ADDU HANDB OOK

MALDIVES HERITAGE SURVEY

ADDU ATOLL HANDBOOK

Compiled by Ahmed Ikram 9 August 2018

Maldives Heritage Survey is a project, based at the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies, led by Dr Michael Feener and funded by Arcadia. Work in the country will be done in partnership with the Maldives Department of Heritage with additional support from the Earth Observatory of Singapore.

Contact: Dr Michael Feener Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies Marston Road Oxford. OX3 0EE Email: [email protected]

Front Cover: Attractive 1780 map of southern India by the French cartographer Rigobert Bonne. Covers from the Deccan plateau South as far as the Maldives and as Far East as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Includes Ceylon or . Shows the direction of the important trade winds and their corresponding seasons. The regularity of the trade winds in the Indian Ocean generated active nautical trade routes well into antiquity. Published as plate no. L 3 in Bonne's 1780 Atlas de Toutes les Parties Connues du Globe Terrestre .

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Table of Contents Important Telephone Numbers: ...... 1 City Council Information ...... 1 Introduction ...... 2 List of Sites inscribed in the Maldives Tangible Heritage Tentative List -2015 (DOH:2015) ...... 3 Inhabited Island Sheets ...... 4 (FYD) ...... 5 (HTD) ...... 6 Maradhu (MRD) ...... 11 Hulhumeedhu (HMD) ...... 16 Uninhabited Island Sheets ...... 21 Aboohera (ABH) ...... 22 Beydhe’ Aurah (BEA) ...... 23 Boduhajaraa (BHR) ...... 24 Dheerondi (Dhiarudhi) (DRD) ...... 25 Dhigiheraa (DHR) ...... 26 Fathikedeheragadu (FDR) ...... 27 (GAN) ...... 28 Gaukendi (GKD) ...... 32 Geskalhahera (GKH) ...... 33 Gomahera (Kudhumadihera) (GMH) ...... 34 Hankede (HKD) ...... 35 Herethere (HET) ...... 36 Hikahera (HKH) ...... 37 Kandiheragandu (KHG) ...... 38 Kaohera (KAO) ...... 39 Kedavaahera (KDH) ...... 40 Kodakadiheragandu (KKH) ...... 41 Kudhumaahera (KMH) ...... 42 Maahera (MAH) ...... 43 Mulikede (MUK) ...... 44 Savaaheli (SVH) ...... 45 Viligili (VGL) ...... 46 Lost & Found ...... 47 Bibliography ...... 48

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Important Telephone Numbers:

Hospitals & Health Centre

International Medical and Diagnostic Centre Hithadhoo Regional Hospital IMDCMH Albany, Phone: 688-8672 Seenu Hithadhoo, , Republic of Maldives Telephone :+960 – 688 8802 Fax :+960 – 688 8803 Hotline: +960 – 799 8802 Email :[email protected] , [email protected]

Police Airport S.Gan Police Station Gan International Airport Tel: 979-2058 Building No 100 , Gan S.Hithadhu Police Station 19070 , Republic of Maldives Tel: (+960) 9791612 Tel: +9606898010 Fax: +9606898009 S.Hulhumeedhu Police Station http://www.ganairport.com Tel: (+960) 9791366

City Council Information

Addu City Council, Phone: 688 5003 Mobile: 790 5003 Fax: 688 5002 Email: [email protected] Website: adducity.gov.mv

Councilors: Hithadhu North Hithadhu-South Abdulla Sodiq, Mayor Mohamed Yasrif, Deputy Mayor Mobile: Mobile:

Hithadhoo-Medhu Maradhu Jamsheedha Mohamed, Councilor Faisal Ibrahim, Councilor Mobile: Mobile:

Feydhu Hulhudhu Ali Fahmy Ahmed, Councilor Ibrahim Shukry, Councilor Mobile: Mobile:

Meedhu / -Feydhu Hussain Hiyaz, Councilor Mobile:

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Introduction Addu Atoll is located south of Addu Kandu, which is 48 miles from . The Atoll has four channels, two on the southern side and 2 on the north. Islands formed on the all sides of the atoll except the northern side. The administration of the Atoll is under Addu City Council.. There are two tourist resorts, one in Viligili and the other in Herathera. Maradhoo Island has a port, Gan Island has an international airport, a tourist hotel called Equator Village and a MNDF military base.

Number of Inhabited Islands1: 6

No. Island Area Ha Map. Ref Lat Lon 1 Feydhoo 64.8 22.B7 0°40′55"� 73°08′07"� 2 Hithadhoo 526.5 22.A6 0°36′24"� 73°05′21"� 3 Hulhudhoo (Hulhumeedhu) 105.4 22.D5 0°35′35"� 73°13!42"� 4 Maradhoo 57.8 22.B7 0°39′56"� 73°07′08"� 5 Maradhufeydhoo 34.3 22.B7 0°40′25"� 73°07′33"� 6 (Hulhumeedhu) 182.7 22.D5 0°35′00"� 73°13′47"� Number of Uninhabited Islands2: 22

No. Island Area Ha Map. Ref Lat Lon 1 Aboohera 17.3 22.B6 0°38′31"� 73°06′16"� 2 Beydhe’aurah <3.0 22.A5 0°35′21"� 73°05′14"� 3 Boduhajaraa <3.0 22.B7 0°40′39"� 73°07′24"� 4 Dheerondi (Dhiarudhi) <3.0 5.C3 0°35′41"� 73°05′14"� 5 Dhigiheraa 3.3 22.B7 0°41′11"� 73°07′52"� 6 Fathikedeheragadu <3.0 22.C6 0°36′43"� 73°08′55"� 7 Gan 288.6 22.C7 0°41′40"� 73°09′19"� 8 Gaukendi 5.5 22.B6 0°38′57"� 73°06′25"� 9 Geskalhahera <3.0 22.D6 0°38′45"� 73°13′15"� 10 Gomahera (Kudhumadihera) 3.1 22.C7 0°41′27"� 73°10′58"� 11 Hankede 7.1 22.B6 0°39′21"� 73°06′40"� 12 Herethere 81.4 22.D6 0°36′59"� 73°13′27"� 13 Hikahera <3.0 22.D5 0°34′46"� 73°13′16"� 14 Kandiheragandu <3.0 22.B6 0°36′54"� 73°08′29"� 15 Kaohera 6.4 22.A5 0°35′20"� 73°05′18"� 16 Kedavaahera <3.0 22.D5 0°34′35"� 73°12′24"� 17 Kodakadiheragandu <3.0 22.C6 0°36′47"� 73°08′51"� 18 Kudhumaahera <3.0 22.A5 0°35′52"� 73°05′20"� 19 Maahera 4.1 22.A5 0°35′41"� 73°05′24"� 20 Mulikede 6.3 22.D7 0°39′33"� 73°12′57"� 21 Savaaheli 10.4 22.B7 0°40′51"� 73°07′34"� 22 Viligili 54.4 22.C7 0°40′43"� 73°11′35"� Number of Eroded Islands:

No. Island Area Ha Map. Ref Lat Lon 1 Hankedehajaraa 0°00′00"� 73°00′00"� 2 Kudhumaahera (Feylihihkki)* 0°00′00"� 73°00′00"� 3 Geskalhehera/Kudakalhahera** 0°00′00"� 73°00′00"� 4 Addu 0°00′00"� 73°00′00"� Number of Airports: 1 (Gan International Airport)

Number of Industrial Islands: (none)

Number of Resorts: 2 (Herethere & Villigili)

1 Islands used for industrial purposes including airports and tourist resorts are not listed as inhabited as per government practice. 2 This figure includes Finolhu (Sandbanks) and ’s (Stonebanks) Maldives Heritage Survey maldivesheritage.oxcis.ac.uk/ 2

List of Sites inscribed in the Maldives Tangible Heritage Tentative List -2015 (DOH:2015)

No. Category3 Atoll & Island Detail Criteria4

273 Building Seenu Gan Astra Cinema 4

274 Area/Structure Seenu Gan Second World War Memorial 5,8

275 Building Seenu Gan Maaranga 5,8

Building Seenu Gan Hukuru Miskiyy 5,7

276 Area Seenu Hithadu Koattey 8

277 Area Seenu Hithadu Raninhanaa Fengandu (Dhiva Fengandu) 7,8

278 Building Seenu Hithadu Thakurufaanu Miskiyy 5,7

279 Building Seenu Hithadu Hithadu Medhu Miskiyy 7

280 Building Seenu Hithadu Hithadhu Hukuru Miskiyy 7

281 Burial Ground Seenu Meedhu Koagannu 5,7

282 Area Seenu Hulhumeedhu Veyraandu 1,3

283 Building Seenu Maradhu Dhandivaru Miskiyy 7

284 Building Seenu Maradhu Hirigaa Miskiyy 1,3

285 Burial Ground Seenu Maradhu Qadhir Kaleyfaanu Ziyaaraiy 1,3

286 Structure Seenu Maradhu Venbolhefishi (Boduge) 5,8

3 Sarahaddu – Area, Imaaraiy – Building, Binaa – Structure, Meehun valhu levifaivaa than - Burial Ground, Thakethi - Artefact

4 World Heritage Selection Criteria (UNESCO: 2018)

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Inhabited Island Sheets

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Feydhoo (FYD)

In 1922 Feydhu had 2 mosques (Bell, 2002, p. 117).

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Hithadhoo (HTD) Hithadhu is made up of Mathimaradhu, Naasirahddhu, Mendu, Maamendhu, Maarandhu and Hanimaadhu. Hithadhu has been abandoned more than once and again populated. The last time it was again habited was during the reign of Al-Sultan Muhammad Imaadhudheen I ( 1621 – 1648 C.E.). The Kings armada visited the atoll and gave permission to populate the island (Luthfy: 1995, p.218). It is said that Hithadhu was abandoned after the inhabitants played Dhiyoage Kulhivaru. Luthfy regards this as folklore (1995, p.218). During World War II, the British operated a Communications Stations in area. The three families that populated the island built Hithadhoo Hukuru Miskiyy, Medhu Miskiyy and Thakurufaanu Miskiyy. The island was given as wagf, for the upkeep of these three mosques by Iskandharu Mahaaradhun (1621-1687 CE) (Luthfy: 1995, p.218). The cemetery adjoining Thakurufaanu Miskiyy has the tombstones of Al-Sultan Hassan X (1701 C.E.) and his wife5. It also has the tombstones of his son, Hithadhu Ali Manikfaan, his son Bandeyri Hassan Manikfaan (circa 1800 CE) and tombstones of the elders of this island (Luthfy: 1995, p.218). Hukuru Miskiyy: Medhu Miskiyy: Thakurufaanu Miskiyy: This mosque was constructed by Al-Haajj Moosa Kuda Ban'deyri Thakurufaan (XX-XX). The graveyard adjoining the mosque contains bisthaan’s and coral stone grave markers. The most prominent is the bisthan of Al-Sulthan Hassan bin Al-Sulthan Ali Al-Isdhuvi (XX-XX).

Figure 1: Thakurufaanu Miskiyy (Pic: Dhiveheen FB page)

5 Aishath Manike (Mohamed N. , 2010, p.176) Maldives Heritage Survey maldivesheritage.oxcis.ac.uk/ 6

Figure 2: Bisthan of Al-Sulthan Hassan bin Al-Sulthan Ali Al-Isdhuvi (Pic: Dhiveheen FB page)

Koattey: At the northern extremity of the island are the ruins of the fort, which according to legend date to the Portuguese era. This structure was destroyed during the Second World War, when RAF built fortifications there (Maniku: 1993, p.54). Luthfy says this structure has deteriorated very badly (1995, p.218) but some of the stones can still be seen (Naseema: 2004, p.101). Description: The structure is a primitive Fort constructed of coral stone. Bell observed that little of the fort was left. The wall was composed of “flake-type” ashlar [fathigaa] and the height of remaining walls were 5 ft. by 8 ft. broad. The plan of the Fort was oblong in the shape of parallelogram 54.864 meters in length with projections and gaps. Within the confines of the Fort is a large circular well (Bell, 2002, p.141). At the northern end there is an extension of 20 yards this wing was like breadth for two-thirds of tis area and reduced on the East by a ramp that runs diagonal (Bell, 2002, p.121). The walls were 8 ft. thick. Half dozen patches of rampart walls remain but none to the height of more than 4 – 5 ft. (from this 18- 28 horizontal courses of coral flakes go to make this moderate elevation). The main entrance was on the East front and how many gateways it had is not possible to discern. There are faint traces of projecting bastion on the East front. There is no trace of Mortar used on the walls. No building is left within the interior of the Fort except for a circular well (constructed of flake-coral similar to that used in the walls) 10 ft. in diameter. A lagoon protects the western face of the Fort (Bell, 2002, p.121). Origin: Hitadhuan’s attribute the structure to Abdul-Karim while in Male’ its attributed to Kalhu Ibrahim Thakurufaanu (circa 1512 CE) (Bell, 2002, p.141). Kalhu Ibrahim Thakaurufaanu of Gaafaru according to oral history, owing to serious disagreement with Royalty, or rebellion, sought refuge at Addu Atoll, where he fortifies himself, probably at Hithadhu, against attack. He seizes a Portuguese ship of Goa that was wrecked in of Huvadhu Atoll, murders the Commander and seizes the wife Khanzi-Kamana who was pregnant. Her child, Muhammad [also called Bodu Muhammad] grew up in the Muslim faith to become Andiri Andirin, the cruel Regent at Male’ after its capture by the Portuguese in 1558 C.E. It is said Ibrahim Thakurufaan married the Portuguese lady who bore him a son

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Maathukalaa, murdered later by his half brother Muhammed It is probable that Al-Sultan Muhammad Bodu Thakurufaanu (1573-1585 C.E) and his brother, Hassan Ranna Bandeyri Kilegefaanu used this same Fort which according to Pyrard, they retired to Addu Atoll during the long struggle against the Portuguese which was ultimately a success by the recapture of Male’ in 1573 C.E. (Bell, 2002, p.121).

Figure 3: Plan of Hitadhu Old Fort (Bell: 2002, PLATE V), drawing: ahmed ikram

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Raninhanaa Fenganda (Dhivaa Fengandu): This is a large bathing area in Odessalivaa of Hithadhoo, is supposed to be built by Gaafaru Kalhu Ibrahim Thakurufaanu for Khanzi-Kamana using hathaa-gau. The bathing tank was designed to bring in water during high tide and to release water during low tide (Per. Comm. Ibrahim Firag/ Hithadhoo).

Figure 4: Raninhanaa Fengandu (Pic: psmnew.mv) Ancient Burial Ground This site is located near Raninhanaa Fengandu in Koattey region and is an ancient burial ground. This site is related to the folklore regarding the last abandonment of Hithadhoo (per comm. Muhammad Naajih).

Figure 5: Burial Ground in Koattey region, Hithadhoo (Pic: Dhiveheen FB page) Maldives Heritage Survey maldivesheritage.oxcis.ac.uk/ 9

Finifenmaage This is the house of Abdulla Afeef (1916-1993), the President of the United Suvadives Republic, a short-lived breakaway nation in the remote southern of the Maldive Islands (Addu Atoll, Huvadhu Atoll and ) that constitute the Suvadive archipelago.

Figure 6: Finifenmaage (Pic: Abdul Fadl Mohsin Ibrahim in "Muslims in Seychelles, A Historical Appraisal of Their Legacy"

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Maradhu (MRD) Venbolhufishi is joined with Maradhu. Maradhu was abandoned and the population moved and settled in Hankede and after that again moved back to Maradhu (Luthfy: 1995, p.218). In 1922 Maradhu had 5 mosques (Bell, 2002, p. 117). Dhandivara Miskiyy This is an ancient mosque, which according to oral traditions says during the time of Arabs navigating across the ocean, a vessel wrecked on Hajaru a place located on the futtaru of this island. The people aboard the wrecked vessel settled on Maradhu. It is said that some of these settlers are buried in the Ziyarat’s adjacent to mosque. It is also said that in the cemetery connected with this mosque there are 7 children of Kanbo of Addu Gan who came to study under a scholar who was aboard the wrecked vessel (Naseema: 2004, p.102). The story said with regard to the construction of this mosque is, In thick jungle in Maradhu with big Dhigga and Kandhu trees, a person named Sanfaagey Koyya Biyaa (Ibrahimfulhu, Karankaage, S. Maradhu) was cutting sticks when he finds ziyaarats and the gaafolhu (foundation) of a mosque. He clears the land and builds a mosque on top of this foundation with Dhandifan (Sticks and Cadjan) and starts maintenance of these ziyaarats. As per the custom of the time, these ziyaarat’s becomes popular and people start saying Nadhr and other customs such as people coming to fast in this mosque. These practices continued upto 1970s. Due to the prominence of Dhandivaru Miskiyy Ziyaaraiy, it was given Kafidhidha (a type of flag) and dhun (incense) during the reign of Al-Sultan Muhammad Shamsudheen III (1893 C.E.) (Naseema: 2004, p.102).

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Figure 7: Floor Plan, Dhandivaru Miskiyy, S.Maradhu (Drawing, Coral Stone Mosque Survey, 2011)

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Figure 8: Site Plan, Dhandivaru Mosque, S. Maradhu (Drawing, Coral Stone Mosque Survey,2011)

Aihaarani Bistaan: Among the bistaan’s in Dhandivaru Miskiyy cemetery is the tombstone of Aihaarani, the wife of a person named Qadir Kaleyfaan. It is said that she died before childbirth and this tombstone has beautiful patterns and designs (Naseema: 2004, p.102). Hirigau Miskiyy: Hirigaa Miskiyy was built of coral stones and dismantled in 1977 due to its close proximity to Maamiskiyy. The foundation of this mosque was destroyed in 24 March 2002. The graves still remain on this site. The boduveyo (bathing tank) was filled with stones and covered. It was covered up during the presidency of Mohamed Ameen (1910 – 1954 CE). The elders inform that the stones used to fill the bathing tank came from large tombstones in Dhannagey Miskiyy. It is said that children who had skin diseases will be cured after bathing in this tank. The bathing tank was further buried by sand from harbor dredging due to the site being in an area called Garaamuli, which was facing erosion. A large part of the cemetery eroded and large area of this site is now covered with sand from harbor dreading and now the site is under Addu Link Road.

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It is also said that the Arab settlers from the vessel that wrecked on Hajaru built Hirigaa Miskiyy. The islands near this island have Arabic names such as Hajar and Savaahili. Hajar is also called Naaurunu Hajaru (Hajaru where the Ship wrecked) (Naseema: 2004, p.103). Qadir Kaleyfaanu Ziyaaraiy: The cemetery of Dhandivaru Miskiyy has the bistaan of Qadir Kaleyfaanu Ziyaaraiy. This bistaan is 3 feet high and beautifully made of coral stones. The cemetery also contains the ziyaarats of Haafiz’s. These tombstones were intact in 1995 but in 1996 they were vandalized and felled. In the area where the house of Qadir Kaleyfaanu was located now has a house named Fenfiyazge. This house still has an ancient coral stone well called Qadir Kaleyfaanu Masbeyni Valhu (The Well where Qadir Kaleyfaanu caught a fish). The folklore regarding this well is that when Qadir Kaleyfaanu heard the news that Kaafirs are coming to attack he ordered his wife Aihaarani to cook in order to prepare for battle, she told him that there was no fish. Qadir Kaleyfaan said that he can get fish and entered Gifili (a type of open air toilet) and came out with a Kalhubilamas (xxx) (Naseema: 2004, p.104). It is said Qadir Kaleyfaan was an Islamic scholar. It is also said that there was a war between him and the Buddhists who inhabited the atoll. The major battle took place in Savaahili , an uninhabited island. Human bones were found in this island in 1972 (Naseema: 2004, p.104). The distance between the well of Qadir Kaleyfaan and Hirigaa Miskiyy is about 500 ft. It is noted that there is a connection between this mosque, its ziyaarats and the ziyaarats in Dhandivaru Miskiyy (Naseema: 2004, p.104).

Figure 9: Qadiri Kaleyfaanu Ziyarat (Pic: Dhiveheen FB page)

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Maa Miskiyy:

Figure 10: MaaMiskiyy (Pic: Dhiveheen FB page) Bondoge: This structure is a house constructed by the British during World War II. It is located in an area called Venbolhofish. (Naseema: 2004, p.104). It was used as a communication center during the war. In 2015 Addu City Council declared the structure a heritage site.

Figure 11: Bondoge (Pic: Addu City Council)

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Hulhumeedhu (HMD) Meedhu and Hulhudhu used to be two separate islands but slowly merged and the intersecting area became a mangrove lake and slowly turned into a bog (Luthfy: 1995, p.216). In the past Buddhist lived on this island (Luthfy: 1995, p.218). Meedhu was abandoned more than once and populated again (Luthfy: 1995, p.218). In 1922 Meedhu had 15 mosques and Hulhudhu had 7 mosques (Bell, 2002, p. 116). Koagannu On this island there is a large cemetery in Koagannu, where there are the tombstones of learned people and some very old mosques (Maniku: 1993, p. 54). The tombstones are of scholars and elders of this island and its seven small mosques belong to the seven families that populated the island (Luthfy: 1995, p.218). Only four mosques remain and they are Koagannu Miskiyy, Atharaa Miskiyy, Boadha Miskiyy, Fandiyaaru Miskiyy (Naseema: 2004, p.101). Koagannu has 500 coral stone tombs, 15 Mausoleums and 4 small mosques (Ahmed & Jameel, 2012, p.87). Naseema says the layout of Koagannu resembles that of a Buddhist Monastic Assembly area (2004: p.101). There is a ziyarat named Medhuziyaaraiy in Koagannu which has very ancient grave markers. Among them are tombstones of Haafiz’s (Naseema: 2004, p.101). In 2003 the National Center for Linguistic and Historical Research constructed a boundary wall for this cemetery (Naseema: 2004, p.101). Koagannu Miskiyy:

Figure 5: Koagannu Miskiyy, Koagannu, S.Hulhumeedhu (Picture Coral Stone Mosques Survey, 2011)

Atharaa Miskiyy: is located on the north side of Koagannu. S. Meedhu Fanniaruge Dhon Easa Kaleyfaan and Maavadi Thakurufaanu laid the foundation of the mosque. The length and breadth of the mosque is 11 * 10 ft. It was first roofed with palm leaves, then with roof tiles and now metal sheets. The roof structure is made of wood. According to historian Abdulla Zameeru of S.Meedhu Fennaage, this mosque is 600 years old (dhivehitimes, 2017).

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Figure 6: Atharaa Miskiyy, Kogannu, S.Hulhumeedhu (Pic: Coral Stone Mosques Survey, 2011)

Boadha Miskiyy: The mosque building is a small single space prayer [hall] with front vernadah linked to a well with stepping-stones. It is not built on a platform and does not have decorative features. The masonry is plastered coral stone. It is dated tentatively to 1403 C.E.6 to the reign of Sultan Hussein I7 (Ahmed & Jameel, 2012, p.87,89). This mosque one of four small mosques found in located in Koagannu necropolis.

Figure 7: Floor Plan, Boadha Miskiyy, Koagannu, S.Hulhumeedhu (Drawing, Coral Stone Mosque Survey, 2011)

6 This date falls to the reign of Al-Sultan Yoosuf II Sri Loaka Aananda Mahaaradhun, reign 1402- 1425 C.E. 7 Al- Sultan Hussain-ul-Hilaalee I Sri Loakaveeru Mahaaradhun, reign 1378 – 1388 C.E. Maldives Heritage Survey maldivesheritage.oxcis.ac.uk/ 17

Fandiyaaru Miskiyy: The mosque building is a small single space prayer hall linked to a well with stepping stones and a small minaret built on a small coral platform with mouldings. It does not have ornamental carving or lacquer work (Ahmed & Jameel, 2012, p.91).

Figure 8: Fandiyaaru Miskiyy, Koagannu, S.Hulhumeedhu (Drawing, Coral Stone Mosque Survey, 2011)

Figure 9: Fandiyaaru Miskiyy, Koagannu, S.Hulhumeedhu (Pic: Dept. of Heritage Archive)

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Medhu Ziyaaraiy: This ziyarat is the mausoleum of Yoosuf Naib, who is the son of Easa Qadhir Kaleyfaan, the son of Surat Qadhir Kaleyfaan the son of Sulaiman Qadhir. It is said that this Yoosuf Naib converted the people of Addu to Islam (meedhoo.com).8

Figure 10: Medhiziyaaraiy, Koagannu, S. Hulhumeedhu (Pic: Ahmed Ijaz) Veyraandu In an area named Veyraandu, a stone with ornamental engraving was found. The name Veyraandu suggests that this area is the site of Buddhist Vihara (Naseema: 2004, p.101).

Fenheu Falhaganda Ziyaaraiy

Eid Miskithuu Veyo and Maqbaraa

8 Medhoo.com publishes articles under pseudonyms and without citations or references thus all such information is underlined for caution Maldives Heritage Survey maldivesheritage.oxcis.ac.uk/ 19

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Figure 12: Kogannu Cemetery Site Plan, S. (Adapted from Drawing, Dept. of Heritage)

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Uninhabited Island Sheets

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Aboohera (ABH) Now merged with Hithadhu (Luthfy: 1995, p.216)

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Beydhe’ Aurah (BEA)

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Boduhajaraa (BHR)

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Dheerondi (Dhiarudhi) (DRD)

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Dhigiheraa (DHR)

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Fathikedeheragadu (FDR)

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Gan (GAN) Gan (correctly written as Gamu) is the most southern island on the western reef of the atoll. In 1922 Bell observed a Maizan-ge (Council Room), Hukuru Miskiyy, that is the chief of the seven mosques on that island (2002, p.117). Gan Ruins: In the south west of this island, 200 to 300 yards from the beach, in heavy jungle lies the remains of Buddhist Monastery. This site contained two structures, a mound and an elongated structure (Bell, 2002, p.119).

Mound (Gamu Havittha): This mound is 30 ft. in height with no functional members remaining to mark its exterior form (Bell, 2002, p.119). The islanders call this mound Ustubu. The circular mound covers ground radious of 40 ft. from its summit and roughly a circumference of 87 yards. The slope of the mound shows a rise of about 25 ft. (Bell, 2002, p.120). The Havittha that belonged to the monastery was destroyed during the making of runway (Luthfy: 1995, p.218). It is said the people of Gan were the last to accept Islam in the Atoll. The people accepted Islam after being forced by the rulers, this can be validated by the presence of graves buried haphazardly, and graves with two or more people, these burials are found at the western tip of the runway right near the beach (Luthfy: 1995, p.218). Encircling Wall: Two sides of the base of an oblong encircling wall traceable above ground only on its (Bell, 2002, p.119). Enclosure: A ruin marked enclosure that is presumed to be a Residence of the Monks. The site indicates a rectangular building which stood with an enclosing wall did not occupy the position of the new structure erected diagonally to its enclosing walls, this new structure is believed to be constructed after the inhabitants converted to Islam in the Twelfth Century (Bell, 2002, p.119). This structure lie Southwest to the mound. The maximum its length is 86 ft. (which equals the approx. diameter of the mound at foot) and the sides measures 70 ft. (Bell, 2002, p.120). The outer wall has breadth of 3 ft. 6 inches and shows 2 ft. above earth. Some of these walls longest slabs measure 3 ft. but the majority is 1 and half ft. (Bell, 2002, p.120). These stones (madrepore) are the close-grained coral known as hirigaa (Bell, 2002, p.120). The original structure was constructed of coral-slab walls with timber pillars or roofs, the new structure called Walu Miskiyy is probably in wood and cadjan above coral

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half-walling. No trace of this new structure remains except the triple mounting steps to the mosque floor and outline of its shape (Bell, 2002, 120). The original structure held a central position with the enclosing walls. The modified structure was raised 4-5 ft. above the ground within its surrounding walls and provided with stairs in the middle on its three sides leaving the West wall. The stairways are 8 ft. broad and mounted by 4 steps. The new structure measure 57 ft. by 36 ft., the building alignment by the intentions to orientate the mosque with its west towards Makkah and the name by which this ruin is know Walu Miskiyy supports the assumption that this is an Islamic structure (Bell, 2002, p.120).

Figure 13: Gan Ruins (Bell, 2002, Plate V)

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Gamu Hukuru Miskiyy: Next to Gamu Hukuru Miskiyy there is a Qaburustan, which has the graves of Kanbovathi Aisha Kanba9, the wife of Al-Sultan Ali 7 (1701 C.E.) and her grandson Ibrahim Manikfaan. This cemetery also has the graves of the elders of this island. Most of the tombstones are written in Dives Akuru (Luthfy: 1995, p.218). World War II War Memorial: The War Memorial was built by the Government of the in 1975?. The names of 70 men of India, who died during the years 1942 to 1944, are commemorated on a memorial which stands on a small lawn immediately in front of the Royal Air Force Headquarters at Gan, it is in the form of a rectangular stone pillar bearing on three of its faces marble panels upon which the names are carved. On the fourth face a panel of the same marble bears an explanatory inscription in English, Hindi and Urdu. This reads: 1939-1945 THOSE COMMEMORATED HERE DIED IN THE SERVICE OF THEIR COUNTRY. THE MORTAL REMAINS OF SOME WERE COMMITTED TO FIRE AND OTHERS LIE BURIED ELSEWHERE ON ADDU ATOLL. The names of the 70 men commemorated there are available. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission is responsible for the maintenance and upkeep of this memorial. Maaranga: This building is located in Gan, which is the place where the Vaaru (tax) is collected from Addu Atoll. The structure was built on the site of the old Vaaruge (Tax House) by the British. Before they built Maaranga they used the old Vaaruge . The name Maaranga was given by Al- Ameer Hassan Fareed Didi (1901–1944). This house is still in good condition and a symbol of Maldivian contribution to World War II (Naseema: 2004, p.100).

Figure 14: The Parliament of United Suvadive Islands Republic in session at Maaranga,Gan, Addu Atoll (Pic: http://www.maldivesroyalfamily.com)

9 Aisha Kanbaafaanu of Seenu Gan (Naseema: 2010, p.176) Maldives Heritage Survey maldivesheritage.oxcis.ac.uk/ 30

Astra Cinema:

Figure 15: Astra Cinema, Picture: Dept. of Heritage, Maldives

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Gaukendi (GKD)

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Geskalhahera (GKH)

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Gomahera (Kudhumadihera) (GMH)

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Hankede (HKD)

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Herethere (HET)

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Hikahera (HKH)

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Kandiheragandu (KHG)

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Kaohera (KAO)

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Kedavaahera (KDH)

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Kodakadiheragandu (KKH)

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Kudhumaahera (KMH)

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Maahera (MAH)

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Mulikede (MUK)

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Savaaheli (SVH)

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Viligili (VGL) Previously inhabited

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Lost & Found

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Bibliography Mohamed, N. (2010). ެގޭޖްއާރިހެވިދ ިއާންނުހަރ ްނިނަރ (2nd Edition ed.). Male': Dhivehibahuge Academy. Bell, H. (2002). The Máldive Islands. Monograph on the History, Archaeology & Epigraphy (3rd ed.). Male': Novelty Printers Publishers Pvt. Ltd. DoH, D. o. (2015, Jan 31). ެގޭޖްއާރިހެވިދ ީދްއާމ ެގިއަކިރަތ ީތުގަވ ުޓްސިލ. Retrieved 2018, from ެގުރާކުރަސިހެވިދ ްޓެޒެގ: http://www.gazette.gov.mv/iulaan/download-attachment/306. Luthfy, M. I. (1995). ެގޭޖްއާރިހެވިދ ެގީފަރްގޯޖ ުރަވަނަވ 1 ަނަވ + 2 ިއަބަނަވ. Male': Gahdhoo Muhammed Rasheed. Maniku, H. A. (1993). Archaeology in Maldives- An Historical Survey. In A. S. Hassan (Ed.), Proceedings of Fifth South Asian Archaeological Congress (pp. 39-69). Male': National Center for Linguistic and Historical Research. Mohamed Waheed; NCHLR. (2003, Apr 2). Periodic Reporting Cycle 1 - Maldives. Retrieved Jan 31, 2018, from UNESCO: http://whc.unesco.org/document/162313 Naseema, M. (2004). ިއަގޭޖްއާރިހެވިދ ިރުހ ީރާޘާއ ްނަތްނަތ[Dhivehirajjeygai huri Aathaaree thanthan]. Male': National Center for Linguistic and Historical Research. NCLHR, National Center for Linguistic & Historical Research. Report Prepared For UNESCO On The Condition Of Maldivian Heritage Sites After The Tsunami. Male': National Center for Linguistic & Historical Research. Ahmed, Y., & Jameel, M. M. (2012). Coral Stone Mosque of Maldives Towards World Heritage Nomination: Phase 1 of preparation for a World Heritage Serial Nomination Final Report. Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture, Department of Heritage, Male'.

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