrane is perfect in its rejection of dissolved salts, a small percentage of salt passes through the membrane and remains in the product water. Membranes are being designed to operate at higher pressures (7 to 8.5 atm) and with greater efficiencies (removing 60% to 75% of the salt

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. plus nearly all organics, viruses, bacteria, and other chemical pollutants). Next the water is stabilised, where in the pH is adjusted and degasified before distribution.

Figure 20 Typical process flow diagram The plants will operate on an estimated 45% product water recovery, hence, with 55% brine 4.5.7.2 Sewerage During the operational phase at every establishment, wastewater will be treated using a wastewater (sewage) treatment plant (STP) of capacity not exceeding 200, 250 and 300m3 /day in islands marina, resort and factory island respectively. The capacity of the treatment plant and pumping stations will be based on an estimated limit of 250litres per person per day of wastewater. Treated effluent will be discharged into the sea at a depth of over 10 m below MSL and at more than 5m from the reef edge. The outfall locations are shown in relevant figures below.

Activated sludge type packaged treatment plants will be installed and the smell will be contained. The details of the proposed system will be made available to the Ministry of Tourism and approval sought before commencing installation. Sludge will be treated using sludge drying beds at the facility and treated sludge will be used as a fertilizer for gardening and landscaping of the resorts. Where dewatering is required for pump stations, it will be done and water that is pumped will be put back into the nearby areas, although it may not help to replenish the aquifer.

Wastewater reticulation system drawings have not been developed so far and will be approved by the Ministry of Tourism. Since wastewater is treated, it may be disposed in any appropriate location or manner. If treated effluent were to be used for gardening and toilet flushing, it shall be treated to tertiary level to achieve acceptable standards, the current requirement being 5mg/I of BOD. Although treatment is considered, an emergency overflow will also be included in the design, as per government requirements. The preferred location based on currents for all three islands is shown in relevant maps.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. These locations will provide good mixing and dilution due to ever present currents in the areas. While the locations have the likeliness of materials moving towards the shore from these locations the location would minimize stagnation and the small volume makes the impact negligible. The outfall pipe will be placed and anchored to the seabed using anchor blocks carefully placed on the seabed by experienced divers.

4.5.7.3 Power The power house is in the back of house of all developments. The structure is specially designed to be noise and vibration proof as much as possible with floor padding and wall insulations, among other measure. 4.5.7.3.1 Construction stage All power units will be housed in a temporary powerhouse until the main generators could be installed. Power will be switched to the main generators and to the new power grids two-thirds of the way into construction stage. The operation stage power load sheet is not specified yet. 4.5.7.3.2 Operation stage All operations are designed to be self-sufficient. The emission rating for power generation engines will be at US EPA/CARB Tier of 2. The specifications of the generators will be decided based on the quotations and technology assessments. Under the new Guideline for Power System Approval of the Maldives Energy Authority, power generation plants must be registered. The technical specifications of the generators will be provided during the application for registration The following are the estimated load for the separate segments

G L Resorts & service island Electric load sheet. Total Key 124 Estimated load 992 KW Generator system Generator Rating Load kW A 1 Gen 1 CP Cubical 1 800KVA 640.00 1155.23 2 Gen 2 CP Cubical 2 800KVA 640.00 1155.23 3 Gen 3 CP Cubical 3 650KVA 520.00 938.63 4 Gen 4 CP Cubical 4 650KVA 520.00 938.63 5 On grid Around 30 % 330KVA 564.00 476.53 PV system

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. Factory island Electric load sheet Estimated load 10000 KW Generator system Generator Rating Load kW A 1 Gen 1 CP Cubical 1 1000KVA 800.00 1444.04 2 Gen 2 CP Cubical 2 1000KVA 800.00 1444.04 3 Gen 3 CP Cubical 3 800KVA 640.00 1155.23 4 Gen 4 CP Cubical 4 800KVA 640.00 1155.23 5 On grid Around 30 % 375KVA 300.00 541.52 PV system

Marina island Electric load sheet. Total Key 20 Estimated load 200 KW Generator system Generator Rating Load kW A 1 Gen 1 CP Cubical 1 320KVA 256.00 462.09 2 Gen 2 CP Cubical 2 200KVA 160.00 288.81 3 Gen 3 CP Cubical 3 200KVA 160.00 288.81 4 On grid Around 30 % 75KVA 60.00 108.30 PV system

4.5.7.3.3 Power distribution The planned power distribution network was not finalised. However, the following information can be derived from the existing concept. Power supplies to the beach villas and guest facilities will follow the main footpaths and supply to the water villas will follow the water villa access jetty. The land areas will require excavation up to 600 mm. All cabling and connections will conform to the Maldives Electricity Regulation. The power to the over water structures will be provided through cables attached to the underside of the walkways connected. 4.5.7.3.4 Fuel storage Fuel storage for all developments are limited to diesel, and petrol. The fuel tank will be bunded by solid concrete walls and will rise to at least 1600 mm above ground level. All underground tanks will also be bunded by concrete structures before placing the steel tanks.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 4.5.7.3.5 Fuel transportation Fuel transportation from the service islands to service jetty will be through appropriate vehicles. From the service jetty to the fuel tanks will be using appropriately sealed piping. Pipes will be placed 600 mm below ground level and will have safely valves and pipe line condition monitoring setups at designated locations around the islands. 4.5.7.4 Outfall and discharge locations Output the brine outfall and sewage discharge locations are shown in the figure below. For the marina, the proposed outfall location is the eastern side, for the factory island and the resort island, the proposed outfall locations are the western side of the reef to the main ocean, this is proposed for optimal mixing during the dominant seasons as the locations have a considerable current.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Figure 21 Outfall location as per the current proposal.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

4.5.7.5 Submarine connection of utilities to the resort.

Figure 22 Service island utility section All utilities including power, sewage and water production, storage and recycler are proposed on the service island. The utilities are connected to the resort island through a submarine cable. The swage is collected from the submarine cable to the service island, treated and pumped out to the ocean side. 4.5.8 Landscaping There will be an ongoing landscaping programme on the island, which may require replanting of new trees. The vegetation source for this programme will be a small nursery built site specifically. Some overseas varieties may be imported to develop the nursery and will be done according to the floral and faunal import regulations of Maldives. In all islands, landscaping proposed is to mimic the natural flora of Maldives. Although the development time is limited, the proponent do not wish to bring in or use adult trees at this level of development. All plants are proposed to be planted in location, ideally in the youngest from possible. Therefore, the proponent wishes to plant the trees as soon as possible. The process is a continues process divided to 4 main simplified steps, 1. Site setup a.Initiate nursery as per the masterplan b.Identify and define the human landscape and biological landscape. c.Demark the areas of planting d.Analyse the master plan and finalise the type of tree proposed on site. e.Fertilise, water and aerate the location accordingly. f.Monitor the ground water for water lens optimisation. g.As soon as possible, initiate site setup for planting. 2. Planting h. Plant halophytes on the required locations as per the plan. i. Plant more tolerant species as permitted j. Plant ornamental plants once a canopy is formed. 3. Weed suppression

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. k. Use staff for weeding l. Weed killers m. Use mulch mats. 4. Maintenance. n. Inform all staff on location and sub-contractors the importance of the young vegetation on location. o. Use mesh covers to mitigate any impact of vehicles. p. Ensure project management defines site specific movement paths for the contractor and sub parties while working on the island. q. Ensure weekly monitoring.

4.5.8.1 Estimated number of trees and plants Plant Species Number Source Nursery Vendor care Scaevola taccada 1000 Local shoot ✓ Local free market, strictly (Gaertn.) Roxb. grown for selling Pemphis acidula J.R.Forst. 1000 Local shoot ✓ Local free market, strictly & G.Forst. grown for selling Thespesia populnea (L.) 16 Local shoot ✓ Local free market, strictly Sol. ex Correa grown for selling Talipariti tiliaceum (L.) 16 Local shoot ✓ Local free market, strictly Fryxell grown for selling Pandanus odorifer 13 Local shoot ✓ Local free market, strictly (Forssk.) Kuntze grown for selling Pandanus tectorius 13 Local shoot ✓ Local free market, strictly Parkinson ex Du Roi grown for selling Carica papaya L. 360 Local ✓ seedings Areca catechu L. 13 imported Barringtonia asiatica (L.) 15 Local shoot ✓ Local free market, strictly Kurz grown for selling Bougainvillea spectabilis 165 Local shoot ✓ Local free market, strictly Willd. grown for selling Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. 25 Local shoot ✓ Local free market, strictly grown for selling Cocos nucifera L. 365 imported Cocos nucifera L. 365 Local seedings Ficus benghalensis L. 20 Local shoot ✓ Local free market, strictly grown for selling Ficus benjamina L. 20 Local shoot ✓ Local free market, strictly grown for selling Ficus elastica Roxb. ex 20 Local shoot ✓ Local free market, strictly Hornem. grown for selling Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. 15 Local shoot ✓ Local free market, strictly grown for selling Averrhoa carambola L. 15 Local shoot ✓ Local free market, strictly grown for selling

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Adenanthera pavonina L 25 Local ✓ seedings Annona squamosa L. 25 Local ✓ seedings Artocarpus altilis (Z.) Fosb. 25 Local shoot ✓ Local free market, strictly grown for selling Cyclosorus interruptus 1000 Local ✓ (Willd.) H. Ito seedings Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L 300 Local ✓ seedings

The number of trees and plants estimated are above. However, they are not limited to the list. Most resilient seedings will be planted and nurtured on the footprints as proposed. The common weeds will be weeded if they disrupt the growth of the plant. If not they will be tolerated to add humus to the landscape. The imported plants are imported from the neighbouring countries after the necessary checks. They are imported as not to foster to the current trend of borrowing from the local islands. The locally sourced plants will be sourced after a pre order form numerous nurseries in Maldives. All the seedlings and seed propagated plants will be nursed at a local nursery prior to transplantation.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Figure 23 landscaping plan

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 4.5.9 Operations The operation of the project will be in accordance to the required specifications of the government and international standards.

4.5.9.1 The tourism components All tourism components will maintain the one island one resort concept and abide by all the laws and regulation of operation, where in the required trained staff for emergencies will be available at any given time. The required quantities of reserve food and water should be in store through out the development, and all management requirements are met including management of guest, staff, waste and storage material.

4.5.9.2 The factory components The factory component requires coordination of the proponent and the government. The overall factory management will have to abide by the limitations set forth by the environment ministry and environment protection agency and economic ministry during operations.

4.5.9.2.1 The factory operations The factory operation are not limited to boat building that requires staff accommodation, it also has a school component that requires student housing and accommodation.

4.5.9.2.1.1 Factory component The factory component functions at 3 summarised stages,

i. The framework stages

The framework stages include making of the skeletal bodies of the vessels. The finished frames will be developed in the hangers and sent to the plaster and fibre stage.

ii. The fibre stage

This is the closed hanger stage, the chemical resign is added to the plaster and applied on the frame to give the required shape of the vehicle. Hardened and trimmed down to the custom requirements, the vehicles are sent to the finishing phase.

iii. the finishing stage.

On the last stage, the final finishing stages, the navigation accessories, and other finishing requirements will be added in this stage.

4.5.9.2.1.2 Factory output The factory outputs include but not limited to;

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

i. Utlity series a. Touring 36 b. Touring 40 c. Wave shuttle 56 ii. Silver craft iii. Oryx yachts iv. Nomad yachts, and v. Majestic yachts

4.5.9.2.1.3 Other facilities 4.5.9.2.1.3.1 Teaching component There will be a teaching component on the factory that teaches, design, implementation and production of the gulf craft vessels to a local and international student base

4.5.9.2.1.3.2 Boat services The factory also fosters to service gulf crafts on the island, from service, design change, repair, emergency repair, etc.

4.6 Labour requirements and local labour availability The labour requirements and the activities are specified for each activity above. Labour requirement is largely dependent on the contractor and usually companies move specialists and laborlores on a need basis . Typical development activity requires specialist operators for the equipment and a team of laborers aiding. Apart from the work laborers site specific laborers are required for the management of the work camp/accommodation such as the kitchen, etc…An overall manager and numerous work supervisors are permanently stationed from start to finish. 4.7 Site demarcation and mobilization The project site is in an inhibited island the main site is far from the local homes and access is restricted, however the primary and secondary backfill zones are well within local areas. For the safety of the locals the site should be demarked and closed off. The harbour is shared by the contractor and the proponent and should contain the heavy machinery and temporary housing for the proposed project.

• it is the proponent’s responsibility to inform the residents of the dangers of unauthorized access into the construction site during the project duration • it is the contractor’s responsibility to demark the area warning the residents of the informed danger and risks of unauthorized access to the project site. • It is the contractor’s responsibility to put up temporary boundary fences or facades to prevent unauthorized access to the project site. • It is the contractor’s responsibility to monitor the temporary boundary fences or facades for breaches.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

• It is the proponents’ responsibility to ensure the removal of the temporary boundary fences or facades before accepting the completion of the project from the contractor. 4.8 Emergency plan in case of spills The proponent must ensure that the contractor has an emergency plan, an emergency coordinator and the alternative emergency coordinator. 4.8.1 Overall emergency plan The overall emergency plan must be site specific and drafted by the proponent considering the features of the reclaimed island and the available facilities of the island for both construction and operational periods. The emergency plan must be understood and followed by all staff. A typical emergency plan must include the following. • The emergency plan should be followed and executed without delay in case of an emergency. • Safety Sign Boards and Safety lights must be installed at the work site. • Fire Extinguishers must be installed at work site. • All staff must learn the basis of the emergency plan. • Assembly points must be decided prior to mobilization • Points of relief must be equipped with medical kits and fire safety kits • Spill kits must be installed near the storage sites and in easily accessible areas. • Alarms must be installed and tested • Infromed drills must be carried out at a schedule. • All staff must be infromed that they could call in an alarm. • All emergency coordinators should be trained well with the alternative. • In case of an emergency the point of reference must be the coordinator or the alternative. • In case of an emergency, the emergency coordinator or the alternative must be infromed primarily • All staff must strictly follow the instructions of the emergency coordinator. • Authorities must be infromed by the coordinator or the alternative The proponent must ensure that the contractor / operator take the following measures in order to ensure minimal pollution in case of a spill. • Use serviced machinery to reduce toxic emissions • Service the machines in use during the work process. • Keep spill kits on the island and portable spill kits on the machines • Bund all necessary lubricants and oils stored on site.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 4.10 Description of safety measures during construction / operation. The proponent, the contractor and operator are responsible for the safety of the local navigators, the staff, and guests in their respective phase of accountability. Health and safety rules must be followed strictly. • Any construction project site and the work area must be fenced. • Safety signs and boards must be installed at work site at any given phase • Fire extinguishers must be installed at site. • The proponent, the contractor and operator will ensure that all the supervisors are trained and qualified to identify, report, response to, and mitigate any health code violation. • The proponent, the contractor and operator will ensure all the health and safety procedures are followed in their respective stage of accountability. • All the precautions and steps will be taken to ensure the safety of the employees. • The proponent, the contractor and operator must ensure that numerous first aid kits on site in their respective phase of accountability. This is of the uttermost importance as the project has a health centre and the closet hospital is at best 35 minutes away in the capital. • The proponent, the contractor and operator must ensure that the contractor trains enough staffs in basic first aid drills both terrestrial and marine. Hence making these staff available throughout work hours while setting the duty roster. • The proponent, the contractor and operator must reports all medical emergencies to the hospital. • If the use of the equipment requires licenses or special permits, the employer should ensure the staff are licensed. • All tools and equipment will be handled by competent staff. • All staff must be trained to follow the emergency plan • Health checks and safety checks will be administered before commencement of work. • All project activities will be carried out in the presence of a qualified supervisor. • The staff will be trained in fire extinguishing drills and appropriate fire extinguishing equipment will be placed at easily accessible points. • Flammable material if stored, will be stored at site appropriately. • Any tools stored on site will be stored appropriately. • Oils, grease and lubricants will be stored as specified above in section.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 4.11 Summary of Project Inputs and Outputs The overall material inputs and the overall material outputs of the development are given in the Table 4 and Table 5 respectively. Table 4: Major Project Inputs Input resources Source/ Type Obtained by Construction worker A mix of local and foreign Contractor’s staff and procured through announcements, etc Construction material Bought and shipped The contractor during mobilisation Water supply during A mix of bottled and Purchased from local construction filtered tap water. shops and by registering for a water line from the local utilities provider Machinery Excavator, Dreger, lorry Contractor’s machinery etc only Maintenance material Various maintenance Contractor’s material, material and tools imported to the island. required for the project activities. Food and accommodation Accommodation in the Procured through island, and food through announcements, etc contractor’s staff Firefighting gear Fire extinguishers Contractor’s equipment Fuel All froms of fuel Local suppliers Telecommunication Mobile phones, hand held Contractor’s equipment, radio and internet personal, etc. facilities Food and beverage bottles PET bottles, glass bottles, Contractor’s equipment packaging, waste, plastic bags and various frozen, packaged and fresh food. Electricity generated for To meet the requirements operations diesel generators of appropriate size will be procured from abroad. However, it has been proposed to install solar panels at appropriate locations Table 5: Major Project Outputs Products and waste Anticipated Method of disposal materials quantities Dredge waste Large quantities reclamation

Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. Construction waster moderate If plastic, fibre and metal collected quantities and sent to the waste collection site. Waste oil Small quantities Barrelled and sent to the waste collection site. Hazardous waste material Small quantities Barrelled and sent to the waste collection site. Noise Only localised Inevitable noise pollution of the use of heavy missionary Food waste moderate Collected and sent to the waste quantities collection site. Plastic and packaging small quantities Collected and sent to the waste wastes collection site. Brine Will be discharged into the open ocean Solid waste Integrated solid waste management system will be in place. Sewerage and wastewater Sewage and wastewater will be treated and utilised appropriately. Chemicals and fertilizers Chemicals containing banned substances will not be allowed. If fertilisers are imported it would only be of organic type. Much of the fertilisers needed will be produced on the islands Factory refuse will be transported to Thilafushi 4.12 Demobilisation Demobilisation will be negotiated between the contractor and proponent. The consultant advocates for a phased-out demobilisation during the last phase of the project. .

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 5 Description of the environment 5.1 Introduction This section assembles, evaluates and presents the environmental baseline relevant to the project. The section includes, detailed methodologies of the study with the findings. To describe the existing environment, the report sub divides environment to physical, biological and social. Wherein, the existing physical environment geology and geomorphology, hydrography/hydrodynamics, ecology, socio-economic environment, and hazard vulnerability is further described. 5.2 Study area and Survey Locations Details of the study area and survey locations are given in project location and boundary. After analysing the project area, some survey sites were pre-selected referring to previous EIAs, etc.., while others were selected upon site visit after consulting with the stakeholders and locals. 5.3 Methodology The components of the existing environment were divided to climate, ecology and socio-economic environment. Baseline study was carried out as per the standard scientific methods. Special attention was given to the marine and terrestrial environment of the project area, as these components are likely to have the most significant environmental impacts. A summary of the different methodologies used in assessing the existing environment are given below. For details please see ‘Methodology used in description of the environment’. 5.3.1 Physical Environment The physical environment data was collected using the available literature, secondary data and information available and onsite recordings. As for the historical weather data, nearby weather stations were heavily relied for data. 5.3.2 Natural and Biological Environment The geological data and the seasonal geological patterns were collected on site, and using secondary data available. 5.3.3 Socio-economic environment The socioeconomic environment of the island was collected using the available literature, secondary information and interviews.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 5.4 The local setup. The lagoon at 4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E is much like many other lagoons in Maldives, without an official recorded name. the main lagoon system is west fringing lagoon, with shallow reef flats surrounding a deeper inner reef lagoon. The use of the lagoon is un specified, however, local boats men state that before the 2004 Tsunami, the lagoon and other lagoons nearby are preferred destinations for tourist excretions and shallow snorkelling and dive trips.

5.5 Physical Environment 5.5.1 Climate 5.5.1.1 General Climate A typical tropical monsoon climate is enjoyed throughout the year in Maldives. The south-west monsoon occurs between mid-May to November and the north-east occurs between January to March. The North-East monsoon is dryer than the South West Monsoon. The transition period of southwest monsoon occurs between March and April while that of northeast monsoon occurs from October to November (Table 6). The temperature ranges from 27 till 31°C daily, where the maximum mean dry temperature is 30.4°C and minimum mean dry temperature is 25.7°C. (Meteorology, 2006). Rainfall patterns in the Maldives is dictated by the Indian ocean Monsoons. The rainfall averages at 2,124 mm annually where the south receives more rain than the north. Table 6 months and the seasons associated with them Season Dhivehi name Month NE-Monsoon Iruvai December NE-Monsoon Iruvai January NE-Monsoon Iruvai February Transition period 1 Hulhangu Halha March Transition period 1 Hulhangu Halha April SW-Monsoon Hulhangu May SW-Monsoon Hulhangu June SW-Monsoon Hulhangu July SW-Monsoon Hulhangu August SW-Monsoon Hulhangu September Transition period 2 Iruvai Halha October Transition period 2 Iruvai Halha November The project area falls in the general climate as the rest of the Maldives with minute differences which will be discussed in this section. 5.5.1.2 Temperature The general temperature of Maldives does not show large fluctuation when it come to the difference between day, night and seasons; due to the abovementioned monsoon

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. climate and the tropical position of the chain of islands. Furthermore, the flat topography and a lack of high risen earth ensures a consistent temperature throughout.

The average maximum temperature from 1992 till 2017 ranged between 30.54 till 31.94°C. the average minimum temperature from the same timeline ranged from 24.86 till 26.08°C(Figure 24, Figure 25). The general annual temperature ranges approximately around 31°C during daytime to 26.4°C during night time in Maldives. The average maximum recorded temperature for the Maldives on 2018 is 31.2°C. and the average minimum recorded temperature for the Maldives on 2018 was 25.5°C. As always, average maximum and minimum temperature of 2018 shows an increase during the transition period to south west monsoon (Figure 26 and Figure 27). The daily mean temperature 2018 shown in Figure 28 shows the same rise in temperature while ranging between 28.13 and 29.69°C. The daily mean temperature from January 2019 till may show the same general pattern with a slight increase ranging between 28.43 till 30.34°C. During the sit visit, the temperature on site were between 31.0to 32.8C°

Figure 24 Average Max Temperature 2018 ( (Maldives Meteorological Service, 2019))

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Figure 25 Average Min Temperature 2018( (Maldives Meteorological Service, 2019))

Figure 26 Average Max Temperature 2018( (National Bureau of Statitics , 2019))

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Figure 27 Average Min Temperature 2018 ( (National Bureau of Statitics , 2019))

Figure 28 Daily mean temperature 2018 (Maldives Meteorological Service, 2019))

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Figure 29Daily mean temperature 2019, Jan till May (Maldives Meteorological Service, 2019))

5.5.1.3 Rainfall The rain ranges in different parts of the Maldives depending on the monsoonal cycles. The south west monsoon; wet season is from mid-May to November where rapid rain in large quantities are expected. As per the National Bureau of Statitics, ( Figure 30) on 2018, Laamu, Gaafu and Seenu had the more rain in comparison to the north. The average total rainfall throughout all the collection points in 2018 ranged between 38.1 to 367.9 mm..

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Figure 30 Average rainfall throughout 2018 from Hanimaadhoo till Gan, with overall average (National Bureau of Statitics , 2019)) 5.5.1.4 Wind Located in the equatorial region of the Indian Ocean, Maldives enjoys a generally mild monsoon. However, winds do pick up to storms and line squalls, but the area is generally a cyclone fee area. The monsoon climate is driven by the atmospheric pressure differences that arise as a result of rapid warming or cooling of the Tibetan Plateau relative to the Indian Ocean (Hastenrath, 1991; Fein & P, 1987). As per the observations of NASEER, 2003, the Maldivians monsoon patterns show consistency for the past two decades. His analysis shows that the wind speed is usually higher on the months May till October in central Maldives while the monsoon is significantly stronger in the central and the northern region in comparison to the south.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Figure 31 monthly frequencies of wind direction central and south (NASEER, 2003)

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Figure 32 Comparison of local and long-term wind frequencies (NASEER, 2003)

The wind data is borrowed from NASEER, 2003 is shown in Figure 31, Figure 31, and Figure 32, and respectively.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 5.5.1.5 Risk of hurricanes and storm surges Like most lagoons in Maldives, the proposed project site is a shallow reef flat. At high tide, the entire lagoon is submerged and at low tide the western ridge of the lagoon becomes visible. The lagoon is vulnerable to storm surges if reclaimed. The risk is higher during the south western monsoon as weather conditions can get rough. 5.5.2 Geology and geomorphology Apart from numerous unregistered lagoons, there are 1200 naturally fromed coralline low laying islands in Maldives and cays where in except for the island of Fuvahmulah is a part of a larger atoll. The islands are classified into 25 atolls. The islands are elevated steeply from the surrounding sea floor of 2500-3000 m deep to the east and 2800 – 4200 m deep to the west. The sea in between the atolls are around 200 m deep (Naseer & Hatcher, 2000). It is hypothesised that Maldives lies on a volcanic basement of depth 2000 m that pore out between Laccadives and Chagos Band and during Cretaceous and early Cenozoic times moved northward to from a submarine ridge. It is believed the islands have been exposed to 27 glacial sea level cycles with eustatic sea level fluctuating by more than 120 m at various times resulting in many “karst-induced” coral reef fromations and geomorphological structures. (Rudie & Tim, 2014).

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 5.5.2.1 Lagoon geomorphology and bathymetry The lagoon is a typical westerly fringing lagoon with high reef flat ridges and a shallow lagoon. At mid tide the western reef is exposed above sea level. The lagoon does not have any history of sand banks in the recent past nor it known for any particular use such as sand or rock mining.

The bathymetry shows that the average depth of the proposed location of resort island reclamation is approximately at an average 1.5m below MSL. The attached service island location is approximately at an average 3.0m below MSL. The proposed location for the marina island is approximately at an average 3m below MSL and the factory island is approximately 1.5m below MSL.

Figure 33 Detailed map bathymetry Detailed bathymetry attached to the EIA

5.5.3 Hydrography/hydrodynamics of the project site 5.5.3.1 Tides The tides of the Maldives (Table 7) are generally mixed and semi-diurnal. Neap and spring tides are approximately 0.3 m and 1.0 m respectively. In the central Atolls, maximum spring tide range is 1.1 m. A seasonal mean sea level fluctuation in reginal mean sea level with an increase of about 0.1 m during February to April and a decrease of 0.1 m during September to November can be seen. Like in many Atolls semidiurnal

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. tides are experienced in the proposed project site. The tides are largely based on the shape, depth and location of the site. Table 7 Tide levels, Maldives Tide level (Referred to MSL) Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) +0.64 Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) +0.34 Mean Lower High Water (MLHW) +0.14 Mean Sea Level (MSL) 0.00 Mean Higher Low Water (MHLW) - 0.16 Mean Lower Low Water (MHLW) - 0.36 Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT) - 0.56 Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) +0.64 Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) +0.34 Mean Lower High Water (MLHW) +0.14 The motion of the moon and the sun is reflected in the astronomical tides with a range of periodicities. 0.64 m is the highest astronomical tide recorded above the MSL and - 0.56 m was the lowest astronomical tide recorded below MSL. Maldives has a general variation of 1.2 m from the lowest to the highest tide. At low tide the movement of water is very low and is an ideal time to conduct marine development works in general. 5.5.3.2 Currents The systems that affect the sea around the Maldives are, oceanic currents, tidal currents, wind induced, and wave induced currents. the geography, and geology of the Maldives in the Indian ocean ensures a strong constant flow of water through the atolls. Towards the equator in the Arabian sea, the winds become indicative of the ocean surface currents. Thus, during monsoon the wind become a major factor affecting current velocity and direction. Hence, wind induced currents can dominate. From January to March, the westerly flowing currents tend to dominate and from May to November easterly currents tend to dominate. In April and December, the changes in the current flow of patterns occur. The tidal currents are the horizontal water movement associated with the vertical movements of the rise and fall of the tide. The tidal currents are westward in ebb and eastward in flood. Localised to the project site, the wave induced currents from an important factor effecting the current.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. On site, drogues were released and retrieved to measure the currents of the area.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Figure 34 Drogue path and current speed

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. The drogue data was taken on 2nd march 2020 between 9:00 till 15:00.

1.3.1.1 Waves Two monsoon periods govern the swell and wind waves experienced in the Maldives. The swells and wind waves experienced by the Maldives are conditioned by the prevailing biannual monsoon wind directions, and are typically strongest during April – July in the southwest monsoon period. During this season, swells generated north of the equator with heights of 2- 3m with periods of 18-20 seconds have been reported in the region. The proposed project site shows minimum wave action as the project site faces the west.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

5.5.3.3 Water quality Sea water and ground water quality was analysed using probes on site. Parameters that could not be tested on site were tested in the lab at Male’ water and sewerage company (MWSC). The sites analysed are presented in the survey map. The overall conditions are presented in Table 8.

Table 8 Sea water and ground water quality of the sites (probe data) Name Barometer Cond Sp Cond Sal nLFCond TDS ODO ODO ODO Sigma- Sigma ODO Temp (mmHg) (µS/cm) (µS/cm) (psu) (µS/cm) (mg/L) (% (mg/L) (% T (s t) (s) (% (°F) Sat) Local) LocalB) WH1 755.75 56585.37 51292.09 33.73 50701.68 33339.90 107.37 6.70 107.41 20.64 20.64 107.97 86.71 WF4 755.69 59962.41 54460.49 35.88 53847.72 35399.36 101.60 6.28 101.60 22.30 22.30 102.20 86.50 WH2 755.96 58985.71 53962.37 35.52 53405.76 35075.61 113.55 7.08 113.61 22.16 22.16 114.16 85.77 WF4 755.94 55560.14 50981.85 33.58 50475.64 33138.20 109.15 6.86 109.19 20.69 20.69 109.72 85.93 WH4 755.68 59907.93 54423.13 35.85 53812.34 35375.08 101.50 6.27 101.50 22.30 22.30 102.08 86.50 WB1 758.12 56011.57 52198.58 34.25 51781.80 33929.08 104.37 6.66 104.42 21.56 21.56 104.63 83.88 WB2 756.38 56968.13 52901.90 34.79 52456.25 34386.22 100.74 6.39 100.80 21.92 21.92 101.23 84.23 WB3 757.17 57759.10 53799.16 35.44 53366.15 34969.53 101.46 6.43 101.50 22.42 22.42 101.84 83.90 WB4 755.53 57980.00 53714.96 35.36 53246.69 34914.72 106.40 6.71 106.44 22.30 22.30 107.03 84.49 WB6 757.54 57745.42 53783.20 35.43 53349.91 34959.06 101.42 6.43 101.47 22.42 22.42 101.75 83.94 WB7 755.91 57950.73 53927.09 35.53 53486.78 35052.63 102.88 6.51 102.94 22.50 22.50 103.45 84.04 WO1 757.98 57444.38 53614.63 35.30 53196.50 34849.42 100.64 6.40 100.69 22.40 22.40 100.92 83.70 WO2 756.63 58217.69 53950.42 35.54 53482.00 35067.86 101.21 6.38 101.27 22.40 22.40 101.67 84.47 WO3 755.24 58341.64 54031.16 35.60 53557.76 35120.27 107.34 6.76 107.38 22.46 22.46 108.01 84.51 WHI1 755.97 59143.44 53009.55 34.78 52319.83 34456.25 114.40 7.03 114.45 21.20 21.20 115.00 87.90

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

MWSC report

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 5.6 Ecology To provide a better description of the environment, as a part of the literature review governmental databases and local knowledge was reviewed and described. The detail study of the site that followed focused on gathering site specific data and the data for the areas that fall under the footprint of the proposed project location, proposed alternative sites, and surrounding impact zone for both the sites. 5.6.1 Area analysis. 5.6.1.1 Findings

Figure 35 Arial habitat analysis

Site specific data shows the general marine area. The lagoon is typical; has a considerable coral cover at moderate depths in comparison to the shallows. The reef flat is sandy and the western edge show above water at mean tide.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 5.6.2 Benthic condition Site specific benthic condition shows the unique relationship of the biological environment to the geological features. An analysis of the features site specifically is important as a baseline during the monitoring process. The benthic condition was monitored site specifically. The sites analysed were in the periphery of the footprints of the proposed work area, and the proposed alternatives.

5.6.2.1 Manta tow Two manta tows were carried out for the survey, the footprint of the two surveys are on the map below

5.6.2.1.1 Findings Hard Soft % Rock % % Sand % silt % Fish Name coral coral Tow 1 2 23 3 49 1 0 3 28 1 0 moderate Tow 2 2 20 3 77 1 2 1 1 1 0 abundant Tow 3 2 16 3 76 1 2 1 5 1 1 moderate Tow 4 2 15 2 11 2 15 4 58 1 1 abundant The manta tow shows that the benthic substrate in the area varies . Condition at T1 The highest hard coral percentage can be seen on tow 1.

Tow two had a lower coral percentage but more rock.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. An image from tow 3

An image from tow 4, where in the area is more sandy and slopes down.

From the manta tow it was evident that the western side which opens to the inner ocean had more coral cover, and had a higher elevated ridge than the sandy eastern side.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

5.6.3 Benthic condition 5.6.3.1 Findings

Figure 36 Data showing outer reef conditions

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Site General description name B1

Northern tip on the west facing reef. 395 of the transect was hard coral. 33% rock. Large steep slope descending to the western sea. C1

One of the proposed channels. The site is situated on the eastern side of the lagoon . hard coral comprised of 20 % of the transect. Dominated by sand and rocks.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

One of the proposed channels. The site is situated on the eastern side of the lagoon. 25% of the transect was hard coral. Dominated by rubble sand and rock as a main substratum. B2

An alternative outfall location, on the northern side of the lagoon Has a total coral cover of 35.94% and a rock cover of 37.50%. a steep slope down.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

One of the proposed outfall sites, located at the eastern side of the lagoon. Sandy and rocky sloping down. Steeply. Shows numerous new recruitments on transect. Which increases the hard coral percentage. B4

Clos to the southern tip of the lagoon. Dominated by rock and sand. the area slopes relatively steep down to the main channel.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

One of the control sites, north of the proposed development. the hard coral percentage id 17.91% on rocky substratum. B7

Second control site south of the lagoon. 16.25% of the transect is hard coral and contains sand and rubble.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Main outfall location 1, on the south of the lagoon. 20.59% of the transect is Hard coral. Dominated by rock O2

Main outfall location for the eastern side of the reef. Hard coral covers only 3.70% of the transect. Dominated by sand.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Min outfall location of the western side of the lagoon. 14.85% of the transect is hard coral. On a rock substratum. Among all the outer sites, the northern most site B1 has the highest coral cover . The western side of the lagoon is more rock dominated and has pockets of sand in between. On the eastern side the substratum is covered by sand which slopes into the main inner atoll.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Figure 37 inner reef transect

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Site name General description F1

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Hi1

Hi2

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

All sites inside are homogenous. The sites are dominated by rubble sand and silt. All sites except Hi1 and Hi2 are shallow..

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 5.6.4 Fish spotting The presence of fish in an aquatic environment is a complicated feature which depends on time, tide, anthropological impact, availability of food, weather, breeding season, habitat etc. The data acquired in the study must be considered as a snapshot of the conditions that are present. 5.6.4.1 Findings Name Family St Name B1 B2 B3 B4 B6 B7 Damsels Pomacentridae ✓ ✓ ✓ Farmer Damsels Stegastes nigricans ✓ Acanthurus ✓ ✓ Powder blue surgeonfish leucosternon ✓ ✓ Pullers Pomacentridae ✓ Reef stone fish Synanceia verrucosa ✓ ✓ ✓ Hologymnosus Ringed Wrasses annulatus ✓ Scarus ✓ Sheep head parrot fish strongylocephalus ✓ ✓ Labroides Blue steak Cleaner Wrasse dimidiatus ✓ ✓ Brown Tang Zebrasoma scopas ✓ ✓ ✓ Butterfly fishes Chaetodontidae ✓ ✓ ✓ Acanthurus ✓ ✓ Convict Surgeonfish triostegus ✓ ✓ Snappers Lutjanidae ✓ ✓ Spotted unicorn fish Naso brevirostris ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Squirrelfishes Holocentridae ✓ ✓ Plectorhinchus ✓ Sweetlips lineata ✓ Balistoides ✓ ✓ Titan Trigger fish viridescens Sub family ✓ Groupers Epinephelinae ✓ ✓ ✓ Humbugs Dascyllus aruanus ✓ ✓ Jacks and Trevallies Carangidae ✓ Moorish Idol Zanclus cornutus ✓ ✓ Moray eel Muraenidae ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Manta Ray Manta birostris ✓

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 5.7 Socio-economic environment The exact local name of the lagoon is uncertain, according to the recent records of )1958( the lagoon does not have a specific name, the only areas with a reference on the western fringe nearby is Kohdhipparu and Giraavaru. However, the current boats men differ on the names of the location

map borrowed from (1958 ,ާސ ލީ ގު މަ ީާމއު ގަ ާރާ ކު ތ މަ ދު ހި ާށ ހަ ރީ ތާ ހާ ބަ ހި ވެ ދި )

5.7.1 Economy and population. The development falls under the greater Male’ area and is likely to add a component of economic boost to the location. The majority of the population of Maldives is concentrated to the region and is likely to aid further population growth. The general economy is based largely on the job opportunities provided by tourism and related facilities. The tourism sector dominates in Male’ atoll followed by fishing and other industrial activities. 5.7.2 Education Major education facilities are in the area, from preschool till higher education . this project aims to add to the education component.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 5.7.3 Health The closest health care facilities are in the nearby resorts and capital few minutes away on speed boat. The project also develops a minute hospital on site. 5.8 Hazard vulnerability The hazard risk assessment of the area was derived from the hazard profile published in the Base Line Study Report, Shaviyani Atoll, Maldives (UNISDR-ADRRN, 2005). 5.8.1 Tsunamis. Tsunami hazard is mostly from the east. Understandably this is due to the active state of the tectonic plates at the east. Historically, Maldives has been affected by three earthquake sources in the Indian Ocean. Of the total 85 tsunamis generated since 1816, 67 originated from the Sumatra subduction zone in east and the remaining 13 from the Makran coast zone in north and Carlsburg Transfrom fault zone in south. Hence, atolls along the western fringe are relatively safe under hazard zone 1 islands along the eastern fringe of the atolls faces a grater hazard than the western. Table 9 Tsunami hazard zone and wave height (UNISDR-ADRRN, 2005) Hazard Zone Range of probable maximum wave height 1 <30 cm 2 30-80 cm 3 80-250 cm 4 250-320 cm 5 320-450 cm

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Figure 38 Tsunami hazard zones, (UNISDR-ADRRN, 2005)

5.8.2 Storms. The cyclone hazard zone for Maldives is highest in the north. Historical records indicate that during 1877 to 2004, eleven cyclones crossed Maldives. Where the frequency reduces as we move towards the south. Hence, the northern atolls are at a higher hazard from cyclonic winds and storm surge (UNISDR-ADRRN, 2005)

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Figure 39 Cyclone hazard zones, (UNISDR-ADRRN, 2005)

Table 10 Cyclone hazard zone in Maldives and the probable maximum wind speed (UNISDR-ADRRN, 2005) Hazard Zone Probable Maximum Wind Saffir Speed Simpson Scale 1 0.0 0 2 55.9 0 3 69.6 1 4 84.2 2 5 96.8 3

The lagoon is in region 3 of the hazard zone where the maximum probable wind speed reaches 69.6K

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. . 5.8.3 Storm tide hazard Local storms are high in the Maldives. Usually accompanied by rainfall and high waves. In general he southern parts of the islands are mostly affected during April and December, which is the interim period between northeast and southwest monsoon season. (Figure 40), (UNISDR-ADRRN, 2005).

Figure 40 Surge hazard zones, (UNISDR-ADRRN, 2005)

Table 11 Hazard zones and specific conditional data (UNISDR-ADRRN, 2005). Hazard Zone Pressure drop Storm Surge Average Tide Storm tide (M) hPa Height height (m) 1 - - - - 2 15 0.45 0.93 1.38 3 15 0.60 0.93 1.53 4 30 0.99 0.98 1.97 5 30 1.32 0.98 2.30

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. The lagoon is exposed to the western fringe. The surge hazard data shows that the island falls under the surge hazard zone 2. 5.8.4 Earth quake Hazard The islands in Seenu, Gavini, and Gaafu are at the hazard zone of a seismic activity. Otherwise the entire country is in the low seismic hazard zones. (UNISDR-ADRRN, 2005)

Figure 41 the seismic hazard zones for Maldives (UNISDR-ADRRN, 2005).

The lagoon falls under the seismic hazard zone 1 hence has a MMI value range for 475 year return period of less than 4.5. Table 12 the seismic hazard zones for Maldives (UNISDR-ADRRN, 2005) Seismic hazard zones MMI value range for 475 years return period 1 Less than 4.5

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 2 4.5 to 5 3 5.0 to 5.5 4 5.5 to 7.0 5 7.0 to 8.0

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 6 Alternatives After consulting the proponent, and the stakeholders the following alternatives are proposed. 6.1 No project options The no project option takes into account, • No development of the resort • No development of the Marina island • No development of the Resort. Action Advantages Disadvantages No project options Retention of the • Hindrance to economic environmental condition on development for the site Therefore no region environmental loss due to • No factory island in the reclamation and resort region. development • Loss to the developer as they have invested time and money for plot accusation, planning and EIA. The no development option is a sound option that considers no modification of the existing condition. However, weighing the external factors in the mix; specifically the potential economic boost of the factory, marina and resort, with the added investment of accusation of land, the number of added jobs, annual income loss to the government, etc no development option is economically disadvantageous to the proponent.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

6.2 Alternative options The major alternative options proposed for the development are; • A1, Alternative outfall location. • A2, Alternative borrow areas. • A3, Move service island to the bac of house • A4, Alternative dredging method A1, Alternative outfall location. The proposed alternative locations are A1.1a, Alternative outfall location of A1.2a Alternative location of outfall the resort island to the of the Marina island to the northern side of the reef. south

A1.1b, Separate STP and sewage A1.2b Modifying the pipeline in the collection system for both the initial proposal to move over islands the available reef flat to fall out location.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

A1.3 Alternative outfall location of the factory island to the western side.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Figure 42 Proposed alternative outfall locations ( reduced map )

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

A2, Alternative borrow areas. The alternative borrow site is proposed close to the factory island.

Figure 43 Proposed borrow site

A3, In the resort development component, move the service island to the resort back of house.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Alternative proposed Technical feasibility Economic feasibility Environmental outlook A1.1a, Alternative outfall As hybrid pumping system is In comparison to the proposed On either side, the conditions are location of the resort northern proposed, it is, likely that in the development, the cost for laying typical of Maldivian reefs., the side of the reef. alternative the system can be the submarine cable is lower as development is likely to cause an used. the trench on which the cable ecological change in the area. will be laid is shallower. This is because the proponent The currents of the inner channel specified connection requires The trenching distance is an are unlikely to flush the outfall as shallow trenching and a added cost. effectively as the western outfall progressive profile for the proposal. collection point.

The stability of the submarine cable path and the elevation required for placement, is questionable. The master plan need to be changed in this alternative where the collection point and STP is proposed on the resort island. A1.1b, Separate STP and sewage Technically the proposal is This cuts the cost of laying out collection system for both the feasible. The system can be the submarine cables for the islands placed on both the islands. Two proposed resort development. separate outfalls can be This adds to the cost of proposed for the islands. changing the masterplan and detailed drawings. A1.2a, Alternative location of Technical alterations of the Not much of an economic On either side, the conditions are outfall of the Marina island to proposal remain the same. The difference in the proposals. The typical of Maldivian reefs., the the south trenching system, remains the

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

same, the path proposed initial components proposed development is likely to cause an requires movement over one of remains the same. ecological change in the area. the key beaches proposed in the project Flushing is into the inner atoll. The chances of impact to the water quality of the marina is high. A1.2b The alteration to the initial On either side, the conditions are proposal is technically feasible, typical of Maldivian reefs., the uses the same path as the development is likely to cause an proposed development. ecological change in the area. Flushing is into the inner atoll. The chances of impact to the water quality of the beaches are high. A1.3, Alternative outfall location The alternative is not so The expense is limited to The alternative outfall is the same of the factory island to the different from the proposed changing the masterplan. direction as the proposed outfall. western side. development. A2, Alternative borrow areas The alternative borrow site is The cutter suction will be No added cost to the project. Sedimentation control must be of proposed close to the factory capable of dredging the Therefore, economically viable. the highest concern. The borrow island. proposed location. Sand area being in the centre of the quantity and availability once lagoon will expose the surrounding dredging starts is a concern. inner lagoon organisms to high Movement of the pipeline will sedimentation. take more time. A3, Move the service island to the resort back of house. In the resort development Moving the service island to Reduces the cost of submarine This reduces the environmental component, move the service back of house will eliminate the connection between two islands impact of sedimentation. island to the resort back of need of the submarine cable and reclamation cost. house. connection.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

This eliminates the need to Reduces the economic capacity reclaim an island for services of the resort section due to introduction of back of house. A4, Alternative dredging methods Use of hopper dredger for This is technically feasible More expensive than cutter Detrimental to the borrow site, due dredging given that the proponent suction to the speed of reclamation, the completes the required sedimentation rate is higher. proceedings

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 6.3 Analysis Analysis was carried out giving a grade to each alternative on the basis of the technical, economic, environmental feasibility. All scores were considered giving importance to the existing environment; the proponents need, and functionality After grading each factor, all factors were summed up and made to a percentage. After which, for simplicity, a percentage was taken in regards to the maximum score.

The following are the alternative scores calculated.

ility/10

Alternative proposed

Technical feasib Technical feasibility/10 Economic Environmental outlook/10 FinalScore/50 % max the to regards in % score A1.1a, 1 1 1 3 10 30.00 A1.2a 2 2 1 5 16.6667 50.00 A1.1b, 3 1 1 5 16.6667 50.00 A1.2b 4 3 1 8 26.6667 80.00 A1.3 1 1 1 3 10 30.00 A2 1 1 1 3 10 30.00 A3 4 3 3 10 33.3333 100.00 A4 1 1 1 3 10 30.00

6.4 Preference All preferred alternatives should score a minimum 50%. Based on the analysis, alternative A3, has the highest score. The proposal to move the BOH to the resort island is technically possible and environmentally advantageous saving a considerable budget. This is a recommended alternative change.

Next is A1.2b,, where an alternation to the initial proposal will be brought about. The alterations are technically possible and ideal as it goes through the revetment on the reef flat.

Next on the same score atr A1.2a and A1.1b, where in A1.2a proposes the opposite side of the proposed outfall and A1.1b proposes to move the septic collection and pumping stations to the resort island.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 7 Potential Impacts 7.1 Introduction In this section the objective is to investigate the potential impacts of the proposed project on the existing environment. The identification of an impact does not ensure the occurrence of the impact and it does not mean that it cannot be mitigated. However, it infroms the authorities that the proponent is made aware of the impacts and the contractor is infromed of the expected mitigation measures for the proposed project prior to awarding of the work. 7.2 Impact predication Various methods of impact assessment are available. The assessor must understand and consider the proposed method, the baseline natural environment and the socioeconomic environment of the project while assessing the impacts. The proposed work is complex the various aspects of the proposed work must be cross evaluated.

The principle of Leopold matrix (Leopold, Clarke, Hanshaw, & Baisiey, 1971) has been used to classify the magnitude and importance of the possible impacts which may arise during the various stages of the proposed project. The dimensions of the matrix refer to the possible / foreseeable / probable impacts of the proposed work/project/activity) on the existing environmental conditions at the proposed work area. Leopold matrix lists numerous actions which cause impacts and environmental conditions. The current matrix is modified for the specific project. The actions are evaluated in terms of magnitude of impact on the environment, significance of impact on the environment and the probability of impact as described in the paper by Josimović & Petric, 2014. Table 13 Evaluation criteria, grading scale Evaluated criteria Designation Scale Impact probability M impact is possible (probability of less than 50%); V impact is probable (probability of over 50%); I impact is certain (100% probability). Impact magnitude 0 No observable effect 1 Low effect 2 Tolerable effect 3 Medium high effect 4 High effect 5 Very high effect Impact significance L Limited impact on location O impact of importance for municipality; R impact of regional character; N impact of national character; M Impact of cross-border character. Impact duration P Occasional/Temporary

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. D Long term/ Permanent

The proposed project is straight forward and has few potential impacts due to dredging during the construction phase. The operation phase has fewer potential impacts. 7.3 Limitations of impact prediction The limitations of the impact prediction are due to time constrains and scheduling, long term data necessary for impact prediction is unavailable. Thus, acting as a major limitation. Long term data is necessary to understand the complex systems of the project area A limited understanding of these unique features and how these features change over time and the impact the construction have on these features due to their activities and a lack of documented historical data is another limitation. The possible bias in the available historical data, stakeholder’s consultation and the proponent’s infromation is also considered. Impact prediction is carried out using the available data during site visit. Hence, is another major limitation. 7.4 Impact zone analysis. The impact zone is presented in the following chart. The zone covers a considerable marine area and a considerable terrestrial area.

Figure 44 Impact zone ( reduced map )

7.5 Impact classification Impact classification is as per the following criteria

• Impacts on the natural environment o Impacts on marine habitats including damages to coral reefs, fish stocks, and protected species

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. o Impacts on landscape integrity / scenery • Impacts on socio economic environment o Impacts on employment, and income. Potential for employment long- term and short-term. o Disturbance to local and natural resources such as fishing areas. o Impacts to nearby resorts and dive sites o Level of protection to hazards like sea level rise, storm surges and, etc. o Impacts on accessibility and transportation of goods. • Construction related hazards and risks o Pollution of the natural environment ( Oil spills, discharge of untreated wastewater, and solid waste including construction waste. o Risk of accidents and pollution on workers and local population.

the classified major impacts are below.

* * Main action Sub action Negative Impact Positive Impacts Mobilisation, bund fromation Sedimentation Economic gain and building Loss of benthic cover Retention of sand of work camp Fuel related pollution Local job Noise pollution opportunities ction phase ction setting up of Sewage, brine outfall Shelter from temp work camp elements

Dredging, shore protection Sedimentation, Retention of sand Constru reclamation, Work area footprint volumes harbour works destruction above water Sedimentation Substratum for platfroms Loss of benthic cover coral cover. Fuel related pollution Noise pollution Development Development of Dust kick up of utilities above ground Particulate matter facilities, BOH concentration increase and service. Fuel related pollution Noise pollution waste disposal Air pollution. Waste collection facilities Particulate matter and clean island concentration increase Local job Fuel related pollution opportunities Noise pollution Landscaping. Site setup Dust kick up Economic gain Particulate matter Local job concentration increase opportunities Fertiliser exposure Fuel related pollution Noise pollution planting Fuel related pollution Less dust kick up. Local job opportunities

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. weed Weed killer exposure Local job suppression Fuel related pollution opportunities maintenance Sun exposure Better ambiance Fuel related pollution Local job opportunities Power, trenching Air pollution. Economic gain Sewerage and Particulate matter Local job water outfall concentration increase opportunities Smoke pollution Fuel related pollution Noise pollution placement of Sedimentation No sewage on pipeline on reef Destruction of development area. footprint Local job Fuel related pollution opportunities Noise pollution Use of Sedimentation Economic gain beaches Fuel related pollution Local job Noise pollution opportunities

Operation Use of Oil and chemical Controlled use of harbours exposure docking space, use of slip way Fuel related pollution economic gain use of marina Local job opportunities Use of above above water Debris and trash from economic gain water platfroms tourists Local job platfroms Vibration of opportunities movement. Noise sound pollution Fuel related pollution Use of above water Debris and trash from economic gain utilities structures tourists Local job on land facilities Vibration of opportunities movement. Noise sound Sewage Fuel related pollution use of pools Use of chlorine Collection point for Use of electricity processed water Use of water Fuel related pollution use of factories Use of chemicals Economic gain use of boat Noise pollution Local job hangers Particulate matter opportunities concentration increase Fuel related pollution Use of waste waste disposal Air pollution Generally clean disposal area facilities Noise pollution island use of Fuel related pollution Local job incinerators opportunities

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. Landscaping. Site setup Dust kick up better ambiance Particulate matter Local job concentration increase opportunities Fertiliser exposure Fuel related pollution Noise pollution planting Fuel related pollution weed Weed killer exposure suppression Fuel related pollution maintenance Sun exposure Fuel related pollution Power, use of outfall Fuel related pollution No sewage Sewerage and Chemical exposure Local job water outfall Change in water opportunities biology

7.5.1 Impacts on the natural environment The natural environment of the existing area is limited to the reef environment and associated habitat. Post reclamation landscaping will determine the terrestrial habitat. The impact prediction assumes the above stated timeline.

7.5.1.1 Impacts on marine habitats including damages to coral reefs, fish stocks, and protected species 7.5.1.1.1 Construction phase 7.5.1.1.1.1 Mobilisation, and building of work camp Mobilisation will be on 3 major phases on three major scales. The initial mobilisation and the smallest scale of development will be on a temporary floating accommodation will have a significant impact on the natural environment. This phase requires the developer to start froming of bunds and sectioning out the initial footprint after setting out. The second phase of mobilisation would be mid phase reclamation where the contractor brings in the construction workers for above ground works. The third phase of mobilisation would be the phasing out mobilisation where the contractor in order to finish the BOH, moves the workforce to a temporary site.

In the initial stages of mobilisation the dredging and reclamation is required which will have a significant sedimentation impact on the area. The footprint of borrow site and reclamation loss is inevitable. The loss of the surrounding reefs has to be minimised through mitigation.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. The second stage of mobilisation will be on reclaimed land. Except for the anthropological environment a significant environment will not be on location therefore, in this stage of development, the impact is in significant

On the third mobilisation phase the mobilisation in all islands being above water or close to water will likely increase the chances of construction waste being lodged onto site. This has to be carefully monitored and mitigated during construction and demobilisation of the workforce.

The staff of the proponent, contractor and operator are unlikely to fish or hunt on the reef and the reef flat in any destructive way. The responsible authority is to mitigate any negative impacts by the development through education, and enforcing of strict reef use limitations at all given stages.

Here the probability of impact is certain, significance of impact is regional and the duration of impact is permanent.

7.5.1.1.1.2 Dredging, reclamation, harbour works, above water platfroms, and, shore protection Dredging reclamation and shore protection will have the highest negative impact on the surrounding ecosystem. Given that the development is at 4 distinct locations, and the work proposed simultaneously spaced out accordingly, the sedimentation impact on the vicinity due to marine works will be extremely high.

The shore protection and harbour works that follow will further release sediment to the surrounding area. The sedimentation process will have to be mitigated through typical means in every development process.

The same applies to the development of above water platfroms, the impact of the development will be significantly high on the footprint which is inevitable, therefore, vehicle path myst be defined by the contractor.

If unmitigated, the resultant impact on the natural environment can defeat the purpose of marine nature tourism component of the development. The developer, contractor and operator at their given stage of accountability must ensure that strict mitigation is practiced at dredging, reclamation, shore protection, foundation works of above water accommodation and foundation work at marinas and harbours.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 7.5.1.1.1.3 Development of utilities; power, sewage and water. The utilities development include; of water, sewage, electricity. all of which will come after reclamation work in the from of temporary construction utilities or permanent operational utilities. Likely simultaneously with landscaping. The proponent, developer or operator during their stage of accountability will have to ensure that the terrestrial environment is nurtured according to the development plan, this will ensure that impact of terrestrial environment is at a minimum. This is addressed separately in landscaping.

The above ground works such as trenching, foundation work and build-up are localised to the location of development. it is unlikely that the stated components will have any impact on the marine environment. the placement of the pipeline on the reef and placement of submarine cable will have an impact which is significant to the municipal level, where the benthic impact is inevitable and largely detrimental.

7.5.1.1.1.4 Development of above ground facilities, BOH and service. The above ground facilities include back of house, gust accommodation, and above water development. Developing the above ground facilities will be phased out. The impact of development, and construction on the reclaimed land is negligible for the most part, if the developer sets up landscaping as required by the landscaping plan.

The development on the reclaimed land is likely to have a great impact on the workers due to dust and particulate matter kick up. The developments will cause an increased kick up of dust impacting the air quality during development. It is unlikely that kick up can be mitigated effectively at any development stage activities. The only solution would be to water the area of kick up that impacts the work force, and staff and Initiating landscaping as soon as possible using reasonable species that can add nutrients to and the environment and grow fast should be preferred.

The impact of building and digging for foundation works is significant as this will impact the ground water lens of the area.

The impact of development of water villas is significant on the footprint, however less, in comparison to the impact of dredging and reclamation mentioned in this chapter. The impact is likely through piling of the foundation on to the reef flat. The components of the impact are mainly impact of the footprint, impact of vibration, and impact of sedimentation.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. The development of the waste management area at every phase of development will have to be mitigated accordingly, while implementing the waste management actions proposed. It should be mitigated using mulch mats and other required froms of physical barriers that limit and mitigate the impact of air quality and ground water quality.

The impact of development of BOH and above ground facilities are certain, the impact are limited to the region of impact and the duration of impact is permanent.

7.5.1.1.2 Operation Phase 7.5.1.1.2.1 Use of the beaches, It will take some time for the beaches to settle and come to an equilibrium and show regular alongshore movement. During settling, the beaches will have to be nourished, this will release sediment to the surrounding areas. This will be a stable impact during the operation period. The use of the beaches will also result in sediment dispersal to the surrounding areas. But to a lesser extent than any beach works.

Once operation begins the beaches and the lagoons of the resort will be a potential safe zone for fishes and other organisms. This is due to the importance given by the tourism sector on conservation.

7.5.1.1.2.2 Use of harbours, slipway and marinas. The use of harbours the resort and marina are limited to unloading, loading, and services. The chances of debris and sewage release in the locations of docking are not much due to the strict control of the locations and the small scale of the harbours. However, the risk of exposure of the marine life to different hydrocarbons are considerable.

Use of the factory harbour and slipway should be controlled, given that the factory island will use chemicals in addition to other materials incoming and outgoing. Strict loading and unloading procedure has to be followed during the process to minimise spills and prevent exposure to chemicals.

On the other hand, the slipway and the harbour and the marina can be a major advantage to the marine life as the locations are ideal for coral growth and a safe nursery for most infant free swimming froms of fish.

7.5.1.1.2.3 Power, Sewerage and water outfall During operation, a major impact to the environment would be in providing sufficient power, functioning of the STP, and providing water at locations.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 7.5.1.1.2.3.1 Power Providing power at each establishment will require burring of refined high grade fuel. The emissions will change the overall atmospheric composition of the immediate vicinity and in the long term the atmospheric composition in a large scale. Due to the scale of emission the overall impact can be considered negligible.

7.5.1.1.2.3.2 Sewerage and water use and outfall. Sewerage and water outfall at the operational stage is treated according to the operational standards set by the authorities. The outfall is set at zones ideal for high mixing. It is unlikely that the amount of release will have a major impact on the environment. However, the impact is considerable and will have to be mitigated accordingly through pre-release treatment..

The probability of impact is likely, the significance of impact is regional, the duration of impact is permanent.

7.5.1.1.2.4 Use of above water facilities The use of above water facilities are likely to cause a disturbance to the marine life due to vibrations, noise, etc.. However, the conservation potential and the areas outweigh the negative impacts.

7.5.1.1.2.5 Use of service related facilities / Use of factories The use on land facilities, use of pools, use of factories, use of boat hangers, have significant but different impacts on the environment. The resort and marina island facilities have smaller impacts than the factory island utilities.

The factory island utilities during work is likely to produce toxic fumes and substances that needs to be dealt with accordingly. If unmitigated, it is likely to have significant impacts on the marine environment.

7.5.1.1.2.6 Diving and water sports Diving and water sports is likely to have a positive impact on the surrounding reef structure. The changes on the reef will be monitored and likely rehabilitated. The operational impact of the dive centres are probable, the significance of impact is of importance for the region and the duration of impact is permanent.

7.5.1.2 Impacts on landscape integrity / scenery All operations of the construction phase starting from dredging to mobilisation and infrastructure development will have an impact on the landscape and scenery.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. Classification of the impact as positive or negative is hard to determine. The impact can be considered advantageous to some as aboveground as it creates infrastructure. However, the impact below ground can be considered detrimental due to the considerable potential damages of sedimentation.

7.5.1.2.1 Construction phase 7.5.1.2.1.1 Mobilisation, and building of work camp The mobilisation and building of work camp requires bund fromation, and setting up of setting up of temp work camp, which is not specifically advantageous to the landscape. However, the developments are temporary and requires removal which will follow after permanent development.

7.5.1.2.1.2 Dredging, reclamation The dredging are reclamation requires shore protection, harbour works, above water platfroms development all of which are detrimental to the landscape integrity / scenery as the development will change the landscape permanently.

7.5.1.2.1.3 Development of above ground facilities The above ground facilities development are likely to impact the landscape negatively. However, the development of the BOH will eventually impact the development positively

7.5.1.2.1.4 Landscaping. During construction, landscaping will have a significant positive impact on the environment. Landscaping will have to develop the required vegetation of the island. The vegetation will be developed taking into account the natural environment and phases of development. The proper mitigation measures should be in place ensuring that the development does not introduce invasive species into the island .pesticides and herbicides must be used ensuring that the used chemicals and enhancers used will be all permitted by authorities.

Site setup requires demarcation of the location and aeration, and addition of fertiliser to the location of interest. This demarcation is a positive change for the preferred location. Once plants are planted, the change becomes a significant, with attraction of the fauna.

The impact of landscaping during construction phase is certain, the significance of impact is regional and the duration of impact is long-term.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 7.5.1.2.2 Operation Phase During operation phase, slow recovery of the habitat can be considered a positive change. The use of beaches, harbours, slipways and marinas will. Significantly impact the landscape integrity / scenery positively as the operations will keep the area managed and maintained

7.5.1.2.2.1 Use of above water platfroms Use of above water platfroms will likely improve the Impacts on landscape integrity / scenery. The chances of improvement are mainly due to the operational, and functional restrictions implemented by the management. The limitations enforced will likely have an overall positive impact during operation phase.

7.5.1.2.2.2 Use of utilities Above water structures, on land facilities, use of pools have a major positive impact on landscape integrity / scenery.

Use of factories and use of boat hangers have the potential to have a generally negative impact on landscape integrity / scenery.

7.5.1.2.2.3 Use of waste disposal area Waste disposal facilities and use of incinerators throughout the development are likely to have a positive impact on the landscape and scenery as the management is likely to collect all generated waste and any drift debris from the surrounding areas.

7.5.1.2.2.4 Landscaping. Landscaping will have a significant change on the overall landscape integrity / scenery. Site setup, planting, weed suppression and maintenance will have different impacts of varying magnitude. However, the net impact is likely to be positive if executed as planned.

7.5.1.2.2.5 Power, Sewerage and water outfall The outfall location on site is noteworthy, as the development is likely to cause a general negative impact on use as the water chemistry will likely be changed.

7.5.2 Impacts on socio economic environment Since the development is a reclaimed resort development, locals, or inhabitants belonging to the reclaimed land are non-existent. Therefore, the social stakeholders of the project is identified as the border population of the region.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 7.5.2.1 Impacts on employment, and income. Potential for employment long-term and short-term. Employment is at two major phases, construction and operation phase. Employment for the construction phase is contractor operated. The specialist jobs are mostly permanent the unskilled labour is mostly temporary. The chances of a contractor training staff and using them as a specialist machinery operator is slim as it is cheaper to employ experienced operators from south Asia than pay for training and licence fees of a local. Therefore, the chances of employment for the locals are mostly limited to an engineering job, a project management job, a draftsman position or as an unskilled labourer. Where in a considerable population can be employed as unskilled labourers as a result the bulk of employment impact can be from the latter stated position. Therefore, as a mitigation measure the parties involved must be infromed the term of employment and disassembled accordingly according to their agreement. This works as a mitigation measure ensuring that the termination of employment is infromed of to the locals which minimises any potential negative impact of employment.

The operational employment is from all the components of the development. 3 major froms of employment is offered; tourism related employment, factory related employment and school related employment. The employment offered is ideally long- term with a fixed pay. The economic impact for the locals is significant.

The impact of employment is certain, the range of impact is regional and the significance of impact is long-term.

7.5.2.2 Disturbance to local and natural resources such as fishing areas. Since 2015, the availability of lagoons and sandbanks such as the lagoon of interest in this proposal has largely reduced due to governmental leasing of lagoons in the area for reclamation. During the development and operation strict borders are maintained and locals do not have the authorisation to use the lagoons for recreational fishing, picnics, local tourism, etc. This limitation considerably reduces the overall general social income of the local guest house owners and sailors.

The survey did not identify any particular fishing use for the area. The area was known for local excretion dives in the past. However, in similar developments the impact is certain, the impact is of regional significance, and the impact is long term.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 7.5.2.3 Impacts to nearby resorts and dive sites 7.5.2.3.1 Construction phase Typically, the construction phase may have an undesired impact on the surrounding resorts and dive sites. However, there is an ongoing development north of the lagoon and south of the lagoon. Therefore, the plots of development in question are likely to have their own impact on the reefs. The construction phase will increase the stress on the reefs and promote death of the corals. The construction staff except for monitoring purposes will not be allowed recreational fishing and diving. Hence, eliminates the issue of impact of the workforce. 7.5.2.3.2 Operation Phase In the operation phase, the lack of sediment distribution and destructive fishing activities will be brought to a minimum. The likely chances are, the operation will be coupled with coral propagation to aid in efforts to regain loss of coral percentages.

The guest operation that take divers and snorkelers will be trained guides who will take extra precautions to mitigate the impact of the guest on the reef system

The impact of both construction and operation is certain, the range of impact is certain and the significance of impact is long-term.

7.5.2.4 Level of protection to hazards like sea level rise, storm surges and, etc. The development is proposed at a location which the historical data show a lagoon. Development of the lagoon will change the currents in the general area and will cause changes to the existing environment. With the existing structure, and model, stability is not yet certain. What is certain is that the developments will come in the way of the flowing tides and will likely be washed away unless the development is held together by a shore protection.

7.5.2.4.1 Construction phase In the construction phase the risk of hazard from sea level rise and storm surges are high as the footprint will be held together by sand bunds which does not have any structural significance. The chances of sand surges impacting the initial reclamation zones are high due to a lack of hard shore protection in key areas. The initial reclamation level being 1,7m above MSL provides an added protection against surges. However, during construction phase, any surges higher than 1.7m above sea level can not be mitigated.

7.5.2.4.2 Operation Phase The finish reclamation level proposed is typically 1.5m above MSL. Coupled with the finished shore protection, the chances are the development will be relatively safe for

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. human habitation during surges and swells. However at this point and level of sea level rise the extent of protection typical 1.07m elevation from MSL that is provided is questionable. Here the impact is likely, the significance of impact is regional and the level of impact is long-term (3)

7.5.3 Construction related hazards and risks 7.5.3.1 Pollution of the natural environment ( Oil spills, discharge of untreated wastewater, and solid waste including construction waste. 7.5.3.1.1 Construction phase At any development pollution of construction is significant. The reclamation related pollution termed sedimentation has been discussed within its own section due to its significance. This section deals with the initial mobilisation waste water, oli spills, and construction waste discharge.

7.5.3.1.1.1 untreated wastewater. It is common place to see sewage waste being dumped out directly into the existing environment during the initial construction period. All utility flow out can sometimes be seen discarded without an initial treatment and as a result eutrophication can be seen along the shore.

7.5.3.1.1.2 Oil spills. Oil spills have few sources during construction; petroleum fuel from non bunded storage, and hydraulic oil from excavators and other related vehicles, and kitchen waste oil. All oil products can smother marine and related fauna and flora if exposed to the environment. 7.5.3.1.1.3 Construction waste. Drift wood, drift barrels and other solid structures if discarded or carried by the wind to the sea will increase considerable chances of hazard and is likely to have a negative impact on the natural environment and the social environment. Drift debris and sunken debris can considerably impact the overall surrounding habitat.

If unmitigated, the overall pollution will have an impact that is regional and which lasts a long time.

7.5.3.1.2 Operation Phase The operation phase in all islands except for the factory island will have a considerable amount of control on waste management. It is unlikely that any material will be discarded into the existing environment against procedure. The chances of impact of waste from

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. the guests can be mitigated through continues reminders and dustbins available on location.

The factory island, will have to be strictly regulated and monitored for pollution and spills as the chances of a spill is high in a factory.

7.5.3.2 Risk of accidents and pollution on workers and local population. 7.5.3.2.1 Construction phase In the construction phase the staff are likely to be exposed to various pollutants therefore, will have to be mitigated through procedural steps. 7.5.3.2.2 Operation Phase In the operation phase the risk of accidents and pollutant exposure are low in the resort components. However in the factory section, the management will have to ensure that all staff follow all required procedural steps in order to ensure that the risks are mitigated. If not the impact of an accident is probable, the significance of the impact will be regional and permanent.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Construction Phase Operation

from

Landscaping. Landscaping.

Use of Use utlilties

Use of Use beaches

nd water outfall nd

Use of Use harbours

Dredging, reclamation,

Use of waste disposal area of Use disposal waste

Sewerage a Sewerage

Use of Use above water plat

Power, Sewerage and Power, water outfall and Sewerage Power,

evelopment evelopment of facilities above ground

Mobilisation, and building Mobilisation, ofand building camp work

s s

n up

lities

ation

from from

nching

hangers

planting planting

build

tre

Site setup Site setup

from

and and service.

use ofuse pools

maintenance maintenance

use ofuse outfall

use ofuse marina

harbour works

use ofuse slip way

use ofuse factories

bund bund

shore shore protection

on on land facilities

foundation works

weed suppressio weed suppression weed

use ofuse incinerators

use ofuse boat

above above water plat above water plat of use reef pipeline on

above above water structures

waste disposal facilities disposal waste faci disposal waste

Submarine cable/ pipeline

placement ofplacement reef pipeline on

setting setting up temp camp of work

Development ofDevelopment BOH facilities, above ground overall magnitude overall Impacts on the natural environment Impacts on marine habitats including damages to coral reefs, fish stocks, and protected species Impact probability M M I M I I I V V V I I M V V V M M I V I I (M,V,I) Impact significance L L O L L L L L L L O O L L L L L L O L L L (LORN) Impact duration D D D D D D D D D D P D D P P P P P D D D D (PD) positive 2 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 negative -1 -1 -3 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -2 -1 -3 -3 Magnitude of -1 -1 -3 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 1 1 1 1 1 3 0 0 -2 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2 -2 - impacts 14 Impacts on landscape integrity / scenery Impact probability M M M M M V V I I I I I I I I M M M M M M I I I I I I M (M,V,I) Impact significance L L L L L O O O O O O L L L L L L L L L L R R O O O O O (LORN)

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Impact duration P P P P P D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D P P P P P P D (PD) positive 2 1 -2 -1 2 2 2 2 -1 -1 -1 -1 negative -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 Magnitude of -1 -1 1 -1 0 -2 -1 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 2 2 2 3 1 3 0 -1 24 impacts Impacts on socio economic environment Impacts on employment, and income. Potential for employment long-term and short-term. Impact probability M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M (M,V,I) Impact significance L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L (LORN) Impact duration P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P (PD) positive 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 negative Magnitude of 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 18 impacts Disturbance to local and natural resources such as fishing areas. Impact probability M M M M M M M M M M M M (M,V,I) Impact significance L L L L L L L L L L L L (LORN) Impact duration P P P P P P P P D D D D (PD) positive 2 1 negative -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 Magnitude of -1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 -1 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 -1 -1 -7 impacts Impacts to nearby resorts and dive sites Impact probability M M M M M M M M M M M M M (M,V,I) Impact significance L L L L L L L L L L L L L (LORN) Impact duration P P P P P P P P P D D D P (PD) positive 2 1 1 negative -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 Magnitude of -1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 -1 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 -1 -1 -6 impacts Level of protection to hazards like sea level rise, storm surges and, etc. Impact probability M I I I I I I I I (M,V,I) Impact significance L L L L L L L L L (LORN) Impact duration P P P P P P P P P (PD) positive 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 negative Magnitude of 2 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 impacts Construction related hazards and risks Pollution of the natural environment ( Oil spills, discharge of untreated wastewater, and solid waste including construction waste.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

Impact probability I I I I I I I I I I I M (M,V,I) Impact significance L L L L L L L L L L L L (LORN) Impact duration P P P P P P P P P P P P (PD) positive 1 2 -1 negative -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 Magnitude of 0 -1 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 -1 0 0 -1 -1 0 1 -1 0 2 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -7 impacts Risk of accidents and pollution on workers and local population. Impact probability M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M (M,V,I) Impact significance L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L (LORN) Impact duration P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P (PD) positive negative -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 Magnitude of -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 -1 0 0 -1 0 -1 -1 0 0 - impacts 18 cumulative -3 -4 -4 -3 -3 -6 1 -1 2 0 -1 -2 -2 -1 -2 -4 3 3 4 4 1 2 0 2 -5 -2 6 1 1 3 0 3 -4 -5 magnitude

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. An analysis of the impacts shows that within the overall development the most affected within the natural environment is the impacts on marine habitats including damages to coral reefs, fish stocks, and protected species. The reclamation component and the shore protection and marine works are likely to have a major impact on these components.

Within the socio economic environment, the highest negative impact is due likely due to accidents and pollution on workers and local population. This is because numerous developments will require local help and the exposure to substances and physical accidents are a likely during different developments.

This is followed by disturbances to the natural resources and pollution of the natural environment.

The highest positive impact is on the landscape and use for the project which is an impact on the natural environment. This is typical in reclamation projects where the utility of the development outweighs the reclamation impacts.

Impact of employment and income follows, where the economic benefit of the development is valued which shows an economic gain to the locals.

The level of protection to hazards like sea level rise, storm surges and, etc. offered by the various components is noteworthy where, the overall impact is seen as a considerable positive gain.

An analysis of the construction activities with the highest negative impact shows that the development of above ground facilities, BOH and services has the highest negative impacts, followed by the dredging, reclamation and harbour works. The highest negative impact is from the use of factory and related services and use of outfall. The highest positive impact in construction is from landscaping due to the added advantages of the process. Similarly the highest positive impact of operation is from the waste management areas.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 8 Mitigation and management of the negative impacts Impact of the environment from various activities have been identified in the respective chapter. The mitigation measures for the possible impacts with the estimated cost of the measure have been suggested in this section. 8.1 Impact mitigation Table below further details the potential impacts identified and details the corresponding mitigation prescribed. The overall mitigation states that.

• Proper dredging practice to minimize sediment suspension, and dispersal during dredging. • Conducting dredging in calm weather conditions, preferably avoiding the SW monsoon. • Transportation and disposal of dredged material should be standard practice where unmitigated spill off is prevented • Installation of the floating silt curtains at dredging sites during dredging works to minimize the sediment movement out of the development impact zone. These silt curtains will be removed once the dredging works has been completed and all the sediments has been settled. It will be ensured that there are no sediment movement before removing the silt curtains by conducting a site survey. • All reclamation must be inside the bund • The reclamation should take place simultaneously with shore protection. • The reclamation sections should be sectioned out and set out as settling tanks which allows flow off through silt curtains. • Final spill gate should be fitted with a silt curtain. • All sewage should be treated in all stages. • Proper waste management practices should be adhered to • All storage should be isolated and up to the standers • All operational practices should be as stated per the regulation • All staff and guests will be infromed of the standard practices required by law and international conventions.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 8.2 Mitigation cost The mitigation measure associated with significant cost for dredging and excavation is given in the table below. Table 14 Significant impacts, mitigation measures and associated costs Negative Impact Mitigation Justification Cost (MVR) Impact of marine works on marine habitats including damages to coral reefs, fish stocks, and protected species Sedimentation Make bunds for the Prevents sedimentation 1,200,000 reclamation work impacts MVR Reclaim at low tide Section out the bunds during reclamation. Use silt gates Use silt curtains Sand loss through Set up shore Prevent sand loss 22,000,000. floods protection Save cost of work 00 MVR Use settling pools and sloe drainage paths with collection barriers to prevent sand flow off post reclamation Noise pollution Work during day Noise pollution during 5000.00 time. construction can not be MVR Use ear mufflers mitigated. The practical approach is to work during day time. When work is expected. Waste generated Always ensure This ensures that the 1,500,000.0 on site proper waste overall pollution on site is 0 management and at a minimum. MVR prevent waste left on the shoreline. This ensures that during turnover from the proponent to the contractor, the amount of work required for post clean-up is minimised Infrom the staff of This will ensure that all No added the standard are made aware upon cost. arrival.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. procedure during orientation. Recession of the Monitor and enforce This ensures that at the 10,000,000. shoreline change in shore end of the construction 00 MVR developed protection to ensure work, the beaches are shoreline, mitigation of stable and the bay area erosion. proposed has enough Share monitoring sediment to hold sand that report with the can shift the sand in required between the groins management team accordingly. and bring about the required changes accordingly Impact of toxic Ensure that the This mitigates the 15,000,000. pesticides and developer has negative impact of 00 MVR herbicides on the pesticides and exposure. staff fertilisers approved by the authorities. Fuel related Ensure power This mitigates the 160,000,00 pollution saving, negative impacts of fumes 0.00 MVR Ensure minimum fuel burning. Impact of sewage All outfall should be This minimises the 160,000.00 and outfall on the treated according to eutrophication and MVR reefs. the authorities negative impact of outfall prescription on the location Outfall should be Impact of dust due the areas of interest This minimises the impact 125,000.00 to above ground should be identified of dust on the staff on the MVR construction and sprayed with island. water to mitigate dusting Provide PM 10 or 25 marks to the exposed workers Provide safety goggles. Impact of tourist Enforce strict ban of This mitigates the impact Standard on the reef staff use of the house of the tourists on the reef. procedure reef Infrom the tourists of the proper practices

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. of snorkelling and mitigate through reminders during snorkelling. Impact of storage Store all chemicals This mitigates the impacts 250,000,.00 material in designated storage of spills and leachate. MVR spaces and ensure all storage is in special bunded storage. Impact of Infrom the staff of This ensures that the staff No added employment the term of are aware of the term of cost. occupation employment and can prepare accordingly.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 9 Environmental Monitoring The monitoring process is essential to any development project. The monitoring process will determine the level of change during the proposed work, and during operation. This also allows the proponent to adjust the methodology of work depending on the changes observed. The parameters that are required to be monitored for the project activities are included in the monitoring plan. The objective of the monitoring plan is to monitor and control the environmental effects of the proposed project Therefore, it is highly recommended that the contractor carries out the monitoring plan and present the report to EPA. The major monitoring requirements are A monitoring one month after the work commences. Followed by a monitoring every three months throughout the construction phase. And a monitoring every 6 months after completion. For one year. The details are in below Table 15 monitoring requirements and costing Parameter Indicator Baseline/ Method Frequency Estimate Reference technique d cost values Beach and Coastal Consider the RTK, and • One 7000 shoreline changes baseline in the ATS month MRF per changes Erosion and existing survey after the trip accretion. environment or (Drone) work Changes in the baseline taken commen mangrove area. during ces, Benthic Check the construction Reef • Followe 2000 cover benthic phase. check, d by MRF per changes. CPCe, or monitori trip any other ng every relevant 3 protocol. months Fish Check the Reef during 2000 population changes in the check or construc MRF per fish conditions. fish Count tion trip Sea water Test for, pH, Send to • And 6000 Salinity, test at monitori MRF per Turbidity, MWSC, ng every trip 6 month during operatio n.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. Sedimenta Check the Take a baseline Check the 3000 tion sedimentation prior to rate of MRF per rates around commencement sedimentat trip the work site, of work, ion, use on the reef, Compare the English et and in the reference site al, for lagoon. with the work reference. Compare with site, a reference use the approved site. sedimentation rates by EPA for compliance. Energy Check the total Energy Through 7000 generated calculations the MRF per generator trip logs Waste Check the Use the Through 9000 water quality of the approved fall the MRF per generated waste water out treatment trip. produced concentrations plant logs. by EPA for compliance. Waste Check the Localised waste Through 6000 generated overall waste output audits and MRF per collection prediction logs trip method Product Check the Use the Through 15000 water quality of approved water RO logs. MRF per from RO water quality by EPA pH, trip quality produced for compliance. EC/TDS, total colifroms, faecal colifroms

9.1 Monitoring costs The proponent shall bear the cost of the monitoring. The proponent is to employ competent monitors, to complete the monitoring procedure as per the schedule. The estimated costs are not a fixed value and should be considered as a reference to the monitoring party.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives.

9.2 Monitoring report fromat The following is the monitoring report fromat expected for this project. The report will include details of the site, data collection and analysis methodologies, sampling frequency, and analysis. All data collected in the monitoring period shall be presented in the monitoring without bias. Introduction Aims and Objectives Existing conditions Coastal Environment (shoreline, currents, bathymetry) Marine Environment (coral reef heath) Comparison with EIA Baseline Data Impact Monitoring Ground water and seawater Quality Sediment Deposition Impacts on nearby habitats Compliance Monitoring Storage facility monitoring Water Quality monitoring Waste monitoring Conclusion and Recommendations

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 10 Recommendation Conclusion Gulf lagoon is a lagoon on the western fringe of north Male atoll, Maldives. The EAI has been carried out to develop 4 islands in the reef flat. The proposal proposes development of a resort, a marina and a factory island.

The tourist island and the service island are considered as one unit. The marina island is a stand-alone island and completes the tourism component of the project. The factory island is a standalone island an is the industrial component of the project.

It is estimated that a total of 1,211,379.05 m3 of sand will be required for the development. All the sand is to be borrowed from the lagoon area using cutter suction dredgers.

General construction phase recommendations follows. During work, it is recommended that;

1. all staff are infromed of the general environmental conditions on site and instructed on guidelines of work, ethics of work, the overall objective of development, the consequences of voluntary and involuntary damages to the environment, and the need for conservation so as to minimise any unnecessary damages to the work site.

A major component of the development is dredging and reclamation which will be carried out in the marine area. it is recommended that;

2. all marine work be mitigated as recommended with the use of bunds, settling pools, silt screens, and silt gates. 3. simultaneous to reclamation, shore protection should commence to ensure that sand is not lost. After dredging.

Landscaping is a major component of the work. All landscaping material will be imported and grown on site. It is recommended that;

4. landscaping should follow the plan 5. all species used should be non-invasive species 6. all fertilizers used should be approved fertilizers

The utilities and services on land are built for construction and operation. It is recommended that;

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 7. all services follow the design trenches in as per the masterplan. 8. sewage is treated before outfall at all stages of the development.

All four islands developed require sand for development. It is recommended that;

9. all sand for construction will be imported river sand to adhere to the existing regulations.

The staff for the development have varying terms of employment. It is recommended that;

10. all staff should be infromed of their term of employment during the construction term

During the operation phase, it is recommended that;

11. all staff of the tourism facilities and factory including; housekeeping, maintenance, security, engineering, boat crew, human resources, guest relations, factory development, etc.. are infromed of the general environmental conditions on site and are instructed on guidelines of work, ethics of work, the overall objective of development, the consequences of voluntary and involuntary damages to the environment, and the need for conservation so as to minimise any unnecessary damages due to operations.

The resort and factory operations will have numerous visitors throughout. It is recommended that;

12. the visitors are infromed of the ethics, environmental requirements and code of conduct during their stay on the establishment.

There are operations requirements specified by the government of Maldives for all establishments. It is recommended that;

13. all operations follow the operation requirements by the relevant government authorities.

The mitigation all mitigation measures specified in the relevant chapters are recommended. Specifically the mitigation measures specified that will act directly to retain the existing environmental conditions.

All monitoring, during the development phase and operational phase are recommended.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. The current EIA focuses on the proposed development of the islands in the reef flat. The impact assessment is limited to the project actions. The proposed development will undertake land reclamation and dredging in addition to shore modification, utility development and infrastructure development. The proposed projects tourist component is not unique to the area, and does not offer specific social economic growth and has a vast impact area with similar projects up north and down south. If the project is to be carried out, it should be done so due to the need of the proponent. The factory component on the other hand is unique to the area and if carried out offers unique benefits to the employed locals.

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LaMer. (2011). EIA report for Harbour Developments Works at Hulhumeedhoo, Addu City. Male': EPA Maldives.

Leopold, L. B., Clarke, F. E., Hanshaw, B. B., & Baisiey, J. R. (1971). A procedure for evaluvating environmental impacts. Washington: US Geological Survey.

Maldives Meteorological Service. (2019). Retrieved from http://www.meteorology.gov.mv/

NASEER, A. (2003). The integrated growth response of coral reefs to environmental forcing: morphometric analysis of coral reefs of the Maldives. PhD,. Dalhousie University.

Naseer, A., & Hatcher, B. (2000). Assessing the integrated growth response of coral reefs to monsoon forcing using morphometric analysis of reefs in the Maldives. Proceedings 9th (pp. 23-27). Bali, Indonesia: International Coral Reef Symposium.

National Bureau of Statitics . (2019). National Bureau of Statitics . Retrieved from Stastical Yearbook of Maldives : http://statisticsmaldives.gov.mv/yearbook/2019/#

Rudie, K. H., & Tim, G. (2014). Fishies of the Maldives. Cairns, Australia: Atoll Editions.

UNISDR-ADRRN. (2005). Building Resilience to Tsunamis in the Indian Ocean Base Line Study Report, Shaviyani Atoll, Maldives. UNDP.

ާމ ެލ،ާ ިދ ެވ ިހާ ާރ ާއ ެގ:ާ ިދ ެވ ިހާ . ިާދ ެވ ިހާ ާތ ީރ ަހ ށ ައ ުއާ ައ ިލ ަކ ެމ އާ .(1958) . ިދ ެވ ިހ ަބ ާހާ ާތ ީރ ަހ ށާ ިހ ުދ ަމ ތ ުކ ާރާ ަގ ުއމީާ ަމ ުގ ީލ ސާ

ާތު ާލަ އު ދަ .

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 12 Team and role Name EPA Categor Contact Role registration y Number Mohame (EIA) (EIA A Supervisin d Zuhair P01/2015) g author and, internal reviewer Hassaan (EIA.T03/201 A 7901665 Author, Abdul 9) [email protected] and Muhsin m surveyor Adam (EIA.T06/201 B 7890381 Author, Saaneez 9) [email protected] and surveyor Suhaa ** ** 9998383 Data Mohame [email protected] analyst. d m

All CVs attached.

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Environmental Impact Assessment for a tourist resort and factory island development at Gulf lagoon, (4°16'40.06"N, 73°2l '7.27"E), Kaaf Atoll, Maldives. 13.2 Development map

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13.6 Submission to City council and Atoll council

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13.7 CV

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Curriculum Vitae

1. Name: Hassaan Abdul Muhisn 2. Date of Birth: 22nd April 1989 3. Nationality: Maldivian 4. Contact: 7901665 5. Education:

2016 – 2018 M.Se In Environmental Science Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. 2012 – 2012 University of Mysore B.Ed University of Mysore St.Joseph’s College Of Education, Mysore, India 2008 - 2011 BSc (BTCZ) Programme in Bio-technology, Chemistry and Zoology University of Mysore St. Philomena’s College, Mysore, India 2006 - 2008 Centre for Higher Secondary Education Male’, Maldives Edexcel GCE A/L (Biology, Chemistry, Physics), HSC (Dhivehi, Islam) 2003 - 2005 Majeediyya School Male’, Maldives Cambridge IGCSE (English, Maths), Cambridge GCE O/L (Physics, Biology, Chemistry, Computer Studies), SSC (Dhivehi, Islam) 1996 - 2002 Kalaafaanu School Male’, Maldives Primary Schooling

6. Languages Dhivehi 1. speaking, good 2. reading, good 3. writing, good English 1. speaking, good 2. reading, good 3. writing, good

7. Experience/ Employment Record Date of employment Employer Details

March 2018, ongoing INSA.PVT.LTD Positions held: Environmental researcher, analyst.

Aug 2015 to MMPRC Positions held: Assistant Director Aug 2016 Feb 2013 to Aug Majeediyya School,Maldives Positions held: Teacher 2015 Summary of Projects Undertaken: 1. Teaching a) Grade 9 and 10 (CIE) b) Grade 11 and 12 (IGCSE) Role: Internal verifier 2. B tech a) B-tech sports b) B-tech arts

3. Lead invigilator 1. IGCSE exams March 2012 to St.Joseph’s Convent School, Positions held: Assistant Teacher December 2012 Mysuru, Karnataka 570012, India 1.Biology teacher, for 3rd year high school (Grade 10) (Unpaid, due to student visa status) March 2012 to St.Joseph’s Convent School, Positions held: Laboratory Teacher December 2012 Mysuru, Karnataka 570012, India 1.Laboratory teacher, for 2nd year pre-university (Grade 12) (Unpaid, due to student visa status) Aug 2011, To Dec Seamarc.pvt.ltd Positions held: Environment Analyst 2011 Summary of Projects Undertaken: 1. Setting out, Landaa Giraivaru a) Sea wall near the main pool Role: Setting out survey 2. Setting out , Cheval Blanc Randheli a) the water villas b) reclaimed islands c) arrival jetties Role: Setting out survey

3. Cheval Blanc Randheli a) the coral propagation component Role: Setting out survey Page 1 of 4

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Dec 2005 - March Sunset Restaurant 1.Positions held: Billing Clark 2006 Paradise Island Resort, Maldives Sunset Restaurant Paradise Island Resort, Maldives

8. Other qualifications

17 September 2011 PADI Open water Sea explores dive school Bodufungandu magu Male’, Maldives

6 March 2014 In service training Professional development Curriculum Application and Change 1 – 3 April 2014 Invigilator’s Training Department of Public Examinations Male’, Maldives

12 February 2015 In service training Professional development Specific learning difficulties and Mentoring Male’, Maldives

31 March 2015 BTEC Internal Verification and Standardisations 23 April 2015 In service training Professional development Multiple Intelligence & Activity based learning. Male’, Maldives

26 May 2015 PADI Speciality Diver Dive against Debris Villa College Maldives Bodutakurufaanu magu Male’, Maldives

26 May 2015 PADI Reef Check Eco Diver Villa College Maldives Bodutakurufaanu magu Male’, Maldives

27 March 2019 Environment consultant licence (Temporary) EIA T03/2019 Environmental Protection Agency

9. Publications

H.Abdul Mushin, I. Patawang, C. Phalaraksh, (2018) Chromosomal Aberrations Observed in two Fejervarya spp. living in Artisanal Mining Farms in Pichit Province, Thailand. Proceeding of ISER-107th International Conference on Environment and Natural Science (ICENS). February 10th 2018, Phuket, Thailand ( Awaiting publication in JMES, Journal of Materials and Environmental Science (ISSN: 2028-2508) ) 11 Worked on Bio-diversity Survey Ongoing Conserving Kelaa’s Kandoofa – a Biodiversity Mapping and Food Security Approach, for Ha Kelaa under the Global Environment Facility Small Grants Program OP6. EIA

April2020 (Co- authored) completed, in internal review with proponent) April2020 (Co- authored) completed, in internal review with proponent) February 2020 EIA for the development of a senior football ground, and a picnic area at Mulah, M. Atoll, (Co- authored) completed Maldives. November 2019 Environmental impact assessment for the proposed harbour re-development and (Co- authored) completed swimming area development project at Maamendhoo, Gaaf Atoll, Maldives August 2019, Environmental impact assessment for the proposed harbour re-development project (Co- authored) completed at Noomara, Shaviyani Atoll, Maldives July 2019, Environmental impact assessment for the Proposed Access Channel in the (Co- authored) completed Agricultural Island of Fenfuraaveli. Meemu Atoll, Maldives April 2018, Environmental impact assessment for second addendum to: hulhule-hulhumale (assisted in) completed connecting link road development project,North Male’, atoll, Maldives

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Monitoring April 2018 Environmental monitoring report - Emboodhoo lagoon Development, south male’ atoll report 6 June 2018 Environmental monitoring report - Emboodhoo lagoon Development, south male’ atoll report 7 July 2018 Environmental monitoring report - Emboodhoo lagoon Development, south male’ atoll report 8 August 2018 Environmental monitoring report - Emboodhoo lagoon Development, south male’ atoll report 9 September 2018 Environmental monitoring report - Emboodhoo lagoon Development, south male’ atoll report 10 Monitoring Period: 27st September Environmental monitoring report Emboodhoo lagoon Development, south male’ 2018 to 20th October 2018 atoll, Report 1 Monitoring Period: 20th October 2018 Environmental monitoring report Emboodhoo lagoon Development, south male’ to 22nd November 2018 atoll, Report No: 02 Monitoring Period: 22nd November Environmental monitoring report Emboodhoo lagoon Development, south male’ 2018 to 10th December 2018 atoll, Report 3 Monitoring Period: 15th December Environmental monitoring report Emboodhoo lagoon Development, south male’ 2018 to 15th January 2019 atoll Report 4 Monitoring Period: 15thJanuary 2019 – Environmental monitoring report Emboodhoo lagoon Development, south male’ 02ndFebruary 2019 atoll Report 5 Monitoring Period: 02ndFebruary 2019 Environmental monitoring report Emboodhoo lagoon Development, south male’ –12thFebruary 2019 atoll Report 6 Monitoring Period: 12th February 2019 Environmental monitoring report Emboodhoo lagoon Development, south male’ to 3rd March 2019 atoll Report 7 Monitoring Period: 3rd March 2019 to Environmental monitoring report Emboodhoo lagoon Development, south male’ 20th March 2019 atoll Report 8 Monitoring Period: 20th March 2019 to Environmental monitoring report Emboodhoo lagoon Development, south male’ 20th April 2019 atoll Report 9 Monitoring Period: 20th March 2019 to Environmental monitoring report Emboodhoo lagoon Development, south male’ 20th April 2019 atoll Report 10 Monitoring Period: 20th May 2019 to Environmental monitoring report Emboodhoo lagoon Development, south male’ 20th June 2019 atoll Report 11 4th March 2019 Blue beach construction monitoring work report 1 20th March 2019 Blue beach construction monitoring work report 2 20th April 2019 Blue beach construction monitoring work report 3 20th May 2019 Blue beach construction monitoring work report 4 20th June 2019 Blue beach construction monitoring work report 5 25th July 2019 Blue beach construction monitoring work report 6 March 2020 Baglioni Th. Maagau environment monitoring April 202 Kahsan faru resort development monitoring report 1

10. Academic referees

Referee Contact Address Dr Chitchol Phalaraksh 0817160209 Chiang Mai University | CMU · Department of Biology PhD Environmental Chiang Mai Toxicology Thailand.

Prof. Marcel.C. Enos 08212511992 St Joseph College of Education Jayalakshmipuram Mysore Karnataka India Dr. Ruth Shantha Kumari T. 9449086598 St Philomena’s Degree College, M.Sc, Ph.D, M.Sc in 821- 4240930 Bannimantap, Mysuru 570 015 Counselling & Phone 0821-4240900 / 4240912 / 4240918 Psychotheraphy [email protected] Fax 0821-4240950

11. Work references

Referee Post during interaction Contact Dr. Mohamed Shareef Managing Director 7775640 INSA Pvt Ltd [email protected] Haris Mohamed Managing Director 7761516 MMPRC Mohamed Hamzeel Chief Operations Officer 7903010 MMPRC Aiminath Shahadha Assistant Principal [email protected] Majeediyya School Anthirious Georgemary Biology HOD, 9144842

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Majeediyya School [email protected]

Thomas Le Berre Managing Director 960 7787642 Seamarc Pvt Ltd [email protected]

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